bin from the perusing of Phisick auctors to the reading of writers wholy theologicall And yet still the coniunction betwixt the body and soule being so neâ—re and the sympathy so great I see no cause but that he which studieth Diuinity may lawfully now and then so bestow a spare houre in viewing of the remedyes ordeyned by God for mans infirmities that he may be able in corporall extremities to yeeld reliefe as well particularly to himselfe as in common to his good friends If any do thinke otherwise if he be a Deuine I pray him that he will graunt me licence to compare small enterprises to those which were so farre more noble and excellent and to offer to his consideration that example of Moses which was learned in all the wisedome of the Aegyptians that is as Augustine doth expound it in Astronomy Geometry Arithmetick and such like which knowledges though they came sometimes from heathen men yet were they the gifts of God Qui operatur per malos non in malis Or to call to his remembrance Salomon whome the holy Ghost doth entitle with the name of Preacher and yet God gaue him wisdome also to discourse vpon philosophicall matters concerning beasts birds fishes and euery sort of simples euen from the greatest to the least from the Cedar tree to the mosse that groweth vpon the wall If he be a Phisition which supposeth that the study of Phisick can not be tolerated in them whose vocation is spirituall then doo I onely oppose against him the auctoritie of the most worthie Phisition and graue interpretour of Plato Marsilius Ficinus who because some did obiect agaynst him Nonne est Marsilius sacerdos Quid sacerdotibus cum medecina Quid cum astrologia commercij Ficinus maketh an apologie for himselfe proouing euidently Antiquissimos quondam sacerdotes fuisse medicos pariter astronomos He addeth for proofe quod sanè Chaldaeorum Persarum Aegyptiorum testantur historiae Ad nullum praetereà magis quà m ad pium sacerdotem pertinere singularis charitatis officia He concludeth officium verè praestantissimum est procul dubio maximè necessarium inprimis ab hominibus exoptatum efficere videlicet vt sit mens sana in corpore sano id autem tum demum praestare possumus si conâ—ungimus sacerdotio medicinam Now if there be any that shall thinke it strange that I do so often alleage the testimonies of Fernelius Fuchsius Montanus and others as relying much vpon them and yet do in some poynts a little dissent from them I wish them to be certified that I haue a reuerend opinion of those writers and am very willing that in those positions which are best determined by them they should in no wise be frustrated of their due prayse and glory But if others in some doubts haue found out more then they then do I chalenge liberty as neere as I can to make choyce of the soundest and in these humaine matters to be as the Poet speaketh of himselfe Nullius addictus iurare in verba magistri Where Galen doth well I must needs giue him his due commendations and euen admire those singular gifts of nature which God bestowed vpon him but where he skoffeth as he doth sometimes at Christianitie there I detest and abhorre his blasphemies and leaue him to the iudgement of that God to whome only it is knowne whether euer before his death his heart were better lightened with some beames of sparkles of his grace The words of those excellent Greeke and Latin Phisitions vpon whose auctorities and the reasons deliuered by them these my assertions are grounded I haue not set them downe in the proper languages of the first auctors because my purpose was as neere as I could to reduce the whole matter into a briefe and compendious treatise but I haue both faithfully Verbatim translated them and also in most places caused the chiefest parts of their arguments and conclusions by a seuerall print to be apparantly distinguished very plainely to be discerned By which distinct forme of character as also by the bookes and discourses cited in the margent it may euidently appeere that howsoeuer to put some difference betwixt this my labour and an other english Phlebotomy heretofore published I haue prefixed my name to the title of the whole worke yet I do not presume to cary away the matter as of my selfe but am very desirous that the louing reader should be satisfied with the iudgements of those worthie and famous writers whose counsailes and aduises can not I hope but be welcome vnto them which with modest and well affected mindes shall desire to imbrace the truth The first booke of Harwards Phlebotomy The first Chapter What Phlebotomy is and of the foure distinct kinds and vses thereof PHlebotomy is the letting out of bloud by the opening of a vayne for the preuenting or curing of some griefe or infirmitie I take in this place bloud not as it is simple and pure of it self but as it is mingled with other humours to wit fleame choler melancholy and the tenue serum which all as Fernelius sheweth as they are conteined together in the vaynes are by one word vsually called by the name of bloud And although it still fall out that other humours are also by Phlebotomy euacuated out of the whole body yet as Fuchsius doth proue out of Galen it is properly the remedy of those diseases which of the ranknes of bloud haue taken their originall There are foure seuerall sorts and vses of letting of bloud The first is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 euacuatio The second is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of Montanus euentatio The third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 revulsio The fourth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 deriuatio The first which is called Euacuation is the auoyding of that repletion and fulnesse whereby the body is ouercharged Repletion or fulnesse called of the Grecians Plethora is an vniuersall redounding of bloud It is of two sorts the one is called quoad vasa when the vaynes and vessels conteyning bloud haue their whole capacity fully and thoroughly filled and the second repletion is called quoad vires in which the vaynes do not swell and yet they conteyne more bloud and nourishment then by nature can be ordered and gouerned In the repletion quoad vasa as Montanus sheweth are two dangers first least by the immoderate quantity there should happen either suffocation or the rupture of some vayne and secondly least the abundance of bloud should corrupt and putrefie For the auoyding of both these perils it is very expedient that in a full body a vaine should be opened although no griefe do draw vs thereunto but only the meere fulnesse For as Hippocrates sayth The full habit of the bodies of champions if it come to the highest degree of fulnesse it is fraile and slippery for it can not contiune long in the same estate The second kinde of
there be a heate of the raynes there is made the stone if of the liuer the iaundise and if of the brest the salt rheume Razes doth commend in a rheume letting of bloud But Heurnius doth restrayne it with certaine limits He will not haue it to be vsed vnlesse there do appeare the signes of fulnesse of bloud as the rednesse of the face and eyes and extending of the vaynes and vnlesse the body head appeare to be hote and the rheume salt with a matter not very farre differing from bloud and further vnlesse there be some danger of the instruments of breathing the lungs and the sides then he admitteth bloud-letting but as he saith sparingly and not too much but in a cold rheume the sweet mitigation of bloud is not to be taken away In the Goute Phlebotomy is not to be vsed vnlesse great fulnesse do of necessitie vrge thereunto There may this reason be giuen of it because that thinne distillation which floweth from the braine into the ioynts and being there thickned and setled doth cause the gout doth not fall downe by any vayne as Fernelius sheweth in his answere to the Phisition Bucherius but doth distill from the brayne to the neck shoulders and from thence to the feet partes consecuta subcutaneas hauing gotten for passage the parts vnder the skinne and because it is thinne doth flow vnsensibly Bucherius thought that because in the bloud that he saw drawne out of vaynes there appeared sometimes phlegmatick matter to flow out with the bloud therefore that fleame slipping out of the vaynes might be a cause of the goute But Fernelius doth confute him and sheweth that that which swimmeth so whitish in the basen is a kind of phlegmatick bloud such as doth abound in the disease called Leucophlegmatia and that it is so farre from sliding out of the vaynes into the ioynts that it can not be drawne out of the vaynes by strong medicines For that fleame which is fetched out of the body by purgings and vomits doth not come from the vaynes but it is wholy either from the brayne or from the stomack or from the bowels He addeth I thinke this to be one of the greatest errours of the common sort of people that in all diseases they place the faults of the humours no where else but in the vaynes and when the question is of humours they vnderstand nothing of those which do abound in other places but only of those which are mingled with the bloud in the vaynes Although the cause and nourishmēt of the gout doth not flow from the vaynes yet if the party haue a full body it will be very dangerous for him to omit letting of bloud for that attenuating and resoluing diet which by meanes of his disease he must vse will make his plenitude the more perilous vnlesse hauing first purged his body he do also cause some vayne to be opened The like reason doth Fernelius giue in his curing of morbus Gallicus after that he hath aduised the body to be twise or thrice purged he sayth that also he must be let bloud as his fulnesse shall require and sterngth permit for so not only the inward parts and whole body shall be cooled but also the dangers of plenitude which may be stirred vp by the vse of attenuating and resoluing things shall be thereby auoyded What vayne must be chosen in the gout when bloud-letting is thus found requisite Galen doth declare towards the end of his booke of Phlebotomy In the gout we must open the vain◠in the cubite but in the falling sicknesse and in that swimming in the head which maketh all things seeme to go round we must do it rather in the legs But how doth this agree with that place which I haue alleaged before out of Galen in my seuenth Chapter If one leg haue an inflammation scarify and let bloud in the other Humours do seeme with greater difficulty to ascend then descend and the hollow vayne in the lower part of the body deuiding his branches equally to both the legges it should seeme that the legge is not only the fittest place according to some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to diuert or reuell but also the meetest place to make euacuation Fuchsius sayth that Galen doth commaund in the gout to let bloud in the arme for two causes first because both the legs in that disease are afflicted though not both at once but per vices one after an other and secondly because in the goute the bloud doth only offend in plenty and is not so putrified and vicious as it is in a hoat and red inflammation But seeing the chiefest intent of Phlebotomy in the gout is to euacuate the fulnesse of the whole body it may therefore seeme especially for that cause most fit to open a vayne in the cubite As for the matter of the disease it is rather auoyded by a good fit diet dry and moderately warme and the vse sometimes of things that do extenuate and resolue then by seeking to draw out either the cause or the nourishment thereof by the vse of Phlebotomy CHAP. 10. Whether letting of bloud be fit for such as haue hoa◠liuers and cold stomacks as also for such as haue itches and scabs and such other faults of the skinne Further whether it be good for the disease called of the seafaring men the scuruy and for the cachexia or bad habit of body and finally what and how many are the drifts and scopes of letting of bloud MOntanus in his conference had with a Doctor called Sonzinus about a man which had bin lately a souldier who was iudged by his busy fierce practises by the rednesse of his face and by the fulnesse of the vaynes about the eyes and other places to haue a hoat brayne a hoat heart and a hoat liuer and by the red sand and heate of vrine appeared also to haue hoat raines and yet hauing so many parts hoa◠had y◠stomack cold by meanes of the heate of the liuer wasting and consuming the fatnesse of the cawle or sew which should conscrue and keepe in the due naturall heate of the bowels and who also by these occasions for want of good concoction had many rheumes distillations making his body very soluble by meanes of their slippery descending which otherwise in regard of so many hoat parts must needs haue bin very costiue he saith Here I would commend principally bloud-letting to take away the heate of the liuer and of the inferiour parts the body being first gently purged by cassia Yet if the infirmitie haue continued long and brought the body to a great weakenesse Trincauel will then in no case admit Phlebocomy For giuing his aduise to one which had a boat and a dry liuer but a moist stomack and who was troubled with plentifull thinne spitting with paines in the ioynts and lassitude of the whole body he sayth In this body so spent with
beginning of the disease but not if it be a hectick phrensy of any continuance Celsus doth affirme that the face being red and the vaynes swelling a vayne may be opened after the fourth day if strength be sufficient But if it come of a cholerick cause then it should seeme to be ill done to let bloud because as Heurnius obiecteth fraenum bilis est sanguis bloud is the bridle of choler To this he answereth Male sanguinem sine bile educeremus imo plus bilis educimus quà m sanguinis Hardly can we auoyd bloud without choler yea rather by Phlebotomy we do bring out more choler then bloud And if it were done but only for deriuation sake yet were it well done But at what time must this Phlebotomy be vsed Caelius Aurelianus sayth that it must be done within three dayes of the beginning and not beyond because in such diseases the strength of the body is in perill Aretaeus also sayth that it ought to be done either the first or the second day If the phrensy begin after the fourth day then open the vayne after the seauenth day but if it do come in the sixth or seauenth day then let no bloud for that is a criticall phrensey Aâ—tius sayth that if the phrensy do come with an ague any day before the fourth day and signes of plenitude appeare wee may well open the middle vayne When the phrensy is old letting bloud is not safe Caelius sayth that to let bloud after the eight day est iugulare homines is nothing but to murder men The quantity must be according to the cause If it proceede of inflamed bloud you may let bloud vsque ad animi deliquium till the heart begin to fayle For there is a vehement inflammation a very sharp feuer and exceeding great griefe in which three cases Galen alloweth large Phlebotomy But if the bloud be much mixed with choler then sixe ounces shall suffice or if the party be strong tenne ounces Aretaeus his opinion is that if it haue the first beginning from the parts about the midriffe then the party may bleed more largely because thereabouts lyeth the fountayne of bloud What you do you must do at once for the disease doth giue no long truce Trallianus commaundeth the vayne of the forehead to be opened But that Heurnius doth condemne as ministring a further increase to the discase especially if the phrensy come of bloud for both the bloud should turne his course into the head and also the euacuation should be made by the very place affected which should be as he thinketh very inconuenient The course which Heurnius doth best like of is this first to open the midle vayne of the arme and after to open either the vayne of the forehead or the vayne vnder the tongue For the Quinsie or squinancie the swelling of the throate causing difficultie of breathing and hardnesse of swallowing Trincauel doth aduise a speedie letting of bloud yet a glister being vsed before if the disease will giue leaue but if the disease as it is a very sharp disease will giue no space then may we do as Hippocrates sometime did that is first let bloud afterward minister the Clyster Fuchsius willeth vs to open the basilica of the arme of the same side where the swelling is But he will haue it to be done at seuerall times by little and little and not all at once least there should happen a swouning and so a perill of suffocation and besides By two sodaine coolings and by fainting of the heart the matter may be caryed from the iawes vnto the lungs and so bring ineuitable danger Yet must not the incision be made too little least by meanes of the narrownesse of the hole the good bloud should be as it were strained out and the thick part remaine within which is the cause of the griefe If the patient be a woman whose termes are stayed open first the saphena and then the vaine vnder the tongue For the pleurisy how conuenient bloud-letting is for it it is a thing so well knowen to all men that there needeth no proofe thereof But on what side the vayne must be taken whether on the same side that hath the inflammation or on the contrary side seeing that there is amongst learned Phisitions a great controuersie about that matter I haue appoynted one Chapter to wit the Chapter next following wholy for the discussing of that question And for as much as also all the arguments layd open in that disputation do as well concerne the inflamation of the raynes and of the wombe and all other inward inflammations as the plurisy I haue thought it good to speake no more of the particulars heere but rather to conclude with that generall speech of Galen To speake briefly when inflammations do begin we must euacuate them by reuulsion that is pluck it back into the parts furthest distant but when they are of long continuance we must empty them out of the places affected or as neere vnto those parts as we can For at the beginning of inflammations it is good to turne back that which floweth but when they haue remayned a long time we must auoyd and expell that which is impacted and fastened in the part affected CHAP. 7. In these dangerous inflammations aforenamed whether euacuation or reuulsion be more necessary and what is the meaning of Hippocrates his rule 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to worke directly and with a right course of flowing PEtrus Brissotus and Matthaeus Curtius two learned Phisitions the one a Frenchman and the other an Italian haue by many arguments prooued that in a pleurisy the vayne ought still to be opened in the arme of the same side where the griefe lyeth Trincauel in his treatise which he calleth rudimentum hath vndertaken to confute them The first reason of Brissoâ—us is because in such sharp diseases vnlesse you help presently the party dyeth And the first scope in an inflammation is to auoyd bloud out of the place inflamed for the performance whereof the same side is most conuenient Trincauel answereth that when the party hath no full body then that position may well stand But if there be a full body then he holdeth with Galen that the scope and purpose of the Phisition must be to forbid that the bloud shall not flow to the place of griefe For the flux of the bloud doth Galen make to be the cause of the vehement inflammation And this staying of the flowing of bloud he thinketh may best be done by euacuating so that we may also reuell the same by drawing it back to the contrary side Brissotus againe obiecteth that by reuulsion there is often stirred vp a pleurisy on the other side vnto which the reuulsion is made Trincauell doth answere that doth happen by meanes of the fulnesse of the whole body especially of the lower parts when the opening of the vpper vaynes can not auoyd so
the words of Galen Therefore by the disease and the age and the powers we know that bloud is to be let but the quantity of the euacuation is to be gathered not only by these but by all the other intentions The second booke of Harwards Phlebotomy concerning the rules and circumstances which are to be obserued when for the prenenting or curing of a disease any vayne is to be opened The first Chapter Whether the party that is to be let bloud haue that dâ—â—bented plenitude which is called of Phisitions corpus plethoricum and how the feuerall kindes of plenitudes may be knowen THe principall thing whereof consideration is most to be had in letting of bloud is named of most writers to be magnitudo morbi the greatnesse of the disease of which I haue no purpose now to write seeing it is in a manner the whole matter subiect of the booke already ended When it is found by the nature of the disease that a vayne is to be opened then we are next to examine the constitution of the party from whom the bloud is to be taken and especially by all signes and tokens exactly to waigh whether he haue corpus vere plethoricum a body ouercharged with the fulnesse of the vaynes or rather with excesse of humours ouer the whole body as Galen doth define it Plenitude is an abundance or an excesse of humours thoroughout all the body There are two sorts of plenitude the one is called ad vasa in respect of the vessels conteyning and the other ad vires in respect of the power not to be able to beare those humours that are The plenitude quoad vasa is made by Galen to be of two sorts the first he calleth simply a plenitude which he defineth to be the foure humours being proportionably increased The second kinde he calleth a plenitude with an addition or a plenitude compound when some other humour besides bloud doth abound more then it ought These I will not stand vpon because I haue already deciphered them in the first Chapter of the first booke There remayneth only heere to set downe the marks and euident signes whereby they may best be knowne when the patient commeth in presence If there be a fulnesse of bloud in respect of the vaynes and other vessels then the colour both of the face and the whole body will be much enclined to red after any strong motion the vaynes will swell and the arteryes beate a sweate will easily breake out a wearinesse doth oppresse the body and lims which are loth to moue by reason of their owne waight the hand can hardly be clutched together the drawing breath will be very thick after exercises In the fulnesse in respect of ouercharging the powers and strength these things do happen the motions of the body lims are somewhat slower the sleepe is heauie but troublesome the partie doth often dreame that he is ouer-charged with some burthen and that he can not stirre himselfe and he feeleth likewise a wearinesse and heauines as is in the former but it is without those full and distented vaynes If the bloud do particularly exceede in these plenitudes then some do adde moreouer these signes the pulse thick full and soft the laughters great the head enclined to aches the body somewhat costiue the spittle sweete the vrine red and thick the dreames either of colours red or of things amorous and in women their termes vsually in the first quarter of the moone When any other humour doth abound it is called a cacochymy A cacochymy is an abounding of any other humour but bloud If choler do abound the colour of the face and eyes and whole body will be pale or yellow or of a citrine or tawny colour the party will be watchfull and of little sleepe griefes will be most on the right side vomitings will be often the thirst much and the appetite to meate faint the pulse will be slender hard and swift in the mouth sometimes a bitternesse the vrine of a firy colour and with little ground or sediment the dreames will be much of matters of fire and the termes vnto women happen most in the second quarter of the moone If fleame do abound the colour of the face and body will be white the body it selfe waighty fat soft and cold the tast weake the griefes most about the ribs stomack or the hinder part of the head the pulse slow soft and weake the vrine pale or white sometimes thinne and sometimes thick with much grounds or sediment the sleepe sound and much the dreames either of drowning or watery matters and the termes vnto women vsually in the old of the moone If melancholy do exceede the colour of the face and whole body will be browne dusky and blackish sometimes equally and sometimes somewhat bespotted feares will come needelesly and sorowes without cause the pulse will be hard the vrine will be thinne and white and sometimes when melancholy doth auoyd it will be thick and black or black and blew or somewhat greenish the sleepe troublesome and full of fearefull dreames and the termes to women commonly after the full I could here rehearse many other signes whereof Leuinus Lemnius doth make mention drawne from the fashions studyes and manner of life of the party to make tryall of euery one by the manner of his gate by the deuises of his braine and by the performance of his actions but then I should perhaps make some to thinke too well and some too ill of themselues although in deede hardly will any thinke too ill and I should increase this latter booke into a greater quantity then is now my purpose to performe Briefely I conclude this first poynt concerning the plenitudes with the censure and iudgement of Galen who when he hath brought them all to two generall heads When the humours are equally increased they call it in Greeke plethos or plethora but when the body is full of yellow or black choler or of sleame or of thinne whayish moystures then they call it not plethora but eacochymia He doth presently after shew how they must be holpen and amongst the remedyes of plethora he maketh letting bloud the principall Plethora is cured by letting of bloud but for cacochymia he maketh the chiefest remedy to be purging But cacochymia is cured by that purging which is proper and peculiar to euery seuerall abounding humour If this cacochymia be also with a disâ—ented fulnesse then must also Phlebotomy be vsed but sparingly only so much as may ease the plenitude and rather as Fernelius doth aduise ex interuallis detrahendo quà m vniuersim affatim vacuando sublata plenitudine praecipiti periculosa reliqua impuritas cacochymia purgatione eximenda est But of this already in the last Chapter of the former booke CHAP. 2. Of the consideration of the temperature of the party what it is by manner
of dyet or by exercises or by place of abode or by custome and habit or by constitution of body IT is not without good cause that Fuchsius loth require in Phlebotomy that an especiall regard be had in it of the dyet which the party hath vsed whose vayne is to be opened for if he haue vsed much surfeâ—â—ing and so gotten an aboundance of raw humours he is then not to be let bloud as he secketh to prooue out of those words of Galen To intemperate men wine-bibbers and gluttonous surfetters thou shalt bring small profit either by purging or letting bloud Although the purpose of Galen indeede is not in that place to deny purging and letting of bloud to them which by surfetting are already filled with raw humours as Fuchsius doth seeme to apply it but to shew that it is a needlesse enterprise and a very lost labour to apply vnto intemperate men these soueraigne remedyes seeing that they haue gotten such a custome and habite of riotousnesse that they will presently fill themselues againe with all noysome humours for so doth Galen there giue his reason For they which do vse an intemperate dyet do quickly gather an aboundance of raw humours and therefore we must not so much as endeuour to heale them Besides excesse and surfeiting a due regard must be had whether the party that is to be let bloud haue vsed though temperatly such drinke and especially wines as are apt to ingender much bloud for in houses of great personages and in cities where wine is much in vse there is farre greater necessity of letting bloud then in those countrey villages where their accustomed drinks are of lesser and weaker nourishment And especially seeing the former liuing in ease and without any great exercises do soone gather store of superfluous humours they may therefore admit a more liberall bleeding but the later continually labouring toiling do leaue in their bodies yâ— lesse store of superfluâ—â—eâ— and therefore may the lesse endure any plentifull Phlebotomy And yet as well in cities as in countries the temperature of the place of abode may also make some difference They which haue hoat and dry habitations in sandy places haue much of their naturall heate and humours spene discussed and scattered and therefore must bleede lesse then they which dwell in more cold and moyst places where the strength of the naturall heate is not so apt to be disperseth prouided alwayes that the place be not by reason of hard weather so extreame cold that the bloud should be as it were coÌ„geased for then to let bloud would be very perillous as likewise it would be inconuenient when the constitution of the party is ouer-hoat and dry to vse any great euacuation by Phlebotomy Galen sayth As many as are by nature boat and dry they all do easily receiue harme by liber all euacuations And in that place Galen in the words immediatly following doth shew that custome also is of great force as to all other things so likewise to shew what persons may best admit Phlebotomy For they which haue bin often accustomed to it do incurre more danger in omitting of it then they whieltâ—euer were acquainted with it Hippocrates doth giue it out as a general axiome Things accustomed though they be bad yet do they 〈…〉 lesse then those wherewithall we were neuer 〈◊〉 Auiceâ—â—a in his sixteenth Canon of bloud letting as Montanus hath deuided them doth declare three sundrie dispositions of mans stomack which cannot permit the opening of a vayne first if there be a great and quick sensibilatie of the mouth of the stomack secondly if it haue a faint debilitie and thirdly if there be a flux of choler flowing vnto it For the first Montanus sayth of all the lims the mouth of the stomack is made of quickest fecling and sharpest sensibilitie that thereby there might be an apprehension of hunger and being for that cause very sinoâ—y it hath great affinity and consent with the brayne and the heart whereby if there be a flâ—x of 〈◊〉 sharpe humour vnto it the brayne and the heart doe straight suffer with it and thereupon doth come a fainting and swouning By the debilitie of the stomack he meaneth not that weakenesse which doth come by distemperature but that which commeth by thedoâ—senesse of the stomack when the stomack can not bind in it selfe and gather it selfe together vpon the meate That loosenesse commeth of the moysture of it and they which haue this imbecillitie vpon euery light occasion they swoune and faint away and are therefore vnfit to be let bloud By the flowing of the choler to the mouth of the stomack he sheweth what indeed doth most offend the sensibilitie of that place and bring not only swouning but also other great dangers For as Galen writeth The mouth of the stomack by the quicknsse of the sense thereof doth bring both many other symptomes and also swounings From the liuer and the gall there are two passages one greater the other lesse The greater goeth downe to the gut which is called â—eiunum and the lesse goeth to the bottome of the stomack Some haue but one of these passages by meanes whereof many times cholerick men because they haue only that passage which goeth to intestinum ieiunum and want that passage that should go to the bottome of the stomack do neuer vomit choler And on the other side other that are phlegmatick do vomit often choler because they haue that passage which goeth to the bottome of the stomack but want the other which should go to the gut called ieiunum Montanus sayth of these that infaelicitatem habent à generatione they are vnhappy by the manner of their procreation and birth Those which haue the passage wholy to the stomack whereby choler is caryed to the mouth of it are knowne as Auicen sayth by this that they haue the mouth often bitter and do vomit choler vpon euery small cause such haue porum felleum infaeliciter compositum the passage of the gall vnluckily made Auicen sheweth that if there be a necessity of letting bloud in any that hath any of these impediments the party hath neede to be prepared and strengthened before any vayne be opened The manner how it must be done shall appeare in the Chapter following CHAP. 3. Whether the body haue neede to be prepared before letting of bloud IF the party from whome bloud must needes be taken be found to haue a great sensibilitie of the mouth of the stomack which is knowne by this that if you offer any sharp sower or biting thing such as is the iuice of limons or pepper he is straight offended then before he be let bloud that there may be no flux of choler to the mouth of the stomack you must giue him a few morsels of bread steeped in some astringent thing as in the iuice of quinces and of ripe peares If there be a relaxation of the stomack by