or Pomatum if they be hard and thick Pani are scarrs in the Face Pani Mentagra Mentagra an Impetigo or Dry-Scab of the Chin which troubled the Gentlemen of Rome in Plinnies time where it was a Popular Disease is a Malignant Scab which remaines many years and is hardly curable and to alters the Skin of the Chin and Lips that a Man continues Beard-les al his Life long The Action of the Skin of the Face being hurt is termed Cynicus Spasmus The Cynicus spasmus Dog-like Convulsion or torture of the Mouth expressing the snarling of a Dog for it is a depraved motion of the Muscles of the Face belonging to a Palâ—e or Convulsion It is be Paralytick the Retraction is made in the sound Part because of the dissolution of the opposite Parts If it be convulsive the Part affected is drawn back Those Nerves which are affected in this Symptome do arise from the spinal Marrow between the second and third Vertebra of the Neck Galen attributed this depraved motion of the Mouth to the Muscle termed Latissimus Besides the Cynicus Spasmus there is another Convulsion very ordinary of the upper Lip towards the Eye by the disorder of that same Nerve of the third pair described above which being cut a sunder below the Socket of the Eye the said Convulsion is healed The particular medicining of the Face besides the universal is twofold the one called Commotice painting and plastering with Fucuses c. The other Cosmetice Painting Beautifying beautyfing and adorning without any thing laid on the latter Galen allowes to take away the ill favouredness of Women but the former he disallows in a Physitian and leaves it to panders bawds and Whores The Use of those Fucuses unless skilfully mannaged does quickly wrinkle the Skin such as are the Spanish White and Purpurissus or Lovly-Red The Diseases of the Lips are very many distempers Inflamation Swelling Ulcers The use of the Lips and others consisting in evil conformation al which pervert the use and action of the Lips which serve to shut the Mouth form the speech and for the easie reception of meat and drink to contein the Tongue within the Mouth to cast forth the Spittle out of the Mouth for Trumpeters to make a strong blast for Infants to Suck with and both in Men and Women to express their mutual Affection by Kissing Diseases of the Lips and to beautifie their Faces and therefore if a Mans Lips were cut of he would appear very deformed just like a snarling Dog Such as have great Lips and sticking out are called Labeones such as are born In their Shape with imperfect or cloven Lips are said to have an Hares Lip this defect is amended by Surgery If the Lips be loose and hanging it proceeds from a Palsie He that has the insides of his Lips turned outwards is termed Brochus and he that has swelling Lips is called Cheilo Those are by Arnobius termed Mentones whose Chins stick out The Chops of the Lips are called Rhagades Somtimes Tumors and little bladders Chops Tumors break out upon the Lips especially in Feavers when Nature drives the virulent Humor out of the Veins and Arteries into the Lips which Avicen saies is a good sign that the Feaver wil quickly cease and experience does many times confirms the same Yet somtimes Tumors and Ulcers in the Lips are in Diseases signes of Vlcers Death as in the two Brothers Hermoptolemus and Andreas in Hippocrates Bad Color of the Lips in Diseases is no good sign in such as are wel it argues a Bad Color fault in the Lungs or in the blood ` Moles and Warts black and blew and Scirrhous sticking upon the Lips are Moles and Warts c. things to be warily handled and not to be tampered with by way of Incision Somtimes the Lips do naturally Swel especially the lower Lip when the Jaw is drawn out and then the lower Teeth before are higher than the upper and include them The principal hurt of the action of the Lips is depraved Speech But this Symptome wants a Name Symptomes The depraved trembling motion of the Lips happens by consent of the Stomach Trembling distempered by reason of a Membrane common to the Lips and Stomach Whence it is that those who are ready to vomit have a trembling in their nether Lip which trembling is called Seismos The opening of the Mouth is hurt when the Jaw is become stif and immovable Shutting its shutting is hurt when the Jaw is Palsied as in Feavers by reason of the Heat of the bowels and Lungs and difficulty of breathing Much spawling and want of Spittle do belong to the Diseases of the Mouth Frequent spitting though they have other remote Causes for Spittle is necessary for chewing of meat for speech and Tasting but immoderate Spittle is hurtful and the voidance thereof is accounted filthy and undecent Touching the Cure of Lips cut of Taliacotius has written Chap. 6. Of the Nose THe Nose the Instrument of Smelling and of clensing the brain is placed in the The Noses Scituation middest of the Face dividing the Eyes and Face into two even Parts The length and breadth thereof is uncomly if it exceed a Mans Thumb in length and thickness Magnitude The Figure of a Mans Nose contributes much to his healthy living for an high Shape Nose is better than a flat Nose and wide Nostrils are to be preferred before narrow ones It is divided into two a T. 15. f. 2. â–¡ Cavities which are called Nostrils severed by a partition Cavities and reaching as high as the Colander-bone The Depth and Widness of the Nose are greater within than they appear outwardly for that same space which lies between the two tables or boards of the Palate and Os Sphenoides divided into two Cavities by the Os Vomeris reaching to the Partition of the Nostrils belongs unto the Nose That space is filled up with Spungy Bones which are portions of the Colander-bone Spungy Bones Spungy Caruncles And those Spungy bones are filled with Spungy bits of Flesh which drink up the Flegm which flows from the Head that Snevil might not be alwaies dropping out of the Nose These bones and Caruncles or Spungy bits of flesh do likewise serve to Filtrate and strain the Air which the Mouth being shut is drawn in at the Nostrils that it may be imparted pure unto the Lungs and brain The Nose therefore is compounded of bones Gristles Membranes and Muscles Bones It consists of b T. 15. f. 3. K. â–¡ Two Bones which stick outwards and fashion the same Five Gristies Gristles are dependant upon those bones two being lateral placed by turnes and movable through the help of Muscles They are termed Pinnae and Alae Nasi the Wings and Pinnacles of the Nose There is a Gristle placed between them which is called Septum the partition and it depends upon
that same boney a T. 15. f. 6. â— â–¡ partition placed between the bones of the Nose being a continuation of Os Vomeris The Nose is cloathed externally with the Cuticula and Cutis under which lie the Membrane Muscles b T. 15. f. 1. G H. c. â–¡ Muscles The inner Parts of the Nose are invested with a Membrane sprinkled with fleshy Fibres by the help of which the Pinnacles of the Nose are contracted when the breath is strongly drawn in as the said Pinnacles are widened by other external Muscles the description whereof you shal find in my History of the Muscles Book the 5. To the Nose do belong the Seive like plate of the Colander bone and the Mamillary or Teat-like Productions ending at these bones and given out to be the Organs or Instruments of Smelling Some would doubt whither those Caruncles or little bits of Flesh which are thrust into the Spungy bones are the proper Instruments of smelling or only some way subservient thereunto because when they are overmoistened or by any Diseases impaired the smelling is depraved or wholly lost c T. 15. f. 5. C C. â–¡ d T. 18. f. 3. a a. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Gristly Parts of the Nose are Inflamed Bruised and Vlcerated the Diseases of the whole Nose hony Parts are broken al of them are troubled with distempers but especially with organick Diseases springing from a bad Conformation as when the Nose is crooked inwards like a saddle which is oftimes caused by external Causes but if a Child be born with a Saddle-Nose it may be then raised and rectified For as Plato reports in his Alcibiades if the King of Persia had a Daughter so born they did thrust Pipes into the Childs Nose and reduce it by little and little to its right shape by widening the bones and Gristles whiles they were yet Waxy and pliable An over great and high Nose cannot be cut shorter without making the party more deformed If in persons grown up the Nose be Swelled with Tuberous Excrescencies of Flesh that fault may be mended by cutting of the said luxuriating Flesh The inside of the Nose is apt to Swel and is infested with Inflamatory bunches Of the inside Tubercula Ozena which come to suppuration but far within in the Spungy bones and their Caruncles there is bred a filthy stinking Ulcer called Ozaena which is offensive both to the Patients and al that come near them and is very hard to cure Somtimes the little bones are corrupted and come out at the Nostrils The Caruncles being swelled with or without an Ulcer cause the Polypus which fals into the Nostrils or it fils Polypus the hollow places above the Palate reaching as far as the Throat The Polipus is neatly discribed by Celsus in his sixt Book Chapter the eight Unless it be of a Malignant Color and painful it may safely be cut away by the Roots if possible which is the true Cure for otherwise it wil grow again if any Part be left remaining after section A Malignant Cancerous Polypus must not be medled withaleither by cutting burning or caustick Medicaments for if it be exasperated it eates and devours the whol Face Symptomes of the Nose are either its action hurt or simple affections thereof Symptomes of the Nostrils Smelling lost or the Irregulary of what is voided forth The action of the Nose is Smelling which is abolished diminished or depraved The Causes of the smel diminished or abolished are the same to wit the obstruction of the inward passages of the Colander-bones and the Mammillary productions in which the â—melling is exercised Diminished If the foremost Ventricles be stopped other parts of the Nose remaining intire it is known by the perfection of speech which shews that the Colander and Spungy bones with the Mammillary Productions are free The Smelling is depraved when al things seem to stink and when the Patient depraved perceives a stink in his Nose which is likewise discerned by the standers by The true Cause of this Symptome is a putrified Humor congealed in those Cavities If the Putrefaction be within the Scul the stink is not perceived by the Patient but is discerned by those which converse with him as Fernelius judiciously observes Simple affections of the external Nose are spors which are black and blew or red Spots and deforme the same They must be taken away or corrected with some Fucus if there be no other Remedy The Irregularity of Excretions consists in Bleeding at the Nose and in a Nose-bleeding Coryza Flux of Serosities therefrom which causes the Coryza or Grauedo or a continual Nose-dropping Hippocrates in his sixt Book of Aphorismes saies Such as have running Noses are unhealthy In bleeding at the Nose the blood either comes from the Nostrils opened by Cause of Nose-bleeding picking or from that same long Cavity of the Dura Mater which reaches unto the Nostrils if the Veins be opened by the sharpness of the blood or the abudance thereof after it has flowed a while it must be stopped by opening a Vein in the Arm unless the blood flow critically Fernelius would have al bleedings at the Nose to be stopped be they what they wil and would have a Vein opened to that end contrary to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Blood coming from the inner Parts of the Nose may be stopped but it is very hard to stop the same when it comes from the Menings or Coates of the Brain Dropping of blood from the Nose in burning and Malignant Feavers is bad both It s Cure as a Cause and a signe because it does not ease the Patient and it shews a Plenitude in the brain and that nature being weak is not able to disburthen herself In such a case great care is to be taken of the head by Revulsion and Derivation of the blood and by cooling of the Head for fear of Inflamation or some Sleepy Disease If bleeding at the Nose be stopped in young people accustomed thereunto and their brains Ake through fullness they must be let blood The Ancients did open the inward Veins of the Nose which Practice is left off because the way they did it is to us unknown Fernelius writes that Wormes as long as ones Finger have been found in Saddle-Noses being there bred which at last made the Patients mad and killed them those Wormes were thought to have been cast out of the brain where as indeed they were born and bred in the Cavities of the Nose For Wormes bred in the Ventricles of the brain cannot come out unless they should eat a sunder or break the Sieve-like table of the Colander-bone That which Fernelius has written is worthy of consideration in reference to Diseases of the Head That in Nose-bleedings the blood comes out not from the brain but out of the Veins of the Nostrils The Veins saith he do run into the Nose not from the inner
month or two old dâ—ying Medicines being applied and Foâ—â—anels or Issues made in the Nape of the Neck the over-great moisture of the Brain may be dried up and consequently the Head wil become less which cannot be effected when the Children are grown up A narrow Head cannot be by Art enlarged many Age whatsoever If the Sutures of the Skul are straiter thaâ— ordinary oâ—â—f there be no Sutures Over lax or loose c. or they be wider than is â—iâ— the Head is subject to Diseases because the smoaky Exâ—â—ements of the Brain have nor a free passage If the Head be more loose and open than is â—it it is the more exposed in the Injuries of the ambient Air. These Inconveniencies may be remedied by help of Physick or by wearing a Cap or by going bare-head as occasion requires I proceed unto the Particular Diseases of the Parts containing And first of the Particular diseases hairy Skin whose Action is the breeding of Hairs the efficient cauâ—e whâ—â—eoâ— is a temper moderately hot and dry and an indifferent Constitution of the Skin and the internal cause is a sooty Excrement which thrusting it self forâ—â—bly by the smal Pores gains the form of a thred The hurting of this Action is a Symptome of the hairy Skin The hurt thereof is three-â—old it is diminished in the Diseaâ—e termed Ophiasis in which the Hairs fal off from the hinder part of the Head along to the Ophiasis Fore-head making bald wreaths like those of Serpents or it is abolished in baldness and the Alopecia or Fox fal of the hairs The Cause of the falling off of the Hair of the Head is the hot and dry distemper of the Skin with a naughty and sharp Humor eating away the roots of the Hairs The Naughtiness of the Humor is known by the color of the Skin and of the blood which comes out of the Skin being pricked Baldness is a deprivation of the Hair of the Head by reason of an Hectical dry Baldness distemper and hard Constitution of the Skin A defect of Nutriment and profitable Humor or of the â—uligiâ—ous Excrement causes this distemper of the Skin Hence it is that Euâ—uchs because very moist do never wax bald Gray-hairedness is a Symptome of the Hairy Scalp or Skin of the Head by which Gray Hairs the Generation of Hairs is depraved so that they grow white before the time The cause of both these kinds of baldness as wel that which comes Symptomatically as that caused by Age is the cold and moist distemper of the Skin whereby the â—uligiâ—ous Excrement of the Skin is allaied and tempered When I say a cold distemper I mean the weakness of the Natural Heat whence it comes to paâ—s that by sickness and sorrow many become gray-hair'd because the Natural Heat is by both diminished Ulcers of the Head are either light and possess the Scarf-skin only which turns Daddruf into little Scales Scurf or Dandruf when the Head is combed whence the Greeks term it Pituriasis the Latins Porrigo such like Ulcers are either dry and invisible or they are visible and manifestly to be seen their Cause is an hot and dry distemper of the Skin with a sharp and thin Humor Acâ—or is a Disease of the Skin of the Head compounded of a tumor and an Ulcer Sorâ— Head the tumor is known by the inequality the Ulcer by little holes out of which flows a clammy Humor which made Pliny cal the flowing Ulcers of the Head Ceiron or the Honey-comb But the Honey-comb though a tumor and Ulcer of the Head yet differs from the former because it has greater holes and the Humor that comes out is mattery like Honey or of the Consistency of Honey Plâ—ny cals them Ulcers congealed together like an Honey-comb The Cause of both these Diseases is an hot and dry distemper of the Skin with a sharp and biting Humor which invites one to scratch by scratching the swelling is encreased and at length Ulcerated so that the holes break out Vulgarly 't is called Tinea the Moath because the holes are like those of Moath-eaten Garments Hydrocephalos or the Water-head is a swelling of the Head caused by a Head-droâ—sie wheyâ—â—h Humor collected and shed abroad between the Skul and the Pericramâ—â— or between the Skul and Dura Mater or within the Ventricles of the Brain fiâ—led with wheâ—â—sh moisture which runs over as it were on al sides In Infants 't is caused by squeezing of the Childs Head at the time of Birth In those that are grown up the cause hereof is a cold and moist distemper of the Head and whol Body or a translation of â—erous humors unto the Head which generally is swelled and raiâ—ed to a vast compaâ—s by the humor under the Skâ—n or included within the Head Pâ—â—irâ—asis or the Louzâ— Evil is a Symptome of the hairy Scalpe when instead Louzie Evil. of the â—hicker Excrements or together with them Lâ—ce are bred in the top of the Skin or deep in the same The Cauâ—e hereof is an hot and moist distemper of the Skin with a putrified humor not very sharp which makes this Disease commonly subject to Children and old Flegmatick Persons The Temple-Muscles are to be observed which cover a great part of the Skul whose wounds or bruises do cause a Convulsion and contract and straiten the Jaw Chap. 2. Of the Brain THe Skul being duly sawed in sunder and the covering removed the a T. 16. f. 1. â–¡ Brain The Brains appears proportionated to the Skul which contained it such as is the thing containing such is the contained Or suppose the Brain gives Figure to the bones when they are soft then the Skul follows the quantity of the brain be it great or little But in case the brain follow not the Natural figure and magnitude of the Head its conformation is faulty and consequently sickly and adverse to the internal Sences both principal and subservient whâ—ch it hurts in their Actions The Brain is compounded of a b f. 3. A A. â–¡ Substance soft waxy or pliable whitish Substance which because like a Kernel it drinks and sucks up humidities it is therefore by Hippocrates termed the great Kernel It is divided into two parts That which is three times as big as the other retains Division the common name of the c f. 6. A A. â–¡ Brain the lesser part placed in the hinder part of the Head is termed d f. 6. D D. â–¡ Cerebellum or the Petty-brain Both these parts are covered Two Coats viz. 1 Crassa-meninx 2 The Tenuis meninx with common Coverings termed Meninges The first Coat or Covering is called e f. 1. A C. f. 2. B. f. 3. H. c. â–¡ Crassa Meninx the second f f. 1. B B. â–¡ Tenuis Meninx The Arabians termed these Membranes Matres or Mothers because they were perswaded that the other Membranes of the Boâ—y were propagated from
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
his absurd Opinion provided that he be the Bel-weather Let him no more triumph before the Victory nor let him be so secure and undaunted as not to fear Hercules himself That same new Tenent of Hofman disturbs the whol Doctrine of Diseases of the Hofmans Tenent disturbs the â—â—actice of Physick Brain and that I may declare so much I wil chuse out only two Diseases which have their Seat in the Ventricles viz. The Epilepsie and Apoplexy The Apoplexy he makes to be in the whol Substance of the brain not in the Ventricles The Epilepsie he wil have to be caused only by vapors ascending into the Head and diâ—â—â—â—ed through the whol substance of the brain He allows of no Epilepsie from a primary affection of the Head but only by Sympathy from other parts He assigns the Seat of the Apoplexy to be in the whol substance of the brain obstructed and avers that it is caused only by blood shed forth of the Veins and makes the Cause thereof to be the obstruction of the Press introduced by Nymmanus But if the Torcular or Press is obstructed which is the fourth Channel carrying blood into the Plexus Choroides the passage of the blood and Spirits is intercepted But according to Hofman in an Apoplexy only blood is found shed out of the veins within the Ventricles and therefore the Toâ—cular was not obstructed It is a certain and undoubted thing confirmed by many Experiments that in the Apoplexy the Ventricles of the brain are obstructed or there is an obstruction in the Choana or Funnel But especially the hole of the fourth ventricle which is shut with the Apophysis Scolicoides is stopped by thick and clammy Flegm sticking there which if it be not discussed or removed being evacuated through the Funnel it causeâ— death If the Matter be serous and pass into the Spinal Marrow it causes the Palsie instead of the Apoplexy and so a greater Diâ—ease is cured by a lesser the matter being translated from one place to another But if blood happen to be shed into the ventricles present death follows But if â—o be the Apoplexy should be produced by blood alone as Hofman will have it how could blood which was shed into the ventricles pass into the Nerves without putreâ—action and how could it enter into the Cavities of the Nerves In these two Diseases he hath beâ—rayed his own Ignorance although he could find no such difficulty in the falling sickness as Craâ—o acknowledged whose Wish was this Would to God I could see before I die the Essence of this Disease together with the Cure thereof rightly explained The Medicinal Consideration The brain is exercised with many kinds of Diseases with an hot cold moist Distemper Principal disâ—â—ses of the Brain Distemper with divers Humors Flegmatick Cholerick Melanchollick Sanguine and Wheyish which either do moâ—est the Membranes of the brain especially the Crassa Meninx or are diffused into the Channels thereof and being there stopped of their course they cause most acuâ—e pains or they slide into the exterior windings of the â—rain and by little and little they distil into the substance of the brain and the ventricles thereof or into the hinder part of the Head or the Petty-brain or they descend into the lowest parts of the brain If the Humor ascend by the Carotick Arteries unto the brain it may produce the same Diseases now al Diseases that are caused by consent or sympathy withouâ— matter only by evaporation are not so dangerous as if they were bred within the brain so as that the morbiâ—ick Matter should be therein contained The brain besides similar Diseases in Distemper and Laxity suffers also Diseases Obstruction of thâ— Cavities in Conformation when as according to the motion of the Moon its bulk is encreased or diminished in the Disorder of its Passages when the Channels of the Dura Meninx are obstructed especially the fourth which is called Torâ—ular or the Press which being obstructed is thought to cause the Apoplexy the passage of the Spirits to and â—ro being intercepted Which I do not beleeve because the Spirits are shed abroad into the inferior Vessels from that admiâ—able Net of Aâ—â—eâ—â—es called Rete mirabile and that same Cavity being stopped only the Plexus Choroides being defrauded of its blood is hurt The Ventricles are also obstructed especially the fourth which being sâ—opped Of the Ventricles present death follows by reason of the stoppage of that continual influx of Spirits which ought to be into the inferior parts and the Marrow of the back The Choana may likewise be obstructed which intercepts the Efflux of serous Of the Choana â—â—â—uâ—â—â—â— and Flegmaâ—ick Humors whereby flowing back into the brain they may cause the Episepâ—â—e or Apoplexy and induce divers deadly Diseases If the anterior or foremost ventricles are perforated into the Nostrils the obstructions of those passages wil be very â—uâ—â—ful to the brain A fault of evil Conformation cannot be amended exactly by strengthening and drying the brain both the fore-mentioned may be helped The brain is Inflamed not only the Meninges or Coats but somtimes also in the Siriasis proper substance thereof whence comes the Phrenzy and Siriasis or Dog day madness but not any Paraphrenitis Siriasis is termed from the Dog-Star for in the Dog-Daies chiefly it afflicts Frenzy both Boys and elder persons and therfore it comes rather from an exâ—ernal Cause as long abiding in the Sun c. than from any internal Cause as a Phrenzy comes only from an internal Cause whether it be Primary or Secondary by consent of other parts in a burning Feaver The brain may likewise swel by reason of a Commotion thereof from some internal Tumors Cause it is called Ecplexis Stupidity of the Head after a blow is a bad sign according to Hippocrates At length these Diseases bring a Sphacelism in the brain causing putrefaction corruption and mortisication Again it is subject to a waâ—ry Tumor either in its Circumference or within the Ventricles If in its Circumference it is termed Hydrocephalos or the Water-Head and at length the wheyish Humor slipping by little and little within the Ventricles causes the sleepy Disease and after it the Apoplexy And these I take to be Diseases of the brain however Fernelius has written that al the Disorders of the Head which have been observed by Experience are sympâ—omes and not Diseases But he elegantly according to his wonted fashion does divide the Symptomes Symptomes of the braâ—n Or Membranes into three Ranks with reference to the parts affected Some possess the Membranes some the Substance of the Brain and some the hollow Passages In the Pericranium and Meninges Pains are caused In the Substance of the Brain which is the Seat of the Animal chief Faculties are contained the Symptomes of Fancy and Reason depraved such as are Dotage Melancholly Ecstasies Lyncanthropy Madness Also the Symptomes of Memory abolished such as are Forgetfulness Foolishness Doltishness
and blockishness Symptomes consisting Or in the Cavities and passages in the Cavities and passages are very many appertaining to Sence and Motion and to sleeping and waking as dead sleep sleeping Trance Sympâ—omes of Motion are Walking in ones sleep to be taken stiff as it were blasted or Planet-struck the Night-Mare Convulsion Falling-sickness Unquietness and tumbling Sâ—ivering Shaking Trembling Palsies Feebleness of the Limbs and Apoplexy Symptomes in the undue proportion of what should be voided forth do belong Symptomes of the Membranes Pain to the passages and Cavities as a Caâ—arrh Rbeumatismus Bleeding at Nose All these Symptomes â—foresaid I wil now declare particularly The Head-ach either occupies the Pericranium or the Meninges if the Pericranium the pain is outwards if the Meninges the pain is inward Each of these pains reaches unto the Eyes because the internal Membranes do produce the Coats of the Eye called Cornea and Vvea and the Pericranium produces the Coat Conjunctiva The kind of the Pain shews the Nature of the Disease A sharp and biting pain does argue a Cholerick Distemper of the Head a heavy pressing pain shews a Flegmatick Distemper a panting or pulsing pain argues somwhat of an Inflamation A pricking pain shews an Erosion or gnawing caused by a sharp Humor or a Worm which is rare A stretching pain argues abundance of Humor or of windy Spirits which distend the Membranes Now the Pain is either in the whol Head or in the half or in some one particle thereof If it infest the whol Head it is called Cephalalgia if half the Head Hemicrania because the brain is divided into two parts If the pain possess one part as if a Nail were driven in there the Arabians call it Clavus and Ovum the Nail or Egg. If the pain of the Head be of long Continuance it is termed Cephalaea which together with the Hemicrania is periodical but the Cephalalgia is a continual universal Head-ach A continual Pain of the Head joyned with a continual Feaver and signs of malignity is exceeding dangerous according to Hippocrates in the Second of his Prognosticks Pains of the Head are Primary and Proper or Secundary and by Sympathy from other parts These are not so dangerous as the former The Principal Actions of the Brain Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Symptomes of the Substance of the brain are diminished depraved and abolished Depravation of the Fantasie and Reason is Raving the Imminution thereof is Foolishness There is a three-fold Hurt of the Memory but the Abolition thereof has only found a name being called Oblivion The Cause of Foolishness is every great distemper of the brain which is known Foolishness by its Causes as by signs or some ill shaping of the Head which is easily discerned Dotage or Raving consists in absurd Thoughts Words or Deeds The Sayings Dotage of such as rave are estranged from Truth and Reason or not to the point in hand their Deeds are either unusual or undecent their Thoughts are absurd ridiculous and Chymerical The manner of Raving ought to be distinguished to know the differences of the Melancholy Melancholly which causes the same for a Delirium or raving with depravation of the Fansie is termed Melancholly which consists in a false Opinion touching things past present and to come which being manifold it is defined by vain fear anxiety or sorrow Again Melancholly is either Primary or Secondary The Primary has its Original in the brain the Secondary springs from the Hypochondriacal parts whence it is termed Hypochondriaca Melancholia which is either Humoral or Flatulent the former is the worse of the two and brings at last Madness and Out-ragiousness The Melancholy Ecstasie is an excess of Melancholy which is three-fold An Ecstasie Ecstasie simply so called an Ecstasie with silence an Ecstasie with a Frenzy they are caused by black Choler according to the divers degrees of its Adustion Foolishness with laughter is better and safer than with seriousness and fierceness Raving without a Feaver is so much the better by how much the Parts under the short Ribs or the Brain are less heated The Resting and binding up of the Sences is Natural Sleep The breaking off or hindrance of sleep is Watching Either of which being out of measure is hurtful Coma or Dead sleep If Sleep be profound 't is called Coma or Carus Dead-sleep If this Symptome be mixed of Sleep and Watching so that the Patient seems to incline to sleep with his Eyes shut but is not able to sleep it is termed Coma-Vigilans the Drowzy Watch. But if one that has a sleeping Disease upon him every time he is awakened does rave and talk idlely the Disease is called Typhomania And if a man lie stiff with his Eyes open and when he comes to himself remembers The Night-Mare what was done about him it is termed Incubus the Mare which is wont to happen in the right to such as lie upon their backs or have glutted themselves with feasting and it seems that they are choaked by some Devil lying upon them or by some Theif that has laid hold upon them to Rob and Murther them The abolition of al sence and motion saving Respiration is called Catalepsis or Catalepsis Catoche whereby a Man is Frozen as it were in that posture he was in when the fit seazed upon him It springs from a Cold distemper of the Brain with Flegm Carus is a deep Sleep which comes upon Feavers and wounds of the temporal Carus Muscles or from an hot and moist distemper or from much evaporation with serosities moistening the substance of the brain A Lethargy is an Imminution of sence and Motion and also of the Memory of A Lethargy necessary things It Springs from a Primary hot and moist distemper of the brain joyned with a putrid Humor which provoks a Feaver and cherishes and keepes it up a long time There is also Dotage adjoyned Touching this Disease there is a saying of Hyppocrates in his Coicks Page 75. Which explaines all the Symptomes thereof The existence or particular Nature of the Lethargy and Coma consists in a loosness as that of the Catalepsis in a Tension or bending Those that are in a Lethargick Sleep at last become Apoplectick An Apoplexy does oft times primarily and unexpectedly invade a Man and somtimes An Apoplexy it followes some other Sleepy disease It is an Abolition of sence and motion with respiration hurt which at last brings snoring and suffocation by reason thick Flegm flowing out of the Funnel and obstructing the Larynx or Wesand It is Caused by a Repletion of the Ventricles of the brain either with a pituitous or Wheyish Humor or with blood some smal Artery of the Rete Mirabile being broken in the Basis of the Brain or blood being carried aloft in a Plethorick body by the fourth Channel rushes into the Ventricles If it be Simple and meer Whey by strength of Nature out of
the anterior Ventricles it slips into the fourth Ventricle and from thence into the Spinal Marrow and so Causes a Palsie If it be a Flegmatick Humor stopped in the fourth Ventricle or in the third it cannot be discussed and the brain is overwhelmed thereby If the blood be shed out of the vessels it suddainly suffocates In the Carus or other Sleepy Disease only the foremost Ventricles of the brain are overwhelmed with Serosities so that there is yet freedom for the spirits to pass into all Parts of the body But in an Apoplexy all the ventricles of the brain but especially the fourth are obstructed and unless the matter be discussed into the spinal Marrow Death fallows unavoidably Fernelius avouches that an Apoplexy is bred by an Obstructiou of that Rete Mirabile the afflux of Arterial blood out of the Heart into the brain being thereby intercepted Therefore they are termed Carotides because being obstructed they cause Carum or the Sleepy-Evil In the Apoplexy and Sleepy Diseases besides general Medicines as blood-letting Cure of the Apoplexy Carus and sucid like Diseases liberally twice or thrice repeted out of the Arm and foot strong Purgation of watry Humors Cupping-Glasses fixed unto the shoulders and the hinder Part of the Head Topical Remedies are not be neglected which draw and Evacuate near the Part affected such as is the opening of the Veins under the Tongue and of the external Jugular Vein and likewise of the Temporal Artery great Vesicatories applied towards the top of the shoulders to the Cephalick Vein strong Medicines to provoke Sneezing a Seton in the Neck the string being often drawn about and anointed with Oyl of Vitriol that it may bite the more and attract opening the Veins of the Nose after the manner used by the Ancients with a split Toothed Quil thrust up as far as the bottom of the Colander a sharp injection into the Nostrils Nostrils by a syring and within the furrows placed between the spaces of Os Vomeris drawing out of the Flegmatick clammy matter which sticks in the Throat and stops the Larynx but thrusting a feather far into the throat to which intent a strong vomit is good to cast forth any Humor that has flowed into the Wind-Pipe neither must we omit extream hard rubbings with salt and continual stirring of the body if it be possible All which remedies are to be applied with all possible speed one upon the Neck of another in an Apoplexy because there is danger in delay In Sleepy Diseases which proceed slowly and are caused by matter falling down from the Parts above they are more slowly administred and without Precipitation You shal observe also that a great Part of these Humors is gathered together in the turnings windings which are outmost in the upper substance of the brain which do either putrifie there or slip into the ventricles of the brain and yet these windings of the brain are not considered The Palsie is an Abolition of sence and motion not in the whol body as in the Apoplexy but only in the greatest Part of the body or in half The Palsie thereof which is termed Hemiplegia or in one Part which is called Paraplegia Fernelius observes that sence is taken away the motion remaining unhurt and somtimes motion is taken away and the sence remains because of the difference of the Nerves of the brain and the Spinal Marrow In the Palsie the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow are obstructed but those of the brain not and therefore many Parts remain unhurt especially the internal Somtimes the Palsie happens without obstruction of the Nerves because the sostning and Humectation of the Nerves brings a kind of Palsie In an imperfect Palsie when motion and sence are only dulled the Disease is Stupor termed Stupor or Nothrotis which arises from a moist distemper of the brain A Stupidity or dulness of sence and motion in a Feaver is wont to foretel a sleepy Disease to follow When it comes alone without Feaver it foretels a Palsie or an Apoplexy Vertigo is a depravation of sence and motion which makes the Patient think Vertigo that al things turn round it springs from a windy Humor which being agitated within the foremost Ventricles of the Brain causes the foresaid Apprehension of all things turning about If it Causes a darkness before the Patients Eyes it is called Vertigo Tenebricosa or Scotodinos It arises from the Brain or from vapours ascending from the inferior Parts That is worst which arises primarily from the brain and it is a fore-runner of the Falling Sickness The convulsion is a violent pulling back of the Muscles towards their Head or Convulsion beginning It is threefold Emprosthotonos when the body is bent foreward Opisthotonos when the body is drawn backward and Tetanos when both sides remain stif by reason of an equal bowing or stretching of the Muscles on both sides The Cause of a Convulsion is either an obstruction of the Nerves or their being pricked by a sharp Humor or a dry distemper which dries the Nerves and so makes them stif as a dried Lurstring this is incurable In one word all Convulsions are said to arise either from too much emptyness or over fulness An Epilepsie or Falling-sickness is a Convulsion of the whol body coming by Falling-Sickness fits and hurting the Mind and sences It is caused by an obstruction of the foremost Ventricles of the brain caused by an Abundance of sharp Humors either Cholerick or Flegmatick Either it comes from the brain Primarily affected or from some other Part sending Malignant Humors to the brain If it proceed from the brain Primarily affected it is the more dangerous if by fault of the Spleen or some other Bowel venemously infected the coming of the fits may be foreseen and prevented The former comes in a moment the latter by degrees Fernelius besides the Humor which is the common Cause accounts the peculiar Cause to be a venemous Air or vapour which is exceeding hurtful to the brain and therefore he conceives it must be cured with specificks and appropriate Remedies as wel as those vulgar ones Trembling is a depravation of Motion through weakness It is caused by the Trembling weakness of the motive faculty and the bodies heavyness So that look how much the motive faculty endeavours to lift up the Member so much does the heavyness of the said Member not sufficiently illustrated with spirits press it down again And therefore it arises from obstruction of the Nerves or from their being over-much softened or from some external Cause as by anointing with Quick-silver or other Application thereof There is a certain mixture of the Convulsion and tremblings which is called Spasmo-Tromois Shivering and shaking are motions of the body which happen in Feavers and Shivering and Shaking they are forerunners of the fits of Agues or of the Exacerbations of Feavers They happen also to such as have ripe Impostumes when the Impostum
Inflamation and fluxion And if the Inflamation be very great so that it hinders the coming together of the Eye-Lids and spoiles their Evenness so that the white of the Eye becomes higher than the Iris and Pupilla it is called Chemosis as much as to say Chemosis Hyposphagma Hiatus Hyposphagma is a collection of Blood under the Adnata Tunica or an effusion of blood out of the Capillary Veins into the Adnata proceeding from a blow or bruise There is a Disease of Number in the Tunica Adnata called Pterygium Pterygium and it is a certain Membranons Eminency reaching from the greater corner of the Eye to the Pupilla or a certain hard knob of the Adnata it self both springing from a moist distemper Joyned with a clammy Humor Phlyctena Phlyctena is a pustle or smal Tumor of the Adnata or the neighboring Cornea proceeding from a thick and sharp Tumor so that it terminates in an Ulcer Botrion Epicauma And if it be hollow it is called Botrion or Fossula if it be become crusty t is named Epicauma After the Ulcer follows a Scar which is the Hardness and thickness of a Spermatick Part springing from a wound or Ulcer Diseases of the Cornea Tunica The Ulcers and Scars of the Cornea Tunica have a great resemblance with the Cheloma Diseases of the Adnata in regard of neighborhood yet are they distinguished because the Ulcers and Scars in the black of the Eye that is in the transparent Part of the Cornea belong only to the Cornea such as is the Cheloma which is a broad Ulcer of the Cornea about the Iris. Argemon is a round Whitish Ulcer of the Cornea towards the Circle of the Argemon Iris. Scars in the Black of the Eye or in the Transparent Part of the Cornea do differ Albugo in the degrees of more or less The greater Scar of the Cornea about the Iris or Pupilla because of its whiteness is called Leucoma and Albugo if it be smal it is termed Nephelion or Nebula the Cloud if the Scar be thin it s called Nebula Caligo Achlys Caligo a Mist or Darkness Diseases of the Uvea Tunica The rupture and Exulceration of the Cornea is attended by a Disease of the Proptosis Vvea in Scituation which is called Proptosis Procidentia when the Vvea sticks out above the Cornea If the Extuberance of the Vvea be smal it s called Myocephalon or the Flie-Head Myocephalon Staphyloma Melon Clavus because it resembles the Head of a Flie if it be great t is termed Staphyloma because it resembles a Grap-Stone or Melon as being like an Apple If their be an inveterate Ulcer of the Cornea through which the Vvea fals out it s called Elos Clavus the Nail The Ulcers of the Cornea and Adnata if they be Malignant are termed Carcinomata Diseases of the Pupilla The hole of the Vvea is termed Pupilla the Apple of the Eye Between the Pupilla and Cornea there is a space ful of Spirit and Watry Humor There is a double Disease of that space Zinifisis springing from a dry distemper Zinifisis which consumes the Watry Humor and Dissipates the Spirit or from a wound which lets out the Watry Humor and suffers the Spirit to vanish and reek away The other Disease of the space is an Obstruction from a corrupted Flegmatick or purulent Humor If it proceed of a purulent Humor or Quittor it is called Hypopium Suffusio Hypopium if the Obstruction be caused by Flegm it s termed Hypochyma Suffusio But Hypopium followes an Inflamation and Hypochyma is caused for the most Part by a Congestion or Concretion of a thick Humor if the Disease be proper or primary and do not arise by consent from the Stomath sending Vapors up into the Eye Fernelius saw a thick and perfect Suffusion bred in one daies time for if a thick Humor suddenly falling into the Optick Nerve do blind a man in a moment why may not the same Humor falling lower into the Pupilla breed a sudden and perfect Suffusion The narrowness of the Pupilla springs either from the first formation in the Corrugatio Womb or from a dry distemper and then it is called Phthisis or Corrugatio Galen writes that a smal Pupilla from from ones Birth is occasion of a very sharp sight but when it happnes a whil after t is bad In his first Book of the Causes of Symptomes Chap. 2. The Dilatation of the Pupilla is called Mydriasis or Platu-Corie It springs Mydriasis from a moist distemper or from a Rupture or by breach of Continuity caused by a blow Diseases of the Chrystallin and Glassie Humor Diseases of the Vitreous and Chrystallin Humors are either a distemper simple Distemper or with Humors conjoyned or such as happen in the consistence of the said Humors viz. Thickness and hardness The distemper of the Humors and Coats of the Eye if it happen without a Tumor or an Ulcer is commonly attributed to the weakness of the Faculty and the quality and quantity of the spirits being misaffected but neither of these is a Disease they are rather effects of a Disease for what is the weakness of a faculty other than Actio laesa the action hurt Thickness of the Spirits is caused by a cold and moist distemperature either proper Thinness of the Spirits Their Paucity to the Eye or by consent with the brain or some inferior Parts Paucity of Spirits comes from a dry distemper either of the Eye or the brain the Cause and fomenter of which distemper may be a Cholerick Humor not purged out of the body being the cause and Effect of a distempered Liver The thickness and hardness of the Chrystallip Humor is properly termed Glaucosis Glaucoma or Glaucoma because the color thereof resembles that of an Owles Eyes it proceeds from a cold and dry distemper and is therefore familiar to aged Persons The Disease of the Chrystalline Humor in respect of its Scituation has no name but if it be somwhat higher and flatter than ordinary it produces a Symptome whereby all things appear double The watry Humor may run out by a prick in the Eye but it is bred again in Running out of the watry Humor Thickness of the Visive spirit Children as Galen saw by experience and as we may observe in Chickens The Visive or seeing Spirit implanted in the Eye may become thick and surround the Chrystalline Humor with darkness and obscurity as the implanted Hearing-Spirit of the Ear being rendred thick does cause deafness or thickness of Hearing Diseases of the Optick Nerve The Optick Nerve may be troubled with any kind of distemper and with solution Obstruction of continuity but the proper and usual Disease thereof is Obstruction which is known by a sudden blindness the other Parts of the Eye being al sound which made the Neotericks cal this Disease Gutta Serena and
somtimes Amaurosis Amaurosis Diseases and Symptomes of the Sight Sight abolished is called Caecitas Blindness when it is diminished only t is Caecitas Amblyopia Myopsis Nyctalops termed Amblyopia thick sightedness and it is accounted twofold Myopsis and Nyctalops In the former the Patient is Pore-blind and is fain to look close to what he would discern and to hold his Eye-Lids almost shut together In the latter the Patient can see only by day but very little or nothing at al by night or very obscurly the other differences of sight diminished are comprehended under the general name of Amblyopia Sight depraved is a fals perception of things before the Eyes its termed Parorasis Hallucination or Hallucination The Causes of these Symptomes are no other than those Diseases of the Eyes Causes of blindness of Anchylo-Blepharon which we have before recounted For the Cause of blindness is the Obstruction of the Optick Nerve Glaucoma Leucoma Hypopion Hypochyma Proptosis the larger Mydriasis a Pterygium or Film covering the whol sight of the Eye Anchylo-Blepharon or Gluing together of the Eye-Lids Imminution or Impairing of the sight is caused by the other Diseases of the Eye-Lids As by a thin Scar of the Cornea called Nephelion and Achlys and by a Leucoma and a smal Mydriasis which touches but Part of the Sight Myopsis Nyctâ—uopsis Dry distemper of the Humors of the Eyes cause Myopsis the over Humidity and thickness of the said Humors makes a Man that he cannot see in the Night The Causes of sight depraved is an Hypopion beginning or an Hypochyma Namely when the Humor is not yet united and grown together so that the visive Spirit can pass too and fro between the Parts of the Humor through the empty spaces whence it is that some see flies as it were and certain dark bodies move before their Eyes When true objects presented to the Eyes have a fals Appearance the sight is Hallucination Amalops depraved and termed Amalops so al things appear Yellow to such as have the Jaundice But that kind of Symptome happens when the Cornea which is spred out before the sight of the Eye is infected with Blood or Choler The Animal action of the Eye is hurt somtimes as Feeling and Motion the Eyes pain Feeling of the Eye is hurt by extream Pain thereof which notwithstanding according to the Judgment of Celsus remains within the Eyes and draws not the Brain into consent as Pain of the Eares is wont to do The Causes of al Pains in the Eyes is a distemper or Solution of Unity The hurting of the Eyes Motion is either a Palsie Convulsion or Trembling Palsie Convulsion Trembling In the Palsie and Convulsion the Eyes become stif and fixed in that sort of Convulsion called Tetanus they are unstable as in the Trembling The Natural Action of the Eyes is likewise hurt as Nutrition To the Jrregularity of the Excrements of the Eyes does belong the Involuntary shedding of Tears It s caused by a moist or cold distemper of the Eyes or from Flowing out of tears pricking by a sharp Humor or some external Cause or from the Erosion of that same Caruncle which is in the greater corner of the Eye Hereunto likewise belongs the filth of the Eyes which is by the Greeks called Laeimai Laeimai they are caused by an extream distemper of the Eye which makes a dissolution or melting down of matter The simple insirmities of the Eyes are the spotts and Scars of the Conjunctive Spots and Horny Coates which are both Diseases and Symptomes The Duskynes and obscurity of the Eyes is when the Bal of the Eye does not Obscurity represent any outward object to him that looks upon it which is a token of Death in an Acute Feaver Chap. 4. Of the Ear. THe Ear being the Instrument of hearing is divided into the a T. 20. f. 1. and 2. â–¡ External The Ears Parts Part broad and gristly and the b f. 3 4. c. â–¡ Internal which lies hid in the Os petrosum The external Part is termed c f. 1. and 2. â–¡ Auricula made up of a d f. 2. B B. â–¡ Gristle which is covered with a Skin ful of e f. 2. A A. â–¡ Folds and made hollow with divers f f. 1. A A. B B. â–¡ windings with an hole g f. 1. G G. â–¡ through the same placed upon the side of the Head just against the hole of Windings h f. 3. A. â–¡ Os Petrosum It is more beautyful when smal for a great pair of Asses Ears are uncomly The Ear was placed as it is for the Conveniency of hearing and if the Scituation of the Ear inverted would not have been deformed it had been more commodious for hearing then placed as it is upright and Joyned to the Temporal Bone For we see such as are thick of hearing put the hollow of their hand behind their Ear that they may hear the better In the Ear you shal observe two Parts one is called i f. 1. G. â–¡ Tragus and Tragus Antitragus the other k f. 1. D. â–¡ Antitragus the Names of the other Particles of the Ear are useless In the Auricula is conteined the first passage or Hole of the Ear and reaches Hole of the Ear as far as the m f. 4. B B. â–¡ Tympanum or Drum its entrance is fenced with Hairs to keep out dust and crawling Bugs that might otherwise enter in There is a T. 20. f. 3. C. â–¡ collected the Ear-Wax Cholerick Excrement of the Ear called Ear-Wax which Bird-Limes and intangles any Dust or creeping thing that would pass that way It s termed Marmoratum The internal Ear Concluded in the Os Petrosum is altogether boney and divided Concha into three Cavities The first Cavity is the b f. 6. B. C. f. 7. within A. B. â–¡ Concha In the extremity of the first c f. 4. B B. f. 5. B. â–¡ hole is the Membrane streched out which terminates upon the d f. 3 B. f. 4. A A. c. Drum it has a string that runs cross it as we see the Military Drums have The Drum l f. 3. B. f. 4. A. c. â–¡ Furthermore we observe three littel Bones the e f. 4. G. f. 5. E. f. 7. A. â–¡ Maller the f f. 7. B. â–¡ Anvil and the g f. 7. C. â–¡ Stirrup Four little Bones others ad a h f. 7. D. â–¡ fourth which is a little Scal of a bone such as is found in the Carotick Artery near the Os Sphenoides But this is vain and unuseful Fortunatus Plempius places another Membrane at the other extremity of the Concha but how or where it is extended he does not explain whether at the two petty windores whereof the one is the entrance of the labyrinth and the other of the Cochlea or
Parts of the brain but out of the Cavities of the Mouth and Palate which are wide and open enough so as they seem to be the Emissaries of superfluovs blood Even as the Haernorrhoid Veins and those which belong to the Neck of the Womb. Wherefore the brain being burthened with blood is not eased if the blood flow not from the Cavities of Dura Mater But I beleive it flowes out of the brain And Galen and Areteus do write that the Veins within the Nostrils beneath the Colander-bone may be opened by Art Sneezing may be said to belong unto the Nostrils because they being vexed do Sneezing cause Sneezing Also Sneezing is referred to Diseases of the Head and especially to the Epilepsie or Falling-Sickness because it is a momentany Concussion or Convulsion of the brain So saies Hippocrates in the seventh Book of his Aphorismes It is caused by heating or moistning of what is contained in the Ventricles of the brain Chap. 7. Of the Neck THat Part which is interposed between the Head and the Chest is termed The Necks use Collum and Neck ordained for the Service of the Wind-Pipe and Lungs and as a Pillar to sustain the Head upon It ought to be of an indifferent length that it may be healthy and useful for the It s Length body because a Neck too short consisting of but six Vertebraes by reason of the shortness of those Vessels which are carryed into the Head is liable to the Apoplexy or Sleepy Diseases and a Neck too long containing eight Vertebraes does at length bring a Consumption because the Lungs being shut up in so strait a place do by little and little Wax overhot and wither away by degrees The Neck is made up of divers Parts which are divided into Conteining and Its Parts Conteined The Conteining are common or proper the contained are manyfold There are reckoned two common containing Parts the Scarf-Skin and the Skin The containing proper Membrane is its Coat viz. The Musculus Latus which seems to be a Propagation of the Membrana Carnosa The Parts contained are manyfold viz. The Muscles of the a T. 13. f. 18. T. 14. f. 4. c. â–¡ Head of the b T. 13. f. 18. T. 14. f. 2. 3 4. â–¡ Neck of the c T. 13. f. 13. c. â–¡ Os Hyoides of the d T. 13. f. 14. â–¡ Tongue of the e f. 8 9 10. c. â–¡ Larynx and he f T. 3. f. 2. 3. â–¡ Pharynx which being orderly dissected and taken away there comes in view the g f. 8. 9. c. â–¡ Larynx the h f. 11. 12. A B C. â–¡ Os Hyoides the Pharynx the i f. 15. A. â–¡ Tongue the k f. 16. 17. c. â–¡ Kernels The l T. 12. f. 1. e e. â— f. â–¡ â—our jugulars the two m f. 2. a a. â–¡ Carotick Arteries A Nerve of the n T. 3. f. 8. â–¡ â—ixt Conjugation both descending and Recurrent the Cervical o T. 12. f. 1. g g. â–¡ Veins and p f. 2. δ δ. â–¡ Arteries and the greater number of theâ—e Parts is placed in the foreside of the Neck in the hinder Part thereof are the q T. 13. f. 19. â–¡ Vertebraes and the hinder r T. 14. f. 2. 3 4. c. â–¡ Muscles ordained to move the Head and Neck I wil reserve the Explication of the Muscles to my Myölâ—gia or History of Muscles where the Reader may look if he denre to know the Muscles of every Part. But you must diligently observe the Kernels placed upon the a T. 13. f. 1 2. 8. â–¡ Cartilago Thuroides or Door fashiond Gristle which are larger in Women than in Men. In this order therefore you shal search for the Parts of the Neck and separate them if you can one from another or take them out And first of al the Musculus Latissimus being taken away you shal search diligentfor Its Vessels the Nerve of the b T. 3. f. 8. A B. c. â–¡ Sixt pair placed between the internal jugular Vein and the Carotick Arteries The c T. 12. f. 1. e e. â–¡ Internal Jugular has little values or shutters near the Claves but the d f. 1. f f. â–¡ external Jugular has none The Carotick Artery at its entrance into the Skul has two very smal thin bones which hinder and keep back the Arterial blood when it would flow in too violently The Nerves of the sixt Pair being both of them tied in a living Dog he cannot bark having lost his voyce if one only be tied he barks but faintly and by halves which is diligently to be observed Then you shal consider the Os f T. 13. f. 11. 12. A B C. â–¡ Hyoides how it is suspended with strong bands Os Hyoides and firmly fastened to the Apophyses g T. 15. f. 6. D D. â–¡ Styloides how it sustaines the Larynx the Epiglottis and the Tongue For the Cartilago h f. 1 2 8. A. â–¡ Thyroides is by its Hornes annexeded to the Os Hyoides And therefore the Os Hyoides is the Foundation of those Parts and yet is it moveable in swallowing and Rondeletius saw one taken Speechles as in a Palsie by reason of the dissolution of the Reluctancy of the Muscles of Os Hyoides Which is a thing to be observed in that bone Besides those Kernels resting upon the Cartilago Thuroides there are other little Kernels ones placed al along the internal jugular and orderly disposed into which the brain disburthens it self Under the lower Jaw in the upper and foremer Part of the Neck are seen two other Kernels which do often swel and in them the Kings-Evil is bred At the Root of the Tongue are the a T. 15. f. 16. and 11. â–¡ Tonsillae termed Antiades certain Kernels so called Whose pain and swelling are by Vlpian termed Antiagri Al these Kernels are diligently to be considered in Flâ—â—ions which happen in the Neck whether they be the Scrophulae Kings Evil or Bronchacele e f. â—â— a a. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Neck is subiect to Similar Diseases arising from distemper and to Diseases Similar Diseases of the Neck The Organical Diseases as Bronchocele Organical consisting in bad Conformation if it be too long or too short or the Vertebraes thereof be out of Joynt especially the second in Magnitude if it be swelled as in the Bronchocele Kings-Evil and Squinsie Bronchocele is a Swelling in the Neck near the Larynx arising from an humor collected in that place or from the Kernel of the Cartilago Thuroides being longer than ordinary and producing superfluous flesh or it is an Impostum proceeding from the Tumor Atheroma or Steatoma or it is a Dropsie Bronchocele does not proceed as many have imagined from immoderate Clamors and Cryings out or by drinking of melted Snow as the fashion is among the Inhabitants of the Alpes or other high
call the pungy substance of the bones Sarcia or Caruncles in regard of their Function This intermediate space interpoled between the two plates of the Skul is called The space between the skulplates how called by Hippocrates Diploe Howbeit Galen contrary to the Opinion of the Antient Physitians cals the second and inmost plate of the Skul Diploe in the sixe Book of his Method of Healing The Use of this Diploe Duplicature or spungy substance is three-fold First The use thereof to receive blood for the nourishment of the Skul Secondly That the Fleshy Excrescence in the Fractures of the Skul might grow out of it Thirdly That the Fumes of the Brain might more easily be exhaâ—ed Somtimes an Humor is collected between the two plates by way of transcolation Why there are two plates which being in process of time corrupted does cause most excessive pains which often happens in an â—iveretate Venereal Pox when the Skul is knobbed and bunched with a certain Exostosis This double plaâ—e or board of the Skul has been made by a wonderful contrivance of Nature lest in al blows upon the Head the wound should penetrate the whol substance of the bone Hence it comes to pass that somtimes one plate is cleft while the other remains unhurt The Whore-masters Pox does often-times eat through the external plate and somtimes through both the plates without killing the Patient who lives a long time after as Palmarius avouches in Chap. 4. of his Book de Lue Venerea The like Example you may read in the 18. Chapter of Benivenius his Book de Abditis Morborum Causis And I my self have often observed the same The Sutures although they are a T 15. f 3. a a. b b f 4 b b. c. very closely united in living Persons yet are The Sutures they somtimes very aâ—t to gape and to move pain as Galen reports towards the end of his third Commentary in Officinam Hippocratis But they seem not at al inclined to any loosness or gaping about the meeting together Whether an Issue may be made in the Crown of the Head of the Sagittal and Coronal Sutures in Persons come to ripeness of Age where a Fontanel is a made and therefore I have often found by Experience that this part may without any detriment have a Caustick applied thereunto Which kind of Practice Fabricius commends in his Chyrurgery others dislike it as dangerous viz. Mathaeus de Gradis Vesalius Lib. 1. Cap. 6. of his Anatomy Baptista Montanus in his 36. Counsel Zechius in his Counsels And Baptvâ—â—a Carcanus in hiâ— Book of Head-wounds See Claudinus his Counsels I confess that somtimes in Children this part being soft and gristly is long ere it grow hand over that it is in grown persons and Galen has seen it in such Yonglings to move and pant Gal. Lib. 13. Method Cap. 22. And in such a case to apply a Cautery were dangerous The Africans did burn an Issue in the Crownâ— of their Childrens Heads as Mercurialis shews from Herodotus They did burn the Veins of the Crown of their Heads with scalding Oesypus or Sheeps Grease and in case any Convulsion happened they did Remedy the same by the sprinkling of Goats piss thereon It is written by Herodotus Aratus and Arrianus in the Life of Alexander the Whether Blackmeers have Sutures in their Skuls great that the Heads of the Aethiopians and Egyptians had no Sutures which gave Pareus occasion to write That the Aethiopians and Moors and those which inhabit hot Regions towards the South and the Aequinoctial Line have Skuls harder than ordinary having none or very few Sutures in them The falsity where of did plainly appear when I dissected a very swartâ—y Black-moor publickly in the Medicinal Schools whose Skul was in al things like one of ours In the Head there are many remarkable Cavities which the Anatomists call Cavities of the Head Sinus These you shal diligently search for that you may know whether they are void and empty covered with a thin Membrane and what communion they have one with another Now the Cavities are on each side four The Maxillary Cavity which lies concealed within the upper Jaws The Frontal Cavity seated in the Forehead by the Eye-brows The Sphenoidean Cavity which lies hidden under the Seat or Saddle of the Sphenoides The Mastoidean which is contained within the Mastoides They are al empty and covered over with a thin Membrane only the Mastoidean is hollow indeed but has no Membrane but is distinguished into seven eight or nine little Cels as we see in a Bee-hive The Entrance of the Maxilary Cavity within the cavity of the Nostrills is to be seen on the side of Os Spongiosum The Entrance of the Frontal Cavity is seen in the highest and inmost paâ—â—s of the Nostrills The Entrance of the Sphenoidean Cavity we find to be deep Within the nostrils the spongy bones being taken away The Ingress of the Maxillary Cavity is evident without cutting the Bones The Ingress of the Frontal Cavity is evidently perceived the Frontal bone being cut in sunder above the Eye-brows The Ingress of the Sphenoidean Cavity is discerned as soon as the inner plate of the Sphenoides is taken away The entrance of the Mastoidean Cavity is contained in the left side of the Concha neer the Apophysis Mastoides and cannot be seen unless the arched Vault of the Concha be broken or the porus auditorius pulled in peices Sylvius conceives and demonstrates from Galen that flegm being transmitted through the little holes of the upper plate is collected and heaped up within the Whether flegm may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Sphenoidean cavity and thence conveighed into the Palate which way of the passage of Excrements is by Vesalius Columbus Falopius and Valverda rejected who contradict Galen in this point and maintain that this excrement is voided through the neighbouring holes which rest upon the Sella Sphenoidea The reason of Gallen and Sylvius is that it is better the excrements should be strained and kept up for a season in those Cavities than that a man should be continually spitting and holding his mouth evermore open For although the Sphenoidean Cavities are in the dissections of dead bodies empty and appear not to be ful either of flegm or serosities probable notwithstanding it is that the serous humor which flowes and distils out of the Choana through the sive-like plate of the Sella equina is transcolated into the Cavities which are beneath and from them powred back by certaine oval and sufficiently wide Holes and voided forth into the spungy bones of the Nostrils neither do they deny that a part of the serosities does sweat through the porosities of the inferior table or plate into the palate But the serous humor received in the spungy bones of the Nostrils does by little and little sweat out and pass away when by its quantity or quality it provokes nature