particular_a body_n and_o the_o differ_a degree_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o differ_a time_n wherein_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o expose_v body_n be_v estimate_v be_v take_v into_o consideration_n for_o we_o find_v that_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a preserve_v many_o body_n and_o that_o glaciation_n destroy_v or_o at_o lest_o prejudices_fw-la most_o other_o probable_o by_o discompose_v or_o vitiate_a their_o texture_n when_o they_o come_v to_o be_v thaw_v though_o while_o the_o frost_n be_v in_o they_o it_o keep_v almost_o all_o body_n from_o disclose_v any_o putrefaction_n 17._o this_o be_v the_o general_a consideration_n i_o intend_v to_o propose_v it_o remain_v that_o i_o add_v out_o of_o credible_a writer_n or_o other_o relator_n some_o observation_n to_o illustrate_v and_o confirm_v the_o chief_a particular_n comprehend_v in_o it_o and_o first_o that_o a_o moderate_a degree_n of_o cold_a conduce_v much_o to_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o inanimate_a body_n be_v a_o thing_n vulgar_o take_v notice_n of_o and_o acknowledge_v and_o i_o do_v not_o ready_o remember_v any_o instance_n that_o manifest_a that_o any_o degree_n of_o cold_a though_o more_o than_o moderate_a provide_v it_o fall_v short_a of_o freeze_a the_o body_n expose_v to_o it_o do_v spoil_v they_o regii_fw-la mutinenses_n say_v the_o industrious_a bartholinus_n nivem_fw-la hoc_fw-la 80._o sine_fw-la arctè_fw-la 〈◊〉_d servant_n in_o cellis_fw-la nivariis_fw-la in_fw-la quibus_fw-la fervente_fw-la aestate_fw-la vidi_fw-la carnes_z mactatorum_fw-la animalium_fw-la à _fw-la putredine_fw-la diu_fw-la se_fw-la conservasse_fw-la the_o next_o thing_n i_o shall_v mention_v to_o our_o present_a purpose_n be_v a_o memorable_a passage_n in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n which_o show_v that_o so_o great_a a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o may_v be_v suppose_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o his_o ship_n that_o be_v freeze_v up_o all_o the_o winter_n in_o one_o of_o the_o cold_a region_n of_o the_o world_n be_v not_o great_a enough_o to_o spoil_v the_o meat_n and_o drink_n that_o have_v lie_v all_o that_o time_n under_o water_n because_o it_o seem_v by_o the_o story_n that_o they_o be_v not_o actual_o freeze_v the_o word_n of_o his_o journal_n be_v these_o by_o the_o nine_o of_o may_v we_o be_v come_v to_o and_o get_v up_o our_o five_o barrel_n of_o 74._o beef_n and_o pork_n and_o have_v four_o butt_n of_o beer_n and_o one_o of_o cider_n which_o god_n have_v preserve_v for_o we_o it_o have_v lie_v under_o water_n all_o the_o winter_n yet_o we_o can_v not_o perceive_v that_o it_o be_v any_o thing_n the_o worse_o which_o be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o of_o what_o we_o shall_v note_v by_o and_o by_o both_o out_o of_o other_o book_n and_o even_o out_o of_o this_o about_o what_o become_v of_o a_o strong_a liquor_n than_o beer_n once_o bring_v to_o glaciation_n and_o it_o seem_v our_o navigator_n find_v cold_a if_o extreme_o intend_v so_o destructive_a a_o thing_n that_o he_o think_v fit_a to_o take_v notice_n in_o his_o journal_n that_o even_o a_o cable_n have_v lie_v under_o the_o ice_n all_o the_o 79._o winter_n be_v not_o in_o june_n find_v a_o jote_n the_o worse_o 18._o and_o it_o seem_v by_o a_o passage_n in_o simlerus_n account_n of_o the_o alps_n that_o even_o entire_a body_n may_v be_v very_o long_o preserve_v by_o snow_n and_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v guess_v by_o the_o story_n without_o glaciation_n refert_fw-la say_v bartholinus_n speak_v of_o he_o in_o rhetis_n apud_fw-la rinwaldios_fw-la 79_o nivium_fw-la è_fw-fr monte_fw-fr ruentium_fw-la 〈◊〉_d sylvam_fw-la &_o 〈◊〉_d abietes_fw-la dejecisse_fw-la accidisse_fw-la etiam_fw-la helvetio_fw-la milite_fw-la per_fw-la alps_n iter_fw-la faciente_fw-la ut_fw-la 60._o homines_fw-la &_o plures_fw-la eadem_fw-la nivis_fw-la conglobatione_fw-la opprimerentur_fw-la hoc_fw-la igitur_fw-la nivium_fw-la tumulo_fw-la sepulti_fw-la ad_fw-la 〈◊〉_d aestatis_fw-la delitescunt_fw-la quo_fw-la solut_a â_fw-la nonnihil_fw-la nive_n deciduâ_fw-la corpora_fw-la mortua_fw-la inviolata_fw-la patent_n si_fw-la ab_fw-la amiciss_fw-la vel_fw-la transeuntibus_fw-la quaerantur_fw-la vidimus_fw-la ipsi_fw-la triste_fw-fr hoc_fw-la spectaculum_fw-la etc._n etc._n 19_o second_o i_o can_v allege_v many_o instance_n to_o show_v that_o many_o if_o not_o most_o inanimate_a body_n i_o say_v inanimate_a because_o of_o the_o gangraene_n and_o sphacelation_n that_o often_o rob_v live_v man_n of_o freeze_a toe_n nose_n and_o sometime_o other_o part_n if_o they_o be_v actual_o freeze_v will_v not_o disclose_v any_o putrefaction_n while_o they_o continue_v in_o that_o state_n nor_o be_v this_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o since_o whether_o we_o will_v suppose_v that_o in_o glaciation_n the_o moist_a and_o fluid_a part_n be_v wedge_v in_o by_o intrude_a swarm_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n or_o that_o those_o restless_a particle_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o keep_v the_o body_n fluid_fw-la or_o soft_a be_v call_v forth_o of_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o glaciation_n which_o soever_o of_o these_o two_o way_n we_o pitch_v upon_o we_o must_v in_o freeze_a body_n conceive_v a_o unwonted_a rest_n to_o be_v produce_v of_o those_o movable_a particle_n who_o internal_a commotion_n and_o disorderly_a coalition_n and_o avolation_n be_v either_o the_o cause_n or_o the_o necessary_a concomitant_n of_o corruption_n 20._o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o remember_v that_o meet_v with_o a_o know_a man_n who_o affair_n stop_v he_o during_o the_o winter_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n be_v desirous_a to_o learn_v of_o he_o how_o long_o they_o can_v in_o those_o cold_a climate_n preserve_v in_o winter_n dead_a body_n unbury_v and_o yet_o uncorrupted_a he_o tell_v i_o he_o have_v opportunity_n to_o observe_v that_o though_o the_o frost_n last_v as_o it_o usual_o do_v in_o that_o season_n three_o or_o four_o month_n together_o or_o long_o the_o body_n may_v without_o any_o embalm_v or_o other_o artificial_a way_n of_o preservation_n be_v keep_v untainted_a by_o the_o bare_a coldness_n of_o the_o air._n of_o body_n last_a long_o unputrify_v in_o ice_n navigator_n and_o other_o have_v afford_v we_o several_a instance_n but_o we_o will_v mention_v two_o because_o they_o contain_v something_o more_o remarkable_a than_o the_o rest_n the_o one_o be_v thus_o deliver_v by_o bartholinus_n notandum_fw-la corpor_fw-la a_o occisorum_fw-la hyeme_fw-fr eodem_fw-la 83._o positu_fw-la eademque_fw-la figur_n â_fw-la permanere_fw-la rigidâ_fw-la quâ_fw-la ante_fw-la eadem_fw-la depraehensa_fw-la sunt_fw-la visum_fw-la id_fw-la extra_fw-la urbem_fw-la nostram_fw-la quum_fw-la 11._o feb._n 1659._o oppugnantes_fw-la host_n repellerentur_fw-la magnaque_fw-la strage_fw-la occumberent_fw-la alii_fw-la enim_fw-la rigidi_fw-la iratum_fw-la vultum_fw-la ostendebant_fw-la alii_fw-la oculos_fw-la elatos_fw-la alii_fw-la ore_fw-la diducto_fw-la ringentes_fw-la alii_fw-la brachiis_fw-la extensis_fw-la gladium_fw-la minari_fw-la alii_fw-la alio_fw-la situ_fw-la prostrati_fw-la jacebant_fw-la imo_fw-la ex_fw-la mari_fw-fr gelato_fw-la primo_fw-la veer_fw-la resoluto_fw-la eque_v equo_fw-la svo_fw-la insidens_fw-la integer_fw-la emersit_fw-la nescio_fw-la quid_fw-la manibus_fw-la tenens_fw-la the_o other_o instance_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o captain_n 76._o james_n journal_n and_o be_v by_o he_o thus_o deliver_v in_o the_o evening_n of_o the_o 18._o of_o may_n the_o master_n of_o our_o ship_n after_o burial_n return_v aboard_o ship_n and_o look_v about_o she_o discover_v some_o part_n of_o our_o gunner_n under_o the_o gun-room_n port_n this_o man_n we_o have_v commit_v to_o sea_n at_o a_o good_a distance_n from_o the_o ship_n and_o in_o deep_a water_n near_o six_o month_n before_o the_o 19_o in_o the_o morning_n i_o send_v man_n to_o dig_v he_o out_o he_o be_v fast_o in_o the_o ice_n his_o head_n downward_o and_o his_o heel_n upward_o for_o he_o have_v but_o one_o leg_n and_o the_o plaster_n be_v as_o yet_o at_o his_o wound_n in_o the_o afternoon_n they_o dig_v he_o clear_v out_o after_o all_o which_o time_n he_o be_v as_o free_v from_o noisomness_n as_o when_o we_o first_o commit_v he_o to_o sea_n this_o alteration_n have_v the_o ice_n and_o water_n and_o time_n only_o wrought_v on_o he_o that_o his_o flesh_n will_v slip_v up_o and_o down_o upon_o his_o 〈◊〉_d like_o a_o glove_n on_o a_o man_n hand_n but_o there_o be_v one_o pertinent_a particular_a more_o which_o if_o it_o be_v strict_o true_a be_v so_o very_o remarkable_a that_o i_o can_v on_o this_o occasion_n forbear_v to_o annex_v it_o which_o be_v that_o according_a to_o the_o relation_n of_o the_o merchant_n of_o copenhagen_n that_o return_v thither_o from_o spitzberg_n a_o place_n in_o greenland_n the_o extreme_a cold_n will_v there_o 12._o suffer_v nothing_o to_o putrify_v and_o corrupt_v insomuch_o that_o bury_v body_n be_v preserve_v 30._o year_n 〈◊〉_d and_o inviolated_a by_o any_o 〈◊〉_d 21._o three_o 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be_v more_o strange_a and_o which_o i_o particular_o inquire_v after_o can_v by_o clothes_n or_o almost_o any_o other_o mean_n keep_v himself_o warm_a 10._o i_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n of_o some_o other_o observation_n agreeable_a to_o these_o by_o some_o of_o which_o we_o may_v be_v persuade_v that_o there_o may_v be_v other_o way_n beside_o those_o already_o mention_v of_o perceive_v cold_a though_o the_o outward_a part_n of_o our_o body_n be_v not_o press_v inward_o and_o whereas_o mr._n hobbs_n infer_v that_o he_o who_o will_v know_v the_o cause_n of_o cold_a must_v find_v by_o what_o motion_n or_o motion_n the_o exterior_a part_n of_o any_o body_n endeavour_v to_o retire_v inward_o that_o seem_v but_o a_o inconsiderate_a direction_n for_o in_o compression_n that_o be_v make_v by_o surround_v body_n there_o be_v produce_v a_o endeavour_n inward_a of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o compress_a body_n though_o no_o cold_a but_o sometime_o rather_o heat_v be_v thereby_o generate_v and_o i_o hope_v mr._n hobbs_n will_v not_o object_n that_o in_o this_o case_n the_o part_n do_v not_o retire_v but_o be_v thrust_v inward_o since_o according_a to_o he_o no_o body_n at_o all_o can_v be_v move_v but_o by_o a_o body_n contiguous_a and_o move_v but_o what_o i_o have_v hitherto_o take_v notice_n of_o be_v chief_o design_v to_o show_v that_o the_o notion_n of_o cold_a in_o general_n be_v not_o so_o obvious_a a_o thing_n to_o be_v right_o pitch_v upon_o as_o many_o think_v and_o that_o therefore_o it_o need_v be_v no_o wonder_n that_o it_o have_v notbeen_v accurate_o and_o wary_o propose_v by_o mr._n hobbs_n i_o shall_v not_o any_o further_o prosecute_v that_o discourse_n but_o proceed_v to_o what_o remain_v next_o then_o the_o cause_n he_o assign_v why_o a_o man_n can_v blow_v hot_a or_o cold_a with_o the_o same_o breath_n be_v very_o questionable_a partly_o because_o he_o suppose_v in_o part_n of_o the_o breath_n such_o a_o simple_a motion_n as_o he_o call_v it_o of_o the_o small_a particle_n of_o the_o same_o breath_n as_o he_o will_v not_o easy_o prove_v and_o as_o geometry_n eminent_a astronomer_n and_o mathematician_n have_v reject_v and_o partly_o because_o that_o without_o the_o suspect_a supposition_n i_o can_v by_o put_v together_o the_o conjecture_n of_o two_o learned_a writer_n and_o what_o i_o have_v elsewhere_o add_v of_o my_o own_o give_v a_o more_o probable_a account_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n if_o i_o have_v not_o loom_n scruple_n about_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n itself_o which_o last_o clause_n i_o add_v because_o though_o i_o be_o not_o sure_a that_o further_a trial_n may_v not_o satisfy_v i_o that_o the_o wind_n or_o breath_n that_o be_v blow_v out_o at_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o compress_v lip_n have_v in_o it_o such_o a_o real_a coldness_n as_o man_n have_v general_o ascribe_v to_o it_o yet_o hitherto_o some_o trial_n that_o my_o jealousy_n lead_v i_o to_o make_v incline_v i_o to_o suspect_v there_o may_v be_v a_o mistake_n about_o this_o matter_n and_o that_o in_o estimate_v the_o temper_n of_o the_o produce_v wind_n our_o sense_n may_v impose_v upon_o we_o for_o have_v take_v a_o very_a good_a and_o tender_a seal_a weatherglass_n and_o blow_v upon_o it_o through_o a_o glass-pipe_n of_o about_o half_a a_o yard_n long_o that_o be_v choose_v slender_a to_o be_v sure_a that_o my_o breath_n shall_v issue_v out_o in_o a_o small_a stream_n by_o this_o wind_n beat_v upon_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n i_o can_v not_o make_v the_o include_v spirit_n of_o wine_n subside_o but_o manifest_o though_o not_o much_o ascend_v though_o the_o wind_n that_o i_o present_o blow_v through_o the_o same_o pipe_n seem_v sensible_o cold_a both_o to_o the_o hand_n of_o bystander_n and_o to_o my_o own_o and_o yet_o i_o be_v then_o more_o than_o ordinary_o cold_a so_o that_o have_v no_o great_a enencouragement_n to_o enter_v into_o a_o dispute_n about_o the_o cause_n of_o a_o phaenomenon_n who_o historical_a circnmstance_n be_v not_o yet_o sufficient_o know_v and_o clear_v i_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o add_v that_o whatever_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o effect_n there_o be_v divers_a thing_n that_o make_v mr._n hobs_n hypothesis_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o cold_a unfit_a to_o be_v acquiesce_v in_o for_o we_o see_v that_o the_o grand_a cause_n he_o assign_v of_o cold_a and_o its_o effect_n be_v wind_n which_o according_a to_o he_o be_v air_n move_v in_o a_o considerable_a quantity_n and_o that_o either_o forward_o only_a or_o in_o a_o undulate_a motion_n and_o he_o tell_v we_o too_o that_o when_o the_o breath_n be_v more_o strong_o blow_v out_o of_o the_o mouth_n then_o be_v the_o direct_a motion_n prevalent_a over_o the_o simple_a motion_n which_o say_v he_o make_v we_o feel_v cold_a for_o say_v he_o the_o direct_a motion_n of_o the_o breath_n or_o air_n be_v wind_n and_o all_o wind_n cool_v or_o diminish_v former_a heat_n to_o which_o word_n beginning_n in_o the_o very_a next_o line_n he_o subjoin_v that_o not_o only_o great_a but_o almost_o any_o ventilation_n and_o stir_v of_o the_o air_n do_v refrigerate_v but_o against_o this_o doctrine_n i_o have_v several_a thing_n to_o object_n 11._o for_o first_o we_o see_v there_o be_v very_o hard_a frost_n not_o only_o continue_v but_o 〈◊〉_d begin_v when_o the_o air_n be_v calm_a and_o free_a from_o wind_n and_o high_a and_o boisterous_a southerly_a wind_n be_v not_o here_o wont_a to_o be_v near_o so_o cold_a as_o far_o weak_a wind_n that_o blow_n from_o the_o north-east_n 12._o next_o if_o mr._n hobbs_n teach_v we_o that_o it_o be_v the_o direct_a motion_n of_o the_o stream_n of_o breath_n that_o be_v more_o strong_o blow_v out_o that_o make_v we_o feel_v cold_a he_o be_v oblige_v to_o render_v a_o reason_n why_o in_o a_o aeolipile_n with_o a_o long_a neck_n the_o stream_n that_o issue_v out_o though_o oftentimes_o far_o strong_a than_o that_o which_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v by_o compress_v the_o lip_n at_o a_o pretty_a distance_n from_o the_o hole_n it_o issue_v out_o of_o be_v not_o cold_a but_o hot_a 13._o three_o mr._n hobbs_n elsewhere_o teach_v that_o when_o in_o our_o engine_n the_o pump_n have_v be_v long_o employ_v to_o exhaust_v as_o we_o say_v the_o receiver_n there_o must_v be_v a_o vehement_a wind_n produce_v in_o that_o receiver_n and_o yet_o by_o one_o of_o our_o other_o experiment_n it_o appear_v that_o for_o all_o this_o in_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n place_v there_o before_o the_o include_v air_n begin_v to_o be_v as_o we_o say_v empty_v there_o appear_v no_o sign_n of_o any_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a produce_v by_o this_o suppose_a wind_n so_o that_o either_o the_o wind_n be_v but_o imaginary_a or_o else_o mr._n hobbs_n ascribe_v to_o wind_n as_o such_o a_o infrigidating_a efficacy_n that_o do_v not_o belong_v to_o they_o 14._o four_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n that_o in_o hard_a frost_n water_n will_v freeze_v not_o only_o though_o there_o be_v no_o wind_n stir_v in_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n but_o though_o the_o liquor_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o close_a room_n where_o though_o the_o wind_n be_v high_a abroad_o it_o can_v not_o get_v admittance_n and_o some_o of_o our_o experiment_n careful_o make_v have_v assure_v we_o that_o water_n seal_v up_o in_o one_o glass_n and_o that_o glass_n keep_v suspend_v in_o another_o glass_n careful_o stop_v to_o keep_v out_o not_o only_o all_o wind_n but_o all_o adventitious_a air_n may_v nevertheless_o be_v not_o only_a much_o cool_v but_o turn_v into_o ice_n 15._o five_o we_o find_v by_o other_o experiment_n cold._n that_o a_o freeze_a egg_n though_o suspend_v in_o and_o perfect_o surround_v with_o water_n where_o no_o wind_n can_v come_v at_o it_o will_v be_v every_o way_n crust_v over_o with_o ice_n in_o which_o case_n
as_o principal_o affect_v by_o the_o proper_a virtue_n of_o the_o cold_a but_o by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n as_o we_o shall_v ere_o long_o more_o full_o declare_v and_o if_o this_o be_v make_v out_o than_o the_o computation_n we_o be_v consider_v will_v be_v find_v to_o be_v very_o fallacious_a for_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o 5_o show_v that_o the_o strength_n require_v to_o compress_v air_n be_v in_o reciprocal_a proportion_n or_o there_o about_o to_o the_o space_n comprehend_v the_o same_o portion_n of_o air_n so_o that_o if_o a_o cylinder_n for_o instance_n of_o four_o inch_n of_o air_n be_v just_o able_a to_o resist_v a_o strength_n or_o pressure_n equivalent_a to_o 10._o pound_n weight_n when_o it_o come_v to_o be_v compress_v into_o two_o inch_n in_o this_o case_n i_o say_v a_o equal_a force_n superad_v to_o the_o former_a which_o make_v that_o a_o double_a force_n or_o equivalent_a to_o 20_o pound_n weight_n will_v drive_v up_o that_o already_o compress_a air_n into_o half_a the_o space_n that_o be_v into_o one_o inch_n or_o thereabouts_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o in_o estimate_v the_o condensation_n of_o the_o air_n in_o a_o weatherglass_n we_o must_v not_o only_o consider_v how_o much_o space_n it_o be_v make_v to_o desert_n but_o also_o what_o proportion_n that_o desert_a space_n bear_v to_o the_o whole_a space_n it_o former_o possess_v and_o to_o what_o degree_n of_o density_n it_o be_v reduce_v before_o the_o application_n of_o the_o then_o force_n and_o we_o must_v remember_v that_o the_o resistance_n of_o the_o include_v air_n be_v not_o to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o that_o of_o a_o weight_n which_o may_v remain_v always_o the_o same_o but_o that_o of_o a_o spring_n forcible_o bend_v and_o which_o be_v increase_v more_o and_o more_o as_o it_o be_v crowd_v into_o less_o and_o less_o room_n but_o these_o nice_a speculation_n it_o will_v here_o be_v somewhat_o improper_a to_o pursue_v iv._o wherefore_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o what_o may_v seem_v a_o paradox_n that_o even_o the_o particular_a nature_n of_o the_o liquor_n employ_v in_o weather-glass_n be_v not_o altogether_o to_o be_v neglect_v till_o we_o have_v a_o better_a and_o more_o determinate_a theory_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o cold_a than_o i_o fear_v we_o have_v for_o though_o usual_o it_o matter_n not_o much_o what_o liquor_n you_o employ_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o impossible_a that_o in_o some_o case_n man_n may_v slip_v into_o mistake_n about_o they_o for_o it_o will_v not_o follow_v that_o if_o of_o two_o liquor_n the_o one_o be_v much_o the_o more_o obnoxious_a to_o the_o high_a degree_n of_o cold_a that_o of_o glaciation_n the_o other_o must_v be_v less_o easy_o susceptible_a of_o the_o low_a degree_n of_o cold_a since_o those_o that_o make_v seal_v weather-glass_n some_o with_o water_n and_o some_o with_o spirit_n of_o wine_n have_v confess_v to_o i_o that_o they_o find_v these_o last_o name_v much_o more_o apt_a to_o receive_v notable_a impression_n from_o faint_a degree_n of_o cold_a than_o those_o that_o be_v furnish_v but_o with_o water_n and_o which_o yet_o be_v easy_o turn_v into_o ice_n by_o the_o cold_a of_o our_o climate_n which_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n produce_v the_o like_a effect_n upon_o pure_a spirit_n of_o wine_n beside_o we_o can_v always_o safe_o conclude_v as_o philosopher_n and_o chemist_n general_o do_v that_o the_o more_o subtle_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n must_v be_v the_o least_o capable_a of_o be_v congeal_v that_o be_v make_v to_o lose_v its_o fluidity_n as_o oil_n and_o some_o other_o substance_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v reduce_v to_o do_v by_o the_o action_n of_o cold_a for_o the_o chemical_a oil_n of_o aniseed_n distil_v by_o a_o limbeck_n be_v so_o hot_a and_o strong_a a_o liquor_n that_o a_o few_o drop_n of_o it_o convenient_o dissolve_v will_v make_v a_o whole_a cup_n of_o beer_n taste_v as_o strong_a and_o perhaps_o heat_v the_o body_n as_o much_o as_o so_o much_o wine_n and_o yet_o this_o hot_a and_o subtle_a liquor_n i_o have_v find_v upon_o trial_n purposely_o make_v to_o be_v more_o easy_o congealable_a in_o the_o sense_n fresh_o explain_v by_o cold_a then_o even_o common_a water_n and_o to_o continue_v so_o several_a day_n after_o a_o thaw_v have_v resolve_v the_o common_a ice_n into_o fluid_a water_n again_o and_o i_o know_v some_o distil_a liquor_n who_o component_a particle_n be_v so_o pierce_v and_o so_o vehement_o agitate_a that_o the_o tongue_n can_v suffer_v they_o and_o they_o be_v not_o perhaps_o inferior_a to_o most_o chemical_a oil_n nor_o to_o aquafortis_n itself_o and_o yet_o these_o may_v be_v congeal_v by_o far_o less_o degree_n of_o cold_a than_o such_o as_o will_v yet_o prove_v ineffectual_a to_o freeze_v either_o the_o generality_n of_o chemical_a oil_n or_o the_o generality_n of_o saline_a spirit_n and_o indeed_o till_o we_o attain_v to_o some_o more_o determinate_a theory_n of_o cold_a and_o come_v to_o know_v more_o touch_v its_o cause_n than_o we_o yet_o do_v i_o see_v not_o why_o it_o shall_v be_v absurd_a to_o suspect_v that_o though_o there_o be_v some_o kind_n of_o body_n which_o seem_v fit_v to_o produce_v cold_a indiscriminate_o in_o the_o body_n they_o invade_v or_o touch_v yet_o if_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o a_o body_n be_v but_o the_o lessen_v of_o the_o wont_a or_o former_a agitation_n of_o its_o part_n from_o what_o cause_n soever_o that_o remissness_n proceed_v it_o seem_v not_o impossible_a but_o that_o beside_o those_o body_n or_o corpuscle_n that_o may_v be_v look_v upon_o as_o the_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a there_o may_v be_v particular_a agent_n which_o in_o reference_n to_o this_o or_o that_o particular_a body_n may_v be_v call_v frigorifick_a though_o they_o will_v not_o so_o much_o refrigerate_v another_o body_n which_o perhaps_o will_v be_v more_o easy_o affect_v than_o the_o former_a by_o 〈◊〉_d efficient_n of_o cold._a for_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o quicksilver_n may_v be_v congeal_v by_o the_o steam_n of_o lead_n which_o have_v not_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o to_o have_v any_o such_o effect_n upon_o any_o other_o fluid_a body_n and_o yet_o quicksilver_n be_v not_o to_o be_v deprive_v of_o its_o fluidity_n by_o such_o a_o degree_n of_o cold_a as_o will_v freeze_v not_o only_a water_n but_o wine_n and_o by_o what_o we_o have_v former_o relate_v upon_o the_o credit_n of_o that_o great_a traveller_n the_o jesuit_n martinius_n it_o seem_v that_o water_n itself_o may_v in_o some_o region_n be_v so_o dispose_v by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o soil_n that_o it_o be_v susceptible_a of_o strange_a impression_n of_o cold_a in_o proportion_n to_o the_o effect_n which_o that_o degree_n of_o cold_a produce_v there_o in_o humane_a body_n beside_o opium_n also_o of_o which_o three_o or_o four_o grain_n have_v too_o oft_o destroy_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o whole_a mass_n of_o blood_n in_o a_o man_n body_n though_o that_o be_v a_o very_a hot_a subtle_a and_o spirituous_a liquor_n do_v not_o sensible_o refrigerate_v water_n as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v observe_v with_o a_o good_a seal_a weatherglass_n which_o i_o put_v sometime_o in_o a_o glass_n of_o ordinary_a water_n and_o sometime_o into_o a_o glass_n of_o water_n of_o the_o same_o temper_n and_o as_o we_o guess_v of_o the_o same_o quantity_n wherein_o opium_n enough_o to_o kill_v very_o many_o man_n be_v put_v in_o thin_a slice_n and_o suffer_v to_o dissolve_v which_o seem_v to_o argue_v that_o as_o differ_a liquor_n have_v each_o their_o peculiar_a texture_n so_o there_o may_v be_v certain_a body_n who_o minute_n particle_n by_o their_o peculiar_a seize_v shape_n and_o motion_n may_v be_v qualify_v to_o hinder_v or_o at_o least_o lessen_v the_o agitation_n of_o the_o particle_n of_o the_o appropriate_v liquor_n into_o who_o pore_n they_o insinuate_v themselves_o and_o thereby_o according_a to_o the_o late_o mention_v supposition_n they_o may_v refrigerate_v that_o particular_a liquor_n without_o have_v the_o like_a effect_n on_o other_o liquor_n who_o texture_n be_v differ_v and_o i_o may_v countenance_v this_o by_o add_v that_o as_o fiery_a and_o agitate_a a_o spirit_n as_o that_o of_o wine_n when_o well_o 〈◊〉_d be_v just_o think_v to_o be_v yet_o i_o know_v more_o liquor_n than_o one_o that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o will_v in_o a_o trice_n deprive_v it_o of_o its_o 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o like_a change_n i_o have_v sometime_o make_v in_o some_o other_o liquor_n also_o but_o i_o must_v not_o insist_v on_o such_o matter_n have_v mention_v they_o but_o only_o to_o awaken_v man_n curiosity_n and_o circumspection_n and_o not_o to_o build_v much_o upon_o they_o which_o will_v be_v easy_o credit_v if_o it_o be_v remember_v that_o a_o little_a above_o i_o myself_o sufficient_o intimate_v that_o this_o conjecture_n suppose_v something_o about_o the_o
quality_n there_o will_v be_v no_o cause_n to_o bring_v in_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_o who_o account_n particular_a body_n must_v be_v cold_a since_o to_o make_v this_o or_o that_o body_n so_o it_o suffice_v that_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n or_o some_o other_o agent_n whatever_o it_o be_v that_o agitate_a more_o vehement_o its_o part_n before_o do_v now_o either_o cease_v to_o agitate_v they_o or_o agitate_v they_o but_o very_o remissly_a so_o that_o till_o it_o be_v determine_v whether_o can_v be_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o but_o a_o privative_a it_o will_v be_v needless_a to_o contend_v what_o particular_a body_n ought_v to_o be_v esteem_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la in_o the_o sense_n above_o specify_v 4._o second_o though_o it_o be_v take_v for_o grant_v not_o only_o by_o the_o school_n but_o by_o their_o adversary_n the_o chemist_n that_o heat_n and_o moisture_n dryness_n and_o gravity_n and_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o other_o quality_n must_v have_v each_o of_o they_o a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o a_o principal_a subject_n to_o reside_v in_o upon_o who_o account_n and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o that_o quality_n belong_v to_o the_o other_o body_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o though_o this_o be_v so_o i_o say_v yet_o we_o have_v chemist_n elsewhere_o full_o enough_o manifest_v that_o this_o fundamental_a notion_n upon_o which_o much_o of_o the_o doctrine_n of_o quality_n be_v both_o by_o aristotelian_o and_o vulgar_a chemist_n superstruct_v be_v but_o a_o unwarrantable_a conceit_n and_o therefore_o not_o sufficient_a for_o a_o wary_a naturalist_n to_o build_v the_o notion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la upon_z there_o be_v indeed_o many_o quality_n as_o gravity_n and_o figure_n and_o motion_n and_o colour_n and_o sound_n etc._n etc._n of_o which_o no_o true_a and_o genuine_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d can_v for_o aught_o i_o can_v ever_o yet_o discover_v be_v assign_v and_o because_o heat_n and_o cold_a be_v look_v upon_o as_o diametrical_o opposite_a quality_n we_o may_v consider_v that_o it_o will_v be_v very_o hard_a to_o show_v that_o there_o be_v a_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o heat_n since_o stone_n and_o metal_n and_o plant_n and_o animal_n and_o very_o few_o except_v all_o consistent_a body_n we_o be_v conversant_a with_o may_v by_o motion_n be_v bring_v to_o heat_n which_o to_o attribute_v to_o the_o participation_n of_o some_o portion_n or_o other_o of_o the_o imaginary_a element_n of_o fire_n be_v not_o only_o precarious_a be_v affirm_v by_o many_o and_o flame_n prove_v by_o none_o but_o erroneous_a or_o at_o least_o needless_a as_o we_o have_v more_o at_o large_a declare_v in_o other_o paper_n 5._o a_o three_o thing_n that_o induce_v i_o to_o question_v whether_o there_o be_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v that_o among_o those_o body_n that_o the_o chief_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n whether_o ancient_n or_o modern_a have_v pitch_v upon_o there_o be_v not_o any_o that_o seem_v clear_o to_o deserve_v the_o title_n of_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o to_o make_v this_o appear_v we_o must_v distinct_o though_o as_o brief_o as_o our_o design_n will_v permit_v consider_v those_o four_o several_a body_n which_o we_o have_v at_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o section_n take_v notice_n of_o to_o stand_v in_o competition_n in_o the_o opinion_n of_o philosopher_n for_o the_o title_n of_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 6._o first_o than_o plutarch_n and_o other_o contend_v that_o it_o be_v the_o earth_n but_o to_o omit_v other_o argument_n we_o see_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v freeze_v not_o by_o its_o own_o cold_a but_o by_o its_o vicinity_n to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v be_v argue_v by_o this_o viz._n that_o the_o congeal_a cold_a even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o winter_n affect_v but_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o it_o border_n on_o the_o air_n and_o seldom_o pierce_v above_o a_o few_o foot_n or_o at_o most_o yard_n beneath_o that_o part_n wherein_o the_o earth_n be_v expose_v and_o immediate_o contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o what_o we_o have_v former_o deliver_v concern_v the_o small_a depth_n to_o which_o frost_n reach_v in_o the_o ground_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o earth_n be_v protect_v from_o the_o air_n though_o by_o so_o cold_a a_o body_n as_o water_n it_o may_v be_v keep_v unfrozen_a all_o the_o winter_n long_o as_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o that_o remarkable_a practice_n in_o the_o great_a salt-marsh_n of_o the_o french_a island_n of_o xaintonge_n where_o as_o a_o diligent_a writer_n of_o that_o country_n very_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o french_a salt_n inform_v we_o when_o once_o the_o season_n of_o coagulate_a salt_n by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v quite_o past_a the_o owner_n be_v careful_a by_o open_v certain_a sluice_n to_o overflow_v all_o the_o bank_n and_o dam_n that_o make_v and_o divide_v the_o salt-pond_n and_o serve_v for_o the_o workman_n to_o pass_v to_o commum_fw-la and_o fro_o for_o say_v my_o author_n in_o his_o own_o language_n if_o they_o leave_v those_o marsh_n or_o salt-work_n uncovered_v the_o frost_n will_v make_v such_o havoc_n among_o they_o that_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o make_v they_o up_o again_o every_o year_n but_o by_o mean_n of_o the_o water_n they_o be_v preserve_v or_o keep_v in_o repair_n from_o year_n to_o year_n which_o practise_v i_o the_o rather_o mention_v because_o the_o hint_n it_o afford_v as_o it_o be_v considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n so_o it_o may_v on_o some_o occasion_n be_v applicable_a to_o practice_n useful_a to_o humane_a society_n 7._o beside_o the_o earth_n be_v according_a to_o those_o we_o reason_n with_o the_o cold_a heavy_a and_o solid_a of_o element_n it_o be_v not_o so_o probable_a as_o to_o excuse_v they_o from_o the_o need_n of_o prove_v it_o that_o those_o excessive_o cold_a agent_n that_o freeze_v the_o cloud_n into_o snow_n and_o hail_n shall_v be_v 〈◊〉_d exhalation_n carry_v up_o to_o the_o middle_a region_n of_o the_o air_n especial_o since_o it_o must_v be_v do_v by_o agent_n either_o hard_a to_o be_v guess_v at_o or_o considerable_o hot_a and_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o give_v a_o reason_n why_o if_o elementary_a corpuscle_n steam_v from_o the_o earth_n have_v such_o a_o congeal_a cold_a where_o they_o be_v disunite_v and_o but_o intersperse_v among_o the_o particle_n of_o air_n the_o mass_n of_o the_o earth_n itself_o whence_o those_o exhalation_n be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v shall_v not_o be_v able_a also_o to_o congeal_v water_n since_o the_o terrestrial_a corpuscle_n be_v more_o thick_o set_v and_o unite_v in_o a_o clod_n of_o earth_n then_o in_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n it_o seem_v that_o where_o the_o frigorifick_a matter_n be_v more_o dense_a the_o cold_a shall_v be_v more_o vehement_a as_o philosopher_n observe_v that_o heat_n be_v more_o intense_a in_o a_o glow_a bar_n of_o iron_n than_o a_o equal_a portion_n of_o the_o flame_n of_o kindle_a straw_n 8._o but_o not_o to_o repeat_v what_o we_o former_o mention_v about_o cold_n be_v a_o privation_n there_o be_v another_o argument_n against_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la and_o that_o be_v take_v from_o the_o subterraneal_a fire_n which_o break_v forth_o in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n as_o in_o aetna_n vesuvius_n hecla_n the_o pico_n of_o tenariffe_n etc._n etc._n seem_v to_o argue_v a_o subterraneal_a fire_n upon_o who_o existence_n not_o only_o many_o chemist_n build_v great_a matter_n but_o even_o divers_a philosopher_n have_v adopt_v it_o and_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la himself_n seem_v so_o far_o to_o countenance_v it_o as_o to_o employ_v it_o as_o one_o argument_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v natural_o neither_o hot_a nor_o cold_a the_o mention_n of_o this_o subterraneal_a fire_n bring_v into_o my_o mind_n some_o thing_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o good_a though_o not_o classic_a author_n and_o among_o man_n that_o have_v be_v either_o digger_n of_o or_o conversant_a in_o mine_n not_o improper_a to_o be_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o for_o though_o i_o do_v not_o now_o intend_v to_o declare_v my_o opinion_n about_o the_o central_n fire_n either_o of_o the_o chemist_n or_o cartesian_o and_o though_o the_o example_n new_o mention_v and_o such_o other_o seem_v to_o i_o but_o very_o inconsiderable_a in_o reference_n to_o the_o whole_a earth_n yet_o it_o be_v observable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n that_o there_o shall_v be_v so_o much_o subterraneal_a heat_n or_o warmth_n at_o least_o general_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o for_o even_o where_o there_o appear_v no_o manifest_a sign_n of_o subterraneal_a fire_n i_o have_v know_v those_o that_o be_v wont_a to_o go_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o deep_a mine_n complain_v that_o a_o very_a
outside_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n unknown_a even_o to_o chemist_n themselves_o divers_a other_o body_n beside_o salt-petre_a who_o steam_n may_v have_v a_o power_n of_o refrigerate_v the_o air_n as_o great_a in_o proportion_n to_o their_o quantity_n as_o those_o of_o salt-petre_a and_o since_o common_a salt_n in_o artificial_a glaciation_n be_v find_v to_o cooperate_v as_o powerful_o as_o salt-petre_a itself_o and_o since_o it_o be_v undeniable_o a_o body_n of_o which_o there_o be_v a_o vast_a quantity_n in_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n and_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o sea_n where_o it_o abound_v be_v exceed_o diffuse_v i_o see_v no_o great_a reason_n why_o we_o may_v not_o aswell_o esteem_v that_o kind_n of_o salt_n among_o the_o catholic_n efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o the_o rather_o because_o that_o the_o small_a corpuscle_n our_o eye_n discern_v of_o sea-salt_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v though_o not_o exact_o of_o a_o cubical_a figure_n which_o be_v that_o figure_n philoponus_n inform_v we_o the_o great_a democritus_n of_o old_a just_o admire_v by_o gassendus_fw-la assign_v to_o the_o atom_n of_o cold_a whereas_o according_a to_o gassendus_fw-la himself_o the_o corpuscle_n of_o nitre_n at_o least_o as_o far_o as_o sense_n have_v inform_v we_o be_v not_o the_o most_o convenient_o shape_v to_o produce_v cold_a since_o he_o labour_v to_o show_v that_o the_o figure_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n be_v to_o be_v tetrahedrical_a or_o pyramidal_a whereas_o the_o crystal_n or_o grain_n great_a or_o small_a into_o which_o good_a salt-petre_a shoot_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v prismatical_a have_v their_o base_a sexangular_a but_o to_o return_v to_o what_o i_o be_v say_v concern_v the_o congeal_a of_o water_n with_o ice_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v that_o the_o same_o experiment_n countenance_n my_o conjecture_v that_o oftentimes_o it_o may_v not_o be_v emanation_n of_o one_o salt_n or_o other_o body_n but_o a_o peculiar_a and_o lucky_a conjunction_n of_o those_o of_o two_o or_o more_o sort_n of_o they_o that_o produce_v the_o intense_a degree_n of_o cold_a as_o we_o see_v that_o ice_n and_o snow_n themselves_o have_v their_o coldness_n advance_v as_o to_o its_o effect_n by_o the_o mixture_n either_o of_o sea-salt_n or_o nitre_n or_o spirit_n of_o wine_n or_o any_o other_o appropriate_v additament_n nay_o i_o may_v elsewhere_o have_v occasion_n to_o show_v that_o actual_a cold_a may_v be_v manifest_o promote_v if_o not_o generate_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o a_o body_n that_o be_v not_o actual_o cold._a but_o to_o all_o this_o i_o must_v add_v that_o i_o doubt_v whether_o any_o of_o those_o saline_a or_o terrestrial_a expiration_n either_o single_a or_o conjoin_v be_v the_o adequate_a cause_n of_o cold_a since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v other_o way_n of_o produce_v it_o beside_o the_o introduction_n of_o frigorifick_a whether_o atom_n or_o corpuscle_n of_o which_o we_o may_v have_v occasion_n to_o take_v some_o notice_n hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n have_v discourse_v thus_o long_o against_o the_o admit_v a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la i_o think_v it_o not_o amiss_o to_o take_v notice_n once_o more_o that_o my_o design_n in_o play_v the_o sceptic_a on_o this_o subject_n be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o reject_v other_o man_n probable_a opinion_n of_o a_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la as_o absolute_o false_a as_o it_o be_v to_o give_v a_o account_n why_o i_o look_v upon_o they_o as_o doubtful_a title_n xviii_o experiment_n and_o observation_n touch_v the_o coldness_n and_o temperature_n of_o the_o air._n 1._o i_o have_v show_v in_o the_o former_a section_n that_o the_o air_n be_v not_o the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la but_o yet_o i_o can_v ready_o yield_v my_o assent_n to_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o learned_a gassendus_fw-la and_o some_o other_o who_o have_v write_v before_o and_o since_o he_o that_o the_o air_n be_v of_o itself_o indifferent_a that_o be_v neither_o cold_a nor_o hot_a but_o as_o it_o happen_v to_o be_v make_v either_o the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o by_o external_a agent_n for_o if_o we_o take_v cold_a in_o the_o obvious_a and_o receive_a acception_n of_o the_o word_n that_o be_v for_o a_o quality_n relative_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o a_o man_n who_o organ_n be_v in_o a_o good_a or_o middle_a temper_n in_o reference_n to_o cold_a and_o heat_n 〈◊〉_d be_o hitherto_o inclinable_a to_o think_v that_o we_o may_v rather_o attribute_v coldness_n to_o the_o air_n than_o either_o heat_n or_o a_o perfect_a neutrality_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold._a for_o to_o make_v a_o body_n cold_a as_o to_o sense_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v sufficient_a that_o its_o minute_n corpuscle_n do_v less_o agitate_v the_o small_a part_n of_o our_o organ_n of_o feel_v than_o they_o be_v wont_n to_o be_v agitate_a by_o the_o blood_n and_o other_o fluid_a part_n of_o the_o body_n and_o consequent_o if_o suppose_v the_o air_n devoid_a of_o those_o calorifick_a and_o frigorifick_a atom_n to_o which_o the_o learned_a man_n i_o be_v name_v ascribe_v its_o heat_n and_o cold_a it_o will_v constitute_v a_o fluid_a which_o either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o minuteness_n of_o its_o part_n or_o their_o want_n of_o a_o sufficient_o vehement_a motion_n will_v less_o affect_v the_o sensory_a of_o feel_v than_o the_o internal_a liquor_n and_o spirit_n of_o the_o body_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v and_o so_o it_o will_v appear_v actual_o cold_a nor_o be_v it_o necessary_a that_o all_o liquor_n much_o less_o all_o fluid_n shall_v be_v as_o much_o agitate_a as_o the_o blood_n and_o vital_a humour_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n as_o we_o see_v to_o omit_v what_o in_o the_o last_o section_n be_v mention_v about_o new_o emit_v urine_n and_o to_o skip_v other_o obvious_a instance_n in_o those_o fish_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o blood_n and_o analogous_a juice_n be_v always_o and_o that_o in_o the_o state_n which_o pass_v for_o their_o natural_a state_n actual_o cold_a to_o our_o touch._n and_o i_o see_v no_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o we_o shall_v not_o conceive_v the_o air_n even_o in_o its_o natural_a state_n at_o least_o as_o far_o forth_o as_o it_o can_v be_v say_v to_o have_v a_o natural_a state_n to_o be_v one_o of_o the_o number_n of_o cold_a fluid_n for_o as_o to_o the_o main_a if_o not_o only_o argument_n of_o gassendus_fw-la and_o other_o namely_o that_o as_o we_o see_v the_o air_n to_o be_v easy_o heat_v by_o the_o action_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n so_o we_o see_v it_o as_o easy_o refrigerated_a by_o ice_n and_o snow_n and_o northerly_a wind_n and_o other_o efficient_n of_o cold_a and_o that_o heat_n and_o cold_a reign_n in_o it_o by_o turn_n in_o summer_n and_o in_o winter_n this_o only_o prove_v what_o i_o ready_o grant_v that_o the_o air_n be_v easy_o susceptible_a at_o several_a time_n of_o both_o these_o contrary_a quality_n but_o it_o do_v not_o show_v that_o one_o be_v not_o more_o connatural_a to_o it_o than_o the_o other_o as_o we_o see_v that_o the_o water_n may_v be_v easy_o deprive_v of_o its_o fluidity_n by_o the_o circumposition_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n and_o reduce_v to_o be_v fluid_a again_o by_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o fire_n and_o yet_o according_a to_o they_o as_o well_o as_o other_o fluidity_n not_o firmness_n be_v the_o natural_a quality_n of_o water_n but_o this_o be_v not_o that_o which_o i_o lie_v most_o weight_n upon_o for_o i_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v manifest_a and_o acknowledge_v by_o these_o learned_a man_n themselves_o that_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n be_v adventitious_a to_o it_o and_o communicate_v by_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o of_o the_o fire_n or_o by_o some_o other_o agent_n natural_o productive_a of_o heat_n as_o well_o in_o other_o body_n as_o the_o air_n and_o it_o be_v also_o evident_a that_o upon_o the_o bare_a absence_n for_o aught_o else_o that_o appear_v of_o the_o sun_n or_o extinction_n of_o the_o fire_n or_o removal_n of_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o heat_n the_o air_n will_v as_o it_o be_v of_o its_o own_o accord_n be_v reduce_v to_o coldness_n whereas_o that_o there_o be_v swarm_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n diffuse_v through_o the_o air_n from_o which_o all_o its_o coldness_n proceed_v be_v but_o a_o hypothesis_n of_o their_o own_o far_o from_o be_v manifest_a in_o itself_o and_o not_o hitherto_o that_o i_o know_v of_o prove_v by_o any_o fit_a experiment_n or_o cogent_a reason_n and_o though_o in_o some_o case_n i_o be_o not_o adverse_a to_o the_o admit_v such_o corpuscle_n as_o may_v in_o a_o sense_n be_v style_v frigorifick_a yet_o i_o see_v not_o why_o we_o shall_v have_v recourse_n to_o they_o in_o case_n where_o such_o a_o bare_a cessation_n or_o lessen_v of_o former_a motion_n as_o may_v easy_o be_v ascribe_v to_o manifest_a cause_n may_v serve_v the_o turn_n as_o to_o a_o sensible_a for_o
section_n of_o this_o historical_a treatise_n all_o the_o particular_n that_o i_o know_v to_o belong_v to_o so_o comprehensive_a a_o theme_n as_o will_v ready_o appear_v if_o i_o think_v it_o convenient_a to_o insert_v here_o the_o scheme_n of_o article_n of_o inquiry_n that_o i_o draw_v up_o to_o direct_v myself_o what_o inquiry_n and_o experiment_n to_o make_v but_o though_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o those_o head_n to_o which_o i_o can_v say_v so_o little_a that_o i_o judge_v it_o improper_a to_o assign_v they_o distinct_a title_n because_o as_o to_o some_o of_o they_o i_o have_v not_o time_n and_o opportunity_n to_o make_v those_o trial_n which_o if_o i_o have_v not_o want_v those_o requisite_n may_v have_v be_v make_v even_o here_o in_o england_n and_o because_o also_o as_o to_o more_o of_o they_o i_o conceive_v myself_o unable_a to_o produce_v in_o this_o temperate_a climate_n so_o strong_a and_o durable_a a_o cold_a as_o seem_v necessary_a to_o make_v the_o trial_n that_o may_v be_v refer_v to_o they_o succeed_v so_o far_o as_o to_o satisfy_v my_o doubt_n either_o affirmative_o or_o negative_o though_o i_o say_v these_o and_o some_o other_o consideration_n keep_v i_o from_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o title_n among_o which_o i_o have_v distribute_v the_o experiment_n and_o observation_n that_o make_v up_o the_o forego_n part_n of_o this_o treatise_n yet_o since_o divers_a particular_n have_v occur_v to_o i_o which_o though_o they_o seem_v not_o proper_o reducible_a to_o the_o forego_n title_n do_v yet_o belong_v to_o the_o subject_n and_o design_n of_o this_o treatise_n i_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o annex_v they_o in_o this_o place_n and_o without_o any_o other_o order_n than_o that_o wherein_o they_o shall_v happen_v to_o occur_v to_o i_o throw_v they_o into_o this_o one_o section_n together_o with_o some_o loose_a experiment_n and_o divers_a relation_n that_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o navigator_n and_o author_n that_o have_v travel_v into_o the_o northern_a climate_n touch_v cold_a not_o forbear_v to_o insert_v promiscuous_o among_o they_o some_o few_o paralipomena_fw-la which_o if_o they_o have_v seasonable_o come_v to_o my_o hand_n or_o into_o my_o mind_n may_v have_v have_v a_o more_o proper_a place_n among_o the_o forego_n section_n or_o have_v compose_v a_o title_n by_o themselves_o wherefore_o though_o the_o observation_n will_v not_o be_v altogether_o unaccompanied_a with_o experiment_n yet_o for_o the_o reason_n above_o intimate_v much_o the_o great_a part_n of_o what_o be_v to_o be_v deliver_v under_o this_o title_n will_v consist_v of_o collection_n out_o of_o voyage_n in_o which_o the_o strange_a thing_n mention_v be_v such_o as_o we_o can_v examine_v by_o our_o own_o trial_n i_o can_v equitable_o be_v think_v answerable_a for_o the_o truth_n of_o nothing_o but_o the_o citation_n 2._o i_o remember_v i_o try_v at_o several_a time_n divers_a experiment_n to_o discover_v whether_o or_o no_o congelation_n will_v by_o constriction_n of_o the_o pore_n of_o body_n or_o vitiate_a their_o texture_n or_o arrest_v the_o motion_n of_o their_o part_n hinder_v they_o from_o emit_v those_o effluvia_fw-la that_o we_o call_v odour_n but_o the_o register_n of_o these_o observation_n be_v unhappy_o lose_v in_o one_o of_o my_o late_a remove_n i_o dare_v add_v but_o these_o few_o wherein_o i_o have_v no_o cause_n to_o distrust_v my_o memory_n 3._o i_o do_v in_o the_o month_n of_o december_n and_o january_n at_o several_a time_n gather_v differ_v sort_n of_o flower_n in_o frosty_a weather_n but_o in_o most_o when_o they_o be_v fresh_o gather_v and_o hasty_o smell_v to_o i_o can_v scarce_o perceive_v any_o sensible_a smell_n whether_o it_o be_v that_o the_o cause_n above_o hinted_a hinder_v the_o expiration_n of_o the_o odoriferous_a steam_n or_o that_o the_o cold_a have_v some_o undiscerned_a influence_n upon_o the_o organ_n of_o smell_v which_o make_v the_o sense_n more_o dull_a or_o that_o the_o same_o cold_a keep_v the_o alimental_a juice_n of_o the_o flower_n from_o rise_v in_o such_o plenty_n and_o abound_v so_o much_o with_o spirituous_a part_n as_o be_v usual_a at_o the_o more_o friendly_a season_n of_o the_o year_n and_o this_o seem_v the_o more_o likely_a to_o be_v one_o reason_n of_o the_o phaenomenon_n because_o most_o of_o the_o flower_n be_v flaggy_a and_o as_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o wither_v and_o because_o also_o a_o primrose_n that_o be_v vigorous_a and_o fresh_a in_o its_o kind_n have_v a_o odor_n that_o be_v manifest_o and_o it_o will_v easy_o be_v believe_v that_o it_o be_v not_o strong_o sweet_a and_o genuine_a 4._o i_o take_v also_o about_o a_o ounce_n by_o guess_n of_o rose-water_n and_o put_v it_o into_o a_o small_a vial_n after_o i_o have_v smell_v to_o it_o it_o be_v expose_v to_o freeze_v in_o the_o open_a air_n and_o when_o it_o begin_v to_o have_v ice_n in_o it_o i_o then_o smell_v to_o it_o again_o but_o find_v not_o the_o perfume_n considerable_o if_o so_o much_o as_o manifesty_n abate_v and_o last_o have_v suffer_v it_o to_o continue_v in_o the_o air_n that_o be_v then_o very_o sharp_a till_o it_o be_v quite_o freeze_v and_o discover_v no_o liquor_n when_o the_o vial_n be_v turn_v upside_o down_o the_o ice_n notwithstanding_o be_v not_o destitute_a of_o a_o graceful_a and_o genuine_a send_v though_o it_o seem_v somewhat_o faint_a but_o after_o the_o ice_n be_v reduce_v to_o water_n again_o the_o fragrancy_n appear_v considerable_a but_o on_o this_o occasion_n it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o subjoin_v this_o caution_n that_o care_n must_v be_v have_v in_o trial_n of_o this_o nature_n to_o make_v one_o estimate_n betimes_o for_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v stay_v too_o long_o about_o it_o there_o be_v danger_n that_o the_o warmth_n of_o one_o breath_n and_o face_n may_v relax_v the_o pore_n or_o thaw_v the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n that_o be_v hold_v near_o his_o nose_n and_o both_o free_a and_o excite_v the_o corpuscle_n of_o smell_n that_o be_v imprison_v there_o that_o so_o instead_o of_o ice_n he_o may_v smell_v a_o liquor_n the_o reasonableness_n of_o which_o advertisement_n may_v be_v justify_v by_o a_o experiment_n that_o i_o be_o about_o to_o annex_v for_o be_v pretty_a well_o confirm_v by_o the_o casual_a and_o unwilling_a observation_n of_o one_o of_o my_o friend_n curious_a in_o make_v sweet_a water_n that_o even_o liquor_n more_o easy_a to_o be_v spoil_v then_o rose-water_n will_v not_o have_v their_o fragrancy_n destroy_v though_o perhaps_o impair_v nor_o so_o much_o as_o their_o odour_n for_o the_o time_n quite_o imprison_v and_o suppress_v by_o congelation_n and_o this_o appear_a congruous_a to_o what_o i_o former_o note_v of_o the_o effluvium_n that_o may_v by_o the_o decrement_n of_o weight_n be_v gather_v to_o issue_v from_o ice_n itself_o i_o think_v it_o worth_a while_n to_o try_v whether_o stink_a liquor_n will_v not_o be_v more_o alter_v by_o congelation_n then_o odoriferous_a one_o and_o according_o have_v procure_v some_o rain_n water_n that_o have_v be_v keep_v in_o a_o tub_n till_o it_o stink_v so_o strong_o that_o i_o can_v hardly_o endure_v it_o near_o my_o nose_n i_o cause_v a_o pottinger_n 〈◊〉_d of_o it_o to_o be_v expose_v all_o night_n to_o a_o very_a sharp_a air_n and_o examine_v it_o the_o next_o morning_n when_o it_o be_v all_o turn_v into_o ice_n neither_o i_o nor_o some_o other_o to_o who_o it_o be_v offer_v can_v perceive_v any_o stink_n at_o all_o in_o it_o and_o have_v in_o another_o place_n but_o with_o as_o stink_a water_n repeat_v the_o experiment_n when_o the_o pottinger_n be_v the_o next_o morning_n bring_v to_o my_o bed_n side_n i_o find_v it_o to_o smell_v abominable_o whereupon_o guess_v that_o this_o difference_n proceed_v from_o some_o thaw_n make_v by_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o room_n in_o the_o superficial_a part_n of_o the_o ice_n i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v so_o indeed_o partly_o by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o light_n which_o discover_v a_o 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in_o winter_n a_o cold_a northerly_a wind_n freeze_v the_o water_n without_o door_n it_o be_v not_o less_o cold_a in_o wine-cellar_n than_o it_o be_v at_o the_o same_o season_n and_o at_o the_o same_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n in_o his_o study_n only_o the_o paper-shuts_a of_o his_o window_n that_o regard_v likewise_o the_o north_n be_v put_v to_o and_o though_o if_o he_o have_v say_v nothing_o else_o i_o shall_v have_v suspect_v that_o this_o may_v have_v proceed_v from_o the_o shallowness_n of_o the_o cellar_n he_o make_v his_o trial_n in_o yet_o he_o prevent_v that_o suspicion_n by_o take_v notice_n in_o one_o clause_n of_o his_o relation_n that_o the_o cellar_n be_v of_o the_o very_o best_a of_o their_o kind_n in_o which_o in_o summer_n the_o great_a cold_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v feel_v but_o his_o next_o experiment_n be_v yet_o more_o considerable_a which_o i_o shall_v therefore_o deliver_v in_o his_o own_o word_n that_o follow_v expertus_fw-la ego_fw-la sum_fw-la say_v he_o thermometro_n fidelissimo_fw-la &_o à _fw-la praecedente_fw-la hyeme_fw-fr in_fw-la sequentem_fw-la drebell_n aestatem_fw-la prorsus_fw-la invariato_fw-it instructo_fw-la etiam_fw-la tali_fw-la aquâ_fw-la nempe_fw-la in_o hoc_fw-la ipsum_fw-la ex_fw-la praescripto_fw-la trebellii_n it_o a_o comparata_fw-la ut_fw-la non_fw-la exhaletur_fw-la neque_fw-la minuatur_fw-la expertus_fw-la inquam_fw-la sum_n in_o supradictis_fw-la optimis_fw-la cellis_fw-la vinariis_fw-la maximum_fw-la quod_fw-la ardentissima_fw-la aestate_fw-la fuit_fw-la frigus_fw-la non_fw-la adaequasse_fw-la illud_fw-la quod_fw-la ibidem_fw-la erat_fw-la brumali_fw-la tempore_fw-la ut_fw-la dixi_fw-la in_o superiori_fw-la experimento_fw-la siquidem_fw-la in_o tubo_fw-la vitrei_fw-la thermometri_n quatuor_fw-la circiter_fw-la palmos_fw-la longo_fw-la &_o in_o octo_fw-la gradus_fw-la graduumque_fw-la minuta_fw-la diviso_fw-la aqua_fw-la byeme_n ascendit_fw-la ad_fw-la gradus_fw-la 7._o cum_fw-la semisse_fw-la aestate_fw-la autem_fw-la vix_fw-la gradum_fw-la sextum_fw-la super_fw-la avit_fw-la cum_fw-la tamen_fw-la ad_fw-la sensum_fw-la multo_fw-la magis_fw-la vigeret_fw-la frigus_fw-la istud_fw-la 〈◊〉_d thus_o far_o this_o learned_a as_o well_o as_o resolute_a author_n who_o seem_v by_o the_o mathematical_a part_n of_o his_o perspectiva_fw-la horaria_fw-la to_o be_v a_o accurate_a and_o industrious_a maker_n of_o observation_n we_o may_v oppose_v his_o new_o recite_v experiment_n to_o that_o of_o zucchius_n which_o it_o flat_o contradict_v and_o therefore_o since_o the_o depth_n of_o the_o cellar_n be_v of_o great_a moment_n in_o experiment_n of_o this_o nature_n since_o also_o the_o particular_a nature_n of_o the_o place_n or_o soil_n where_o the_o cellar_n or_o other_o cavity_n happen_v to_o be_v may_v in_o some_o case_n not_o be_v inconsiderable_a and_o since_o last_o neither_o zucchius_n nor_o maignan_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v aware_a of_o the_o differ_a weight_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n in_o the_o self_n same_o place_n as_o not_o have_v see_v the_o xviii_o of_o our_o physicomechanical_a experiment_n before_o which_o i_o never_o see_v nor_o hear_v of_o any_o thing_n publish_v or_o otherwise_o write_v to_o that_o purpose_n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v excuse_v if_o i_o retain_v some_o scruple_n about_o the_o historical_a question_n i_o have_v be_v consider_v till_o the_o experiment_n have_v be_v careful_o make_v for_o a_o competent_a space_n of_o time_n in_o several_a place_n and_o that_o not_o with_o common_a wether_n glass_n like_o those_o use_v by_o my_o two_o learned_a author_n wherein_o the_o liquor_n may_v be_v make_v to_o rise_v and_o fall_v by_o the_o differ_a gravity_n of_o the_o air_n but_o with_o seal_a thermoscope_n wherein_o the_o alteration_n may_v more_o safe_o be_v suppose_v to_o proceed_v only_o from_o its_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o to_o conclude_v since_o carneades_n have_v specious_o enough_o answer_v the_o other_o observation_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v produce_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o aristotelian_a antiperistasis_n if_o maignans_n relation_n be_v better_o warrant_v by_o future_a experiment_n then_o that_o of_o zucchius_n it_o will_v very_o much_o disfavour_v the_o whole_a doctrine_n itself_o which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v devise_v but_o to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o phaenomena_n to_o which_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v apply_v consider_v man_n will_v be_v but_o little_a invite_v to_o embrace_v it_o if_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v as_o little_a certain_a as_o what_o be_v propose_v in_o the_o hypothesis_n be_v intelligible_a finis_fw-la a_fw-la examen_fw-la of_o mr._n hobs_n doctrine_n touch_v cold._n 1._o mr._n hobs_n theory_n concern_v cold_a do_v to_o i_o i_o confess_v appear_v so_o inconsiderate_o pitch_v upon_o and_o so_o slight_o make_v out_o that_o i_o shall_v not_o think_v it_o merit_v especial_o in_o a_o historical_a treatise_n a_o particular_a or_o solicitous_a examination_n but_o that_o in_o propose_v it_o he_o scruple_n not_o to_o talk_v to_o his_o reader_n of_o his_o demonstration_n and_o the_o preferrence_n he_o be_v wont_a to_o give_v himself_o above_o the_o eminent_a as_o well_o of_o modern_a as_o of_o ancient_a writer_n have_v have_v no_o small_a effect_n upon_o many_o who_o not_o know_v how_o indulgent_a some_o writer_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v to_o the_o issue_n of_o their_o own_o brain_n as_o such_o be_v apt_a to_o mistake_v confidence_n for_o evidence_n and_o may_v be_v modest_a enough_o to_o think_v that_o their_o not_o discern_v a_o clearness_n in_o his_o explication_n and_o reason_n be_v rather_o the_o fault_n of_o their_o understanding_n then_o of_o his_o doctrine_n mr._n hobbs_n deliver_v his_o theory_n in_o the_o seven_o first_o article_n of_o the_o 28._o chapter_n of_o the_o four_o part_n of_o his_o element_n but_o because_o the_o whole_a discourse_n be_v too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o transcribe_v and_o because_o in_o the_o 2_o 3_o and_o 4._o section_n that_o which_o he_o treat_v of_o be_v the_o generation_n of_o wind_n and_o that_o which_o he_o handle_v in_o the_o five_o be_v the_o notion_n of_o a_o hard_a body_n we_o may_v safe_o leave_v out_o those_o four_o section_n especial_o since_o though_o there_o be_v in_o they_o divers_a thing_n about_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o matter_n that_o be_v more_o strong_o assert_v then_o prove_v yet_o his_o doctrine_n tend_v but_o to_o show_v how_o the_o wind_n be_v generate_v though_o it_o be_v grant_v will_v make_v but_o very_o little_a if_o any_o thing_n at_o all_o towards_o the_o evince_a of_o his_o theory_n about_o cold_a 2._o and_o that_o we_o may_v not_o be_v suspect_v to_o injure_v his_o opinion_n or_o his_o argument_n we_o will_v though_o the_o citation_n will_v be_v somewhat_o prolix_a first_o recite_v they_o as_o himself_o deliver_v they_o in_o those_o three_o section_n that_o treat_v immediate_o of_o cold_a and_o then_o we_o will_v subjoin_v our_o animadversion_n on_o they_o 3._o these_o thing_n say_v he_o be_v 6._o premise_v i_o shall_v show_v a_o possible_a cause_n why_o there_o be_v great_a cold_a near_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n then_o further_o from_o they_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n between_o the_o tropic_n drive_v the_o air_n towards_o that_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n superficies_n which_o be_v perpendicular_a under_o it_o make_v it_o spread_v itself_o every_o way_n and_o the_o velocity_n of_o this_o expansion_n of_o the_o air_n grow_v great_a and_o great_a as_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n come_v more_o and_o more_o to_o be_v straighten_a that_o be_v to_o say_v as_o the_o circle_n which_o be_v parallel_v to_o the_o aequator_fw-la come_v to_o be_v less_o and_o less_o wherefore_o this_o expansive_a motion_n of_o the_o air_n drive_v before_o it_o the_o part_n of_o the_o air_n which_o be_v in_o its_o way_n continual_o towards_o the_o pole_n more_o and_o more_o strong_o as_o its_o force_n come_v to_o be_v more_o and_o more_o unite_a that_o be_v to_o say_v as_o the_o circle_n which_o be_v parallel_v to_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v less_o and_o less_o that_o be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o by_o how_o much_o they_o be_v near_o to_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o those_o place_n therefore_o which_o be_v near_a to_o the_o pole_n there_o be_v great_a cold_a then_o in_o those_o which_o be_v more_o remote_a from_o they_o now_o this_o expansion_n of_o the_o air_n upon_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n from_o east_n to_o west_n do_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o sun_n perpetual_a accession_n to_o the_o place_n which_o be_v successive_o under_o it_o make_v it_o cold_a at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o sun_n rise_v and_o set_v but_o as_o the_o sun_n come_v to_o be_v more_o and_o more_o perpendicular_a to_o those_o cool_v place_n so_o by_o the_o heat_n which_o be_v generate_v by_o the_o superven_a simple_a motion_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o cold_a be_v again_o remit_v and_o can_v never_o be_v great_a because_o the_o action_n by_o which_o it_o be_v generate_v be_v not_o permanent_a wherefore_o i_o have_v render_v a_o
there_o be_v no_o probability_n that_o the_o ice_n shall_v be_v generate_v according_a to_o the_o way_n propose_v by_o mr._n hobs._n for_o he_o will_v scarce_o prove_v nor_o be_v there_o any_o likelihood_n that_o a_o wind_n pierce_v the_o shell_n and_o close_a coat_n of_o the_o egg_n to_o get_v into_o the_o contain_v liquor_n and_o freeze_v they_o and_o a_o more_o unlikely_a assertion_n it_o will_v be_v to_o pretend_v as_o he_o that_o maintain_v mr._n hobs_n doctrine_n mun_o that_o so_o very_o little_a air_n if_o there_o be_v any_o as_o be_v mingle_v with_o the_o juice_n of_o the_o egg_n be_v by_o the_o cold_a which_o be_v not_o wont_a to_o expand_v air_n nor_o water_n till_o it_o be_v ready_a to_o make_v it_o freeze_v turn_v into_o a_o wind_n subtle_a enough_o free_o to_o penetrate_v the_o shell_n and_o coat_n of_o the_o egg_n and_o great_a enough_o to_o diffuse_v itself_o every_o way_n and_o turn_v on_o every_o side_n the_o neighbour_a water_n into_o ice_n and_o all_o this_o 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confident_o reject_v than_o this_o harsh_a hypothesis_n of_o rarefaction_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v think_v it_o injurious_a to_o so_o judicious_a a_o philosopher_n as_o my_o lord_n brouncher_n to_o endeavour_v here_o to_o manifest_v the_o absurdity_n 3._o though_o i_o have_v not_o in_o another_o place_n show_v it_o already_o the_o next_o opinion_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v touch_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o ascension_n of_o water_n by_o cold_a in_o weather-glass_n be_v that_o of_o mr._n 〈◊〉_d who_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n of_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr corpore_fw-la sect._n the_o 12._o have_v premise_v a_o delineation_n of_o a_o common_a weatherglass_n subjoin_v this_o explication_n in_o the_o six_o and_o seven_o article_n of_o the_o 27._o chap._n where_o i_o consider_v the_o cause_n of_o cold_a i_o have_v show_v that_o fluid_a body_n be_v make_v cold_a by_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o a_o constant_a wind_n that_o press_v they_o for_o the_o same_o 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but_o the_o interspersion_n of_o such_o bubble_n the_o observation_n i_o have_v be_v mention_v i_o find_v thus_o set_v down_o among_o my_o note_n a_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o eye_n look_v clear_a like_o crystal_n be_v put_v into_o the_o great_a microscope_n appear_v even_o there_o free_a from_o bubble_n and_o yet_o the_o same_o piece_n of_o ice_n be_v present_o remove_v and_o cast_v into_o common_a water_n will_v swim_v at_o the_o top_n and_o if_o it_o be_v forcible_o duck_v will_v swift_o enough_o emerge_n another_o piece_n of_o ice_n that_o to_o the_o naked_a eye_n be_v not_o so_o clear_a as_o the_o former_a appear_v in_o the_o same_o microscope_n to_o have_v store_n of_o bubble_n some_o of_o they_o appear_v there_o no_o big_a than_o a_o small_a pin_n head_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v yet_o lesser_a and_o scarce_o visible_a in_o the_o microscope_n itself_o and_o here_o because_o it_o seem_v a_o considerable_a doubt_n and_o well_o worth_a the_o examine_n whether_o or_o 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experiment_n which_o we_o have_v divers_a time_n make_v we_o take_v a_o glass-egg_n with_o a_o long_a stem_n and_o fill_v it_o almost_o with_o water_n we_o seal_v it_o hermetical_o up_o to_o exclude_v the_o pretence_n that_o some_o adventitious_a air_n may_v get_v in_o and_o insinuate_v itself_o into_o the_o water_n and_o yet_o such_o a_o egg_n be_v expose_v to_o congelation_n the_o freeze_a water_n will_v be_v manifest_o expanded_a and_o swell_v by_o numerous_a bubble_n which_o oftentimes_o give_v it_o a_o whitish_a opacity_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o new_a metalline_a vessel_n be_v fill_v with_o water_n and_o careful_o stop_v the_o liquor_n will_v nevertheless_o when_o expose_v to_o the_o cold_a be_v thereby_o expanded_a and_o turn_v into_o ice_n furnish_v with_o bubble_n 5._o if_o it_o be_v object_v that_o in_o the_o experiment_n of_o the_o hermetical_o seal_a glass_n the_o produce_v bubble_n may_v come_v from_o the_o air_n which_o be_v seal_v up_o together_o with_o the_o 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in_o this_o experiment_n we_o usual_o begin_v to_o produce_v ice_n and_o bubble_n in_o the_o water_n contiguous_a to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o part_n be_v by_o the_o snow_n and_o salt_n first_o refrigerated_a in_o which_o case_n there_o appear_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o air_n which_o be_v a_o thousand_o time_n light_a than_o the_o water_n shall_v against_o its_o nature_n dive_v to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o water_n and_o if_o it_o be_v dispose_v to_o dive_v why_o shall_v we_o not_o see_v it_o break_v through_o the_o water_n in_o bubble_n as_o be_v usual_a in_o other_o case_n where_o air_n penetrate_v water_n 4._o in_o metalline_a vessel_n and_o in_o glass_n quite_o fill_v with_o water_n before_o they_o be_v stop_v there_o be_v no_o pretence_n of_o the_o dive_v of_o the_o air_n from_o the_o top_n there_o have_v be_v none_o leave_v there_o 5._o and_o last_o if_o all_o the_o bubble_n of_o ice_n be_v make_v by_o and_o fill_v with_o true_a air_n descend_v from_o the_o 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of_o water_n and_o other_o liquor_n and_o the_o make_v good_a of_o this_o lead_v we_o to_o the_o second_o enquiry_n we_o be_v propose_v about_o these_o bubble_n namely_o whether_o or_o no_o their_o cavity_n be_v fill_v and_o fill_v with_o air._n 6._o the_o full_a resolution_n of_o this_o whole_a difficulty_n will_v be_v no_o easy_a matter_n nor_o well_o to_o be_v dispatch_v with_o so_o much_o brevity_n as_o my_o occasion_n exact_v for_o it_o will_v require_v satisfactory_a answer_n to_o more_o than_o one_o or_o two_o question_n since_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v it_o may_v lead_v we_o to_o the_o debate_n of_o those_o two_o grand_a query_n whether_o or_o no_o nature_n admit_v a_o vacuum_n and_o whether_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o universe_n consist_v of_o a_o certain_a ethereal_a matter_n subtle_a enough_o to_o pass_v through_o the_o pore_n not_o only_o of_o liquor_n but_o of_o compact_a body_n and_o even_o of_o glass_n itself_o we_o shall_v also_o be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v whether_o or_o no_o air_n i_o mean_v true_a and_o permanent_a air_n can_v be_v generate_v anew_o as_o well_o out_o of_o common_a water_n as_o many_o other_o liquor_n and_o whether_o it_o may_v be_v generate_v by_o cold_a itself_o and_o perhaps_o we_o shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o inquire_v into_o the_o modus_fw-la of_o this_o production_n and_o engage_v ourselves_o in_o divers_a other_o difficulty_n who_o full_a prosecution_n beside_o that_o they_o will_v as_o much_o exceed_v our_o present_a leisure_n as_o ability_n seem_v more_o proper_o to_o belong_v to_o the_o more_o general_a part_n of_o physics_n where_o such_o kind_n of_o general_a question_n be_v fit_a to_o be_v handle_v wherefore_o we_o will_v now_o only_o consider_v this_o particular_a question_n whether_o or_o no_o the_o cavity_n of_o
as_o it_o can_v to_o its_o temper_n and_o consequent_o to_o the_o same_o temper_n as_o to_o heat_n and_o cold_a and_o then_o with_o the_o warmth_n of_o one_o hand_n the_o include_v ice_n be_v loosen_v from_o the_o glass_n as_o it_o be_v take_v out_o and_o a_o ruler_n divide_v into_o inch_n and_o eight_o be_v lay_v alongst_o it_o with_o a_o knife_n a_o little_a warm_v the_o ice_n be_v soon_o and_o yet_o not_o careless_o divide_v into_o several_a small_a cylinder_n of_o three_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n a_o piece_n and_o these_o cylinder_v thus_o reduce_v to_o as_o sensible_a a_o equality_n as_o we_o can_v be_v nimble_o and_o careful_o put_v into_o the_o several_a liquor_n hereafter_o to_o be_v mention_v and_o while_o we_o ourselves_o watch_v very_o attentive_o till_o each_o of_o these_o icy_a cylinder_n be_v quite_o and_o yet_o but_o just_o dissolve_v we_o cause_v other_o to_o keep_v time_n by_o the_o help_n of_o a_o pendulum_n who_o vibration_n be_v each_o a_o second_o minute_n or_o 60._o part_n of_o a_o common_a minute_n whereof_o 60._o go_v to_o make_v a_o hour_n and_o it_o be_v easy_a for_o those_o we_o appoint_v to_o watch_v the_o vibration_n of_o the_o pendulum_n notwithstanding_o the_o quickness_n of_o its_o motion_n because_o it_o be_v fit_v to_o a_o little_a instrument_n purposely_o contrive_v for_o such_o nice_a observation_n wherein_o a_o long_a index_n move_v upon_o a_o divide_a dyal_n plate_n do_v very_o manifest_o point_v out_o the_o number_n of_o the_o diadrome_n make_v by_o the_o pendulum_n 3._o this_o experiment_n be_v afterward_o repeat_v twice_o with_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n each_o of_o they_o a_o inch_n long_o and_o though_o the_o success_n of_o these_o trial_n be_v various_a enough_o yet_o we_o shall_v subjoin_v both_o the_o last_o as_o be_v make_v with_o more_o advantage_n than_o the_o first_o that_o the_o more_o light_a may_v be_v gather_v from_o they_o and_o that_o at_o least_o we_o may_v discover_v how_o difficult_a it_o be_v to_o make_v such_o experiment_n in_o this_o matter_n as_o that_o all_o the_o nice_a circumstance_n of_o they_o may_v safe_o be_v rely_v on_o i._o trial._n 1._o oil_n of_o vitriol_n where_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o a_o iuch_n long_o be_v put_v into_o last_v 5._o minute_n 2._o spirit_n of_o wine_n in_o which_o the_o ice_n sink_v last_v 12._o minute_n 3._o aqua_fw-la fortis_fw-la last_v 12_o ½_o minute_n 4._o water_n last_v about_o 12._o minute_n 5._o oil_n of_o turpentine_n last_v not_o good_a 44._o minute_n 6._o air_n last_v 64._o minute_n ii_o trial._n 1._o in_o oil_n of_o vitriol_n where_o a_o inch_n of_o cylindrical_a ice_n last_v 3._o minute_n 2._o in_o spirit_n of_o wine_n last_v 13._o minute_n 3._o in_o water_n last_v 26._o minute_n 4._o in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n last_v 47._o minute_n 5._o in_o salad_n oil_n last_v 52._o minute_n 6._o in_o the_o air_n last_v 152._o minute_n 4._o we_o likewise_o think_v it_o worth_a try_v whether_o there_o will_v be_v any_o difference_n and_o how_o much_o difference_n there_o will_v be_v in_o the_o duration_n of_o piece_n of_o ice_n of_o the_o same_o bulk_n and_o figure_n some_o of_o they_o make_v of_o common_a water_n and_o other_o of_o freeze_a wine_n milk_n oil_n urine_n and_o other_o spirituous_a liquor_n these_o several_a piece_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v thaw_v in_o the_o same_o air_n or_o other_o ambient_fw-la liquor_n 5._o we_o also_o try_v whether_o motion_n will_v impart_v a_o heat_n to_o ice_n by_o nimble_o rub_v a_o strong_a piece_n of_o ice_n upon_o a_o plate_n of_o ice_n and_o though_o this_o seem_v to_o hasten_v the_o dissolution_n in_o that_o part_n of_o the_o icy_a plate_n where_o the_o altrition_n have_v be_v make_v yet_o we_o be_v unwilling_a to_o determine_v the_o matter_n till_o further_a and_o exacter_n trial_n have_v be_v make_v 6._o and_o this_o bring_v into_o my_o mind_n a_o experiment_n that_o have_v by_o some_o be_v think_v very_o strange_a the_o occasion_n i_o remember_v be_v that_o i_o receive_v the_o last_o winter_n the_o honour_n of_o a_o visit_n from_o a_o nobleman_n of_o great_a eminency_n and_o learning_n who_o chance_v to_o come_v in_o while_o i_o be_v make_v some_o trial_n with_o ice_n will_v needs_o know_v what_o i_o be_v do_v with_o it_o but_o the_o presence_n of_o a_o very_a fair_a lady_n in_o who_o hymen_n have_v make_v he_o happy_a and_o of_o some_o other_o company_n of_o that_o sex_n that_o he_o bring_v along_o with_o he_o invite_v i_o to_o give_v he_o the_o answer_n that_o i_o think_v will_v be_v most_o suit_v and_o acceptable_a to_o his_o company_n i_o merry_o tell_v he_o that_o i_o be_v try_v how_o to_o heat_v a_o cold_a liquor_n with_o ice_n and_o to_o satisfy_v he_o that_o be_v no_o impossibility_n i_o hold_v out_o a_o open_a mouth_a glass_n full_a of_o a_o certain_a liquor_n which_o for_o some_o just_a reason_n i_o do_v not_o describe_v but_o do_v plain_o teach_v it_o in_o a_o opportuner_n place_n and_o desire_v they_o to_o feel_v whether_o it_o be_v not_o actual_o cold_a and_o when_o they_o be_v satisfy_v it_o be_v so_o i_o choose_v among_o the_o piece_n ofice_n that_o lie_v by_o i_o that_o i_o judge_v by_o the_o eye_n to_o be_v fit_a for_o my_o purpose_n for_o every_o piece_n be_v not_o so_o for_o a_o reason_n i_o elsewhere_o show_v and_o throw_v it_o into_o this_o liquor_n it_o do_v not_o only_o in_o a_o trice_n vanish_v in_o it_o but_o the_o lady_n i_o be_v mention_v see_v the_o liquor_n smoke_n and_o advance_v hasty_o to_o try_v whether_o it_o be_v real_o warm_a find_v it_o so_o hot_a that_o she_o be_v quick_o fain_o to_o let_v it_o alone_o and_o have_v almost_o burn_v her_o tender_a hand_n with_o which_o she_o have_v in_o spite_n of_o my_o 〈◊〉_d wasion_n take_v hold_v of_o the_o glass_n which_o her_o lord_n himself_o can_v 〈◊〉_d endure_v to_o hold_v in_o he_o but_o this_o experiment_n which_o for_o the_o main_a i_o have_v repeat_v before_o competent_a witness_n though_o it_o be_v not_o impertinent_a to_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a yet_o i_o shall_v not_o build_v much_o upon_o it_o because_o how_o strange_a soever_o many_o have_v be_v please_v to_o think_v it_o i_o shall_v elsewhere_o show_v that_o i_o make_v use_v of_o a_o certain_a unperceivable_a slight_n which_o in_o my_o opinion_n do_v as_o well_o as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o liquor_n and_o the_o texture_n of_o the_o ice_n contribute_v to_o the_o suddenness_n and_o surprizingness_n of_o the_o effect_n 7._o but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o duration_n of_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a i_o think_v those_o much_o mistake_v who_o imagine_v that_o the_o effect_n of_o cold_a do_v continual_o depend_v upon_o the_o actual_a presence_n and_o influence_n of_o the_o manifest_a efficient_n as_o the_o light_n of_o the_o air_n depend_v upon_o the_o sun_n or_o fire_n or_o other_o luminous_a body_n upon_o who_o removal_n it_o immediate_o cease_v for_o when_o cold_a agent_n have_v actual_o bring_v a_o dispose_v subject_n to_o a_o state_n of_o congelation_n though_o the_o manifest_a efficient_a cause_n cease_v from_o act_v or_o perhaps_o from_o be_v the_o effect_n may_v yet_o continue_v for_o in_o most_o case_n if_o a_o certain_a texture_n be_v once_o produce_v in_o a_o body_n it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o constancy_n of_o nature_n that_o it_o persevere_v in_o that_o state_n till_o it_o be_v forcible_o put_v out_o of_o it_o by_o some_o agent_n capable_a to_o overpower_v it_o and_o though_o we_o usual_o see_v ice_n and_o snow_n as_o it_o be_v of_o their_o own_o accord_n to_o melt_v away_o when_o the_o frosty_a constitution_n of_o the_o air_n cease_v yet_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o may_v be_v not_o bare_o the_o cessation_n of_o frosty_a weather_n but_o that_o those_o easy_o dissoluble_a body_n be_v expose_v to_o the_o free_a air_n which_o be_v heat_v by_o the_o sun_n beam_n and_o perhaps_o by_o calorifick_a expiration_n from_o the_o earth_n be_v furnish_v with_o a_o actual_a cause_n upon_o who_o account_n it_o destroy_v the_o texture_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o snow_n but_o even_o here_o above_o ground_n if_o snow_n be_v well_o compact_v into_o great_a mass_n in_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o closeness_n of_o the_o little_a icickle_n but_o little_a air_n be_v allow_v to_o get_v between_o they_o i_o have_v see_v such_o mass_n of_o snow_n last_o so_o long_o not_o only_o in_o thaw_v but_o in_o rainy_a weather_n as_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o and_o if_o such_o snow_n or_o ice_n be_v keep_v in_o a_o place_n where_o it_o may_v be_v fence_v from_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o external_a enemy_n though_o the_o place_n it_o be_v lodge_v in_o be_v not_o any_o thing_n near_o cold_a enough_o to_o produce_v ice_n yet_o it_o will_v as_o some_o trial_n
have_v teach_v i_o preserve_v ice_n and_o snow_n for_o a_o very_a long_a time_n appendix_n to_o the_o xvi_o title_n a_o eminent_a instance_n to_o confirm_v what_o be_v deliver_v at_o the_o close_a of_o the_o forego_n section_n be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o conservatory_n wherein_o snow_n and_o ice_n be_v keep_v all_o the_o summer_n long_o of_o these_o i_o have_v see_v in_o italy_n and_o elsewhere_o but_o suppose_v i_o have_v the_o command_n of_o some_o italian_a and_o other_o book_n wherein_o i_o shall_v meet_v with_o the_o dimension_n and_o other_o circumstance_n that_o belong_v to_o they_o my_o find_v my_o expectation_n disappoint_v by_o those_o book_n make_v i_o think_v it_o very_o well_o worth_a while_n to_o subjoin_v somewhat_o about_o thing_n that_o may_v give_v we_o opportunity_n of_o make_v a_o multitude_n of_o experiment_n about_o cold._n and_o therefore_o meet_v the_o other_o day_n by_o good_a chance_n with_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n j._n evelyn_n his_o inquisitive_a travel_n and_o his_o insight_n into_o the_o more_o polite_a kind_n of_o knowledge_n and_o particular_o architecture_n make_v i_o desire_v and_o expect_v of_o he_o that_o account_v of_o the_o italian_a way_n of_o make_v conservatory_n of_o snow_n that_o i_o have_v miss_v of_o in_o several_a author_n and_o have_v ready_o obtain_v my_o desire_n of_o he_o i_o shall_v not_o injure_v so_o just_o esteem_v a_o style_n as_o he_o to_o deliver_v his_o description_n in_o any_o other_o word_n than_o those_o ensue_a one_o wherein_o i_o receive_v it_o from_o he_o the_o snow_n pit_n in_o italy_n etc._n etc._n be_v sink_v in_o the_o most_o solitary_a and_o cool_v place_n common_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o some_o mountain_n or_o elevate_a ground_n which_o may_v best_o protect_v they_o from_o the_o meridional_a and_o occidental_a sun_n 25._o foot_n wide_a at_o the_o orifice_n and_o about_o 50._o in_o depth_n be_v esteem_v a_o competent_a proportion_n and_o though_o this_o be_v excavate_v in_o a_o conical_a form_n yet_o it_o be_v make_v flat_a at_o the_o bottom_n or_o point_n the_o side_n of_o the_o pit_n be_v so_o joyce_v that_o board_n may_v be_v nail_v upon_o they_o very_o close_o joint_v his_o majesty_n at_o greenwich_n new_o make_v on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o castle-hill_n be_v as_o i_o remember_v steen_v with_o brick_n and_o hardly_o so_o wide_o at_o the_o mouth_n steen_v about_o a_o yard_n from_o the_o bottom_n be_v fix_v a_o strong_a frame_n or_o tressle_n upon_o which_o lie_v a_o kind_n of_o wooden_a grate_n the_o top_n or_o cover_v be_v double_a thatch_a with_o reed_n or_o straw_n upon_o a_o copped_a frame_n or_o roof_n in_o one_o of_o the_o side_n whereof_o be_v a_o narrow_a door-case_n hip_v on_o like_o the_o top_n of_o a_o dormer_n and_o thatch_v and_o so_o it_o be_v complete_a to_o conserve_v snow_n they_o lay_v clean_a straw_n upon_o the_o grate_n or_o wattle_v so_o as_o to_o keep_v the_o snow_n from_o run_v through_o while_o they_o beat_v it_o to_o a_o hard_a cake_n of_o a_o icy_a consistence_n which_o be_v near_o one_o foot_n thick_a upon_o this_o they_o make_v a_o layer_n of_o straw_n and_o on_o that_o snow_n beat_v as_o before_o and_o so_o continue_v a_o bed_n of_o straw_n and_o a_o bed_n of_o snow_n s._n s._n s._n till_o the_o pit_n be_v full_a to_o the_o brim_n final_o they_o lay_v straw_n or_o reed_n for_o i_o remember_v to_o have_v see_v both_o a_o competent_a thickness_n over_o all_o and_o keep_v the_o door_n lock_v this_o grate_n be_v contrive_v that_o the_o snow_n melt_v by_o any_o accident_n in_o lay_v or_o extraordinary_a season_n of_o weather_n may_v drain_v away_o from_o the_o mass_n and_o sink_v without_o stagnate_n upon_o it_o which_o will_v accelerate_v the_o dissolution_n and_o therefore_o the_o very_a bottom_n be_v but_o slight_o steen_v those_o who_o be_v most_o circumspect_a and_o curious_a preserve_v a_o tall_a circle_n of_o shady_a tree_n about_o the_o pit_n which_o may_v rather_o shade_v then_o drip_v upon_o it_o thus_o far_o this_o learned_a gentleman_n account_n of_o conservatory_n of_o snow_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o may_v add_v what_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o nova_n zembla_n voyage_n relate_v namely_o that_o the_o three_o and_o twenty_o of_o june_n though_o it_o be_v fair_a sunshiny_a weather_n yet_o the_o heat_n be_v not_o so_o strong_a as_o to_o melt_v the_o snow_n to_o afford_v they_o water_n to_o drink_v and_o that_o in_o spite_n of_o their_o be_v reduce_v to_o put_v snow_n into_o their_o mouth_n to_o melt_v it_o down_o into_o their_o throat_n they_o be_v compel_v to_o endure_v great_a thirst_n but_o because_o it_o be_v in_o so_o cold_a a_o climate_n that_o this_o duration_n of_o the_o snow_n be_v observe_v i_o shall_v rather_o take_v notice_n that_o in_o the_o alps_o and_o other_o high_a mountain_n even_o of_o warm_a climate_n though_o the_o snow_n do_v partly_o melt_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o summer_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n where_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sun_n beam_n be_v less_o considerable_a the_o top_n will_v even_o then_o remain_v cover_v with_o snow_n as_o we_o among_o many_o other_o have_v in_o those_o country_n observe_v and_o for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o the_o doctrine_n deliver_v at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o 16._o title_n i_o shall_v subjoin_v a_o passage_n which_o have_v unexspected_o meet_v with_o in_o a_o unlikely_a place_n of_o captain_n james_n voyage_n i_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o leave_v unmentioned_a here_o not_o only_o because_o it_o be_v the_o sole_a artificial_a observation_n that_o i_o yet_o meet_v with_o concern_v the_o last_a of_o ice_n and_o so_o may_v recommend_v to_o we_o the_o ingenuity_n of_o a_o author_n who_o testimony_n we_o somewhat_o frequent_o make_v use_n of_o but_o because_o the_o observation_n be_v in_o itself_o remarkable_a and_o notwithstanding_o the_o difference_n of_o place_n may_v serve_v for_o the_o purpose_n we_o allege_v it_o our_o navigator_n 101._o word_n be_v these_o i_o have_v in_o july_n and_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o august_n take_v some_o of_o the_o ice_n into_o the_o ship_n and_o cut_v it_o square_n two_o foot_n and_o put_v it_o into_o the_o boat_n where_o the_o sun_n do_v shine_v on_o it_o with_o a_o very_a strong_a reflex_n about_o it_o and_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o ship_n for_o we_o keep_v a_o good_a fire_n and_o our_o breathe_n and_o motion_n it_o will_v not_o melt_v in_o eight_o or_o ten_o day_n and_o it_o be_v also_o considerable_a to_o our_o present_a purpose_n what_o the_o same_o author_n elsewhere_o have_v about_o the_o durableness_n of_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o ground_n not_o yet_o thaw_v at_o the_o begin_n 〈◊〉_d of_o june_n for_o the_o ground_n say_v he_o be_v yet_o freeze_v and_o thus_o much_o we_o find_v by_o experience_n in_o the_o bury_n of_o our_o man_n in_o set_v up_o the_o king_n standard_n towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o june_n and_o by_o our_o well_n at_o our_o come_n away_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o july_n at_o which_o time_n upon_o the_o land_n for_o some_o other_o reason_n it_o be_v very_o hot_a weather_n title_n xvii_o consideration_n and_o experiment_n touch_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la 1._o the_o dispute_n which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la be_v very_o well_o know_v among_o naturalist_n some_o contend_v for_o the_o earth_n other_o for_o the_o water_n other_o for_o the_o air_n and_o some_o of_o the_o modern_n for_o nitre_n but_o all_o seem_a to_o agree_v that_o there_o be_v some_o body_n or_o other_o that_o be_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n supreme_o cold_a and_o by_o participation_n of_o which_o all_o other_o cold_a body_n obtain_v that_o quality_n 2._o but_o for_o my_o part_n i_o think_v that_o before_o man_n have_v so_o hot_o dispute_v which_o be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la they_o will_v have_v do_v well_o to_o inquire_v whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o no_o in_o the_o sense_n new_o express_v for_o though_o i_o make_v some_o scruple_n resolute_o to_o contradict_v such_o several_a sect_n of_o philosopher_n as_o agree_v in_o take_v it_o for_o grant_v yet_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v not_o irrational_o question_v and_o that_o upon_o two_o or_o three_o account_n 3._o for_o first_o it_o be_v disputable_a enough_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o see_v whether_o can_v be_v as_o they_o speak_v a_o positive_a quality_n or_o a_o bare_a privation_n of_o heat_n and_o till_o this_o question_n be_v determine_v it_o will_v be_v somewhat_o improper_a to_o wrangle_v sollicitous_o which_o may_v be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la for_o if_o a_o body_n be_v cold_a signify_v no_o more_o then_o it_o be_v not_o have_v its_o insensible_a part_n so_o much_o agitate_a as_o those_o of_o our_o sensory_n by_o which_o we_o be_v wont_n to_o judge_v of_o tactile_a
cold_a or_o upon_o who_o account_n the_o air_n produce_v they_o and_o if_o these_o be_v due_o apply_v water_n will_v be_v congeal_v whether_o air_n come_v to_o touch_v the_o surface_n of_o it_o or_o no_o nay_o though_o body_n which_o the_o air_n can_v never_o penetrte_v nor_o congeal_v any_o of_o their_o part_n be_v interpose_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o experiment_n former_o mention_v of_o freeze_a water_n include_v in_o glass_n bubble_n and_o suspend_v in_o oil_n of_o turpentine_n and_o other_o uncongealed_a liquor_n and_o it_o be_v worth_a take_v notice_n of_o by_o they_o that_o conclude_v the_o air_n be_v the_o primum_fw-la frigidum_fw-la from_o the_o water_n beginning_n to_o freeze_v at_o the_o top_n where_o it_o be_v contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n that_o it_o be_v there_o also_o where_o the_o ice_n begin_v to_o thaw_v 21._o beside_o the_o three_o opinion_n we_o have_v hitherto_o examine_v there_o be_v a_o four_o that_o just_o deserve_v to_o be_v serious_o consider_v for_o the_o learned_a and_o ingenious_a gassendus_fw-la be_v suppose_v though_o i_o doubt_v how_o true_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o it_o and_o though_o according_a to_o his_o custom_n he_o speak_v wary_o and_o not_o so_o confident_o of_o it_o yet_o in_o his_o last_o write_n he_o much_o countenance_n it_o yet_o some_o eminent_o learned_a man_n as_o well_o of_o our_o own_o as_o of_o other_o nation_n have_v resolute_o enough_o embrace_v it_o according_a then_o to_o these_o the_o congelation_n of_o liquor_n and_o the_o cold_a we_o meet_v with_o in_o the_o air_n water_n and_o other_o body_n proceed_v from_o the_o admixture_n of_o nitrous_a exhalation_n or_o corpuscle_n introduce_v into_o they_o and_o as_o i_o have_v a_o great_a respect_n for_o divers_a of_o these_o man_n person_n so_o i_o like_v very_o well_o in_o their_o opinion_n that_o they_o do_v not_o ascribe_v the_o supreme_a degree_n of_o frigefactive_a virtue_n to_o the_o air_n itself_o but_o to_o some_o adventitious_a thing_n that_o be_v mingle_v with_o it_o but_o whereas_o they_o pitch_v upon_o nitre_n as_o the_o grand_a universal_a efficient_a of_o cold_a i_o confess_v i_o can_v yet_o full_o acquiesce_v in_o that_o tenent_n for_o though_o i_o be_o not_o averse_a from_o allow_v salt-petre_n to_o be_v one_o of_o those_o body_n that_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o refrigerate_a power_n and_o to_o be_v copious_o enough_o disperse_v through_o several_a portion_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o for_o aught_o i_o know_v there_o may_v be_v not_o only_o divers_a other_o cause_n of_o cold_a but_o divers_a other_o body_n qualify_v to_o be_v efficient_n of_o cold_a as_o well_o as_o salt-petre_n 22._o and_o first_o if_o cold_a be_v not_o a_o positive_a quality_n but_o the_o absence_n of_o heat_n the_o remove_n of_o calorifick_a agent_n will_v in_o many_o case_n suffice_v to_o produce_v cold_a without_o the_o introduction_n of_o any_o nitrous_a particle_n into_o the_o body_n to_o be_v refrigerated_a but_o because_o it_o be_v disputable_a 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and_o 〈◊〉_d somewhat_o strange_a to_o i_o that_o chemist_n who_o make_v such_o frequent_a solution_n of_o nitre_n and_o ofrentimes_o with_o less_o water_n then_o be_v sufficient_a to_o dissolve_v it_o all_o so_o that_o by_o consequence_n the_o proportion_n of_o the_o nitre_n to_o the_o water_n must_v have_v run_v through_o almost_o all_o the_o possible_a measure_n of_o proportion_n shall_v never_o so_o much_o as_o by_o chance_n as_o i_o can_v hear_v have_v observe_v any_o such_o matter_n and_o that_o which_o make_v i_o thus_o interpret_v gassendus_fw-la his_fw-la meaning_n though_o in_o one_o of_o the_o two_o passage_n wherein_o he_o set_v down_o this_o experiment_n he_o mention_n also_o snow_n or_o ice_n to_o be_v add_v to_o the_o nitre_n be_v that_o in_o the_o first_o of_o those_o two_o passage_n he_o ascribe_v the_o congelation_n to_o
that_o treat_v of_o ice_n yet_o two_o or_o three_o notable_a instance_n which_o we_o do_v not_o elsewhere_o mention_v it_o will_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o deliver_v in_o this_o place_n 7._o the_o first_o declare_v that_o notwithstanding_o the_o warmth_n of_o the_o inside_n of_o a_o man_n mouth_n his_o spittle_n may_v be_v freeze_v even_o there_o the_o 27._o of_o september_n they_o be_v the_o word_n of_o gerat_fw-la 491._o de_fw-fr veer_v it_o blow_v hard_a north-east_n and_o it_o freeze_v so_o hard_o that_o as_o we_o put_v a_o nail_n into_o our_o mouth_n as_o when_o man_n work_v carpenter_n work_v they_o use_v to_o do_v there_o will_v ice_n hang_v thereon_o when_o we_o take_v it_o out_o again_o and_o make_v the_o blood_n follow_v the_o like_a relation_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o in_o a_o modern_a english_a navigator_n and_o it_o be_v very_o little_a if_o at_o all_o more_o strange_a than_o what_o be_v affirm_v by_o queen_n elizabeth_n ambassador_n to_o the_o russian_a emperor_n in_o the_o extremity_n of_o winter_n say_v doctor_n fletcher_n speak_v of_o muscovia_n if_o you_o hold_v a_o pewter_n dish_n or_o pot_n in_o your_o hand_n or_o any_o other_o metal_n except_o in_o some_o chamber_n where_o their_o warm_a stove_n be_v your_o finger_n will_v stick_v fast_o to_o it_o and_o draw_v off_o the_o skin_n at_o the_o part_n 8._o the_o other_o instance_n i_o intend_v to_o mention_v be_v this_o that_o though_o macrobius_n and_o other_o learned_a man_n both_o ancient_a and_o modern_a will_v not_o allow_v salt_n water_n to_o be_v congealable_a yet_o the_o dutch_a at_o nova_n zembla_n relate_v that_o even_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o september_n and_o a_o the_o marginal_a note_n say_v in_o a_o night_n it_o freeze_v two_o inch_n thick_a in_o the_o salt_n water_n 491._o 9_o as_o to_o the_o effect_n of_o violent_a cold_n upon_o the_o earth_n what_o they_o will_v prove_v upon_o pure_a and_o elementary_a earth_n if_o any_o such_o there_o be_v i_o can_v but_o conjecture_v but_o as_o for_o that_o impure_a or_o mingle_a earth_n which_o we_o common_o tread_v on_o the_o effect_n of_o extreme_a cold_a upon_o that_o may_v be_v very_o notable_a for_o olearius_n relate_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1634._o the_o cold_a be_v so_o bitter_a at_o musco_n that_o in_o the_o great_a marketplace_n he_o see_v the_o ground_n open_v by_o it_o so_o that_o there_o be_v make_v a_o cleave_v of_o many_o yard_n long_o and_o a_o foot_n broad_a and_n the_o present_a great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n physician_n be_v ask_v by_o i_o concern_v the_o truth_n of_o such_o relation_n answer_v i_o that_o he_o himself_o have_v in_o those_o part_n see_v the_o ground_n reduce_v by_o the_o cold_a to_o gape_v so_o wide_a that_o a_o child_n head_n may_v well_o have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o cleave_a 10._o it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a that_o the_o violent_a heat_n of_o summer_n and_o the_o extreme_a cold_a of_o winter_n shall_v both_o of_o they_o be_v able_a to_o produce_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o like_a effect_n but_o whether_o to_o make_v these_o gape_a chink_n that_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ground_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n be_v first_o freeze_v be_v afterward_o break_a by_o the_o expansive_a force_n of_o the_o moist_a earth_n underneath_o to_o which_o the_o cold_a at_o length_n pierce_v and_o congeal_v it_o make_v it_o swell_v and_o heave_v and_o so_o burst_v or_o cleave_v the_o hard_a and_o freeze_a crust_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o can_v sufficient_o yield_v to_o it_o whether_o this_o i_o say_v may_v produce_v the_o cleft_n we_o be_v speak_v of_o or_o whether_o they_o must_v be_v derive_v from_o some_o other_o cause_n not_o have_v yet_o make_v the_o experiment_n i_o think_v upon_o to_o clear_v the_o matter_n one_o way_n or_o other_o i_o do_v not_o as_o yet_o pretend_v to_o determine_v but_o will_v rather_o subjoin_v the_o second_o observation_n i_o purpose_v to_o mention_v of_o a_o strange_a operation_n of_o cold_a upon_o the_o ground_n and_o it_o be_v afford_v we_o by_o the_o dutch_a in_o their_o often_o quote_v three_o voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n in_o one_o place_n of_o which_o they_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o they_o have_v build_v they_o a_o wooden_a house_n and_o be_v go_v to_o 491._o shut_v themselves_o up_o in_o it_o for_o the_o winter_n they_o make_v a_o great_a fire_n without_o the_o house_n therewith_o to_o thaw_v the_o ground_n that_o they_o may_v so_o lay_v it_o viz._n the_o wood_n about_o the_o house_n that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o close_o but_o it_o be_v all_o lose_a labour_n for_o the_o earth_n be_v so_o hard_o and_o freeze_v so_o deep_a into_o the_o ground_n that_o they_o can_v not_o thaw_v it_o and_o it_o will_v have_v cost_v they_o too_o much_o wood_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v off_o that_o labour_n 11._o after_o what_o we_o have_v say_v about_o the_o strange_a effect_n of_o cold_a in_o reference_n to_o fire_n air_n water_n and_o earth_n we_o will_v now_o proceed_v to_o take_v notice_n of_o its_o effect_n upon_o confess_o compound_a body_n whether_o inanimate_a or_o live_a but_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n of_o mix_v body_n i_o mean_v those_o that_o have_v not_o life_n it_o will_v not_o be_v necessary_a to_o say_v much_o in_o this_o section_n in_o regard_n that_o we_o have_v in_o many_o other_o place_n upon_o several_a occasion_n have_v opportunity_n to_o mention_v already_o most_o of_o the_o particular_n that_o belong_v to_o that_o head_n for_o we_o elsewhere_o take_v notice_n that_o violent_a cold_n will_v freeze_v beer_n ale_n vinegar_n oil_n common_a wine_n and_o even_o sack_n and_o alicant_n themselves_o we_o have_v likewise_o note_v that_o the_o cold_a may_v have_v a_o notable_a operation_n upon_o wood_n brick_n stone_n vessel_n of_o glass_n earth_n and_o even_o pewter_n and_o iron_n themselves_o to_o which_o bartholinus_n out_o of_o janus_n munck_n voyage_n to_o greenland_n allow_v we_o to_o add_v vessel_n of_o brass_n though_o these_o be_v not_o immediate_o break_v by_o the_o cold_a but_o by_o the_o include_v liquor_n which_o it_o dilate_v and_o divers_a strange_a effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o inanimate_a body_n which_o it_o be_v here_o troublesome_a to_o recapitulate_v may_v be_v meet_v with_o disperse_v in_o several_a place_n of_o the_o present_a history_n wherefore_o have_v only_o intimate_v in_o general_a that_o though_o many_o plant_n be_v preserve_v by_o a_o moderate_a cold_a yet_o it_o have_v be_v observe_v that_o most_o garden-plant_n be_v destroy_v by_o excessive_a degree_n of_o it_o we_o will_v pass_v on_o to_o consider_v the_o effect_n of_o cold_a upon_o animal_n and_o of_o the_o many_o observation_n that_o we_o have_v meet_v with_o among_o traveller_n concern_v this_o subject_n we_o shall_v to_o avoid_v prolixity_n deliver_v only_o the_o considerabl_a and_o those_o that_o we_o find_v attest_v by_o very_o credible_a writer_n 12._o captain_n james_n speak_v of_o the_o last_o of_o the_o three_o difference_n he_o make_v of_o cold_a namely_o that_o which_o he_o and_o his_o company_n feel_v in_o the_o wood_n give_v this_o account_n of_o it_o as_o for_o the_o last_o it_o 64._o will_v be_v so_o extreme_a that_o it_o be_v not_o endurable_a no_o clothes_n be_v proof_n against_o it_o no_o motion_n can_v resist_v it_o it_o will_v moreover_o so_o freeze_v the_o hair_n of_o our_o eyelid_n that_o we_o can_v not_o see_v and_o i_o very_o believe_v that_o it_o will_v have_v stifle_v a_o man_n in_o a_o very_a few_o hour_n 13._o olearius_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o air_n of_o muscovy_n and_o especial_o the_o capital_a city_n of_o it_o the_o cold_a say_v he_o be_v there_o so_o violent_a that_o no_o 117._o fur_n can_v hinder_v it_o but_o sometime_o man_n nose_n and_o ear_n foot_n and_o hand_n will_v be_v freeze_v and_o all_o fall_v off_o he_o add_v that_o in_o the_o year_n 1634._o when_o he_o be_v there_o they_o can_v not_o go_v 50._o pace_n without_o be_v benumb_v with_o cold_a and_o 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and_o that_o it_o be_v no_o candle_n though_o she_o have_v so_o confident_o think_v it_o one_o that_o she_o call_v out_o to_o the_o party_n she_o presume_v it_o to_o be_v carry_v by_o i_o will_v leave_v themistius_n to_o unriddle_v how_o the_o nocturnal_a air_n can_v kindle_v a_o fiery_a meteor_n by_o its_o coldness_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n congeal_v the_o fall_a drop_n of_o water_n into_o ice_n by_o its_o warmth_n and_o shall_v only_o add_v that_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o other_o observation_n of_o the_o like_a kind_n have_v be_v often_o make_v though_o perhaps_o seldom_o record_v for_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o very_a few_o week_n of_o the_o storm_n some_o servant_n of_o i_o affirm_v themselves_o to_o have_v observe_v it_o to_o hail_v two_o or_o three_o time_n beside_o that_o already_o mention_v 27._o next_o if_o aristotle_n have_v right_o assign_v the_o cause_n of_o hail_n it_o be_v somewhat_o strange_a it_o shall_v not_o fall_v far_o more_o frequent_o in_o summer_n and_o especial_o in_o hot_a climate_n than_o it_o do_v consider_v how_o often_o in_o all_o probability_n the_o drop_n of_o rain_n fall_v cold_a out_o of_o the_o second_o region_n into_o the_o warm_a air_n of_o the_o first_o and_o more_o strange_a it_o be_v that_o even_o in_o those_o part_n of_o egypt_n where_o it_o rain_v frequent_o enough_o and_o plentiful_o for_o so_o prosper_n alpinus_n that_o live_v long_o there_o assure_v we_o it_o do_v though_o not_o about_o grand_a cairo_n yet_o about_o alexandria_n and_o 〈◊〉_d sium_fw-la it_o shall_v never_o hail_v no_o more_o than_o snow_n as_o the_o same_o learned_a physician_n a_o witness_n above_o exception_n affirm_v beside_o whereas_o it_o be_v pretend_v that_o snow_n be_v generate_v in_o the_o upper_a region_n of_o the_o air_n and_o hail_n always_o in_o the_o low_a my_o own_o observation_n have_v afford_v i_o many_o instance_n that_o seem_v to_o contradict_v the_o tradition_n for_o i_o have_v observe_v in_o i_o know_v not_o how_o many_o 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observe_v much_o great_a than_o those_o i_o have_v do_v and_o particular_o a_o eminent_a virtuoso_fw-la of_o unquestionable_a credit_n affirm_v both_o to_o i_o and_o to_o a_o assembly_n of_o virtuoso_n that_o he_o have_v some_o year_n ago_o at_o lion_n in_o france_n observe_v a_o shower_n of_o hail_n many_o of_o who_o grain_n be_v as_o big_a as_o ordinary_a tennis-ball_n and_o which_o do_v the_o window_n and_o tile_n a_o mischief_n answerable_a to_o that_o unusual_a bulk_n and_o bartholinus_n affirm_v that_o he_o himself_o observe_v in_o another_o shower_n of_o hail_n grain_n of_o a_o more_o unwonted_a size_n a_o single_a grain_n weigh_v no_o less_o than_o a_o whole_a pound_n but_o though_o this_o itself_o be_v little_a in_o comparison_n of_o what_o i_o remember_v i_o have_v somewhere_o meet_v with_o in_o learned_a author_n yet_o it_o may_v abundant_o suffice_v to_o disprove_v the_o vulgar_a conceit_n about_o the_o generation_n of_o hail_n till_o we_o meet_v in_o these_o country_n with_o shower_n of_o rain_n who_o single_a drop_n prove_v to_o be_v of_o such_o a_o bigness_n which_o i_o presume_v those_o that_o ascribe_v hail_n to_o antiperistasis_n will_v not_o easy_o show_v we_o 28._o i_o come_v now_o to_o consider_v the_o last_o and_o indeed_o the_o chief_a example_n that_o be_v give_v of_o antiperistasis_n namely_o the_o coldness_n of_o cellar_n and_o other_o subterraneal_a vault_n in_o summer_n and_o their_o heat_n in_o winter_n and_o as_o the_o argument_n wont_a to_o be_v draw_v from_o hence_o consist_v of_o two_o part_n i_o will_v examine_v each_o of_o they_o by_o its_o self_n 29._o and_o first_o as_o to_o the_o refresh_a coldness_n that_o subterraneal_a place_n be_v wont_a to_o afford_v we_o in_o summer_n i_o both_o deny_v that_o they_o be_v then_o cold_a than_o in_o winter_n and_o i_o say_v that_o though_o they_o be_v that_o coldness_n will_v not_o necessary_o infer_v a_o antiperistasis_n 30._o we_o must_v consider_v then_o that_o in_o summer_n our_o body_n have_v for_o many_o day_n if_o not_o some_o week_n or_o perhaps_o month_n be_v constant_o environ_v with_o a_o air_n which_o at_o that_o season_n of_o the_o year_n be_v much_o hot_a then_o it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v in_o winter_n or_o in_o other_o season_n our_o sense_n may_v easy_o impose_v upon_o we_o and_o we_o may_v be_v much_o mistake_v by_o conclude_v upon_o their_o testimony_n that_o the_o subterraneal_a air_n we_o then_o find_v so_o cool_a be_v real_o cold_a than_o it_o be_v in_o winter_n or_o at_o the_o spring_n as_o they_o that_o come_v out_o of_o hot_a bath_n think_v the_o air_n of_o the_o adjoin_a room_n very_o fresh_a and_o cool_v which_o they_o find_v to_o be_v very_o warm_a when_o come_v out_o of_o the_o open_a air_n they_o go_v through_o those_o warm_a room_n to_o the_o bath_n and_o the_o deepness_n and_o retiredness_n of_o these_o subterraneal_a cave_n keep_v the_o air_n they_o harbour_v from_o be_v any_o thing_n near_o so_o much_o affect_v with_o the_o change_n 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ready_o diffuse_v in_o imperceptible_a particle_n through_o the_o air_n and_o i_o have_v observe_v upon_o the_o open_n of_o issue_n in_o some_o man_n arm_n that_o though_o no_o smoke_n be_v visible_a in_o summer_n it_o will_v be_v very_o conspicuous_a in_o exceed_v sharp_a weather_n though_o man_n arm_n at_o least_o the_o external_a part_n of_o they_o seem_v to_o have_v less_o heat_n in_o frosty_a weather_n then_o in_o summer_n since_o in_o the_o former_a of_o those_o season_n they_o be_v wont_n to_o be_v manifest_o more_o slender_a the_o fleshy_a part_n and_o juice_n be_v condense_v by_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air._n and_o though_o the_o insensible_a transpiration_n that_o continual_o exhale_v from_o all_o the_o part_n of_o our_o body_n be_v not_o wont_a to_o be_v visible_a here_o even_o in_o winter_n yet_o in_o extreme_o cold_a country_n as_o nova_n zembla_n or_o charleton_n island_n those_o effluvia_fw-la have_v be_v observe_v not_o only_o to_o be_v thicken_v but_o to_o be_v 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that_o they_o be_v oftentimes_o trouble_v and_o sometime_o endanger_v by_o sudden_a damp_n which_o do_v frequent_o so_o stuff_v up_o and_o thicken_v the_o subterraneal_a air_n that_o they_o make_v it_o not_o only_o unfit_a for_o respiration_n but_o able_a to_o extinguish_v the_o lamp_n and_o candle_n that_o the_o miner_n use_v to_o give_v they_o light_n to_o work_v by_o and_o i_o remember_v that_o i_o have_v visit_v mine_n where_o have_v inquire_v of_o the_o digger_n whether_o those_o hot_a exhalation_n that_o compose_v their_o damp_n do_v not_o sometime_o actual_o take_v fire_n within_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n i_o be_v answer_v that_o in_o some_o of_o their_o pit_n and_o particular_o in_o one_o that_o they_o show_v i_o though_o not_o in_o all_o they_o do_v insomuch_o that_o the_o exhalation_n sudden_o kindle_v will_v make_v a_o report_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o pit_n like_o a_o musket_n or_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o ordinance_n and_o the_o flame_n will_v actual_o burn_v 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