Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	part_n	whole_a	3,651	5	5.0534	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A57274	The anatomy of the brain containing its mechanism and physiology : together with some new discoveries and corrections of ancient and modern authors upon that subject : to which is annex'd a particular account of animal functions and muscular motion : the whole illustrated with elegant sculptures after the life by H. Ridley ...	Ridley, Humphrey, 1653-1708.	1695 (1695)	Wing R1449; ESTC R2833	81,965	255

may and doubtless does grow thicker by the shortning of its Fibres yet by that means only it does not become stiffer and harder so as we find Muscles do when contracted by any natural Cause nor is there any necessity it should do so according to any Rules of Mechanism seeing the Fibres shortning only by their own elastick force when they find the circumambient space give way have no necessity of subintration of parts which is always requisite to procure a stiffness or hardness to a part altering its dimensions as Muscles do from a longer and thinner to a shorter and thicker circumference and upon this it must needs follow that in a Muscle contracted by involuntary force in which Action the Brain is altogether unconcern'd that stiffness or hardness then perceivable in it must needs be owing to the Fluid or Spirits in the antagonist Muscle after the manner already explained transmitted to it Now to define what sort of thing this Animal Fluid so called is I see no occasion to frame any other Idea of it than what we ordinarily have of the purest Liquors seeing the Nerves are a Substance which to the Senses of either Smell or Taste discovers very little else than what is insipid are always reckon'd amongst the least hot parts of the Body and doubtless far less warm in Fishes than us who yet have as great a stock of Animal Spirits as any other Creatures And this Consideration may be it was that occasion'd an Author to give the Animal Spirits the Epithite of Frigidiusculi Du His. T. l. p. ●●● 'T is plain enough that the Vessels which contains this Fluid are extream minute and consequently the Content must needs be of a very fine and depurate consistence though without much resemblance to either the aforesaid nimble saline or sulphurous Productions of the Fire 'T is in a continual gentle direct motion though perhaps contained in curved or reticulated Vessels from its original source to the ends of the carnous Fibres from whence it is convey'd into the Membranous or Tendinous Productions according as the Fibres terminate and it may be by filtration only in which as in other and particularly in Glandulous Parts not subservient to Muscular Motion where Nervous Ramifications are very copious whether it be of any other use than to keep the Parts in their proper tone in order to their regular discharge of the office of Secretion must still remain a Controversie notwithstanding all that hath been yet advanced against it inasmuch as wastings and numbnesses of Parts the common Symptoms of obstructed or divided Nerves which doubtless by their hastening through such Causes to Muscular Parts gave the first rise to that Conjecture about the Existence and Use of that Juice throughout the whole Body are equally explicable by the want of Tone as of that supposed Liquor To the proof of all this an Experiment frequently made does not a little contribute and that is the injecting the Arteries of a Dog or any such Creature when dead upon which there immediately happens a contraction of the Muscles according to the different strength of them viz. of the Extenders in the hinder Legs and of the Benders in the fore Legs though the Injection be only of cold Water the reason of which effect in particular if it be remembred what hath been before observed viz. that the Blood-vessels do most certainly enter the composition of the Nerves themselves will not only become very easily explicable but the whole Hypothesis at least very highly probable If it be said That this speedy instantaneous reflux of the Animal Fluid is opposed by the aforementioned constant direct motion it hath from its Source to the parts to be moved 't is easie to reply That its slow direct motion that way is casily overcome and repelled by the violent impulse of the forcibly-relaxed Muscle the other way If further it be demanded by what means it so happens that in the Instance before us of an Arm bent by force that the refluent Animal Fluid is rather towards the Muscle which by that means then proves contracted than towards any other whatsoever to all which it may indifferently have access I think the Solution seems not difficult if it be consider'd that at the same time that the one Muscle is forced from the other is forced into a contraction from whence it so falls out that the carnous tubulous Fibres of the last which by being extended under the state of relaxation did lose their cavity must needs by their natural elasticity when freed from the preponderant force of its Antagonist acquire it again by which means a space being made the repelled Fluid by the Laws of Libration to say nothing of the habitual motion of the Animal Spirits or Liquor by most Authors especially Borellus urged as a Reason for this effect must needs be driven thither In fine though I am not averse to think most of the Phoenomena relating to Sensation and Motion may be solved by this Theory tho' of so small an apparatus yet I am so far from being fond of it that I have reserved a far greater share of Friendship for any other that may seem but of never so little more a kin to Truth and submitting all I have said on this Subject to the candid Sentiments of the more judicious Proceedee in describing the other parts of the Brain as they offer themselves in the usual modern way of Dissection CHAP. XIII Of the Brain in particular THIS Part being already describ'd and consider'd in general as consisting of two different Substances commonly called its Similar Parts and the Source of all Sense and Motion comes now to be taken notice of in a more particular manner with respect to its dissimilar parts or conformation and this I think may best be done first according to its outward and next to its inward appearance Outwardly 't is convex and cortical exactly divided into two Hemispheres by the first Process of the Dura Mater called Falx from the bony Process called Crista Galli forwardly to the very hindermost part of the Cranium where these two Divisions are stretched over the Cerebellum from which part also 't is perfectly separated by the second Process of the Dura Mater to the end it may not cause any prejudicial compression upon that part either by its weight or pulsation The foremost Division is made only as deep as the Corpus Callosum the latter to the very Medulla Oblongata it self 'T is further imperfectly divided into four Lobes two whereof which being the less are forwardly and two which are much bigger backwardly These Divisions appear best in the inverted or Varolian Dissection being marked out as it were by four Branches of the Carotid Artery two before and one on each side These I call Imperfect Divisions of the Brain because though the Pia Mater runs betwixt them together with the aforesaid Branches of the great Artery yet they adhere by several Fibres

dispersed thro' Bourd p. 196. par 2. it so forcible as to create a sensible Systole and Diastole in its outward coverings 'T is worth noting that while the Blood-vessels are all full so as to keep the Dura Mater upon its full stretch the pulsation is not vi sible at all or at least very faintly but after a depletion of the Vessels so as that grows somewhat more lax the beating becomes very visible equally in the Sinus and Membrane too After having made this Experiment I found one Author of the same opinion and that is Falloppius who in vindication of Galen against Vesalius his Contemporary says all I have said upon the foregoing Experiment and all the great Vesalius was able to answer in his own vindication in his ingenious Book call'd Anatomicam Gabr. Falloppi Observat Examen falls very short of its aim As to the Transverse Ligaments which are in some places * Fig. 4. r. round cordal and in others † Ibid. x. broad or membranous in the Longitudinal Sinus chiefly both serving for Strength and in concurrence with the cruciform ligamentous Fibres taken notice of by Vieussenius on the under and outside of this Sinus from whence the Fibres belonging to the falcated Process aforemention'd seem to have their original Elasticity to this part for its more vigorous reduction of the Blood passing through it together with its blind Cavities or Diverticulums serving to moderate the over-swift or violent motion of the Blood seeing I find them so exactly describ'd by Vieussenius to whom the Reader may have recourse I think their description need take up no room here But as to the manner of the Veins entring this Sinus I find it far different from that which is describ'd by Lower first Low fig. 4. h h. Vituss tab 2 D D c. and afterwards by Vieussenius both whom make them enter with their Orifices from behind forwards two or three only excepted by Vieussenius and that for some other useful purposes than what have hitherto been taken notice of And this is as follows Fig. 4. dd c. viz. About one half of them tho' intermixedly but all after having first upon their arival at the Sinus insinuated themselves for some space alter the manner of the Pancreatick Duct or Ureters first taken notice of by Lower Ib. dd c. betwixt the Duplicature of the Dura Mater from behind forwards the other half from before backwards as in the Figure Now by this contrivance 't is plain that first of all there are made two contrary Torrents in one and the same Channel by which means the refluent Blood made poor by the vast quantity of its richest parts drawn off as it were into Animal Spirits thro' a collision of Parts which by this contrivance must needs fall out is preserv'd in its due mixture which when at any time lost through the languishing of its intestine motion or elasticity retards even its circular or progressive motion which when it happens but in some degree is the cause of many Distempers and when altogether of Death it self In the next place the circulation is at all times not only somewhat retarded and the Blood hinder'd together with the help of the bony Cell at which the internal Jugular Veins enter the Sinus's especially in an erect posture from descending with that rapidness and weight it would otherwise have done upon the descending Cava to the Heart but also much more so retarded in a supine position of the Head a posture most natural and ordinary for Mankind to take their rest in through which contrivance in concurrence with that of the Lateral Sinus's whose structure is such that in the aforesaid posture the Blood is forced to climb upwards before it can arrive at the place of its descent into the Jugular Vein there is made a more plentiful generation of Animal Spirits one chief Cause of the great refreshment and vigorous disposition of the whole Body we find after Sleeping As to the other manner of the Veins entring this Sinus viz. from before backwards it from thence happens that in a prone Position of the Brain a posture not uncommon amongst Men the Blood is help'd forward in its circulation through the Sinus the truth and design whereof are at once both evident and pointed at by Nature from the Structure of this part and which therefore shews the great usefulness of Comparative Anatomy in Brutes who by reason of such a Position which the necessity of Feeding almost always keeps them in have always such a disposition of this Part to assist the Blood in its heavy circulation The design of Nature in making these Channels so wide on a sudden in respect to the Branches of Veins lately treated of terminating in them seems to correspond with the conformation of the Parts just now treated of and with that it had in making the Ramifications of Arteries afore taken notice of so large and unproportionable to the Trunks from which they spring which is a flower than ordinary circulation of Blood through the Brain in order to make a still more copious production of the Animal Spirits so called Which profitable Design and End of Nature had nevertheless been attended with a very great Inconvenience viz. an extravasation of too much Serum the usual effect or consequence of a slacken'd Circulation had it not been for another provident Contrivance of Nature in the two Communicant-branches betwixt the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries aforemention'd p. 36. by the narrowness of whose Channel the influent Blood is in some measure represt in its motion and an overcharging the Vessels with Blood prevented These Sinus's differ in structure one from another the Longitudinal and Lateral ones having many transverse Ligaments which the other have not and the Longitudinal having many small Cavities or blind Diverticulums as aforesaid which the Lateral have not the use of them all being for strengthening and defending them from giving way to the violent irruption of Blood into them against which sometimes notwithstanding they are not able to defend themselves as I have seen in many Skulls ni which the Blood hath burst open the sides of the Sinus's and found its way between the Duplicature of it so as even to have made a Fovea or Cavity in the Cranium it self as was before noted one of which I have now by me CHAP. VII Of the Plexus Choroeides THIS Plexus is an aggregate Body made up of Arteries Veins Membrane and Glands double on each side which hath not before been taken notice of and consequently having two Originals The first Original is from the foremost Branch of the Communicant Artery FIG 1. ee which running backward up betwixt the hinder Lobes of the Brain in which for some part of the way it is immerged and to which it gives many large Branches and the Medulla Oblongata at length arrives at the Lateral Ventricles FIG 5. ee and makes one part of