336 8 The Reasons of the vast Ductility or Extensibility of Gold 337 9 Sectility and Fissility the Consequents of Softness ibid. 10 Tractility and Friability the Consequents of Hardness 338 11 Ruptility the Consequent partly of Softness partly of Hardness 339 12 PROBLEM VVhy Chords distended are more apt to break neer the Ends than in the middle and its SOLVT ibid. CHAP. XV. Occult Qualities made Manifest p. 341 SECT I. ARTIC 1 THat the Insensibility of Qualities doth not import their Unintelligibility contrary to the presumption of the Aristotelean ibid. 2 Vpon what grounds and by whom the Sanctuary of Occult Qualities was erected 342 3 Occult Qualities and profest ignorance all one ibid. 4 The Refuge of Sympathies and Antipathies equally obstructive to the advance of Natural Scienee with that of Ignote Proprieties 343 5 That all Attraction referred to Secret Sympathy and all Repulsion adscribed to secret Antipathy betwixt the Agent and Patient is effected by Corporeal Instruments and such as resemble those whereby one body Attracteth or repelleth another in sensible and mechanique operations ibid. 6 The Means of Attractions sympathetical explicated by a convenient Simile 345 7 The Means of Abaction and Repulsions Antipathetical explicated likewise by sundry similitudes 346 8 The First and General Causes of all Love and Hatred betwixt Animals 347 9 Why things Alike in their natures love and delight in the Society each of other and why Unlike natures abhor and avoid each other ibid SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe Scheme of Qualities reputed occult 348 2 Natures Avoidance of Vacuity imputed to the tyzugia or Conspiration of all parts of the Vniverse no Occult Quality ibid. 3 The power and influence of Caelestial Bodies upon men supposed by Judicial Astrologers inconsistent with Providence Divine and the Liberty of mans will 349 4 The Afflux and Reflux of the Sea inderivative from any immaterial Influx of the Moon ibid. 5 The Causes of the diurnal Expansion conversion of the Heliotrope and other Flowers ibid. 6 Why Garden Claver hideth its stalk in the heat of the day 350 7 Why the House Cock usually Crows soon after midnight and at break of day ibid. 8 Why Shell-fish grow fat in the Full of the moon and lean again at the New 352 9 Why the Selenites resembles the Moon in all her several Adspects ibid. 10 Why the Consideration of the Attraction of Iron by a Loadstone is here omitted 353 11 The secret Amities of Gold and Quicksilver of Brass and Silver unridled ibid. 12 A COROLLARY Why the Granules of Gold and Silver though much more ponderous then those of the Aqua Regis and Aqua â—ortis wherein they are dissolved are yet held up and kept floating by them 354 13 The Cause of the Attraction of a Less Flame by a Greater ibid. 14 The Cause of the Involation of flame to Naphtha at distance ibid. 15 Of the Ascention of Water into the pores of a Spunge 355 16 The same illustrated by the example of a Syphon ibid. 17 The reason of the Percolation of Liquors by a cloth whose one end lieth in the liquor and other hangs over the brim of the vessel that contains it 356 18 The reason of the Consent of two Lute-strings that are Aequison ibid. 19 The reason of the Dissent betwixt Lutestrings of sheeps Guts and those of Woolfs â—57 20 The tradition of the Consuming of all Feathers of Foul by those of the Eagle exploded 358 21 Why some certain Plants befriend and advance the growth and fruitfulness of others that are their neighbours ibid. 22 Why some Plants thrive not in the society of some others 359 23 The Reason of the great friendship betwixt the Male and Female Palm-trees 360 24 Why all wines grow sick and turbid during the season wherein the Vines Flower and Bud. 361 25 That the distilled waters of Orange flowers and Roses do not take any thing of their fragrancy during the season of the Blooming and pride of those Flowers as it vulgarly believed ibid. SECT III. ARTIC 1 WHy this Section considers onely some few select Occult Proprieties among those many imputed to Animals 362 2 The supposed Antipathy of a Sheep to a Woolf solved ibid. 3 Why Bees usually invade Froward and Cholerick Persons and why bold and confident men haue sometimes daunted and put to flight Lyons and other ravenous Wild-Beasts 363 4 Why divers Animals Hate such men as are used to destroy those of their own species and why Vermin avoid such Gins and Traps wherein others of their kinde have been caught and destroyed ibid. 5 The Cause of the fresh Cruentation of the Carcass of a murthered man at the presence and touch of the Homicide 364 6 How the Basilisk doth empoyson and destroy at distance 365 7 That the sight of a Woolf doth not cause Hoarsness and obmutescence in the spectator as is vulgarly reported and believed 366 8 The Antipathies of a Lyon and Cock of an Elephant and Swine meerly Fabulous â—67 9 Why a man intoxicated by the venome of a Tarantula falleth into violent fits of Dancing and cannot be cured by any other means but Musick ibid. 10 Why Divers Tarantiacal Persons are affected and cured with Divers Tunes and the musick of divers Instruments 369 11 That the venome of the Tarantula doth produce the same effect in the body of a man as it doth in that of the Tarantula it self and why ibid. 12 That the Venom of the Tarantula is lodged in a viscous Humor and such as is capable of Sounds 371 13 That it causeth an uncessant Itching and Titillation in the Nervous and Musculous parts of mans body when infused into it and fermenting in it ibid. 14 The cause of the Annual Recidivation of the Tarantism till it be perfectly cured 372 15 A Conjecture what kind of Tunes Strains and Notes seem most accommodate to the cure of Tarantiacal Persons in the General ibid 16 The Reason of the Incantation of Serpents by a rod of the Cornus 373 17 DIGRESSION That the Words Spells Characters c. used by Magicians are of no vertue or Efficacy at all as to the Effect intended unless in a remote interest or as they exalt the Imagination of Him upon whom they praetend to work the miracle ibid. 18 The Reason of the Fascination of Infants by old women 374 19 The Reason of the stupefaction of a mans hand by a Torpedo 375 20 That ships are not Arrested in their course by the Fish called a Remora but by the Contrary impulse of some Special Current in the Sea ibid. 21 That the Echineis or Remora is not Ominous 3â—7 22 Why this place admits not of more than a General Inquest into the Faculties of Poysons and Counterpoisons ibid. 23 Poysons defined ibid. 24 Wherein the Deleterious Faculty of poyson doth consist ibid. 25 Counterpoisons defined 378 26 Wherein their Salutiferous Virtue doth consist ibid. 27 How Triacle cureth the venome of Vipers ibid 28 How the body of a
long as the orifice in the Neb remains stopped is the defect of room for the aer pressed upon by the basis of the Water to recur into upon its resignation of place because all places being full there can be none whereinto the inferior aer may recede until upon deobstruction of the hole above the circumjacent aer enters into the cavity of the Vessel and resignes to the aer pressed upon below and so the motion begins and continues by a successive surrender of places For though the aer contiguous to the bottom of the Irrigatory be not sufficient to resist the compressure of so great a weight of water by the single renitency of the Confluxibility of its atomical particles yet the next contiguous aer possessing the vicine spaces and likewise wanting room to recede into when compelled by the first aer aggravates the resistence which becomes so much the greater by how much the farther the pressure is extended among the parts of the circumjacent aer and by so much the farther is the pressure of the circumjacent aer extended by how much the greater is the pressure of the next contiguous aer and that pressure is proportionate to the degrees of Gravity and velocity in the body descendent Which is manifestly the reason why the water doth not descend through the perforated bottom of the Vessel viz. because the Gravity thereof is not sufficient to counterpoyse so diffused prolix and continued resistence as is made and maintained by the confluxibility of the parts of the circumambient aer successively uniting their forces Notwithstanding this seeming plenitude we may absolve our reason from the intricacy of the scruple by returning that though all places about the Tube are filled with aer yet not without some Laxity So though there be indeed no sensible or coacervate space wherein there are not some parts of the aer yet are there many insensible or disseminate spaces or â—oculaments variously interspersed among the incontiguous in all points particles of the aer which are unpossessed by any Tenent at all For the familiarizing of this Nicety let us have recourse once again to our so frequently mentioned example of a heap of Corne. When we have poured Corne into a Bushel up to the brim thereof the capacity seems wholly possessed by the Graines of Corne nor is there therein any space which sensibly contains not some Graines yet if we shake the bushel or depress the Corne the Graines sink down in a closer posture and leave a sensible space in the upper part of the bushel capable of a considerable access or addition The reason is that the Grains at their first infusion in respect of the ineptitude of their Figures for mutual contact in all points of their superâ—icies intercept many empty spaces betwixt them which dispersed minute inane spaces are reduced to one great and coacervate or sensible space in the superior part of the Continent when by the succussion of the vessel the Grains are disposed into a closer posture i. e. are more accommodated for mutual contingency in their ends and sides Thus also may aer be so compressed as the Granules or insensible particles of it being reduced to a more close or dense order by the sâ—bingression of some particles of the aer nearest to the body Compressing into the incontiguities of the next neighbouring aer may possess much less of space then before compression and consequently surrender to the body propelling or compressing leaving behind a certain space absolutely devoid of aer at least such as doth appear to contain no aer But this Difficulty Hydra-like sends out two new Heads in the room of one cut off For Curiosity may justly thus expostulâ—te 1 Have you not formerly affirmed that no body can be moved but it must compel the aer forward to suffer a certain subingression of its insensible particles into the pores or Loculaments of the next contiguous aer such as is requisite to the leaving of a space behind it for the admission of the body moved And if so how comes it that when most bodies are moved through the aer with so much facility and therefore cause the parts thereof before them to intrude themselves into the incontiguities of the next vicine aer with a force so small as that it is altogether insensible yet in this case of the Experiment is required so great a force to effect the subingression and mutual Coaptation of the parts of the aer The Cause seems to be this In all common motions of bodies through the liberal aer there is left a Space behind into which the parts of the aer may instantly circulate and deliver themselves from compression and so there is a subingression and Coaptation of only a few parts necessary and consequently the motion is tolerated without any sensible Resistence but in this Case of the Experiment in regard there is no place left behind by the Propellent into which the compressed parts of the aer may be effused necessary it is that the parts of aer immediately contiguous to the body Propellent in their retrocession and subingression compress the parts of the next contiguous aer which though they make some resistence proportionate to their measure of Confluxibility do yet yeild retrocede and intrude themselves into the incontiguities of the next contiguous aer and those making also some resistence likewise yeild retrocede and insinuate themselves into the Loculaments of the next which acts the like part upon the next and so successively So that a greater force then ordinary is required to subdue this gradually multiplied resistence successively made and maintained by the many circumfused parts of the aer and to effect that the retrocession subingression and coaptation of the parts of the aer be propagated farther and farther untill convenient room be made for the reception of the body Propellent 2 Whence do you derive this Resistence of the Aer From its Gravity For the Aer of its own nature is Heavy and can be said to be Light only comparatively or as it is less ponderous then Water and Earth nor can there be given any more creditable reason of the Aers tendency upward here below near the convexity of the Earth then this that being in some degree ponderous in all its particles they descend downwards from the upper region of the Atmosphere and in their descent bear upon and mutually compel each other untill they touch upon the surface of the Earth and are by reason of the solidity and hardness thereof repercussed or rebounded up again to some distance so that the motion of the Aer upwards near the face of the Earth is properly Resilition and no natural but a violent one Now insomuch as the Aer seems to be no other but a common Miscelany of minute bodies exhaled from Earth and Water and other concretious sublunary and proportionately to their Crassitude or Exility emergent to a greater or less
altitude it can be no illegal process for us to infer that all parts thereof are naturally endowed with more or less Gravity proportionate to their particular bulk whether that Gravity be understood to be as common Physiology will have it a Quality congenial and inhaerent or as Verisimility their conformity to the magnetick Attraction of the Earth And insomuch as this Gravity is the cause of the mutual Depression among the particles of aer in their tendency from the upper region of the Atmosphere down to the surface of the Earth we may well conceive that the Depression of the inferior parts of the aer by the superior incumbent upon them is the origine immediate from whence that Reluctancy or Resistence observed in the Experiment upon the induction of a praeternatural Inanity between the Parts thereof But a farther prosecution and illustration of this particular depends on the solution of the next Problem SECT IV. The Third Capital Difficulty WHat is the Cause of the Quicksilvers not descending below that determinate Altitude or Standard of 27 digits Solution The Resistence of the parts of the aer which endures no compression or subingress of its insensible particles beyond that certain proportion or determinate rate To profound this mystery of Nature to the bottom we are to request our Reader to endure the short recognition of some passages in our praecedent discourses 1 That upon the ordinary translation of bodies through the Aer the resistence of its insensible parts is so small as not to be discoverable by the sense because the subingression of its contiguous parts into the loculaments of the next vicine aer is only perexile or superficial and that we may safely imagine this superficial subingression not to be extended beyond the thickness of a single hair nay in some cases perhaps not to the hundreth part thereof So stupendiously subtle are the fingers of Nature in many of her operations But that the resistence observed in the present Experiment for the enforcing of a praeternatural Vacuum is therefore deprehensible by the sense because in respect of a defect of place behind the body propellent into which the parts of the aer compelled forward may circulate the subingression must be more profound and so the resistence being propagated farther and farther by degrees must grow multiplied and consequently sensible 2 That the Force of the body propellent is greater then the force of the next contiguous aer protruding the next and the force of the third protruded wave of the aer for a kind of Undulation may be ascribed to aer greater on the Fourth then that of the Fourth upon the Fifth and so progressionally to the extrem of its diffusion or extension so that the Force becomes so much the weaker and more oppugnable by how much the farther it is extended and dwindles or languishes by degrees into a total cessation 3 That as upon the succussion or shock of a Bushel apparently full of Corn is left a certain sensible space above unpossessed by any part or Grain thereof which coacervate empty space responds in proportion to those many Disseminate Vacuola or Loculaments intercepted among the incontingent sides of the Grains before their reduction to a more close order by the succussion of the Bushel so likewise upon the impulse of the aer by a convenient body is left behind a sensible space absolutely empty as to any part of aer which Coacervate empty space must respond in proportion to those many Disseminate spaces intercepted among the incontiguous parts or Granules of the aer before their reduction to a more close order or mutual subingression and coaptation of sides and points by the body compressing These Notions recogitated our speculations may progress with more advantage to explore the proxime and proper Cause of the Mercuries constant subsistence at the altitude of 27 digits in the Tube perpendicularly erected For upon the credit of their importance we may justly assume that upon the compression of the circumambient Aer by a small quantity of Quicksilver suppose only of two or three inches impendent in the concave of the tube can be caused indeed some small subingression of the particles thereof but such as is only superficial and insensible in respect the weight of so small a proportion of Quicksilver is not of force sufficient to propel the parts of the aer to so great a crassitude that the space detracted from the Aggregate of Disseminate Vacuities should amount to that largness as to become visible above the Quicksilver in the Tube since the quantity of the Quicksilver being supposed little the force of Reluctancy or Resistence in the parts of the aer arising from their inhaerent Fluidity must be greater then the force of compression arising from Gravity and therefore there succeeds no sensible Deflux of the Quicksilver But being that a greater and greater mass of Quicksilver may be successively infused into the Tube and so the compressive force of its Gravity be respectively augmented and thereupon the aer become less and less able successively to make resistence 't is difficult not to observe that the proportion of Compression from Gravity in the Quicksilver may be so equalized to the Resistence from Gravity in the Aer as that both may remain in statu quo without any sensible yeilding on either side Hence comes it that at the aequipondium of these two Antagonists the space in the Tube detracted from the Aggregate of minute Inanities disseminate in the aer is so small as not to be commensurated by sense and at the cessation of the Aequilibrium or succeding superiority of the encreased weight of the Quicksilver the parts of the Aer being compelled thereby to a farther retrocession and subingression the space detracted from the Aggregate of disseminate Vacuities in the aer becomes larger and consequently sensible above the Quicksilver in the upper region of the Tube This may be most adaequately illustrated by the simile of a strong man standing on a plane pedestal in a very high wind For as He by a small afflation or gust of wind is in some degree urged or prest upon though not so much as to cause him to give back because the force of his resistence is yet superior to that of the Wind assaulting and impelling him nor when the force of the Wind grows upon him even to an Aequilibrium is He driven from his station because his resistence is yet equal to the impulse of the wind but when the force of the Wind advances to that height as to transcend the Aequilibrium then must the man be compelled above the rate of his resistence and so be abduced from the place of his station so likewise while there is only a small quantity of Quicksilver contained in the Tube though by the intervention or mediation of the Quicksilver restagnant in the subjacent vessel it press upon the parts of the incumbent aer in some
we safely conclude that albeit the Arguments alledged in defence of Infinite Divisibility of every Physical Continuum were as not a few nor obscure Clerks have reputed them absolutely indissoluble yet notwithstanding since we have the plain Certificate of not only our Reason but undeluded sense also to evidence the Contrary ought we to more then suspect them of secret Fallacy and Collusion it being a rule worthy the reputation of a First Notion that in the examination of those Physical Theorems whose Verity or Falsity is determinable by the sincere judicature of the sense we ought to appeal to no other Criterion but to acquiesce in the Certification thereof especially where is no Refragation or Dissent of Reason Notwithstanding the manifest necessity of this apodictical Truth yet have there been many Sophisms framed upon design to evade it among which we find only Two whose plausibility and popular approbation seem to praescribe them to our praesent notice The First is that famous one of Aristotle de insecabil lineis Non creari propterea infinitum actu ex hujusmodi partibus infinitis quoniam tales partes non actu sed potestate duntaxat infinitae sunt adeo proinde ut creent solùm infinitum potestate quod idem sit actu finitum that the division of a finite body into infinite parts doth not make it actually infinite because the parts are not actually but only potentially infinite so as they render it infinitely divisible only potentially while it still remains actually Finite The Collusion of this Distinction is not deeply concealed For every Continuum hath either no parts in actu or infinite parts in actu Since if by parts in actu we understand those that are actually divided then hath not any Continuum so much as two or three parts the supposed Continuity excluding all Division And if we intend that a Continuum hath therefore two parts actually because it is capable of division into two parts actually then is it necessary that we allow a Continuum to have parts actually infinite because we presume it capable of division into infinite parts actually which is contradictory to Aristotle Nor can any of his Defendants excuse the consequence by saying that the Division is never finishable or terminable and that his sense is only this that no Continuum can ever be divided into so many parts as that it may not be again divided into more and those by redivision into more and so forward without end Since as in a Continuum two parts are not denyed to exist though it be never divided into those two parts so likewise are not infinite parts denied to exist therein though it be never really divisible into infinite parts Otherwise we demand since by those requisite divisions and subdivisions usque ad infinitum still more and more actuall parts are discovered can you conceive those parts which may be discovered to be of any Determinate Number or not If you take the Affirm then will not there be parts enough to maintain the division to infinity if the Negat then must the parts be actually infinite For how can a Continuum be superior to final exhaustion unless in this respect that it contains infinite parts i. e. such whose Infinity makes it Inexhaustible Because as those parts which are deduced from a Continuum must be praeexistent therein before deduction else whence are they deduceable so also must those which yet remain deduceable be actually existent therein otherwise they are not deducible from it For Parts are then Infinite when more and more inexhaustibly or without end are conceded Deducible The other with unpardonable confidence insisted on by the Stoicks is this Continuum non evadere infinitum quoniam illud propriè resultat non ex Proportionalibus sed ex Aliquotis partibus quas constat esse Definitas cùm inter extrema Corporis versentur that by admitting an infinity of parts in a Finite Continuum a Continuum doth not become infinite because that results properly not from Proportional but Aliquotal parts which are therefore confess'd to be Definite because they relate only to the Extremes of a Body First this subterfuge is a mere Lusus Verborum sounding nought at all in the ears of Reason For since every thing doth consist of those parts into which it may be at last resolved because every Continuum is at last resolved into therefore must it conâ—ist of Proportional Parts Again since every one of Aliquotal parts is Continuate each of them may be divided into as many Aliquotal parts as the whole Continuum was first divided into and so upwards infinitely so as at length the Division must revert into Proportional Parts and the Difficulty remain the same SECT II. THe impossibility of Dividing a Physical Continuum into parts interminably subdivisible being thus amply Demonstrated and the Sophistry of the most specious Recesses invented to assist the Contrary opinion clearly detected the residue of this Chapter belongs to our Vindication of the same Thesis from the guilt of those Absurdities and Inâ—ongruities which the Dissenting Faction hath charged upon it Empiricus with great Virulency of language inveighing against the Patrons of Atoms accuseth them of subverting all Local Motion by supposing that not only Place and Time but also Natural Quantity indivisible beyond Insectile Parts To make this the more credible He Objects 1 That if we assume a Line consisting of nine Insectils and imagine two insectile Bodies to be moved with equal velocity from the opposite extremes thereof toward the middle it must be to their mutual occurse and convention in the middle necessary that both possess the median part of the median or Fifth Insectile place there being no cause why one should possess it more then the other when yet both the Places and Bodies therein moved are praesumed Insectile i. e. without parts 2 That all Bodies must be moved with equal celerity for the pace of the Sun and that of a Snail must be aequivelox if both move through an insectile space in an insectile Time 3 That if many Concentrical Circles be described by the circumduction of one Rule defixed upon one of its extremes as upon a Centre since they are all delineated at one and the same time and some are greater then others it must follow that unequal portions of Circles are described in the same individual point of Time and consequently that an Insectile of an Interior Circle must be aequated to a sectile of an Exterior To these our Modern Anti-Epicureans have superadded many other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Inconcistencies as dependent on the position of Insectility viz. 1 That a Line of unaequal Insectiles suppose of 3.5.9 or 11. cannot be divided into two equal halfs when yet that any Line whatever may be exactly bipartited is demonstrable to sense 2 That a less line cannot be divided into so many parts as a Greater though the Contrary be concordant to the
we therefore since the Diametre of a granule of Dust when speculated through a good Engyscope is almost Centuple to the diametre of the same when lookt on meerly by the eye on a sheet of Venice Paper we may safely affirm with Archimed in arenario that it is conflated of ten hundred thousand millions of insensible Particles which is enough to verifie our praesent Assumption SECT III. Concerning the Figures of Atoms IN all the sufficiently prolix Discourses of the Ancient Assertors of Atoms concerning their FIGURE and the no sparing Commentaries of the Moderns thereupon whatever seems either worthy our serious animadversions or in anywise pertinent to our Designation may be without perversion or amission of importance well comprized under one of these 3 Canons 1 That Atoms are in their simple essence variously figurate 2 That the distinct species of their Figures are Indefinite or Incomprehensible though not simply or absolutely Infinite 3 That the Number of Atoms retaining unto or comprehended under each peculiar species of Figure is not only indefinite but simply Infinite Concerning the FIRST we advertise that no man is to conceive them to have supposed the Figure of Atoms deprehensible by the Sight or Touch no more then their Magnitude the termination whereof doth essence their figure according to that definition of Euclid lately alledged but such as being inferrible from manifold reasons is obvious to the perception of the Mind Which Plutarch 1. placit 2. personating Epicurus expresly declares in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Atomos proprias habere sed ratione seu mente contemplabiles Figuras To avouch the verity hereof we need no other argument but this insomuch as every Atome hath some determinate Quantity or Extension and that all Quantity must be terminated in some certain Figure therefore is it necessary that however exile the dimensions of an Atome are yet must the superfice thereof be or plane or sphaerical or angular or Cubical c. i. e. of some figure either regular or irregular To guard this Assertion of the variety of Figures in Atoms with other Arguments of its Verisimility let us Consider that all Individuals as well Animate as Inanimate are distinguishable each from other of the same species by some peculiar signature of disparity visible in the superficial parts of their Bodies and Reason will thereupon whisper us in the ear that they are also different in their Configurations and that the Cause of that sensible Dissimilitude must be a peculiar or idiosyncritical Contexture of their insensible Component particles For Animals we may instance in the noblest species Among the Myriads of swarms of men who can find any two Persons so absolute Twinns in the aer of their faces the lines of their hands the stature of their bodies proportion of their members c. as that Nature hath left no impression whereby not only their familiar friends but even strangers comparing them together may distinguish one from the other For Inanimates doth it not deserve our admiration that in a whole Bushel of Corn no two Grains can be found so exquisitely respondent in similitude as that a curious eye shall not discover some disparity betwixt them and yet we appeal to strict observation for the verity thereof If our leasure and patience will bear it let us conferr many Leaves collected at one time from the same Tree and try whether among them all we can meet with any two perfectly consimilar in magnitude colour superfice divarications of filaments equality of stemms and other external proportions If not we must assent to a variety of Configurations in their parts and consequently admit no less but indeed a farr greater variety of Figures in the particles of those parts their Atoms To these it concerns us to annex one singular Experiment easie delightful and satisfactory Exposing a vessel of Salt water to the Sun or other convenient heat so as the aqueous parts thereof may be gently evaporated we may observe all the Salt therein contained to reside in the bottome conformed into Cubical Masses And if we do the like with Alum Water the Alum will concrete in Octohedrical figures Nay the Cubes generated of Salt will be so much the larger by how much the more and deeper the Water wherein it was dissolved and è contra so much the smaller by how much shallower the Water so that from a large vessel will arise saline Cubes in dimensions equal to those of a Gamesters Die but from a small we shall receive Cubes by five parts of six lesser and if we drop a small quantity of brine upon a plane piece of Glass the Cubical Concretions thereon fixing will be so minute as to require the help of an Engyscope to their discernment Now as to that part of this Experiment which more directly points at our praesent scope we may perceive the greater Cubes to be a meer Congeries or assembly of small ones and those small ones to be coagmentated of others yet smaller or certainly composed of exiguous Masses bearing the figure of Isoscele Triangles from four of which convened and mutually accommodated every Cube doth result Hence is it obvious to Conjecture that those small Cubes discernable only by an Engyscope are contexed of other smaller and those again of smaller until by a successive degradation they arrive at the exility of Atoms at least of those Moleculae which are the Seminaries of Salt and according to evident probability of either exactly Quadrate or Isoscele Triangular figures Now insomuch as the same allowing the difference of Figure is conjectural also concerning Alum Sugar Nitre Vitriol c. Saline Concretions why may we not extend it also to all other Compositions especially such as have their Configurations certain and determinate according to their specifical Nature Again whoso substracts a diversity of Figures from Atoms doth implicitely destroy the variety of sensibles For what doth cause the Odoratory Nerves of man to discriminate a Rose from Wormwood but the different Configurations of those Moleculae Flores Elementorum or Seminaries of Qualities which being conflated of exceeding fine and small congregations of Atoms do constitute the odorable species and so make different impressions upon them What makes a Dog by the meer sagacity of his nose find out his Master in the dark in a whole host of men but this that those subtle Effluvia or Expirations emitted insensibly from the body of his Master are of a different Contexture from those of all others and so make a different impression upon the mamillary processes or smelling Nerves of the Dog The like may also with equal reason be demanded concerning those wayes of Discrimination whereby all Animals agnize their own from others young and Beasts of prey in their difficult venations single out the embossed and chased though blended together with numerous Herds of the same species Nor doth the Verisimility hereof hold only in objects of the sight and smelling but
assisted but interpreted by another of Plato Magnetem non per Attractionem sed Impulsionem agere in Timaeo of the same import hath given the hint to Des Cartes Regius Sir K. Digby and some other of our late Enquirers of supposing the Attractive rather Impulsive Virtue of the Loadstone and all other bodies Electrical to consist in the Recess or Return of those continued Effluvia or invisible filaments of streated Atoms which are uncessantly exhaled from their pores Nor doth He much strain these words of Gilbert Effluvia illa tenuiora concipiunt amplectuntur corpora quibus Uniuntur Electris tanquam extensis brachiis ad fontem prope invalescentibus effluviis deducuntur who hath charged them with the like signification As to the SECOND viz. the Perpetuity of these Motions adscribed to Atoms we think it not a little material to give you to understand at least to recognize that the conceptions of Epicurus concerning this particular are cozen Germans to Chimaera s and but one degree removed from the monstrous absurdities of Lunacy For He dreamt and then believed that all Atoms were from all Eternity endowed by the charter of their uncreate and independent Essence with that ingenite Vigour or internal Energy called Gravity whereby they are variously agitated in the infinite space without respect to any Centre or General term of Consistence so as they could never discontinue that natural motion unless they met and encountred other Atoms and were by their shock or impulse deflected into another course That the Dissilient or deflected Atoms whether rebounding upwards directly or ad latus obliquely or in any line intercedent betwixt those two different regions would also indeâ—inently pursue that begun motion unless they were impeded and diverted again by the occurse and arietation of some others floating in the same part of space And that because the Revibrations or Resilitions of Atoms regarding several points of the immense space like Bees variously interweaving in a swarm must be perpetual therefore also must they never quiesce but be as variously and constantly exagitated eveâ— in the most solid or adamantine of Concretions though the sense cannot deprehend the least inquietude or intestine tumultuation therein and the rather in respect of those Grotesques or minute Inanities densely intermixed among their insensible particles To explicate this Riddle we must praesent some certain adumbration of this intestine aestuation or commotion of Atoms in Concretions and this may most conveniently be done in melted Mettals as particularly in Lead yet floating in the Fusory vessel To apparence nothing more quiet and calm yet really no quicksand more internally tumultuated For the insensible particles of Fire having penetrated the body of the crucible or melting pan and so permeating the pores of the Lead therein contained because they cannot return back upon the subjacent fire in regard they are uncessantly impelled by other ingeneous particles continually succeeding on their heels therefore are they still protruded on untill they disunite all the particles of the Lead and by the pernicity and continuation of this their ebullition hinder them from mutual revinction and coalescence and thereby make the Lead a fluid of a compact substance and so keep it as long as the succussion of igneous particles is maintained from the fire underneath During this act of Fusion think we with what violence or pernicity the Atoms of Fire are agitated up and down from one side to another in the small inanities interspersed among the particles of the Lead otherwise they could not dissolve the compact tenour thereof and change their positions so as to introduce manifest Fluidity and since every particle of the Lead suffers as many various concussions repercussions and repeated vibrations as every particle of Fire how great must be the Commotion on both sides notwithstanding the seeming quiet in the surface of the Lead But because our sense as well as our Reason may have some satisfaction touching the perpetual Commotion of Atoms even in Compositions we offer to Exemplifie the same either in the Spirit of Halinitre or that which Chymists usually extract from Crude Mercury Tin and Sublimate codissolved in a convenient menstruum For either of these Liquors being close kept in a luted glass you may plainly perceive the minute moleculae or seminarie conventions of Atoms of which it doth consist to be uncessantly moved every way upward downward transverse oblique c. in a kind of fierce aestuation as if goaded on by their inhaerent Motor or internal impulsive Faculty they attempted speedy emergency at all points most like a multitude of Flyes imprisoned in a glass Vial. Now the Argument that seems to have induced Epicurus to concede this perpetual Inquietude of Atoms was the inevitable mutation of all Concrete Substances caused by the continual Access and Recess of their insensible particles For indeed no Concretion is so compact and solid as not to contain within it self the possible Causes of its utter Dissolution yea though it were so immured in Adamant as to be thought secure from the hostile invasion of any Extrinsecal Agent whatever And the ruine of solid bodies i. e. such whose parts are of the most compact Contexture allowable to Concretions cannot be so reasonably adscribed to any Cause as this that they are compacted of such Principles as are indeâ—inently motive and in perpetual endeavour of Emergency or Exsilition so that never desisting from internal evolutions circumgyrations and other changes of position they at length infringe that manner of reciprocal Coaptation Cohaesion and Revinction which determined their solidity and thereby dissolving the Compositum they wholly emancipate themselves obey their restless tendency at randome and disappear This faeculent Doctrine of Epicurus we had occasion to examine and refine all the dross either of Absurdity or Atheism in our Chapter concerning the Creation of the World ex nihilo in our Book against Atheism However we may not dismiss our Reader without this short Animadversion The Positions to be exploded are 1 That Atoms were Eternally existent in the infinite space 2 that their Motive Faculty was eternally inhaerent in them and not derived by impression from any External Principle 3 that their congenial Gravity affects no Centre 4 that their Declinatory motion from a perpendicular is connatural to them with that of perpendicular descent from Gravity Those which we may with good advantage substitute in their stead are 1 That Atoms were produced ex nihilo or created by God as the sufficient Materials of the World in that part of Eternity which seemed opportune to his infinite Wisdom 2 that at their Creation God invigorated or impraegnated them with an Internal Energy or Faculty Motive which may be conceived the First Cause of all Natural Actions or Motions for they are indistinguishable performed in the World 3 that their gravity cannot subsist without a Centre 4 that their internal Motive Virtue necessitates their perpetual
conspurcatus attrectaret nisi incredibili voluptatis aestro percita essent Genetalia And let us but abate the temptation of this sense and libidinous invitement of it praeambulous to the act of Congression and we shall soon confess that so magnified delight of sensuality to be no other than what the noblest of Stoicks Marcus Antoninus defined it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but the attrition of a base entrail and the excretion of a little snivel with a kind of convulsion as Hippocrates describes it This is that Fidus Achates or constant friend that conserves us in our first life which we spend in the dark prison of the womb ushers us into this which our improvidence trifles away for the most part on the blandishments of sensual Appetite and never forsakes us till Death hath translated us into an Eternal one For when all our other unconstant senses perish this faithful one doth not abandon us but at that moment which determines our mortality Whence Aristotle drew that prognostick de Anim. lib. 3. cap. 13. that if any Animal be once deprived of the sense of Touching death must immediately ensue for neither is it possible saith He that any living Creature should want this sense nor to the being of it is it necessary that it have any other sense beside this In a word this is that persuasive sense and whose testimony the wary Apostle chose to part with his infidelity and to conclude the presence of his revived Lord. That painful sense on the victory of whose torments the patient souls of Martyrs have ascended above their faith That Virtual and Medical sense by which the Great Physician of diseased nature was pleased to restore sight to the blind agility to the lame hearing to the deaf to extinguish the Feaver in Peters Mother-in-Law stop the inveterate issue in his Haemorhoidal Client unlock the adamantine gates of death and restore the widows son from the total privation to the perfect habit of life 2 That some Qualities are sensible to the Touch which yet are common to the perception of other senses also for no scholler can be ignorant of that Division of sensibles into Common and Proper and that among the Common are reckoned Motion Quiet Number Figure and Magnitude according to the list of Aristotle 2 de Anim. cap. 6. 3 and principally That the Qualities of Concretions either Commonly or Properly appertaining to the sense of Touching are to be considered in their several Relations to the Principles on which they depend First some result from the Universal matter Atomes in this respect that they intercept Inanity or space betwixt them and of this original are Rarity and Density with their Consequents Perspicuity and Opacity Secondly Some depend on the Common Materials in this respect that they are endowed with their three essential Proprieties Magnitude Figure Motion and that either Singly or Conjunctly 1 Singly and either from their Magnitude alone of which order is the Magnitude oâ— Quantity of any Concretion and the Consequents thereof Subtility and Hebetude or from their Figure alone of which sort is the Figure of every thing and the Consequents thereof Smoothness and Asperity c. or only from their Motivâ— Virtue of which kind is the Motive Force inhaerent in all things in thâ— General and that which assisteth and perfecteth the same in most things the Habit of Motion and particularly Gravity and Levity 2 Conjuncâ—ly from them all of which production are those commonly called the â—our First Qualities Heat Cold Dryness Moysture as also those which â—râ— deduced from them as Hardness Softness Flexility Ductility and all others of which Aristotle so copiously but scarce pertinently treateth in his fourth book of Meteors and lastly those by vulgar Physiologist named Occult Qualities which are also derivative from Atoms in resâ—â—ct of their three essential Proprieties and among these the most eminent and generally celebrated is the Attractive Virtue of the Loadstone Now on each of these we intend to bestowe particular speculation allowing it the â—â—me order which it holds in this scheme which seems to be only a faithful Transsumpt of the method of Nature and we shall begin at Rarity and Density 1 Because nothing can be generated but of Atoms commixt and that Commixture cannot be without more or less of the Inane space inâ—â—rcepted among their small masses so that if much of the Inane space 〈◊〉 intercepted among them the Concretion must be Rare if little Dense of meer necessity 2 Because the Four First reputed Qualities Heat Cold Dryness Moysture are posterior to Rarity and Density as appears by that of Aristotle physic 8. cap. 16. where according to the interpretation of Pacius He intimates that Heat and Cold Hardness and Sofâ—ness are certain kindes of Rarity and Density and therefore we are â—o set forth from them as the more Common in Nature and consequently the more necessary to be known a Generalioribus enim tanquam notioribus ad minus Generalia procedendum is the advice of Arist. physic 1. cap. 2. SECT II. COncerning the immediate Causes of Rarity and Density in Bodies divers Conceptions are delivered by Philosophers 1 Some observing that Rare bodies generally are less and Dense more Ponderous and that the Division of a body into small parts doth usually make it less swift in its descent through aer or water than while it was intire have thereupon determined the Reason of Rarity to consist in the actual division of a body into many small parts and on the contrary that of Density to consist in the Coadunation or Compaction of many small parts into one great continued mass But These considered not that Chrystal is not more rare though less weighty proportionately than a Diamond nor that the Velocity of bodies descending doth not encrease in proportion to the difference of their several Densities as their inadvertency made them praesume there being sundry other Causes besides the Density of a body assignable to its greater Velocity of motion in descent as the Heroical pen of Galileo hath clearly demonstrated in 1. Dialog de motu and our selves shall professedly evince in convenient place 2 Others indecently leaping from Physical to Metaphysical speculations and imagining the substance of a body to be a thing really distâ—nct from the Quantity thereof have derived Rarity and Density from the â—â—veral proportions which Quantity hath to its substance as if in Rarefaction a Body did receive no mutation of Figure but an Augmentation and in Condensation a Diminution of its Quantity But the excessive subtility or rather absolute incomprehensibility of this Distinction doth evidently confess it to be meerly Chimerical as we have formerly intimated in our discourse concerning the proper and genuine notions of Corporiety and Inanity 3 A Third sort there are who having detected the incompetency of the first opinion and absolute unintelligibility of the Second judiciously desume the more or less of Rarity in any body
Water and that of the Aer â—â—â—sisteth only in Degrees or more and less And though the 〈◊〉 of the Aer may be thought very inconsiderable in comparison o◠〈◊〉 great Violence imprest upon a Cannon Bullet shot upwâ—rd 〈…〉 the Aer yet be pleased to consider that it holds some 〈◊〉 proportion with the Renitency oâ— the Water Which 〈…〉 that we may understand compare we not only the very 〈◊〉 Ascent of a stone thrown upward from the bottome of the Sea to the large ascent of the same stone with equal force from the Earth thrown up into the Aer but also the almost insensible progress of a Bullet shot from a Cannon transversly through Water with that vast progress it is commonly observed to make through the Aer and we shall soon be convinced that as the Great Resistence of the Water is the Cause why the Stone or Bullet makes so small a progress therein so is the small Resistence of the Aer the Cause why they both pervade so great a space therein And thus is it Demonstrable that the Resistence of the superior Aer is the External Agent which constantly resisteth by degrees refracteth and at length wholly overcomes the imprest Force whereby Heavy Bodies are violently elevated up into the Aer The Difficulty remaining therefore doth only concern the Impellent Cause of their Fall Down again or whether the Aer besides the force of Resistence hath also any Depulsive Faculty which being imprest upon a stone bullet or other ponderous body at the top or highest point of its mountee serveth to turn the same Downward and afterward to continue its perpendicular descent till it arrive at and quiesce on the Earth Which indeed seems well worthy our Doubt because it is observable that Walls Pavements and the like solid and immote Bodies though they strongly resist the motion of bodies impinged against them doe not yet impress any Contrary motion thereupon the Rebound of a Ball or Bullet from a Wall being the effect meerly of the same force imprest upon it by the Racket or Gun-powder fired which first moved it as is evident even from hence that the Resilition of them to greater or less distance is according to the more or less of the Force imprest upon them Which those Gunners well understand who experiment the strength of their Powder by the greatness of the bullets rebound from a Wall And to solve this Difficulty we must distinguish betwixt Bodies that are devoid of Motion and which being distracted have no faculty of Restitution whereby to recollect their dissociated particles and so repair themselves of which sort are Walls Pavements c and such bodies that are actually in motion and which by reason of a natural Elater or Spring of Restitution easily and speedily redintegrate themselves and restore their severed parts to the same contexture and tenour which they held before their violent distraction to which classis the Aer doth principally belong Now concerning the First sort what we object of the non-impression of any Contrary motion upon Bodies impinged against them is most certainly true but not concerning the Latter For the Arm of a Tree being inflected doth not only resist the inflecting force but with such a spring return to its natural site as serveth to impel any body of competent weight that shall oppose its recurse to great distance as in the discharge of an Arrow from a Bow Thus also the Aer though otherwise unmoved may be so distracted by a Body violently pervading it as that the parts thereof urged by their own native Confluxibility the Cause of all Elaterical or Restorative Motion must soon return to their natural tenour and site and not without a certain violence and so replenish the place formâ—rly possest but now deserted by the body that distracted them Thâ—â— there is so powerful a Restorasive faculty in the Aer as we here â—ssume innumerable are the Experiments those especially by Philosophers usually alledged against a Vacuum Coacervate which attest However that you may the less doubt of its having some and a considâ—rable force of propelling bodies notwithstanding it be Fluid in so high a degree be pleased only to reflect your thoughts upon the great â—orce of Winds which tear up the deepest and firmest rooted Cedars â—â—om the ground demolish mighty Castles overset the proudest Câ—â—racts and rowle the whole Ocean up and down from shoar to shoâ—â— Consider the incredible violence wherewith a Bullet is discharged from a Wind-Gun through a firm plank of two or three inches thickness Consider that no effect is more admirable than that a very small quantity of Flame should with such prodigious impetuosity drive a Bullet so dense and ponderous from a Cannon through thâ— Gates of a City and at very great distance and yet the Flame 〈◊〉 the Gunpowder is not less but more Fluid than Aer Who without the certificate of Experience could believe that meerly by the force of so little Flame a substance the most Fluid of 〈◊〉 that we know not onely so weighty a Bullet should be driven with such pernicity forward through the aer to the distance of many furlongs but also that so vast a weight as a Cannon and its Carriage bear should at the same time be thereby driven backwards or made to recoyle What therefore will you say if this could not come to pass without the concurrence of the Aer For it seems to be effected when the Flame at the instant of its Creation seeking to possess a more ample room or space doth convâ—â— its impetus or violence as well upon the breech or hinder part 〈◊〉 the Canon as upon the bullet lying before it in the bore or 〈◊〉 which discharged through the concave is closely prest upon 〈◊〉 the pursuing flame so that the flame immediately perishing 〈◊〉 leaving a void space the Aer from the front or adverse part instaâ—â— rusheth into the bore and that with such impetuous pernicity 〈◊〉 it forceth the Cannon to give back and yeilds a Fragor or Report as loud as Thunder nay by the Commotion of the vicine Aer 〈◊〉 â—â—akes even the largest structures and shatters Glass-windows 〈◊〉 in the sphere of its violence And all meerly from the 〈◊〉 Motion of the Aer restoring its distracted parts to their nâ—â—ural tenour or Laxity so that you may be satisfied of its Capacity not only to resist the Ascent of a stone thrown upward but also of Depelling it downward by an imprest Motion Notwithstanding our conquest of the main body of this Difficulty abouâ— the Restorative Motion of the Aer we are yet to encounter 〈◊〉 formidable Reserve which consists of these Scruples When a 〈◊〉 is thrown upward doth not the Aer in each degree of 〈◊〉 ascent suffer a Distraction of its parts and so is compelled 〈◊〉 a Periosis or circular motion to succeed into the place left below by the stone Doth it not therefore impress rather an 〈◊〉 than a Depulsive
Habit to which any Act can 〈…〉 attributed but as a meer Privation for to be Dry is nothing else 〈…〉 want moisture yet because a Moistned body may contain more 〈…〉 Humidity therefore may it be said to be more or less Dry 〈◊〉 and a body that is imbued with less moisture be said to be dry 〈…〉 one imbued with more Thus Green Wood or such as hath 〈◊〉 extraneous moisture is commonly said to grow more and more 〈…〉 degrees as it is more and more Dehumectâ—ted and then at lengâ—◠〈◊〉 be perfectly dry when all the Aqueous moisture as well natura◠〈◊〉 â—mbibed is consumed though then also it contain a certain 〈◊〉 moâ—sture which Philosophers call the Humidum Primigentum 〈◊〉 this only Comparatively or in respect to its forme◠〈…〉 was imbueâ— with a greater proportion of Humidity For the 〈◊〉 of this we are to observe that there are Two sorts 〈…〉 compact bodies are usually humectated the one 〈…〉 â—he other Oleag nous and Fat The First is easily 〈…〉 by heat but not inflammable the other though it 〈…〉 and is as easily inflammable in regard of the many 〈…〉 is not easily exsoluble nor attenuable into 〈…〉 cohaerence of its particles To the First 〈…〉 that mâ—â—sture in Concretions which Chymists extracting 〈…〉 Vegetables because though it moâ—stens as Wate◠〈…〉 incapable of inflâ—mmation yet is it much more volatile 〈…〉 And to eâ—ther or both sorts though in a diverse respect belong 〈…〉 they call Aqua Vitae or the spirits of a Vegetable such 〈…〉 because though it doth moisten as Water yet is 〈…〉 evaporable by heat and as inflammable as 〈…〉 learn in the School of Sense that such bodie◠〈…〉 Aqueous and Lean moisture are easily 〈…〉 are humectate with the Unctuous 〈…〉 hardly Why because the Atoms of which the Aqueous doth consist are more laevigated or smooth in their superfice and so having no hooks or clawes whereby to cohaere among themselves or adhaere to the concretion are soon disgregated but those which compose the Oleaginous being entangled as well among themselves as with the particles of the body to which they are admixt by their Hamous angles are not to be expeded and disengaged without great and long agitation and after many unsuccessfull attempts of evolution Thus Wood is sooner reduced to Ashes than a stone because that is compacted by much of Aqueous Humidity this by much of Unctuous For the same reason is it likewise that a clodd of Earth or peice of Cloth which hath imbibed Water is far more easily resiccated than that Earth or Cloth which hath been dippt in oyle or melted fat And this gives us somewhat more than a meer Hint toward the clear Solution of Two PROBLEMS frequently occurring but rarely examined The one is Why pure or simple Water cannot wash out spots of Oyle or Fat from a Cloth or silk Garment which yet Water wherein Ashes have been boyled or soap dissolved easily doth For the Cause hereof most probably is this that though Water of it self cannot penetrate the unctuous body of oyle nor dissociate its tenaciously cohaerent particles and consequently not incorporate the oyle to it self so as to carry it off in its fluid arms when it is expressed or wrung out from the cloth yet when it is impraegnated with Salt such as is abundantly contained in Ashes and from them extracted in decoction the salt with the sharp angles and points of its insensible particles penetrating pervading cutting and dividing the oyle in minimas particulas the Water following the particles of salt at the heels incorporates the oyle into it self and so being wrung out from the cloth again brings the same wholly off together with it self Which dâ—ubtless was in some part understood by the Inventor of soap which being compounded 〈◊〉 Water Salt and Oyle most perfectly commixt is the most general Abstersive for the cleansing of Cloathes polluted with oyle grease turpentine sweat and the like unctuous natures for the particleâ— of oyle ambuscadoed in the soap encountring those oyly or pâ—nguous particleâ— which adhaere to the hairs and filaments of Cloth and stâ—â—n it become easily united to them and bring them off together with themselves when they are dissolved and set afloat in the Water by the incisive and diâ—â—â—ciating particles of the Salt which also is brought off at the same time by the Water which serveth only as a common vehicle to aâ—l the rest The other Why stains of Ink are not Delible with Water though decocted to a Lixirium or Lee with Ashes or commixt with soap but wiâ—◠〈◊〉 Acid juice such as of Limons Oranges Crabbs Vinegre c. 〈◊〉 Reason hereof seems to be only this that the Viâ—â—ioâ— or 〈◊〉 which â—trâ—kes the black in the Decoction of Galls Sumach or other 〈◊〉 Ingredients being Acid and so consisting of particles congenerâ—â—s â—n figure and other proprieties to those which constitute the 〈…〉 whenever the spot of Ink is throughly moystned with an acid 〈◊〉 the vitrioâ—â—s soon united thereto and so educed together with â—t upâ—n expression the union arising propter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the Similitude of their two natures For there always is the most easy and perfect union where is a Similitude of Essences or formal proprieties as is notably experimented in the eduction of Cold from a mans hands or other benummed parts by rubbing them with snow in the evocation of fire by fire in the extraction of some Venoms from the central to the outward parts of the body by the application of other Venoms to the skin which is the principal cause why some Poysons are the Antidotes to others the alliciency and â—â—â—â—uation of Choler by Rhubarb c. Lastly in 〈◊〉 place we might pertinently insist upon the Causes and Manner of Coâ—â—osion and Dissolution of Metals and other Compact and Firmâ— bodies 〈◊〉 Aqua Fortis Aqua Regis and other Chymical Waters the 〈◊〉 of Salt Alume Nitre Vitriol Sugar and other Salin concreted 〈◊〉 by Water the Exhalability or Evaporability of Humid and 〈◊〉 substances and other useful speculations of the like obscure naturâ— but 〈◊〉 of these deserves a more exact and prolix Disquisition than the 〈…〉 signed to our praesent province will afford and what we have already 〈◊〉 sufficiently dischargeâ—h our debt to the Title of this Chapter CHAP. XIV Softness Hardness Flexility Tractility Ductility c. SECT I. THe two First of this Rank of Secunâ—darie Qualities HARDNESS and SOFTNESS beâ—ng so neer of Extraction and Semblance that mâ—ny have confounded them with Firmness and Fluidâ—ty in a General and looser acceptâ—tion forâ— so Virgil gives the Epitheâ—e of Soft to Water Lucretius to Aer Vaporâ— Clouds c. because a Firme bodie or such whose parts are reciprocâ—lly cohaerent and superfice more 〈…〉 apparently continued as 〈◊〉 may be Soft and on the other side a Fluid body or such whose 〈…〉 not reciprocally cohaerent nor 〈◊〉 really continued as 〈…〉 be Hard
therefore ought we 〈…〉 examination â—f the nature of Hardness and Softness 〈…〉 Consequents Flexility Tractility 〈◊〉 c. where that of â—â—â—mness and 〈◊〉 ends that so we may by explicating their Cognation when menâ—â—oneâ— in a general sense manifest theâ—r Differences when considered in a Special and praecise and so prevent the otherwise imminent danger of aequivocatâ—on To come therefore without farther circumambage to the discuisition of the proper nature of each of these Qualities according to the method of their production conforming our conceptions to those of Aristotle who â—4 Meteor 4. defines Durum to be Quod ex superficie in seipsum non â—edit and Molle to be Quod ex superficie in seipsum cedit and referring both to the cognizance of the sense of Touching we understand a HARD body to be such whoâ—e parâ—icles are so firmely coadunated among themselves and superfiâ—e is so conâ—inued â—s that being prest by the finger it doth not yeeld thereto nor haâ—◠〈◊〉 â—uperfice at all indented or depressed thereby such â—s a stone and on the conâ—rary a SOFT one to be such as doth yield to the pressure of the finger in the superfice and that by retrocession or giving back of the superficial particles immediately prest by the finger versus profundum towards it profound or internal such as Wax the Flesh of Animals Clay c. For the chief Difference betwixt a Fluid and a Soft body accepted in a Philosophical or praecise not a Poetical or random sense consisteth only in this that the Fluid when prest upon doth yield to the body pressing not by indentment or incavation of it superfice i. e. the retrocession of it superficial particles which are immediately urged by the depriment toward its middle or profound ones which are farther from it but by rising upwards in round and equally on all sides as much as it is deprest in the superfice and a Soft doth yield to the body pressing only by retrocession of it superficial inwards toward it central particles so that they remain during and sometimes long after the depression more or less lower than any other part of the superfice Which being considered Aristotles judgement that Softness is incompetent to Water must be indisputable because t is evident to sense that Water being deprest in the superfice doth not recede towards its interior or profound parts as is the property of all soft things to doe but riseth up in round equally on all sides of the body pressing and so keeps it superfice equally and level as before As for the Fundamental Cause of Hardness observed in Concretions it must be the chief essential propriety of Atoms Solidity and upon consequence the Original of its Contrary Softness must be Inanity For among Concretions every one is more and more Hard or less and less soft according as it more and more approacheth to the solidity of an Atom which knowes nothing of softness and on the other side every thing is more and more soft or less and less hard according as it more and more approacheth the nature of Inanity which knowes nothing of Hardness Not that the Inane space is therefore capable of the Attribute of Soft as if it had a superfice and such as could recede inwards upon pression but that every Concretion is alwayes so much the more soft i. e. the less hard by how the more it yields in the superfice upon pressure and this only in respect of the more of Inanity or the Inane space intercepted among the solid particles whereof it is composed It need not be accounted Repetition that we here resume what we have formerly entrusted to the memomory of our Reader viz. that touching the deduction of these two Qualities Hardness and Softness the provident Atomist hath wonn the Garland from all other Sects of Philosophers for supposing the Catholike materials of Nature to be Atoms i. e. Solid or inflexible and exsoluble Bodies he is â—urnished with a most sufficient nay a necessary Reason not only for the Hardness or Inflexibility but also for the Softness or Flexibility of all Concretions insomuch as it is of the essence oâ— his Hypothesis that every compound nature derives its Hardness only from the â—olidity of its materials and softness only from the Inane space intercepted amonâ— its component particles in respect whereof each of those particles is moveable and so the whole Aggregate or mass of them becomes flexible or devoid of rigidity in all its parts and consequently yeelding in that part which is pressed But no other Hypothesis excogitable is fruitful enough to afford a satisfactory nay not so much as a meerly plausible solution of this eminent and fundamental Difficulty for those who assume the universal matter to be voyd of Hardness and so infinitely exsoluble i. e. not to be Atoms though they may indeed assign a sufficient reason why some Concretions are soft yet shall they ever want one to answer him who demands why other Concretions are Hard because themselves have exempted Atoms from whose solidity all Hardness ariseth to Concretions And this most easily detecteth the gross and unpardonable incogitancy of Aristotle when He determined the Hardness and Softness of Concretions to be Absolute Qualities for since Atoms alone are absolutely void of all Softness and the Inane space alone absolutely void of all Hardness and all Concretions are made up of Atoms nothing is more manifest than that Hardness and Softness as attributary to Concretions are Qualities meerly Comparative or more praecisely that Softness is a Degree of Hardness and consequently that there are various Degrees of Hardness according to which Concretions may be said to be more or less Hard and such as are hard in respect of one may be yet soft in respect of another that is more hard or less soft As for the praecise Manner how the several Degrees of Hardness and Softness result from Atoms and Inanity commixt we need not much insist thereupon since the production of each degree may be easily and fully comprehended from our praecedent explanation of the Causes of Fluidity and Firmness For though Softness be observable in bodies endowed with Firmness or Influxibility yet because the degrees of Firmness are also various and proceed from the more or less Arresting or Impeding of Fluidity and so that the thing consist of Atoms more or less Coarctated moveable among themselves and dissociable each from other from whence alone doth the yeeldingness of it in the superfice arise therefore is it necessary that in Firme things the same is the cause of Softness which in Fluid things is the cause of Fluidity Nor is the Difference betwixt their productions other than this that to Softness specially and strictly accepted are required Atoms somewhat Hooked and so Retentive each of other as not to be wholly dissociated or to permit a manifest abruption or breach of continuity upon pressure but to strict Fluidity it is not requisite that
ibid. 3 The grand Difficulty of the Cause of the Aers restitution of it self to its natural contexture after rarefaction and condensation satisfyed in brief ibid. CHAP. V. A Vacuum praeternatural p. 35. SECT I. ARTIC 1 WHat is conceived by a Coacervate Vacuity and who was the Inventer of the famous Experiment of Quick-silver in a Glass Tube upon which many modern Physiologists have erected their perswasion of the possibility of introducing it 35 2 A faithful description of the Experiment and all its rare Phaenomena 36 3 The Authors reason for his selection of onely six of the most considerable Phaenomena to explore the Causes of them 37 SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe First Cardinal Difficulty 37 2 The Desert space in the Tube argued to be an absolute Vacuum coacervate from the impossibility of its replâ—tion with Aer ibid. 3 The Experiment praesented in Iconism 38 4 The Vacuity in the Desert Space not praevented by the insinuation of Aether 40 5 A Paradox that Nature doth not abhor all vacuity per se but onely ex Accidenti or in respect to Fluxility ibid. 6 A second Argument against the repletion of the Desert space by Aether 41 7 The Vacuity of the Desert space not praevented by an Halitus or Spiritual Eâ—â—lux from the Mercury for three convincing reasons 42 8 The Authors Apostacy from the opinion of an absolute Coacervate Vacuity in the desert space in regard of ibid. 9 The possibility of the subingression of light ibid. 10 Of the Atoms or insensible bodies of Heat and Cold which are much more exile and penetrative then common Aer 43 11 Of the Magnetical Eâ—â—lux of the Earth to which opinion the Author resigns his Assent 44 12 No absolute plenitude nor absolute Vacuity in the Desert Space but onely a Disseminate Vacuity ibid. SECT III. ARTIC 1 THe second Difficulty stated 45 2 Two things necessary to the creation of an excessive or praeternatural Vacuity ibid. 3 The occasion of Galilaeos invention of a Brass Cylindre charged with a wooden Embol or Sucker and of Torricellius invention of the praesent Experiment ibid. 4 The marrow of the Difficulty viz. How the Aer can be impelled upward by the Restagnant Quick silver when there externally wants a fit space for it to ciâ—culate into 46 5 The solution of the same by the Laxity of the Contexture of the Aer ibid. 6 The same illustrated by the adaequate simile of Corn infused into a Bushel ibid. 7 A subordinate scruple why most bodies are moved through the Aer with so little resistence as is imperceptible by sense 47 8 The same Expeded ibid. 9 A second dependent scruple concerning the Cause of the sensible resistence of the Aer in this case of the Experiment together with the satisfaction thereof by the Gravity of Aer ibid. SECT IV. ARTIC 1 THe State of the Third Difficulty 48 2 The Solution thereof in a Word ibid. 3 Three praecedent positions briefly recognized in order to the worthy profounding of the mystery of the Aers resisting Compression beyond a certain rate or determinate proportion ibid. 4 The Aequiponderancy of the External Aer pendent upon the surface of the Restagnant Mercury in the vessel to the Cylindre of Mercury residuous in the Tube at the altitude of 27 digits the cause of the Mercuries constant subsistence at that point 49 5 A convenient simile illustrating and enforcing the same 50 6 The Remainder of the Difficulty viz. Why the Aequilibrium of these two opposite weights the Mercury and the Aer is constant to the praecise altitude of 27 digits removed ibid. 7 Humane Perspicacity terminated in the exterior parts of Nature or simple Apparitions which eluding our Cognition frequently fall under no other comprehension but that of rational Conjecture ibid. 8 The constant subsistence of the Mercury at 27 digits adscriptive rather to the Resistence of the Aer then to any occult Quality in the Mercury 51 9 The Analogy betwixt the Absolute and Respective Aequality of weights of Quick-silver and Water in the different altitudes of 27 digits and 32 feet 52 10 The definite weights of the Mercury at 27 digits and Water at 32 feet in a Tube of the third part of a digit in diametre found to be neer upon two pound Paris weight ibid. 11 Quaere Why the Aequilibrium is constant to the same point of altitude in a Tube of a large concave as well as in one of a small when the force of the Depriment must be greater in the one then the other 53 12 The solution thereof by the appropriation of the same Cause which makes the descent of two bodies of different weights aequivelox ibid. SECT V. ARTIC 1 THe Fourth Capital Difficulty proposed 54 2 The full solution thereof by demonstration ibid. 3 The same confirmed by the theory of the Cause of the Mercuries frequent Reciprocations before it acquiesce at the point of Aequipondium ibid. SECT VI. ARTIC 1 THe Fifth Principal Difficulty 55 2 Solved by the Motion of Restauration natural to each insâ—nsible particle of Aer ibid. 3 The incumbent Aer in this case equally distressed by two contrary Forces 56 4 The motion of Restauration in the Aerâ—extended to the satisfaction of another consimilar Doubt concerning the subintrusion of Water into the Tube if superaffused upon the restagnant Mercury ibid. 5 A Third most important Doubt concerning the nonapparence of any Tensity or Rigidity in the region of Aer incumbent upon the Restagnant Liquors ibid. 6 The solution thereof by the necessary reliction of a space in the vicâ—â—â— region of Lax aer equal to that which the Hand commoved possesseth in the region of the Comprest 57 7 A confirmation of the same Reason by the adaequate Example of the Flame of a Tapour ibid. 8 2 By the Experiment of Urination ibid. 9 3 By the Beams of thâ— Sun entring a room through some slender crany in the appearance of a White shining Wand and constantly maintaining that Figure notwithstanding the agitation of the aer by wind c. 58 10 4 By the constancy of the Rainbow to its Figure notwithstanding the change of position and place of the cloud and contiguous aer ibid. 11 Helmonts Dâ—lirium that the Rainbow is a supernatural Meteor observed ibid. SECT VII ARTIC 1 THe sixth and last considerable Difficulty ibid. 2 The cleer solution thereâ—â— by the great disproportion of weight betwiâ—t Quick-silver and Water 59 3 A Corollary the Altitude of the Atmosphere conjectured ibid. 4 A second Corollary the desperate Difficulty of conciliating Physiology to the Mathematicks instanced in the much discrepant opinions of Galilaeo and Mersennus concerning the proportion of Gravity that Aer and Water hold each to other ibid. 5 The Conclusion of the Digression and the reasons why the Authorâ—â—â—cribes â—â—â—cribes a Cylindrical Figure to the portion of Aer impendent on the Restagnant Liquors in the Experiment 60 CHAP. VI. Of PLACE p. 62. SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Identity Essential
of the inside of the Uvea Tunica 6 The Tunica Arachnoides 7 The Ciliary Filaments thereof 8 The Chrystalline 9 The Retina Tunica 10 The six Muscles viz. 1 The Direct as the Atollent Depriment Adducent Abducent 2 And Oblique as the 2 Circumactors or Lovers Muscles 173 to 177 3 Why the Situation of an object is perceived by the sight 177 4 The Reason of the eversion of the Image in the Amphiblestroides 178 5 The same illustrate by an Experiment ibid. 6 Why the Motion and Quiet of objects are discerned by the sight ibid. 7 Why Catoptrical Images imitate the motions of their Antitipes or Originals ibid. 8 Why the right side of a Catoptrical Image respects the Left of its Exemplar And why two Catoptrick Glasses confrontingly posited cause a Restitution of the parts of the Image to the natural Form 180 CHAP. IV. The Nature of Colours p. 182. SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Argument duly acknowledged to be superlatively Difficult if not absolutely Acataleptical ibid. 2 The sentence of Aristotle concerning the Nature of Colours and the Commentary of Scaliger thereupon 183 3 The opinion of Plato ibid. 4 Of the Pythagorean and Stoick 184 5 Of the Spagyrical Philosophers ibid. 6 The reason of the Authors desertion of all these and election of Democritus and Epicurus judgement touching the Generation of Colours ibid. 7 The Text of Epicurus fully and faithfully expounded 185 SECT II. ARTIC 1 A PARADOX That there are no Colours in the Dark 186 2 A familiar Experiment attesting the Verity thereof ibid. 3 The Constancy of all Artificial Tinctures dependent on the constancy of Disposition in the superficial Particles of the Bodies that wear them 187 4 That so generally magnified Distinction of Colours into Inhaerent and meerly Apparent redargued of manifest Contradiction ibid. 5 The Emphatical or Evanid Colours created by Prisms no less Real and Inhaerent than the most Durable Tinctures 188 6 COROLLARY The Reasons of Emphatical Colours appinged on Bodies objected by a Prism 189 7 The true Difference of Emphatical and Durable Colours briefly stated ibid. 8 No Colour Formally inhaerent in objects but only Materially or Effectively contrary to the constant Tenent of the Schools ibid 9 The same farther vindicated from Difficulty by the tempestive Recognition of some praecedent Assumptions of the Atomists 190 SECT III. ARTIC 1 THe Nativity of White or the reason of its perception by the sight 191 2 Black a meer Privation of Light ibid. 3 The Genealogy of all Intermediate Colors ibid. 4 The Causes of the Sympathy and Antipathy of some Colours 192 5 The intermisâ—ion of small shadows among the lines of Light absolutely necessary to the Generation of any Intermediate Colour ibid. 6 Two eminent PROBLEMS concerning the Generation and Transposition of the Vermillion and Caerule appinged on Bodies by Prismes 193 7 The Solution of the Former with a rational Conjecture of the Cause of the Blew apparent in the Concave of the Heavens 194 8 The Solution of the Latter 195 9 The Reasons why the Author proceeds not to investigate the Causes of Compound Colours in Particular 196 10 He confesseth the Erection of this whole Discourse on simple Conjecture and enumerates the Difficulties to be subdued by him who hopes to attain an Apodictical Knowledge of the Essence and Causes of Colours ibid. 11 Des Cartes attempt to dissolve the chief of those Difficulties unsuccessful because grounded on an unstable Hypothesis 197 CHAP. V. The Nature of Light p. 198. SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Clasp or Ligament of this to the praecedent Chapter ibid. 2 The Authors Notion of the Rays of Light ibid. 3 A Parallelism betwixt a stream of Water exsilient from the Cock of a Cistern and a Ray of Light emanent from its Lucid Fountain ibid PRAECONSIDERABLES 199 4 Light distinguisht into Primary Secondary c. 199 5 All Light Debilitated by Reflection and why ibid. 6 An Example sensibly demomonstrating the same 200 7 That light is in perpetual Motion according to Aristotle ibid. 8 Light why Corroborated in some cases and Debilitated in others by Refraction 201 COROLLARY Why the Figure of the Sun both rising and setting appears rather Elliptical than Sphaerical ibid. 9 PARADOX That the proportion of Solary Rays reflected by the superior Aer or Aether toward the Earth is so small as not to be sensible 202 10 That every Lucid Body as Lucid doth emit its Rays Sphaerically but as Visible Pyramidally ibid. 11 That Light is invisible in the pure medium 203 SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe necessity of the Authors confirmation of the First Praeconsiderable 204 2 The Corporiety of Light demonstrated by its just Attributes viz. 1 Locomotion 2 Resilition 3 Refraction 4 Coition 5 Disgregation 6 Igniety 224 225 3 Aristotles Definition of Light a meer Ambage and incomprehensible 205 4 TheCorporiety of Light imports not the Coexistence of two Bodies in one Place contrary to the Peripatetick 206 5 Nor the motion of a Body to be Instantaneous ibid. 6 The Invisibility of Light in the limpid medium no Argument of its Immateriality as the Peripatetick praesumes ibid. 7 The Corporiety of Light fully consistent with the Duration of the Sun contrary to the Peripatetick 207 8 The insensibility of Heat in many Lucent Bodies no valid Argument against the praesent Thesis that Light is Flame Attenuated ibid. CHAP. VI. The Nature of a Sound p 208. SECT I. ARTIC 1 AN Elogy of the sense of Hearing and the Relation of this and the praecedent Chapter ibid. 2 The great Affinity betwixt Visible and Audible species in their representation of the superficial Conditions of Objects 209 3 In the Causes and manner of their Destruction ibid. 4 In their Actinobolism or Diffusion both Sphaerical and Pyramidal 210 5 In their certifying the sense of the Magnitude Figure and other Qualities of their Originals ibid. 6 In the obscuration of Less by Greater 211 7 In their offence of the organs when excessive ibid. 8 In their production of Heat by Multiplication ibid. 9 In their Variability according to the various disposition of the Medium ibid. 10 In their chief Attributes of Locomotion Exsilition Impaction Resilition Disgregation Congregation ibid. SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe Product of the Praemises concerning the points of Consâ—nt and Dissent of Audible and Visible Species viz That Sounds are Corporeal 213 2 An obstruction of praejudice from the generally supposed repugnant Authorities of some of the Ancients expeded ibid. 3 An Argument of the Corporiety of Sounds 214 4 A Second Argument ibid. COROLLARY ibid. 5 The Causes of Concurrent Echoes where the Audient is equally almost distant from the Sonant and Repercutient ibid. COROLLARY 2. 215 6 Why Concaves yield the strongest and longest Sounds ibid. COROLLARY 3. ibid 7 The reason of Concurrent Echoes where the Audient is neer the 〈◊〉 and remote from the sonant ibid. COROLLARY 4. ibid. 8 Wâ—y 〈◊〉 Monophon rehearse so much the fâ—â—er syllables by how much neerer the audient is
Disseminate Inanity neither important nor câ—mpetent ibid. 9 The Hypâ—theâ—is of a câ—rtâ—in Aethereal substance to replenish thâ— porâ—s â—f Boâ—ies in Raâ—ifaction demonstrated insufficient to solve the Difficulty or demolish the Epâ—cuâ—ean Thâ—sis of small Vacuities 254 10 The Facility of understanding the Reasons and Manner of 〈◊〉 and Condensation from the Concâ—ssion of sâ—all Vacuities illustrated by a 〈…〉 255 11 PARADOX Thaâ— the Matter of a Body when 〈…〉 no more of true Place 〈…〉 and the Coâ—câ—liaâ—ion thereof to the 〈◊〉 Definitions of a Rare and of a Denâ—e Boâ—y 2â—6 12 PROBLEM 〈…〉 be capable of Condensation to so hiâ—g 〈◊〉 as it is of Rariâ—faction and the 〈◊〉 â—olution therof ibid. SECT III. ART C. 1 THe opportunity of the present speculation concerning the Câ—uses of Perâ—picuity and Opacity â—â—8 2 The true Notions of a Perâ—picuum and Opacum ibid. 3 That every Concretion is so much the more 〈◊〉 by how much thâ— more and more ample Inane Spaces 〈◊〉 inâ—â—rcepted among its particles caeteus paâ—â—bus ibid. 4 Why Glass though much more Dense is yet much more Diaphanous than Paper 259 5 Why â—he Diaphanity of Glass is gradually diminished according to the various degrees of its Crassitude ibid. 6 An Apodictical Confutation of that popular Error that Glass is totally or in every particle Diaphanous 260 CHAP. X. Of Magnitude Figure And their Consequents Subtility Hebetude Smoothness Asperity 261 SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Contexture of this Chapter with the praecedent ibid. 2 That the Magnitude of Concretions ariseth from the Magnitude of their Material Principles ibid. 3 The praesent intentiâ—n of the term Magnitude ibid. 4 That the â—uantity of a thing is meerly the Matter of it 2â—2 5 The Quantity of a thing neither Augmented by its Rarefaction nor diminished by its Condensation contrary to the Aristotelians who distinguish the Qâ—antity of a Body from its Substaâ—ce ibid. 6 The reason of Quantity explicable also meerly from the notion of Place 263 7 The Existence of a Body without real Extension and of Extension without a Body though impossible to Nature yet easie to God ibid. 8 COROLLARY That the primary Cause why Nature admits no Penetration of Dimensiâ—ns is rather the Solidity than the Extension of a Body 264 9 The reasons of Quantity Continued and Dâ—screte or Magnitude and Multitude ibid. 10 That no Body is perfectly Continued beside an Atom ibid. 11 Aristotles Dâ—finition of a Continuum in what respect true and what false 265 12 Figure Physicalâ—y considered nothing but the superficies or terminant Extremes of a Body ibid. SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe Continuity of this to the first Section 266 2 Subtility and Hebetude how the Consequents of Magnitude ibid. 3 A considerable Exception of the Chymests viz. that some Bodies are dissolved in liquors of grosser particles which yet conserve their Continuity in liquors of most subtile and corrosive particles prevented ibid. 4 Why Oyle dissociates the parts of some Bodies which remain inviolate in Spirit of Wine and why Lightning is more penetrative than Fire 267 5 Smoothness and Asperity in Concretions the Consequents of Figure in their Material Principles ibid. CHAP. XI Of the Motive Vertue Habit Gravity and Levity of Concretions â—69 SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Motive Virtue of all Concretions derived from the essential Mobility of Atoms ibid. 2 Why the Motive Virtue of Concretions doth reside principally in their spiritual Parts 270 3 That the Deviation of Concretions from motion Direct and their Tardity in motion arise from the Deflections and â—epercussions of Atoms composing them ibid. 4 Why the motion of all Concretions necessarily praessâ—pâ—ssâ—th something that remains unmoved or that in respect of its slower motion is equivalâ—nt â—o a thing Vnmoved ibid. 5 What 〈◊〉 Aâ—tive Faculty of a thing is 271 6 That in Nature every Faculty is Active none Passive ibid. 7 A Peripatetick Contradiction assuming the Matter of alâ— Bodies to be devoid of all Activity and yet dâ—suming some Faculties à tota substantia 272 8 That the â—aculties of Animals the Ratiocination of man onely excepted are Identical with their spirits ibid. 9 The Reasons of the Coexistence of Various Faculties in one and the same Concretion ibid. 10 Habit defiâ—ed 273 11 That the Reason of all Habits in Animals consisteth principally in the conformity and flexibility of the Organs which the respective Faculty makes use of for the performance of its proper Actions ibid. 12 Habits acquirable by Bruits and common not onely to Vegetables but also to some Minerals 2â—4 SECT II. ARTIC 1 GRavity as to its Essence or Formal Reason very obscure 275 2 The opinion of Epicurus good as to the Cause of Comparative insufficient as to the â—ause of Absolute Gravity ibid. 3 Aristotles opinion of Gravity recited ibid. 4 Copernicus theory of Gravity insatisfactory and wherein 276 5 The Determination of Kepler Gassendus c. that Gravity is Caused meâ—rly by the Attraction of the Earth espoused by the Author 277 6 The External Principle of the perpendicular Descent of a stone projected up in the Aer must be either Depellent or Attrahent ibid. 7 That the Resistence of the Superior Aer is the onely Cause which gradually refracteth and in fine wholly overcometh the Imâ—rest Force whereby a stone projected is elevated upward ibid. 8 That the Aer distracted by a stone violently ascending hath as well a Depulsive as a Resistent Faculty arising immediately from its Elaterical or Restorative motion 279 9 That nevertheless when a stone projected on high in the Aer is at the highest point of its mountee no Cauâ—e can Begâ—â— its Downward Motion but the Attractive Virtue of the Earth 280 10 Argument that the Tâ—râ—aqueous Globe is endowed with a certain Attractive Faculty in order to the Dâ—tention and Retraction of aâ—l its Parts 2â—1 11 What are the Parts of the TerrestrialGlobe 282 12 A Second Argument that the Earth is Magnetical ibid. 13 A Parallelism betwixt the Attraction of Iron by a Loadstone and the Attraction of Terrene bodies by the Eaâ—th 283 14 That as the sphere of the Loadstones Allective Virtue is limited so is that of the Eartâ—s magnetism ibid. 15 An Objection of the Disproportion between the great Bulk of a large stone and the Exility of the supposed magnetique Rays of the Earth Solved by three weighty Reasons 284 16 The Reason of the Aequivelocity of Bodies oâ— different weights in their perpendicular Descent with sundry unquestionable Authorities to confirm the Hoti thereof â—85 17 That the whole Terrestrial Globe is devoid of Gravity and that in the universe is no Highest nor Lowest place 2â—6 18 That the Centre of the Vniverse is not the Lowest part thereof nor the Centre of the Earth the Centre of the World 287 19 A Fourth Argument that Gravity is onely Attraction 289 20 Why a greater Gravity or stronger Attractive force is imprest upon a piece of Iron by a Loadstone than by the Earth ibid. 21 A Fifth Argument
the Constitution of all sorts of things 434 CHAP. II. Of Motion p. 435. SECT I. ARTIC 1 WHy the Nature of Motion which deserved to have been the subject of the first speculation was reserved to be the Argument of the Last in this Physiology ibid. 2 An Epicurean Principle of fundamental concern to motion 436 3 Aristotles Position that the first Principle of motion is the very Forme of the thing moved absolutely incomprehensible unless the Form of a thing be conceived to be a certain tenuious Contexture of most subtile and most active Atoms ibid. 4 A second Epicurean Fundamental concerning motion and the state of the Difference betwixt Epicurus Aristotle and Plato touching the same 4â—7 5 Epicurus's Definition of motion to be the Remove of a body from place to place much more intelligible and proper than Aristotles that it is the Act of an Entity in power as it is such 438 6 Empericus his Objections against that Definition of Epicurus and the full Solution of each 439 7 That there is motion contrary to the Sophisms of Parmenides Melissus Zeno Diodorus and the Scepticks 441 SECT II. ARTIC 1 ARistotles Definitions of Natural and Violent motion incompetent and more adaequate ones substituted in the room of them 444 2 The same deduced from the First Epicurean Principle of motion praemised and three considerable Conclusions extracted from thence 445 3 A short survey of Aristotles whole theory concerning the Natural motion of Inanimates and the Errors thereof 446 4 Uniformity or Aequability the proper Character of a Natural motion and the want of uniformity of a Violent 447 5 The Downward motion of Inanimates derived from an External Principle contrary to Aristotle 449 6 That that External Principle is the Magnetique Attraction of the Earth 450 7 That the Vpward motion of Light things is not Accelerated in every degree of their Ascent as Aristotle praecariously affirmed but the Downward motion of Heavy things is Accelerated in every degree of their Descent ibid 8 The Cause of that Encrease of Velocity in Bodies descending not the Augmentation of their Specifical Perfection as they approach neerer and neerer to their proper place as Simplicius makes Aristotle to have thought 452 9 Nor the Diminution of the quantity of Aer underneath them as some Others conjectured ibid. 10 Nor the Gradual Diminution of the Force imprest upon them in their projection upward as Hipparchus alleadged 453 11 But the Magnetique Attraction of the Earth ibid. 12 That the Proportion or Ration of Celerity to Celerity encreasing in the descent of Heavy things is not the same as the Proportion or Ration of Space to Space which they pervade contrary to Michael Varro the Mathematician 455 13 But that the moments or Equal degrees of Celerity carry the same proportion as the moments or equal degrees of Time during the motion according to the Illustrious Galilaeo 456 14 Galilaeo's Grounds Experience and Reason 457 15 The same Demonstrated 458 16 The Physical Reason of that Proportion 460 17 The Reason of the Equal Velocity of Bodies of very different weights falling from the same altitude inferred from the same Theory ibid. 18 Gravity Distinguish't into Simple and Adjectitious 461 19 The Rate of that superlative velocity with which a Bullet would be carried in case it should fall from the Moon Sun or region of the Fixed stars to the Earth and from each of those vast heights to the Centre of the Earth 462 SECT III. ARTIC 1 WHat and whence is that Force or Virtue Motive whereby Bodies Projected are carried on after their Dismission from the Projicient 463 2 The Mâ—nner of the Impression of that Force 465 3 That all Mâ—tion in a free or Empty space must be Vniform and Perpetual and that the chief Cause of the Inequality and Brevity of the motion of things projected through the Atmosphere is the maâ—netique Attraction of the Earth 466 4 That in the Atmosphere no body can be projected in a Direct line unless perpendicularly Vpward or Downward and why 468 5 That the Motion of a stone projâ—cted upwards obliquely is Composed of an Horizontal and Perpendicular together ibid. 6 Demonstration of that Composition 469 7 That of the two different Forces impressed upon a ball thrown upward from the hand of a man standing in a ship that is under sayl the one doth not destroy the other but each attains its proper scope ibid. 8 That the space of time in which the Ball is Ascending from the Foot to the Top of the Mast is equal to that in which it is again Descending from the top to the foot 470 9 That though the Perpendicular motion of a stone thrown obliquely upward be unequal both in its ascent and descent yet is the Horizontal of Equal Velocity in all parts of space ibid. 10 The Reason and Manner of the Reflexion or Rebounding motion of Bodies diverted from the line of their direction by others encountring them 471 11 That the Emersion of a weight appensed to a string from the perpendicular to which it had reduced it self in Vibration is a Reflexion Median betwixt No Reflexion at all and the Least Reflexion assignable and the Rule of all other Reflexion whatever 472 12 The Reason of the Equality of the Angles of Incidence and Reflexion ibid. 13 Two Inferences from the praemises viz· 1 That the oblique Projection of a Globe against a plane is composed of a double Parallel and 2 That Nature suffers no diminution of her right to the shortest way by Reflexion 474 14 Wherein the Aptitude or Ineptitude of bodies to Reflexion doth consist ibid. BOOK the FIRST CHAP. I. All Modern Philosophers reduced to four general Orders and the principal causes of their Dissention SECT I. IF we look back into the Monuments or Remains of Antiquitie we shall observe as many several SECTS of Philosophers as were the Olympiads in which Greece wore the Imperial Diadem of Letters nay perhaps as many as she contained Academies and publike Professors of Arts and Sciences Each Master affecting to be reputed the principal Secretary of Nature and his Disciples their minds being deeply imbued with his principles admiring him as the Grand Oracle of Divinitie and the infallible Dictator of Scientifical Maxims The chiefest most diffused and most memorable of these Sects were the Pythagorean the Stoick the Platonist the Academick the Peripatetick the Epicurean and what derided all the rest the Pyrrhonian or Sceptick which feircely contended for the Laurel by subtle disputations on the side of absolute Ignorance and aspired to the Monarchy of Wisdom by detecting the vanitie and incertitude of all Natural Science As for the Megarick Eretrick Cyreniack Annicerian Theodorian Cynick Eliack Dialectick and others less famous Diogenes Laertius de vita Philosophor hath preserved not only a faithful Catalogue of them but hath also recorded their originals declinations periods opinions If we enquire into the Modern state of Learning down even to our present
contemptible Evidence that water doth contain various insensible Loculaments Chambers or Receptaries of different Figures and that this variety of those Figures doth accommodate it to extract the Tinctures of several Bodies inâ—ected and infused therein So as it is exceedingly difficult to evince by Experiment that any Liquor is so sated with precedent Tinctures as noâ— to be capable of others also especially while we cannot arrive at the exact knowledge of the Figure of the Atomical Particles of the body to be infused nor of the Figures of those minute spaces in the liquor which remain unpossessed by the former dissolutions Upon which reason we are bold to suspect the truth of the Lord S. Albans assertion Centur. 1 Nat. Hist. that by repeating the infusion of Rhubarb several times letting each dose thereof remain in maceration but a small time in regard to the Fineness and volatility of its Spirits or Emanations a medicament may be made as strongly Catharctical or Purgative as a simple infusion of Sâ—amony in the like weight For 1 when the empty spaces in the Menstruum or Liquor which respond in Figure to the Figure of the Atomical particles of the Rhubarb are replenished with its Tincture they can admit no greater fraught but the Imbibition of Virtue ceaseth and that two or three infusions at most suffice to the repletion of those respective spaces may be collected from hence that the Rhubarb of the fourth infusion loseth nothing of its Purgative Faculty thereby but being taken out and singly infused in a proportionate quantity of the like liquor it worketh as effectually as if it had never been infused before 2 Experience testiâ—ieth the Contrary viz. that a Drachm of Scamony singly infused in an ounce and half of White wine doth operate caeteris paribus by 15 parts of 20 more smartly then 5 drachms of Rhubarb successively infused in the like quantity of the same or any other convenient Liquor Here also is the most probable Cause why two Drachms of Antimony crude or Crocus Metallorum give as powerful a Vomitory impraegnation to a Pint of Saâ—â— or White wine as two ounces viz. because the menstruum hath no more Vacuities of the same Figure with the Atomical Efâ—luviums of the Antimony then what suffice to the imbibition or admission of the two Drachms For the Certitude of this we appeal to the experience of a Lady in Cheshire who seduced by an irregular Charity and an opinion of her own skill doth praetend to the cure of the sick and to that purpose praepares her Catholique Vomitory consisting of four Drachms and an half of crude stibium infused all night in 3 or 4 ounces of White wine and usually gives it without respect to the individual temperament of the Assument for one dose to the sick and yet as our selves have more then once observed the infusion doth work with no greater violence in some persons then as much of our common Emetique Infusion praescribed in the reformed Dispensatory of our Venerable College Nay more then this our selves have often reduced the Dose of the same Emetique Infusion down only to 4 Scruples and yet found its operation come not much short of the usual Dose of an ounce Hence also may be desumed a satisfactory reason for the impraegnation of one and the same Menstruum with various Tinctures for Example Why an Infusion of Rhubarb sated with its tincture doth afterward extract the tinctures of Agarick Senna the Cordial Flowers Cremor Tartari c. injected according to the praescript of the judicious Physician in order to his confection of a Compound Medicament requisite to the satisfaction of a Complex Scope or Intention SECT IV. A Third Argument for the comprobation of a Vacuum Disseminatum may be adferred from the Cause of the Difference of Bodies in the degrees of Gravity respective to their Density or Rarity i. e. according to the greater or less Inane Spaces interspersed among their insensible Particles And a Fourth likewise from the reason of the Calefaction of Bodies by the subingress or penetration of the Atoms of Fire into the empty Intervals variously disseminate among their minute particles But in respect that we conceive our Thesis sufficiently evinced by the Praecedent Reasons and that the consideration of the Causes of Gravity and Calefaction doth according to the propriety of Method belong to our succeeding Theory of Qualities we may not in this place insist upon them And as for those many Experiments of Water-hour-glasses Syringes Glass Fountains Cuppinglasses c. by the inconvincible Assertors of the Peripatetick Physiology commonly objected to a Vacuity we may expede them altogether in a word We confess those experiments do indeed demonstrate that Nature doth abhort a Vacuum Coacervatum as an heap of Sand abhors to admit an Empty Cavity great as a mans hand extracted from it but not that it doth abhor that Vacuum Disseminatum of which we have discoursed nay they rather demonstrate that Nature cannot well consist without these small empty Spaces interspersed among the insensible Particles of Bodies as an heap of Sand cannot consist without those small Interstices betwixt its Granules whose Figures prohibit their mutual contact in all points So that our Assertion ought not to be condemned as a Kaenodox inconsistent to the laws of Nature while it imports no more then this that as the Granules of a heap of Sand mutually flow together to replenish that great Cavity which the hand of a man by intrusion had made and by extraction left by reason of the Confluxibility of their Nature so also do the Granules or Atomical Particles of Aer Water and other Bodies of that Rare condition flow together by reason of the Fluidity or Confluxibility of their Nature to praevent the creation and remanence of any considerable or Coacervate Vacuum betwixt them To instance in one of the Experiments objected Water doth not distil from the upper into the lower part of a Clepsydra or Water-hour-glass so long as the Orifice above remains stopped because all places both above and below are ful nor can it descend until upon unstopping the hole the aer below can give place as being then admitted to succeed into the room of the lateral aer which also succeeds into the room of that which enâ—ered above at the orifice as that succeeds into the room of the Water descending by drops and so the motion is made by succession and continued by a kind of Circulation The same also may be accommodated to those Vessels which Gardners use for the irrigation of their Plants by opening the hole in the upper part thereof making the water issue forth below in artificial rain It only remains therefore that we endeavour to solve that Giant Difficulty proposed in defiance of our Vacuum Disseminatum by the mighty Mersennus in Phaenomen Pneumatic propos 31. thus Quomodo Vacuola solitò majora in rarefactione desinant aut minora facta in condensatione
Because though the Tube be made of Brass Steel or any other Metal whose conteâ—ture is so close as to exclude the subtlest aer yet shall the Experiment hold the same in all Apparences and particularly in this of the deflux of the Quicksilver to the altitude of 27 digits 2 Because if the desert Cavity were replete with aer the incumbent aer could not rush in to the Tube at the eduction of its lower end D out of the restagnant Mercury and Water with such violence since no other cause can be assigned for its impetuous rushing into the Tube but the regression of the compressed parts of the ambient aer to their natural laxity and to the repletion of the violent or forced Vacuity Since if the whole Space in the Tube were possessed i. e. if there were as many particles of Body as Space therein doubtless no part of place could remain for the reception of the irruent aer Secondly As for that most subtile and generally penetatrive substance AETHER or pure Elementary Fire which some have imagined universally diffused through the vast Body of Nature principally for the maintenance of a Continuity betwixt the parts thereof and so the avoidance of any Vacuity though ne're so exile and minute we do not find our selves any way obliged to admit that the Desert Space in the Tube is repleted with the same untill the Propugnators of that opinion shall have abandoned their Fallacy Petitio principii a praecarious assumption of what remains dubious and worthy a serious dispute viz. That Nature dâ—th irreconcileably abhor all vacuity per se. For until they have evinced beyond controversie that Nature doth not endure any Emptiness or solution of Continuity quatenus an Emptiness and not meerly ex Accidenti upon some other sinister and remote respect their Position that she provided that subtile substance Aether chiefly to prevent any Emptiness is rashly and boldly anticipated and depends on the favour of Credulity for a toleration Nor is it so soon demonstrated as affirmed that all Vacuity is repugnant to the fundamental constitution of Nature Naturam abhorrere Vacuum is indeed a maxim and a true one but not to be understood in any other then a metaphorical sense For as every Animal by the instinct of self-conservation abhors the solution of Continuity in his skin caused by any puncture wound or laceration though it be no offence to him to have his skin pinkt or perforated all over with insensible pores so also by the indulgence of a Metaphor may Nature be said to abhor any great or sensible vacuity or solution of Continuity such as is imagined in the Desert Space of the Tube though it be familiar nay useful and grateful to her to admit those insensible inanities or minute porosities which constitute a Vacuum Disseminatum We say by the indulgence of a Metaphor because we import a kind of sense in Nature analogous to that of Animals And tollerating this Metaphorical Speech that Nature hath a kind of sense like that of Animals yet if we allow for the vastity of her Body can it be conceived no greater trouble or offence to her to admit such a solution of Continuity or Emptiness as this supposed in the Desert space of the Tube then to an Animal to have any one pore in his skin more then ordinarily relaxed and expanded for the transudation of a drop of sweat This perpended it can seem no Antiaxiomatisme to affirm that nature doth not abhor Vacuity per se but onely ex Accidenti i. e. upon this respect that in Nature is somewhat for whose sake she doth not without some reluctany admit a Coacervate or sensible Vacuity Now that somewhat existent in Nature per se in relation to which she seems to oppose and decline any sensible Vacuity can be no other then the Fluxility of her Atomical Particles especially those of Fire Air and Water And for ought we poor Haggard Mortals do or can by the Light of Nature know to the contrary all those vast spaces from the margent of the Atmosphere whose altitude exceeds not 40 miles according to Mersennus and Cassendus perpendicular up to the Region of the fixed Stars are not only Fluid but Inane abating only those points which are pervaded by the rayes of the Sun and other Celestial Bodies But why should we lead the thoughts of our Reader up to remote objects whose sublimity proclaims their incertitude when from hence only that the Aer is a Fluid substance it is a manifest direct and unstrained consequence that the immediate cause of its avoidance of any sensible or coacervate Vacuity is the Confluxibility of its Atomical particles which being in their natural contexture contiguous in some though not all points of their superficies must of necessity press or bear each upon other and so mutually compel each other that no one particle can be removed out of its place but instantly another succeeds and possesses it and so there can be no place left empty as hath been frequently explained by the simile of a heap of Sand Now if the Confluxibility of the insensible particles of the aer be the immediate and per se Cause of its avoidance of any aggregate sensible solution of Continuity we need no farther justification of our position that Nature doth oppose vacuity sensible not per se but only in order to the affection of Confluxibility i. e. ex Accidenti Again should we swallow this praecarious supposition of the Aether with no less pertinacity then ingenuity asserted by many Moderns but professedly by Natalis in both his Treatises Physica Vetus Nova Plenum experimentis novis confirmatum and admit that Nature provided that most tenuious and fluid substance chiefly to praevent Vacuity yet cannot the Appetite of our Curiosity be satisfied that the Desert space in the tube is replenished with the same prenetrating through the glass untill they have solved that Apparence of the violent irruption of the ambient Aer into the orifice of the tube so soon as it is educed out of the subjacent liquors the Quicksilver and Water by the same Hypothesis Which whether they have done so as to demonstrate that the sole cause of the Aers impetuous rushing into the canale of the Tube and prodigiously elevating the ponderous bodies of Quicksilver and Water residuous therein is not the Reflux of the incumbent aer by the ascention of the restagnant Quicksilver in the vessel compressed to too deep and diffused a subingression of its insensible Particles to recover its natural laxity by regaining those spaces from which it was expelled and secluded and to supply the defect of this reason by substituting some other syntaxical to their hypothesis of the Aether which shall be more verisimilous and plausible this we ought to refer to the judgment of those who have attentively and aequitably perused their Writings Lastly as for the third thing supposed to replenish the Desert space
praetium foret aliquam muscam admodum vegetam robustam v. c. Crabronem aut Vespam in tubo includere priusquam Mercurio impleretur ut post depletionem ad altitudinem 27 digit proximè videretur nâ—m in eo Vacuo aut si mavis aethere viveret ambularet volaret num Bombus à volante produceretur 3 Deducting the possibility of both these there yet remains a Third substance which may well be conceived to praevent a Coacervate Vacuity in the forsaken space of the Tube and that 's the MAGNETICAL EFFLUX of the Earth For 1 that the Terraqueous Globe is one great Magnet from all points of whose superfice are uncessantly deradiated continued Threads or beams of subtle insensible Aporrhaea's by the intercession whereof all Bodies whose Descent is commonly adscribed to Gravity are attracted towards its Centre in like manner as there are continually expired from the body of the Loadstone invisible Chains by the intercession whereof Iron is nimbly allected unto it is so generally conceded a position among the Moderns and with so solid reasons evicted by Gilbert Kircher Cartesius Gassendus and others who have professedly made disquisitions and discourses on that subject that we need not here retard our course by insisting on the probation thereof 2 That as the Magnetical expirations of the Loadstone are so subtle and penetrative as in an instant to transfix and shoot through the most solid and compact bodies as Marble Iron c. without impediment as is demonstrable to sense the interposition of what solid body soever situate within the orb of energy in no wise impeding the vertical or polory impregnation of a steel Needle by a Magnet loricated or armed so also the Magnetical Effluvias of the Globe of Earth do pervade and pass through the mass of Quicksilver contained both in the Tube and the Vessel beneath it and fixing their Uncinulae or hamous points on the Ansulae or Fastnings of the Quicksilver therein attract it downward perpendicularly toward the Centre is deduceable from hence that if any Bubbles of aer chance to be admitted into the Tube together with the Quicksilver that aer doth not ascend to the top of the Tube but remains incumbent immediately upon the summity of the Quicksilver as being in respect of its cognation to the Earth attracted and as it were chained down by the Magnetical Emanations of the Earth transmitted through al interjacent bodies and hooked upon it For we shall not incur the attribute of arrogance if we dare any man to assign the incumbence of the aer upon the Mercury to any more probable Cause It being therefore most Verisimilous that the Earth doth perpetually exhale insensible bodies from all points of its surface which tending upward in direct lines penetrate all bodies situate within the region of vapors or Atmosphere without resistence and particularly the masses of Quicksilver in the Tube and subjacent vessel we can discover no shelf that can disswade us from casting anchor in this serene Haven That the magnetical Exhalations of the Earth do possess the Desert space in the Tube so as to exclude a sensible Vacuity We said so as to exclude a sensible Vacuity thereby intimating that it is no part of our conception that either the Rayes of Light or the Atoms of Heat and Cold or the Magnetical Effluviaâ—s of the Earth or all combined together do so enter and possess the Desert â—pace as to cause an absolute Plenitude therein For doubtless were all those subtle Effluxions coadunated into one dense and solid mass it would not arise to a magnitude equal so much as to the 10th nay the 40th part of the capacity abandoned by the delapsed Mercury But fill it to that proportion as to leave only a Vacuity Disseminate such as is introduced into an Aeolipile when by the Atoms of fire entered into and variously discurrent through its Concavity the insensible Particles of Aer and Water therein contained are reduced to a more lax and open order and so the inane Incontiguities betwixt them ampliated And this we judge sufficient concerning the solution of the First Difficulty SECT III. The Second Capital Difficulty WHat is the immediate Remora or Impediment whereby the Aer which in respect of the natural Confluxibility of its insensible particles so strongly and expeditely praeventeth any excessive vacuity in all other cases is forced to suffer it in this of the Experiment The Solution Insomuch as the Fluidity or Confluxibility of the Atomical or insensible particles of the Aer is the proxime and sole Cause of Natures abhorrence of all sensible Vacuity as hath been proved in the praecedent Section Manifest it is that whosoever will admit a Vacuity excessive or against the rite of Nature must in order to the introduction or Creation thereof admit also two distinct Bodies 1 One which being moved out of its place must propel the contiguous aer forward 2 Another which interposed must hinder the parts of the circumstant aer propulsed by the parts of the aer impelled by the first movent from obeying the Confluxibility of their Figure and succeeding into the place deserted by the body first moved Which is the very scope that the profound Galilaeo proposed to himself when He invented a wooden Cylindre as an Embolus or Sucker to be intruded into another concave Cylindre of Brass imperviously stopped below that by the force of weights appended to the outward extreme or handle thereof the sucker might be gradually retracted from the bottom of the Concave and so leave all that space which it forsaketh an entire and coacervate Vacuum Upon which design Torricellius long after meditating and casting about for other means more conveniently satisfactory to the same intention He most happily lighted upon the praesent Experiment wherein the Quicksilver became an accommodate substitute to Galilaeo's wooden sucker and the Glass Tube to the Brass concave Cylindre The remaining part of the Difficulty therefore is only this relative Scruple How the Aer can be propelled by the wooden sucker downward or by the restagnant Quicksilver in the Vessel upward when externally there is provided no void space for its reception For indeed in the ordinary Translation of bodies through the aer it is no wonder that the adjacent aer is propelled by them since they leave as much room behind them as the aer propelled before them formerly possessed whereinto it may and doth recur but in this case of the Experiment the condition is far otherwise there being we confess a place left behind but such as the aer propelled before cannot retreat into it in regard of the interposition of another dense solid impervious body Upon which consideration we formerly and pertinently reflected when reciting some of those Experiments vulgarly objected to a Vacuum Disseminatum we insisted particularly upon that of a Garden Irrigatory shewing that the Reason of the Waters subsistence or pendency therein so
to their Exhalation Thus is Water much sooner evaporated then Oyl and Lead then Silver 3 Anti-Atomist If Atoms be unequal in their superfice and have angular and hamous processes then are they capable of having their rugosities planed by detrition and their hooks and points taken off by amputation contrary to their principle propriety Indivisibility Atomist the hooks angles asperities and processes of Atoms are as insecable and infrangible as the residue of their bodies in respect an equal solidity belongs to them by reason of their defect of Inanity interspersed the intermixture of Inanity being the Cause of all Divisibility Haec quae sunt rerum primordia nulla potest vis Stringere nam solido vincunt ea corpore demum 4 Anti-Atomist That Bodies of small circumscription such as grains of sand may be amassed from a syndrome and coagmentation of Atoms seems indeed to stand in some proportion to probability but to conceive a possibility that so vast a Bulk as the adspectable World bears may arise out of things but one degree above nothing such insensible materials convened and conglobated is a symptome of such madness as Melancholy adust cannot excuse and for which Physitians are yet to study a cure Atomist To doubt the possibility nay dispute the probability of it is certainly the greater madness For since a small stone may be made up of a Coagmentation of grains of Sand a multitude of small stones by coacervation make up a Rock many Rocks by aggregation make a Mountain many Mountains by coaptation make up the Globe of Earth since the Sun the Heavens nay the World may arise from the conjunction of parts of dimensions equal to the Terrestrial Globe what impossibility doth he incurr who conceives the Universe to be amassed out of Atoms Doubtless no Bulk can be imagined of such immense Dimensions as that the greatest parts thereof may not be divided into less and those again be subdivided into less so that by a successive degradation down the scale of Magnitude we may not at last arrive at the foot thereof which cannot be conceived other then Atoms Should it appear unconceivable to any that a Pismire may perform a perambulation round the terrestrial Globe we advise him to institute this Climax of Dimensions and consider first that the ambite of the Earth is defined by miles that miles are commensurated by paces paces consist of feet feet of digits digits of grains c. and then He may soon be convinced that the step of a Pismire holds no great disproportion to a grain and that a grain holds a manifest proportion to a digit a digit to a foot a foot to a pace a pace to a perch a perch to a furlong a furlong to a mile and so to the circumference of the whole Earth yea by multiplication to the convexity of the whole World If any expect a further illustration of this point it can cost him no more but the pains of reading the 45. page of our Treatise against Atheism and of Archimeds book de Arenarum Numero 5 Anti-Atomist If all peices of Nature derived their origine from Individual Particles then would there be no need of Seminalities to specifie each production but every thing would arise indiscriminately from Atoms accidentally concurring and cohaering so that Vegetables might spring up without the praeactivity of seeds without the assistance of moysture without the fructifying influence of the Sun without the nutrication of the Earth and all Animals be generated spontaneously or without the prolification of distinct sexes Atomist This inference is ingenuine because unnecessary since all Atoms are not Consimilar or of one sort nor have they an equal aptitude to the Conformation of all Bodies Hence comes it that of them are first composed certain Moleculae small masses of various figures which are the seminaries of various productions and then from those determinate seminaries do all specifical Generations receive their contexture and Constitution so praecisely that they cannot owe their Configuration to any others And therefore since the Earth impraegnated with Fertility by the sacred Magick of the Creators Benediction contains the seeds of all Vegetables they cannot arise but from the Earth nor subsist or augment without roots by the mediation of which other small consimilar Masses of Atoms are continually allected for their nutrition nor without moysture by the benefit of which those minute masses are diluted and so adapted for transportation and final assimilation nor without the influence of the Sun by vertue whereof their vegetative Faculty is conserved cherished and promoted in its operations Which Reason is aequivalent also to the Generation Nutrition and Increment of Animals 6 Anti-Atomist If your Proto-Element Atoms be the Principle of our 4 common Elements according to the various Configurations of it into Moleculae or small masses and that those are the Seminaries of all things then may it be thence inferred that the Seeds of Fire are invisibly contained in Flints nay more in a Sphaerical Glass of Water exposed to the directly incident rayes of the Sun our sense convincing that Fire is usually kindled either way Atomist Allowing the legality of your Illation we affirm that in a Flint are concealed not only the Atoms but Moleculae or Seeds of Fire which wanting only retection or liberty of Exsilition to their apparence in the forme of fire acquire it by excussion and pursuing their own rapid motion undiquaque discover themselves both by affecting the sight and accension of any easily combustible matter on which they shall pitch and into whose pores they shall with exceeding Celerity penetrate Nor can any man solve this eminent Phaenomenon so well as by conceiving that the body of a Flint being composed of many igneous i. e. most exile sphaerical and agile Atoms wedged in among others of different dimensions and figures which contexture is the Cause of its Hardness Rigidity and Friability upon percussion by some other body conveniently hard the insensible Particles thereof suffering extraordinary stress and violence in regard it hath but little and few Vacuola or empty spaces intermixt and so wanting room to recede and disperse are conglomorated and agitated among themselves with such impetuositie as determinately causeth the constitution of Fire It being manifest that violent motion generateth Heat and confessed even by Aristotle 1. Meteor 3. that Fire is nothing but the Hyperbole or last degree of Heat Secondly That the seeds of Fire are not contained either in the sphaerical Glass or the the Water included therein but in the Beams of the Sun whose Composition is altogether of Igneous Atoms which being deradiated in dispersed lines want only Concurse and Coition to their investment in the visible form of Fire and that the Figure of the Glass naturally induceth it being the nature of either a Convex or Concave Glass to transmit many Beams variously incident towards one and the same point which the virtue of Union advanceth to the force of
whose Base is the Hemisphere and point somewhat retused the superfice of the Pupil This perfectly accords to Keplers Canon Visionem fieri cum totius Hemispherij mundani quod est ante oculum amplius paulo idolum statuitur ad album subrufum Retinae cavae superficiei parietem in Paralipomen ad Vitellion cap. 5. de modo Vision num 1. Not that either He or we by the Optical Hemisphere intend only the Arch of the Firmament but any Ambite whatever including a variety of things obverted to the open eye partly directly partly obliquely or laterally and Circumquaque in all points about And this being conceded we need not long hunt for a reason why when the eye is open there alwayes is pourtraied in the bottom of the eye some one Total Image whose various parts may be called the Special Images of the diverse things at once objected For as the whole Hemisphere Visive includes the reason of the whole Visible so do the parts thereof include the reason of the special Visibles though situate at unequal distance And since the Hemisphere may be in respect either of its whole or parts more Remote and more Vicine hence comes it that no more Rayes arrive at the Eye from the Remote than the Vicine because in the Vicine indeed are less or fewer bodies than in the Remote but yet the Particles or Faces of the particles of bodies that are directly obverted to the Pupil are more Which certainly is the Cause why of two bodies the one Great the other Small the Dimensions seem equal provided the Great be so remote as to take up no greater a part of the Visive Hemisphere than the small because in that case the rayes emanant from it and in direct lines incident into the pupill of the Eye are no more then those deradiate from the small and consequently cannot represent more parts thereof or exhibit it in larger Dimensions Whereupon we may conclude that the Visive Faculty doth judge of the Magnitude of Objects by the proportion that the Image of each holds to the amplitude of the Concave of the Retina Tunica or that by how much every special Image shall make a greater part of the General Image that fills the whole Hemisphere Visive and so possess a greater part of the Concave of the Retina Tunica by so much the greater doth the Faculty judge the quantity thereof to be and â— Contra. And because a thing when near doth possess a greater part of the Visive Hemisphere than when remote therefore doth the special Image thereof also possess a greater part of the Concave in the Retina Tunica and so exhibit in greater Dimensions and it decreaseth or becometh so much the less by how much the farther it is abduced from the eye For it then makes room for another Image of another thing that is detected by the abduction of the former and enters the space of the Hemisphere obverted And hereupon may we ground a PARADOX That the Eye sees no more at one prospect then at another or that the Eye beholds as much when it looks on a shilling or any other object of as small diameter as when it speculates a Mountain nay the whole Heaven Which though obscure and despicable at first planting will yet require no more time to grow up to a firm and spreading truth than while we investigate the Reasons of Two Cozen-German optical Phaenomena's 1 Why an Object appears not only greater in dimensions but more distinct in parts when lookt upon near at hand than afarr off 2 Why an Object speculated through a Convex Glass appears both larger and more distinct than when beheld only with eye but through a Concave both Smaller and more confused To the solution of the First we are to reflect on some of the praecedent Assumptions For since every Visible diffuseth rayes from all points of it superfice into all regions of the medium according to the second Assumption and since the superfice of the most seemingly smooth and polite body is variously interspersed with Asperities from the various faces whereof innumerable rayes are emitted tending according their lines of Direction into all points of medium circularly according to the first Assumption and since those swarms of Emanations must be â—o much the more Dense and Congregate by how much the less they are elongated from their fountain or body exhalant and è Contra so much the more Rare and Disgregate by how much farther they are deduced according to the third Assumption Therefore by how much nearer the eye shall be to the object by so much a greater number of Rayes shall it receive from the various parts thereof and the particles of those parts and è Contra and Consequently by how much a greater number of rayes are received into the pupill of the eye by so much greater do the dimensions of the object and so much the more distinct do the parts of it superfice appear For it is axiomatical among the Masters of the Opticlâ—s and most perfectly demonstrated by Scheinerus in lib. 2. Fundament Optic part 1. cap. 13. that the Visive Axe consisteth not of one single raye but of many concurring in the point of the pyramid terminated in the concave of the Retina Tunica and as demonstrable that those rayes only concurr in that conglomerated stream which enters the Pupil that are emitted from the parts of the object directly obverted unto it all others â—ending into other quarters of the medium And hence is it that the image of a remote object consisting of rayes which though streaming from distant parts of the superfice thereof do yet by reason of their concurse in the retused point of the visive Pyramid represent those parts as Conjoyned thin and less united comparatively those parts must appear as Contiguouâ— in the visifical Representation or Image which are really Incontiguous or seperate in the object and upon consequence the object must be apprehended as Contracted or Less as consisting of fewer parts and also Confused as consisting of parts not well distinguisht This may be truly though somewhat grosly Exemplified in our prospect of two or three Hills situate at large distance from our eye and all included in the same Visive Hemisphere for their Elongation from the Eye makes them appear Contiguous nay one and the same Hill though perhaps they are by more then single miles distant each from other or when from a place of eminence we behold a spacious Campania beneath and apprehend it to be an intire Plane the Non-apparence of those innumerable interjacent Fosses Pits Rivers c. deprest places imposing upon the sense and exhibiting it in a smooth continued plane And to the solution of the second Problem a concise enquiry into the Causes of the different Effects of Concave and Convex Perspicils in the representation of Images Visible is only necessary A Concave Lens whether Plano-concave or Concave on both sides whether it
interspersed among the lines of a less Light and as certain that the Vermillion appeareth on that side of the Prisme where the Light is more copious as therein meeting with fewer retundent impervious particles in the substance of the Glass and the Caerule in that part where the Light is diminished as meeting with more impervious particles and being by them repercussed it must inevitably follow thereupon that if an opacous body be posited within the bounds of this light so that the light may fall on each side thereof and as it were fringe it a symptome quite contrary to the former shall evene i. e. the Vermillion will appear on that side of the species which is over against the Caerule and the Caerule will be transposed to that side of the species which confronteth the Vermillion This is easily Experimented with a piece of narrow black Ribbon affixt longwise to either side of the Prisme For in that case the light is bipartited into two Borders or Fringes the opace part veyled by the Ribbon on each side environed with light and each border of light environed with two shadows or more plainly between each border of shadows conterminate to each extreme of Light trajected through the unopacate parts of the Glass and therefore in the commissure of each of the two lights with each of the conterminous shadows there must be Vermillion on one side and Caerule on the other Now to drive this home to the head the solution of the present Problem the Reason why when the light of a Candle is trajected through a Prism on a White paper or Wall posited at convenient distance beyond it and there transformed into these two luminous Colours Vermillion and Caerule if you put your eye in that place of the Paper or Wall whereon the Vermillion shines you shall perceive only the Caerule in the Glass and è contra we say the Reason of this alteration of site in the Colours seems to be only this that the circumstant Aer about the flame of the Candle being opacous and so serving in stead of two Blacks to environ the borders of light causeth that side of the Candle which is seen through the thicker part of the Glass to appear Blew and that which is seen through the thinner to appear Red according to the constant Phaenomenon in Prismes But if the species be beheld by Reflection from any illustrate and repercussing Body such as the paper or wall then must the series or method of the borders of light and shadow be inverted for the reason immediately praecedent and consequently the situation of the Colours emergent from their various contemperations be also inverted And thus have we by the twilight of Rational Conjecture given you a glimpse of the abstruse Original of the Extreme and Simple Colours and should now continue our Attempt to the discovery of the Reasons of each of those many COMPOUND ones wherewith both Nature and Art so delightfully imbellish most of their peices but since they are as Generally as rightly praesumed to be only the multiplied removes of Light and Darkness i. e. to be educed from the various Commixtures of the Extreme or Simple or both and so it cannot require but a short exercise of the Intellect to investigate the determinate proportions of any two or more of the Simple ones necessary to the creation of any Compound Colour assigned especially when those excellent Rules of that Modern Apelles Albertus Durerus praescribed in his Art of Limning and the common Experience of Painters in the Confection of their several Pigments afford so clear a light toward the remove of their remaining obscurity and the singling out their particular Natures we cannot but suppose that any greater superstructure on this Foundation would be lookt upon rather as Ornamental and Superfluous than Necessary to the entertainment of moderate Curiosity Especially when we design it only as a decent Refuge for the shelter of ingenious Heads from the Whirlwind of Admiration and not as a constant Mansion for Belief For as we cautiously praemonished in the First Article the Foundation of it is not layed in the rock of absolute Demonstration or deâ—umed a Priori but in the softer mould of meer Conjeâ—ture and that no deeper than a Posteriori And this we judge expedient to profess because we would not leave it in the mercy of Censure to determine whether or no we pretend to understand What are the proper Figures and other essential Qualities of the insensible Particles of Light with what kind of Vibration or Evolution they are deradiated from their Fountain What are the determinate Ordinations Positions and Figures of those Reflectent and Refringent particles in the extreams of Bodies Diaphanous and Opace which modifie the Light into this or that species of Colour What sort of Reflection or Refraction whether simple or multiplyed is required to the creation of this or that Colour What are the praecise proportions of shadows interwoven with Light which disguise it into this or that colour Besides had we a clear and apodictical theory of all these niceâ—ies yet would it be a superlative Difficulty for us to advance to the genuine Reasons Why Light in such a manner striking on the superfice of such a body therein suffering such a Reflection or Refraction or both and commixt with such a proportion of shadows in the medium should be transformed into a Vermillion rather then a Blew Green or any other Colour Again were our Understanding arrived at this sublimity yet would it come much short of the top of the mystery and it might hazard a dangerous Vertigo in our brains to aspire to the Causes Why by the appulse of Light so or so modified there is caused in the Eye so fair and delightful a Sensation as that of Vision and why the sentient Faculty or soul therein operating becomes sensible not only of the particular stroak of the species but also of the Colour of it For where is that Oedipus that can discover any Analogy betwixt the Retina Tunica Optick Nerve Brain or Soul therein resident and any one Colour and yet no man can deny that there is some certain Analogy betwixt the Species and Sensory since otherwise there could be no Patibility on the one part nor Agency on the other We are not ignorant that the aspiring Wit of Des Cartes hath made a towring flight at all these sublime Abstrusities and boldly fastned the hooks of his Mechanick Principles upon them thinking to stoop them down to the familiar view of our reason But supposing that all Colours arise from the various proportions of the process and circumvolutions of the particles of Light in bodies respective to various Dispositions of their superficial particles which accordingly more or less Accelerate or Retard them as He hath copiously declared in Dioptric cap. 1. Meteor cap. 8. and erecting this upon his corner stone or grand Hypothesis that Light is nothing but an
Vocem seu Sonum fluxum esse emâ—ssum ex rebus aut loquentibus aut sonantibus aut quomodocunque strepitum edentibus But yet we conceive this repugnancy of Authority insufficient to infirm our Thesis of the CORPORIETY of Sounds as well because simple Authority though never so reverend is no demonstration and scarce a good argument in points Physiological where the appeal lies only to Reason as for this weighty consideration that These accepted a sound in Concreto i. e. for the substance of the Aer or its most tenuious particles together with their proper Configuration but Those in Abstracto or only for the Figure imprest upon the superfice of the Aer which they therefore inferred to be Incorporeal that is devoyd of Profundity For otherwise Plato apud Agellium lib. 5. cap. 15. defines a sound Acris validaque aeris percussio a smart and strong percussion of the aer and Aristotle 2. de Anim. cap. 8. calls it downright a Motion of the Aer as the Stoicks Ictus aeris a stroke of the aer So that the Difference seems occasioned only by their diverse Acceptation of the word Sound This obstruction removed we progress to the discharge of our province viz. the Eviction of the Corporiety of a Sound The First Argument of the Corporiety of a Sound is Quod vim habet agendi sive efficiendi aliquid that it is Active or Effective For the voice of a man violently emitted or highly elevated by a kind of grating offends the vocal organs and changes their sweetness or evenness into a hoarsness and being long continued leaves them misaffected with lassitude as the experience of Hunters and Orators demonstrates Hither are we to referr Lucretius his Praeter radit enim vox fauces saepe facitque Asperiora foras gradiens arteria clamor c. The Second is desumed from its Capacity of Repercussion or Resilition from solid bodies which is the evident cause of our hearing one sound twice or more often according to the multiplicity of its Reflections as in all Echoes monophone or polyphone Which Aristotle fitly compares not only to a Ball frequently rebounding but also to Light which Himself confesseth capable of reflections even to infinity thereon concluding a sound subject to the same laws of Reflection with either To which Virgil seems to allude in his Saxa sonant vocisque offensa resultat Imago Intimating that an Echo holds a perfect analogy with an Image reflected from a Mirrour For as beside that Image which tends in a direct line from the Glass to the eye innumerable others are so transferred from it into all pointâ— of the Medium that divers other eyes variously posited therein shall behold the same general Image each one receiving a particular Image so likewise beside that sound or voice which arrives at your ear innumerable others are so dispersed through all parts of the medium or sphere of diffusion that if there were as many ears therein as the space could contain each one would hear the same general sound or voice and if it chance that any one particular voice be impinged against solid and laevigated or smooth bodies for solids that are very Spungy or porous suffer sounds to pass through them and too scabrous or rough destroy them by dissipation it may be repulsed in a direct line toward your ear and you shall hear it again at second hand or Echoed Touching the Reflection of Sounds we shall here by way of Corollary brieâ—â—â— observe That in case you stand somewhat near to the smooth solid 〈◊〉 reflecteth the sound and the Creation of the sound be not very 〈◊〉 then though an Ecâ—o thereof be made yet shall not you hear it because the Direct sound and the Reflex enter the ear so continently 〈◊〉 the space of time betwixt their ingress is so imperceptible that 〈◊〉 seem but one intire sound But in this case the sound becomâ—â— both stronger and longer in respect of their Union And this comes to pass chiefly when the Reflection is made from divers bodies at once as in all Arches and Concamerated or vaulted rooms in which for the most part the sound or voyce loseth its Distinctness and degenerates into a kind of long confused Bombe And hence viz. the many Repercussions of a Sound from divers places together or with so short intervals of time as the sense cannot distinguish them is it that the sound of Concaves percussed lasteth much longer than the sounds of bodies of any other figure whatever especially when the Concave hangs at liberty in the aer so that its Tremulation be not hindred as are all Bells in Churches and clocks For not only the External or ambient aer but the Internal is agitated by those frequent Tremblings in the body of the Concave and continuedly repercussed from side to side and therefore till the trembling ceaseth the Bombination is continued Again if you stand far from the sonant bodie and near to the Reflectent in this case also will the sound appear single and coming only from the Reflectent because both the Direct and Reflex sound invade the ear without any sensible difference in time and yet the Reflex sound as it is really the posterior so doth it very much intend or increase the Direct and consequently makes the impression observable only from it self It is observable moreover that by how much nearer the Ear is to the Anacamptick or Reflectent yet at such distance as is required to the discernment of the Direct voyce from the Reflex by so much the fewer syllables of a word pronounced are Echoed and è contra by how much farther from the Reflectent provided the distance exceed not the sphere of diffusion so many more syllables are repeated The Reason being this that the interval of time betwixt the Cessation of the Speaker and the audition of the Reflex voice is much less in the first case and much greater in the later and consequently the less interval of time sufficeth to the Distinction of a fewer syllables and the greater for more This considered we can no longer admite the distinct rehearsal of a whole Hexameter by some strong Echoes provided the voice pronouncing the verse be sufficiently strong to drive it to the Reflectent and thence back again to the Ear at large distance such as is necessary to the allowance of time enough for the successive repercussion of each syllable for otherwise the voice faileth by the way What hath been hitherto said concerns only Echoes Monophone that repeat the same syllable but once but there are Echoes Polyphone such as repeat one and the same note or syllable divers times over and of them the Reason is far otherwise For the frequent rehearsal of the same syllable by an Echo ariseth from the multitude of Reflectent Bodies situate beyond each other in such order that the nearer bodies referr it first and the remoter successively and sometimes from Bodies mutually
from the more or less of Vacuity intercepted among the parts thereof and on the contrary the more or less of Density from the greater or less exclusion of Inanity by the reduction of the parts of a body to mutual Contingency And this is that opinion which only hath subjugated our judgement and which seems worthy our best patronage in regard not only of its sufficiency to explicate all the various Apparences among bodies resulting from their several Differences in Rarity and Density but also of its exuperance of reason above the Fâ—rst and of intelligibility above the second it being the duety of a Philosopher always to prefer Perspicuity to Obscurity plain and genuine notions to such as are abstracted not farther from matter than all possibility of Comprehension According to this Hypothesis therefore of Vacuities interspersed of which â—pecurus seems to have been the Author we understand and dare define a Rare Body to be such as obtaining little of Matter possesseth much of Place and on the contrary a Dense one to be that which obtaining much of Matter possesseth little of Place intending by Place all that space circumscribed by the superfice of the Ambient such as is the space included betwixt the sides or in the concave of a vessel For supposing any determinate space to be one while possessed by Aer alone another while by Water alone the Aer therein contained cannot be said to be Rare but only because though it hath much less of matter or substance yet it takes up as much of space or room as the Water nor the Water to be Dense but only because though it hath much more of matter yet doth it take up no more of space than the Aer Whence it is purely Consequent that if we conceive that Water to be rarified into Aer and that Aer to be condensed into Water the Aer made of the Water reâ—ified must replenish a vessel of capacity not only ten-fold as Aristotle inconsiderately conjectured but a hundred-fold greater as Mersennus by stalick experiments hath demonstrated and transpositively the Water made by the Aer condensed must be received in a Vessel of capacity an hundred-fold less when yet in that greater mass of Aer there can be no more of Matter or Quantity than was in that smaller mass of Water before its Rareâ—action nor in that smaller mass of Water less of Matter or Quantity than was in that greater mass of Aer before its Condensation Evident it is therefore that by those contrary motions of Rarifaction and Condensation a Body doth suffer no more than the meer Mutation of its Figure or the Diffusion and Contraction of its parts its Quantity admitting no Augmentâ—tion in the one nor Diminution of the other This being Apodictical the sole Difficulty that requires our Enodation is only this Whether a Rare Body possessing a greater space than a Dense proportionâ—tely to its Quantity doth so possess all that space circumscribed by its superfice as to replenish all and every the least particle thereof not leaving any space or spaces however exile unreplenisht with some adaequate particle of its matter Or whether there are not some small parts of space inâ—â—rmixt among its diffused or mutually incontingent particles in which no particles of its matter are included and so there remain small Vacuola or Empty spaces such as we have formerly more than twiâ—e described in our Chapter of a Disseminate Vacuity in Nature And this descends into another Doubt whose clear solution is of so much importance as richly to compensate our most anxious Enquirie viz. Whether Rarity be caused from the interception of much Inanity when the parts of a Body formerly Adunate are separated each from other at least in some points of their superfices and so the Body become so much more Rare by how much the more or more ample empty spaces are intercepted among its incontingent particles or Whethâ—r Density and Rarity depend on any other possible Causes besides thâ—s i. e. without the intermistion of inane spaces among â—he 〈◊〉 of Bodies And this we conceive to be the whole and true state of that Controversie which hath so perplexed the minds of many the most eminent Philosophers in the world That the Rarity and Density of Bodies can arise from no other Cause immediately but the more or less of Inanity intercepted among their particles may be thus Demonstrated If in a Rare body there be admitted no Vacuola or small empty spaces but it be assumed that the particles of Matter are adaequate both in Number and Dimensions to the particles of space wherein it is contained then must it necessarily follow that in Condensation many particles of Matter must be reduced into one particle space which before Condensation was adaequate onely to one particle of Matter and on the contrary in Rarefaction one and the same particle of matter must possess many of space each whereof before Rarefaction was in dimensions fully respondent thereto For Example in Aer condensed into Water an hundred particles of Aer must be reduced into one particle of space and in Water rarified into Aer one particle of the matter of Water must possess an hundred particles of space Again according to the Assumption of no Vacuity since in a Vessel replete with Aer the parts of Aer must be equal in number and dimensions to the parts of space thereby circumscribed none the least particle of space being admitted to be Inane if you fill the same Vessel with Water or Lead or Gold it must follow that the parts of the matter of Aer and the parts of the matter of Water Lead or Gold shall be equal in number because Quae sunt uni tertio aequalia aequalia sunt etiam inter se and if so needs must Aer be aequally Dense with Water Lead or Gold which all men allow to be the most dense and compact body in Nature in regard it transcends all others in weight and difficulty of Solution or Division 2 All bodies in the Universe must be equally Dense or equally Rare 3 And so nothing can be capable of Condensation or Rarefaction The least of which unconcealable Absurdities not to enumerate any others of those many that depend on the same Concession of an absolute Plenitude or no Vacuity is great enough to render those Heads which have laboured to destroy the Vacuola of Epicurus strongly suspected of Incogitancy if not of stupidity T were good manners in us to praesume that no man can be so Facile as to conceive that Aristotle hath prevented these Exceptions by that Distinction of his de Actu Potentia but because Praejudice may do much we judge it expedient a while to insist upon the Examination of the importance and congruity thereof He ratiocinates 4 physic cap. 9. that the matter of Contraries E. G. of Heat and Cold Rarity and Density is one and the same so that as the same matter is one while
the more Opace by how much more Dense and that the Reason of Perspicuity can hardly be understood but by assuming certain small Vacuities in the Body interposed betwixt the object and the eye such as may give free passage to the visible Species nor that of Opacity but by conceding a certain Corpulency to the space or thing therein interposed such as may terminate the sight therefore cannot this place be judged incompetent to the Consideration of their severall originals By a Perspicuum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we suppose that every man understands that Body or Space which though interposed betwixt the Eye and a Lucid or Colorate Object doth nevertheless not hinder the Transition of the Visible species from it to the Eye and by an Opacum that which obstructing the passage of the Visible Species terminates the sight in it self We suppose also that according to our praecedent Theory the Species Visible consist of certain Corporeal Rayes emitted from the Object in direct lines toward the Eye and that where the Medium or interjacent space is free those Rayes are delated through it without impediment but where the space is praepossessed by any solid or Impervious substance they are repercussed from it toward their Original the Object And hence we inferr that because the total Freedom of their Transmission depends only upon the total Inanity of the Space intermediate and so the more or less of freedome trajective depends upon the more or less of Inanity in the Space intermediate therefore must every Concretion be so much more Perspicuous by how much the more and more ample Inane Spaces it hath intercepted among its Component particles which permit the Rayes freely to continue on their progress home to the Eye This we affirm not Universally but under the due limitation of a Caeteris Paribus as we have formerly hinted Because notwithstanding a piece of Lawn is more or less Perspicuous according as the Contexture of its Threads is more or less Rare and the Aer in like manner is more or less pellucid according as it is perfused with more or fewer Vapours yet do we not want Bodies as Paper Sponges c. Which though more then meanly Rare are nevertheless Indiaphanous and on the contrary we see many Bodies sufficiently Dense as Horn Muscovy-glass common glass c. which are yet considerably Diaphanous Now that you may clearly comprehend the Cause of this Difference be pleased to hold your right hand before your eye with your fingers somewhat distant each from other and then looking at some object you may behold it through the chinks or intervals of your fingers this done put your left hand also over your right so as the fingers of it may be in the same position with the former and then may you perceive the object at least as many parts of it as before But if you dispose the fingers of your left hand so as to fill up the spaces or intervals betwixt those of your right the object shall be wholly eclipsed Thus also if you look at an object through a Lawn or Hair Sieve and then put another Sieve over that so as the holes or pores of the second be parallel to those of the first you may as plainly discern it through both as one but if the twists of the second sieve be objected to the pores of the first then shall you perceive no part of the object at least so much the fewer parts by how much greater a number of pores in the first are confronted by threads in the second And hence you cannot but acknowledge that the Liberty of inspection doth depend immediately and necessarily upon the Inanity of the pores the Impediment of it upon the Bodies that hinder the trajection of the Rayes emitted from the Object and yet that to Diaphanity is required a certain orderly and alternate Position of the Pores and Bodies or Particles This considered it is manifest that the Reason why Glass though much more Dense is yet much more perspicuous than Paper is only this that the Contexture of the small filaments composing the substance of Paper is so confused as that the Pores that are open on one side or superfice thereof are not continued through to the other but variously intercepted with cross-running filaments as is more sensible in the Coâ—texture of a Spunge whose holes are not continued quite thorow but determined at half way some more some less so that frequently the bottome of one hole is the cover of another as the Cells in a Hony-comb but Glass in regard of the uniform and regular Contexture of its particles which are ranged as it were in distinct ranks and files with pores or intervals orderly and directly remaining betwixt them hath its pores not so soon determined by particles oppositely disposed but continued to a greater depth in its substance Though this make the whole matter sufficiently intelligible yet may it receive a degree more of illustration if we admit the same Conditions to be in the substance of Glass that are in a Mist or Cloud through which we may behold and object so long as the small passages or intervals betwixt the particles of the Vapours through which the rayes of the visible species may be trajected remain unobstructed but yet perceive the same so much the more obscurely by how much the more remote it is because in that case more impervious particles are variously opposed to those small thorow-fares that obstruct them and so impede the progress of most of the rayes For thus also Glass if thin doth hinder the sight of an object very little or nothing at all but if very thick it wholly terminates the progress of the species and by how much the thicker it is by so much the more it obscures the object And this only because Glass consisting of small solid Particles or Granules and insensible Pores alternately situate hath many of its pores running on in direct lines through its substance to some certain distance but sometimes these sometimes those are obturated by small solid particles succedent when at such a determinate Crassitude it becomes wholly opace And this gives us an opportunity to refute that vulgar Error That the substance of Glass is totally Diaphanous or that all and every Ray of the the Visive Species is trajected through it without impediment To demonstrate the contrary therefore we advise you to hold a piece of the finest and thinnest Venice Glass against the Sun with two sheets of white paper one betwixt the Sun and the Glass the other betwixt the Glass and your Eye for then shall all the Trajected Rayes be received on the paper on this side of the glass and the Reflected ones be received on that beyond it Now insomuch as that paper which is betwixt your eye and the glass doth receive the Trajected rayes with a certain apparence of many small shadows intercepted among them and that paper beyond
the glass doth receive the Reflected rayes with an apparence of many small lights therefore we demand 1 from whence can that species of small shadows arise if not from the Defect of those rayes that are not transmitted through the Glass but averted from it 2 Whence comes it that in neither paper the Brightness or Splendour is so great as when no Glass is interposed betwixt them if not from hence that the reflected rayes are wanting to the nearest the trajected ones to the farthest 3 Whence comes it that some rayes are reflected others trajected if not from hence that as a Lawn sieve transmits those rayes which fall into its pores and repercusseth others that fall upon its threads so doth Glass permit those rayes to pass through that fall into its pores and reverberate those that strike upon its solid particles And what we here say of Glass holds true also in proportion of Aer Water Horn Vernish Muscovy-glass and all other Diaphanous Bodies CHAP. X. OF MAGNITUDE FIGURE And their Consequents SUBTILITY HEBETUDE SMOOTHNESSE ASPERITY SECT I. THe MAGNITUDE and FIGURE of Concretions in regard our Reason doth best derive them from the Two First Proprieties or Essential Attributes of the Universal Matter Atoms are the Qualities which justly challenge our next Meditation Concerning their Origination therefore we advertise First that although it be not necessary that a Body made up of greater Atoms should therefore be greater nor contrariwise that a Body composed of lesser Atoms should therefore be lesser nor that a Body consisting of Atoms of this or that determinate Figure should constantly retain that Figure without capacity of determination to any other yet doth it seem universally true that every Concretion therefore hath Magnitude because its Material Principles or Component Particles have their certain Magnitudes or are essentially endowed with real Dimensions and as true that every Concretion is therefore determined to this or that particular Figure because the Component Particles thereof are not immense or devoyd of circumscription but terminated by some Figure or other Secondly that the term Magnitude here used is not to be accepted in a Comparative intention or as it stands in opposition to Parvity in which sense vulgar ears alwayes admit it but a Positive or as it is identical and importing the same thing with Quantity or Extension For as every Atom or that ultimate and indivisible portion of Matter so called is no Mathematical point but possesseth its own simple Magnitude or Quantity without respect or comparison to Greater or Less So must every Concretion be considered as it stands possessed of its own compound Magnitude or Quantity without respect to any other Body in comparison whereof it may be said to be Greater or Less Because without the relative conception of any other Body the Mind doth most clearly and dictinctly apprehend the Magnitude of a Concretion by a Positive â—otion insomuch it conceives it to have various parts whereof none are included within other but all situate in order and each in its proper place so that from thence must follow the Diffusion of them and consequently the Extension of the whole consisting of them And well known it is that the Magnitude or Quantity of a Body is nothing but that kind of Extension which amounts from the aggregate of the singular Extensions of its component particles of which if any be conceived to be Detracted or Apposed so much is instantly understood to be Detracted from or Apposed to the Extension of the whole Body To this alludes that Distich of Lucretius Propterea quia quae decedunt Corpora quoique â—nde abeunt minuunt quo venere augmine donant This duâ—ly perpended no man need hereafter fear the drilling of his ears by those clamorous and confused litigations in the Schools about the Formal reason of Quantity for nothing can be more evident than this that 〈◊〉 Extension or Quantity of a thing is meerly Moduâ— Materiae or â—ather the Matter it self composing that thing insomuch as it consâ—â—â—eth not in a Point but hath parts posited without parts in respect â—hereof it is Diffuse and purely consequent from thence that every Body hath so much of Extension as it hath of Matter extension â—eing the proper and inseparable Affection of Matter or Substance Hence also may we detect and refute the extreme absurdity of those high-flying Wits who imagine that a Body when Rarified though it hath no more of Matter hath yet more of Quantity or Extension than when Condensed because from the praemises it is an apodictical verity that the Extension attributed to a Body Rarified 〈◊〉 not an Extension of the Matter of it alone but of the Matter and small â—nane Spaces intercepted among its dissociated particles together so that if you suppose the Extension of those small Vacuities to be excluded from the Aggregate you cannot but confess that the Matter hath no more of Extension in its parts Dissociated than it had in the same parts Coaâ—unated Moreover this sufficiently instructs us to give a decisive Response to that so long debated Quaestion An per Rarifactionem acquiratur per Condensationem deperdatur Quantitas Whether the Quantity of a Body is Augmented in Rarifaction and Diminished in Condensation or no For as nothing of Matter is conceived to be added to a body while it is Rarified nothing of Matter detracted from it while Condensed so is it undeniable at least unrefutable that nothing of Quantity is acquired by Rarifaction or amitted by Condensation but only that those empty spaces are admitted or excluded which being in a Rarified body conjoined to the small spaces that the particles of its matter possess make it appear to be Greater or to replenish a greater place than before and in a Condensed body detracted from the small spaces that the particles of its matter do possess make it appear Less or to fill a less place than before If so it may be cause of wonder even to the wisest and most charitable Consideration that the Defendants of Aristotles doctrine of Quantity have with so much labour and anxiety of mind betrayed themselves into sundry not only inextricable Difficulties but open Repugnances while on the one side they affirm that as well Quantity as Matter is Ingenerable and Incorruptible and on the other admit that the same Matter may be one while Extended to the occupation of all and every part of a greater space and another while again so contracted as to be wholly comprehended in the hundreth part of the former space as in the Condensation of Aer into Water than which no Contradiction can be or more open or more irreconcileable And yet we see those who have easily swallowed it and upon digestion become so transcendently exalted to sublimities as to imagine the Quantity of a thing to be absolutely distinct from the matter or substance of it and thereupon to conclude that Rarity and Density doe consist only in the
how much nearer they approach the Earth unless it can be demonstrated that this encrease of Velocity in each degree of descent ariseth only from the Encrease of Appetency of Union with the whole which neither Copernicus himself nor any other for Him hath yet dared to assent as in consideration of many other Defects and some Absurdities which that wonder of the Mathematicks Ricciolus hath demonstratively convicted it of in Almegisti novi parte posteriori lib. 9. sect 4. cap. 16. de Systemate terrae motae Who had He but as solidly determined all the Difficulties concerning the immediate Cause of this Affection in Bodies called Gravity as He hath refuted the Copernican Thesis of an Innate Appetency in the parts of the Earth to reunite themselves to the Whole doubtless He had much encreased the obligations and gratitude of his Readers But making it his principal design to propugn the Physiology and Astronomy of the Ancients especially such Tenents as are admitted by the Schools and allowed of by the Doctors of Rome as most concordant to the litteral sense of Sacred Writ He waved that Province seeming to adhaere to the common Doctrine of the Stagirite formerly recited and only occasionally to defend it Lastly there are Others among whom Kepler and Gassendus deserve the richest Minervals who neither admitting with Aristotle that Gravity is any Quality essentially inhaerent in Concretions nor with Copernicus that it is an Appetency of Union implanted originally in the parts of the Earth by vertue whereof they carry themselves towards the Middle of the Terrestrial Globe define it to be an Imprest Motion Caused immediately by a certain Magnetick Attraction of the Earth And this opinion seems to carry the greatest weight of Reason as may soon be manifest to any competent and equitable judgment that shall exactly perpend the solid Arguments alledged by its Assertors which for greater decorum we shall now twist together into one continued thread that so our Reader may wind them into one bottome and then put them together into the ballance Insomuch as frequent and most accurate observation demonstrates that the Motion of a Body downward doth encrease in the same proportion of Velocity that the motion of the same Body violently projected upward doth decrease therefore is it reasonable nay necessary for us to conceive that there are Two distinct External Principles which mutually contend about the same subject and execute their contrary forces upon the same Moveable Now of these two Antagonistical Forces the one is Evident the other obscure and the argument of our instant Disquisition Manifest it is when a stone is thrown upward from the surface of the Earth into the Aer that the External Principle of its motion Upward is the Hand of Him who projected it But somewhat obscure what is the External Principle of its motion Downward when it again returns to the Earth Nevertheless this obscurity doth not imply a Nullity i. e. it is high temerity to conclude that there is no External Cause of the stones Descent because that External Cause is not equally manifest with that of its Ascent unless any dare to affirm that because He can perceive when Iron is attracted to a Loadstone no Externall Cause of that Attraction therefore there can be none at all Many indeed are the wayes by which an External Cause may move a Body and yet they all fall under the comprehension of only two Cardinal wayes and those are Impulsion and Attraction This praeconsidered it followes that we cast about to finde some Cause or Impellent or Attrahent or rather two Causes one Impellent the other Attrahent operating together to which we may impute the perpendicular motion of Bodies Descending The Impellent Cause if any such there be of the perpendicular motion of a stone Descending can be no other but the Aer from above incumbent upon and pressing it downward because of any other External Cause of that effect no argument can be given For should you suppose a sphere of Fire or some other or some other Aethereal Substance to be immediately above the convex Extâ—eme of the sphere of Aer which closely and with some kind of pressure invironing the Aer might compel all its parts to flow together toward the Terraqueous Globe yet could that super-aereal sphere bounded and urged by the circumvolutions of the Coelestial Orbs do no more than cause the Aer being it self prest downward to bear down upon the stone and so depress it and so the Aer must still be at least the Proxime Cause impelling the stone downward Moreover that the Aer alone may be the Impellent Cause of the stones perpendicular Decidence from on high even Aristotle Himself seems to concede insomuch as He is positive in his judgment that when a Heavy body projected upward is abandoned by its Motor it is afterward moved only by the Aer whiâ—h being moved by the Projicient moves the next contermâ—â—ous Aer by which again the next neighbouring Aer is likeâ—â—se moved anâ— so successively forward untill the force of the Imprest motion gradually decaying the whole communicated motion ceaseth and a quiet succeeds But betause Aristo le could not tell what Cause that is which in every degree of the stones ascent opposing at length whoâ—â—â— overcomes the imprest force unâ—ess it should be the occurrent superiour Aer which continually resisteth the inferior aer whereby the projected stone is promoted in its ascent may not we safely enough conclude that the Aer from above incumbent upon the projected stone may by the same force depress it Downward wherewith it first resisted the motion of it Upward Doubtless what forceâ— soever the Hand of a man who projects a stone upward into the Aer doth impress upon it and the contiguous Aer yet still is 〈◊〉 the superiour Aer that both continually resisteth the tendency 〈◊〉 the stone upward and at its several degrees of ascent reâ—racteth 〈◊〉 force thereupon imprest by the hand of the Projicient untâ—â—â— having totally overmastered the same it so encreaseth its conquâ—â—â—g Depellent force as that in the last degree of the stones Deâ—endent motion the Depressive force of the Aer is become as great as was the Elevating force of the Hand in the beginning of 〈◊〉 Ascendent motion Suppose we that a Diver should from the bottome of the Sea throw a stone directly upward with the same â—â—â—ce as from the surface of the Earth up into the Aer and then â—â—mand Why the stone doth not ascend to the same height in the Water as in the Aer Is it not think you because the 〈◊〉 doth more resist and refract the Imprest force and so sooâ—â—â— overcome it and then begins to impress its own con-contrary Depressing Force thereupon never discontinuing that impression 〈◊〉 it hath reduced the stone to the bottom of the Sea from wheâ—â—â— it was projected The Difference therefore betwixt the Resistence of the Imprest force by the
they suddainly engage in a general cumbustion and dissolving all impediments 〈◊〉 their liberty Hence also proceed all those Heats which are observed in Fermentation Putrifaction and all other intestine Commotions and Mutations of Bodies Hither likewise would we refer that so generally believed Phaenomenon the Warmness of Fountains Cellars Mines and all subterraneous Fosses in Winter but that we conceive it not only superfluous but also of evil consequence in Physiology to consign a Cause where we have good reason to doubt the verity of the Effect For if we strictly examine the ground of that common Assertion we shall find it to consist only in a misinformation of our sense i. e. though Springs Wells Caves and all subterraneous places are really as Cold in Winter as Summer yet do we apprehend them to be warm because we suppose that we bring the organs of the sense of Touching alike disposed in Winter and Summer not considering that the same thing doth appear Cold to a hot and warm to a Cold hand nor observing that oyle will be conglaciated in Winter in subterraneous Cells which yet appear warm to those who enter them but not in Summer when yet they appear Cold. Secondly by Motion External when a Sawe grows Hot by continuall affriction against wood or stone or when fire is kindled by the long and hard affriction of 2 dry sticks c. This is manifest even from hence that unless the bodies agitated or rubbed against each other are such as contain igneous Atoms in them no motion however lasting and violent can excite the least degree of Heat in them For Water agitated most continently and violently never conceives the lest warmth because it is wholly destitute of Calorifick Atoms Lastly as for the Heat excited in a body upon the Motion of its Whole whether it be moved by it self or some External movent of this sort is that Heat of which motion is commonly affirmed to be the sole Cause as when an Animal grows hot with running c. and a Bullet acquires heat in flying c. And thus much concerning the manner of Emancipation of our Calorifick Atoms The next thing considerable is their peculiar Seminarie or Conservatory concerning which it may be observed that the Atoms of Fire cannot in regard of their extreme Exility sphaerical Figure and velocity of motion be in any but an Unctuous and viscous matter such whose other Atoms are more hamous and reciprocally cohaerent than to be dissociated easily by the intestine motions of the Calorifick Atoms so that some greater force is required to the dissolution of that unctuousness and tenacity whereby they mutually cohaere And hereupon we may safely conclude that an Unctuous substance is as it were the chief nay the sole Matrix or Seminary of Fire or Heat and that such Bodies only as are capable of incalescence and inflammation must contain somewhat of Fatness and unctuoâ—ity in them Sometimes we confess it is observed that Concretions which have no such Unctuosity at all in them as Water are Hot but yet we cannot allow them to be properly said to wax Hot but to be made Hot because the principle of that their Heat is not Internal to them but External or Ascititious For instance when Fire is put under a vessel of Water the small bodies or particles of Fire by degrees insinuate themselves thorowe the pores of the vessel into the substance of the Water and diffuse themselves throughout the same though not so totally at first as not to leave the major part of the particles of the Water untoucht to which other igneous Atoms successively admix themselves as the water grows hotter and 〈◊〉 And evident it is how small a time the Water doth keeâ—â—ts acquired heat when once removed from the fire because thâ—â—toms of Heat being meerly Adventitious to it they spontaneousl◠〈◊〉 it one after another and leave it as they found it Cold only 〈◊〉 Alteration they cause therein that they diminish the Quantity the 〈◊〉 insomuch as successively asâ—ending into the aer they carry along 〈◊〉 them the more tenuious and moveable particles of the Water in 〈◊〉 â—pparence of vapours which are nothing but Water Diffused 〈…〉 Bu◠〈…〉 we affirm that only Unctuous Bodies are Inflammable be gâ—â—â—rally true whence comes it that amongst Unctuous and 〈…〉 some more easily take fire than others The 〈…〉 is this that the Atoms of Fire incarcerated in â—ome 〈◊〉 are not so deeply immerst in nor so opprest and 〈…〉 other Heterogenous particles of matter as in others 〈…〉 the lâ—berty of Eruption much more easily Thus 〈…〉 kindled than Green because in the green the Aâ—ueous 〈…〉 surrounding and oppressing the Atoms of Fire therein containe◠〈◊〉 first tâ— be discussed and attenuated into vapours but in the 〈◊〉 time bâ— the mediation of the warmth in the ambient aeâ— hath 〈…〉 that luxuriant moysture so that none but the 〈…〉 oâ— unâ—tuous part wherein the Atoms of Fire have their 〈…〉 remains to be discussed which done the Atoms of 〈…〉 issue forth in swarms and discover themselves in 〈…〉 spirit of Wine is so much the sooner inflammable by how much 〈◊〉 more pure and defaecated it is because the igneous Atoms 〈…〉 concluded are delivered from the greater part of that 〈…〉 humidity wherewith they were formerly â—urrounded 〈…〉 On the contrary a stone is not made Combustibâ—e 〈◊〉 great â—â—fficulty because the substance of it is so compact as 〈…〉 Unctuous humidity is long in discussion We â—ay a Stone 〈…〉 or Arenaceous one because such is destitute of all 〈◊〉 and so of all igneous particles but a Lime-stone 〈…〉 capable of reduction to a Calx or a Flint out of which by 〈◊〉 against steel are excussed many small fragments plentifully 〈◊〉 Atoms of Fire The 〈◊〉 and Origine of Heat being thus fully explicated according 〈…〉 most verâ—imilous Principles of Democritus Epicurus and their 〈…〉 that we progress to those Porifmata or 〈◊〉 which from thence result to our observation and the 〈…〉 some most considerable Problems retaining to the same 〈◊〉 sucâ— especially as have hitherto eluded the folutive 〈…〉 any other Hypothesis but what we have here 〈◊〉 〈…〉 as the Atoms of Heat which are always 〈…〉 â—nctuous Matter doe upon the acquisition of 〈…〉 â—orth with violence and insinuating themselves into Bodies which they meet withal and totally pervading them dissociate their particles and dissolve their Compage or Contexture Hence is it manifest that Rarefaâ—tion or Dilatation is upon good reason accounted the proper Effect of Heat since those parts of a body which are Conjoyned cannot be Disjoyned but they must instantly possess a greater part of space understand us in that strict sense which we kept our selves to in our Discourse of Rarefaction and Condensation than before Hence comeâ— it that Water in boyling seems so to be encreased that what when cold filled scarce half the Caldron in ebullition cannot be contained in the whole but swells over
Conclude therefore 〈…〉 discover no Reason against us of bulk sufficient to obstruct the 〈◊〉 oâ— our Conception that the Fluidity of Fire Flame Aer and all â—â—quid substances whatever cannot well be deduced from any other 〈◊〉 but what we have here assigned to Water and Metals dissolved 〈◊〉 when we consider that is equally consentaneous to conceive thâ—â—â—â—ery other Fluid or Liquid body is composed also of certain specially â—â—â—â—igurate Granules or imperceptible particles which being only 〈◊〉 in some points of their superficies not reciprocally Cohaerent 〈…〉 intercept various inane spaces betwixt them and be therefore easily 〈◊〉 dissociable externally terminâ—ble and capable of making the body appâ—â—â—ntly Continuate as Water it selâ— And as 〈…〉 other General Quality FIRMNESS or STABILITY since 〈◊〉 mâ—st have Contrary Causes and that the solidity of Atoms is the 〈◊〉 of all solidity and firmness in Concretions well may we understand 〈◊〉 be radicated in this that the insensible particles of which a â—irme 〈◊〉 is composed whether they be of one or diverse sorts i. e. 〈◊〉 or dissimilar in magnitude and figure do so reciprocally compâ—â—â— and adhaere unto each other as that being uncapable of rowling 〈◊〉 each others superfice both in respect of the ineptitude of 〈◊〉 figures thereunto and the want of competent inane spaces among them they generally become uncapable 〈◊〉 without extream 〈◊〉 of Emotion Dissociation Diffusion and so of Terminatio◠〈◊〉 any other superfice but what themselves constitute If it 〈…〉 Enquired Whence this reciprocal Compâ—ession Indissociability 〈◊〉 Immobility of insensible particles in a Firme Concretion doth 〈◊〉 proceed we can derive it from Three sufficient Causes 1. The 〈◊〉 small Hamulâ— Uncinulive Hooks or Clawes by which Atoms of 〈…〉 superficies are adapted to implicate each other by mutual 〈◊〉 and that so closely as that all Inanity is excluded from betwixt 〈◊〉 â—â—mmissures or joynings and this is the principal and most frequent 〈◊〉 of stability 2. The Introduction and pressure of Extranâ—ou◠〈◊〉 which invading a Concretion and wedging in both themselves 〈…〉 intestine ones together and that cheifly by obverting the◠〈…〉 or superficies thereunto cause a general Compression and 〈…〉 of all the particles of the mass And by this way doth 〈…〉 Water and all Humid Substances for since the Atoms of 〈…〉 and those of Water octahedrical as is most 〈…〉 those of Cold insinuating themselves into the 〈…〉 by obversion of their plane sides to them they 〈…〉 particleâ— thereof and so not permitting them to be 〈…〉 fluidity and make the whole mass Rigid and 〈…〉 Hither also may we most congruously referr the Coagulation of milk upon the injection of Rennet Vinegre juice of Limons and the like Acid things For the Hamous and inviscating Atoms whereof the Acid is mostly composed meeting with the Ramous and Grosser particles of the milk which constitute the Caseous and Butyrous parts thereof instantly fasten upon them with their hooks connect them and so impeding their fluiditie change their lax and moveable contexture into a close and immoveable or Firme while the more exile and smooth particles of the milk whereof the serum or whey is composed escape those Entanglings and conserve their native Fluidity This may be confirmed from hence that whenever the Cheese or Butter made of the Coagulation is held to the fire they recover their former Fluidity because the tenacious particles of the Acid are disentangled and interrupted by the sphaerical and superlatively agile Atoms of fire 3. The Exclusion of introduced Atoms such as by their exility roundness and motion did during their admistion interturbe the mutual Cohaesion and Quiet of domestique ones which compose a Concretion Thus in the decalescence of melted metals and Glass when the Atoms of fire which had dissociated the particles thereof and made them Fluid do abandon the metal and so cease to agitate and dissociate the particles thereof then do the domestique Atoms returne to a closer order mutually implicate each other and so make the whole mass Compact and Firme as before Thus also when the Atoms of Water Wine or any other dissolvent which had insinuated into the body of Salt Alume Nitre or other Concretion retaining to the same tribe and dissolving the continuity of its particles metamorphosed it from a solid into a fluid body so that the sight apprehends it to be one simple and uniforme substance with the Liquor we say when these dissociating Atoms are evaporated by heat the particles of the Salt instantly fall together again become readunated and so make up the mass compact and solid as before such as no man but an eye-witness of the Experiment could persuade himself to have been so lately diffused concorporated and lost in the fluid body of Water SECT II. BY the light of the Praemises it appears a most perspicuous truth that HUMIDITY is only a certain Species of Fluidity For whoever would frame to himself a proper and adaequate Notion of an Humâ—r or Humid substance must conceive it to be such a Fluid or Fluxile body which being induced upon or applied unto any thing that is Compact doth adhare to the same per minimas particulas and madify or Humectate so much thereof as it toucheth Such therefore is Water such is Wine such â—s Oyle such are all those Liquors which no sooner touch any body not Fluid but either they leave many of their particles adhaerent only to the superfice thereof and this because the most seemingly polite superfice is full of Eminences and Cavities as we have frequently asserted and so moisten it or penetrating through the whole contexture thereof totally Humectate or wett the same But such is not Aer such is not any Metal fused such is not Quick-silver nor any of those Fluors which â—hough they be applied unto and subingress into the pores of a Compact body doe yet leave none of their particles adhaerent to either the superficia◠〈◊〉 internal parts thereof but without diminutâ—â—n of their own quantity 〈◊〉 off clearly and so leave the touched oâ— pervaded body unmaâ—ified 〈◊〉 â—â—humectaâ—e as they found it On the other side it is likewise manifest that SICCITY oâ— ARIDITY is only a certain species of Firmness or stâ—bility because a Dry or 〈◊〉 â—ubstance is conceived to be Firm or Compact only insomuch as it is 〈◊〉 of all moisture Of this sort according to vulgar conception may 〈◊〉 account all Stones Sand Ashes all Metals and whatever is of so firme a constitution as containâ— nothing of Humidity either in it superfice 〈…〉 which can be extracted from it or iâ— extracted is not capable 〈◊〉 moistning any other body but not Plants nor Animals nor Minerals 〈◊〉 any other Concretionâ— which though apparently dry to the sense doth 〈◊〉 contâ—in some moisture within it and such as being educed is capable of 〈◊〉 another body We say â—ccording to Vulgar Conception because not Absolutely for though 〈◊〉 be opposed to Humidity not as an
the Atoms be at all Hamous or reciprocally retentive Insomuch therefore as there is some certain Compactness more or less even in all Soft Concretions from thence it may be easily inferred that the General reason of the Mollification of Hard bodies doth consist in this that their insensible particles be in some degree dissociated i. e. so separated each from other in many points as that more and larger inane spaces be intercepted among them than while they were closely coadunated and on the contrary that the General reason of the Induration of Soft bodies doth consist only in this that their insensible particles before in some degree dissociated be reduced to a closer order or higher degree of Compactness and so most of the inane spaces intercepted be excluded from among them To this the doubting Mersennus fully subscribes in lib. 2. Harmonicor proposit ultima where deducing the causes of Hardness Rigidity and the like qualities from the Atoms of Democritus and Epicurus he plainly saith Duritiem fieri ab Atomis ramosis quae suis hamatis implicationibus perexigua spatia relinquunt inania per quae nequeant ingredi corpuscula caloris c. Nay such is the urgencie of this truth that Aristotle Himself seems to confess it in these words quae humoris absentia concrescunt duruntur ea liquefacere humor potest nisi adeo sese particulae nimirum collegerint coierintque ut minora partibus aquae foramina sint relicta id quod fictili accidit c. 4. Meteorum cap. 8. And we need seek no farther than a ball of wool for the Exemplification of both for that being so relaxed as that the hairs touch each other more rarely or in fewer points and thereupon more of the ambient Aer be intercepted among them instantly becomes soft and then being so compressed that the hairs touch each other more frequently or in more points and the aer be thereupon again excluded from among them it as soon becomes hard But if we wind up our curiosity one note higher and enquire the Special Manner of Mollifying Hard bodies we shall find it to rest upon either Heat or Moisture Upon Heat when the Atoms of fire subingressing into the pores of a Hard Concretion doe so commove and exagitate the insensible particles thereof that they become incontiguous in more points than before and so the whole mass being made more lax and rare upon the interception of many new inane spaces among its particles puts on a capacity of yeelding to any thing that presseth it and of receding from it superfice toward its interiors according to the property of softness Thus Iron made red hot is mollefied and hard Wax liquefied by heat Upon Moisture when the particles of an Humor so insinuate themselves among the closely cohaerent particles of a Hard body that dissociating them in some measure they intermix among them and so themselves being sufficiently yeelding upon pressure cause the bodie to become yeelding and recessive from it superfice inwards Thus Leather is softned by lying in Water or Oyle and Clay assumes so much the more of softness by how much the more of water it hath imbibed On the other side if we pursue the Induration of Soft bodies up to its Special Manner we shall secure it either in Cold or Siccity In Cold whether we understand it to be a simple expulsion of Calorifick Atoms lately contained in the bodie as in the growing hard of Metals after fusion or the introduction of Frigorifick Atoms into the bodie naturally void of them as in the induration of Water into Ice In Siccity whether we conceive it to be a meer expulsion of the particles of moisture from a Concretion as when Earth is baked into Bricks or a superinduction of drie particles upon a moist concretion as in the composition of Pills which for the most part consist of Drie Powders and Syrupe or some other viscid moisture But here we feel a strong Remora or Doubt How it comes about that Iron made glowing hot and immediately plunged into cold Water acquires a greater degree of hardness than it had before And to remove it we Answer that the particles of the Water subingress into the amplified pores of the Iron and are not again excluded from thence though the particles thereof returne to their former close order and reciprocally implicate each other as before in candescence but remaining imprisoned in the small incontiguities or inane spaces which otherwise would have been empty make the body of the iron somewhat more solid or hard than otherwise it would have been That this is a sufficient Cause of that Effect may be warrantably inferred from hence that if the samâ— seasoned iron be afterwards brought to the fire again and therein made red hot so that the contexture of its particles be relaxed and the particles of Water which possess the inane spaces betwixt them be evaporated there doth it resume its former Softness and this our Smiths call Nealing of Iron To steer on therefore the same course of Disquisition we have begun forasmuch as Softness is defined by the Facility and Hardness by the Difficulty of bodies yielding in the superfice the only Considerable remaining to our full explanation of the formal Reason of each of these two Qualities is How the yielding of a Soft body in the Superfice is effected for that being once explicated the rule of Contraries will easily teach us Wherein the Resistence of a Hard doth immediately consist And thâ—s requires no taedious indagation for from the Praemises it may easily be collected that a soft body doth then yeild when its particles immediately pressed in the superfice do sink down and subingress into the pores immediately beneath them and then press down the next subjacent particles into pores immediately beneath them and those likewise press down the next inferior rank of particles into void spaces below them an those again press down others successively until the number of pores or void spaces successively in each subingression decreasing there be no more room to receive the last pressed particles and then the subingression ceaseth If this seem not sufficient to make the yeildingness of Soft bodies clearly intelligible we must remit our Reader to our praecedent Discourse concerning the incapacity of Aer to be Condensed or Compressed in a Wind-gun beyond a certain proportion or determinate rate Farther because a soft body cannot be squeezed unless it rest upon or against something that is hard at least less soft than it selfe so that though the lower superfice thereof relying upon the support is so bounded that it hath no liberty of space whether to recede Versùs profundum yet hath it full liberty of space Versus latera therefore comes it to pass that the subingression of particles into pores and the Compression of others is made not only Versus profundum in that part of the soft body which directly confronteth the hard whereupon it
resteth but also Versus latera toward the sides or circumambient And that after a various manner according to the various Contextures of soft bodies in the superfice For if the superfice i. e. the outward part of a soft body be of a more Compact and tenacious Contexture than the interior mass or substance as is the skin of an Animal compared to the subjacent flesh and a bladder in respect of the oyle therein contained in that case the compression of the particles is indeed propagated by succession to some distance as well toward the bottom as the sides to which the superior particles being pressed directly downward and there resisted deflect yet not to that distance as where the superfice is of the same Contexture with the interior mass as in Wax and Clay in both which the Compression and so the yeilding may be propagated quite thorow or from the superior to the inferior superfice where it immediately resteth upon the hard body all the intermediate particles starting toward the sides as being pressed above and resisted belowe And hereupon doubtless was it that Aristotle properly called those soft bodies whose superfice is either of a weaker or of the same contexture with their internal substance 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Formatilia insomuch as when a Seal or other Solid body doth press them they suffer such a Diffraction or Solution of Continuity in their superficial parts as that the dissociated particles are not able to restore themselves to their former situation and mutual cohaesion but retain the figure of the body which pressed them and on the contrary such as have the contexture of their superfice more firm and tenacious than that of their internal mass 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pressilia insomuch as upon pressure they suffer not so great a Diffraction or Solution of Continuity in their superficial parts but that they still have some mutual cohaerence and so are able to restore themselves to their former situation upon the remove of the body that pressed them For the illustration of this it is observable 1 That to the yielding of every soft body when pressed it is necessary that it have freedom of space on its sides because if the lateral particles when pressed by the intermediaâ—â— ones have not room whether to recede they cannot yield at all and so the Compression must be very small This may most sensibly be Exemplified in a tube filled with Water for if you attempt to compress the Water therein contained with a Râ—mmer so exactly adapted to the bore of the tube as that no spaces be left betwixt it and the sides thereof whereat the water may rise upward you shall make buâ— a very small and almost insensible progress therein 2 That no superfice of what contexture soever can be depressed versus profundum or be any way dilated but it must suffer some Diffraction or Solution of Continuity more or less For insomuch as each particle of the superfice doth possess a peculiar part of space proportionate to its dimensions and though upon the Dilatation of the superfice i. e. the remove of its particles to a more lax order greater spaces are intercepted among them yet are not the particles multiplied in number nor magnified in dimensions and so cannot possess more or greater spaces than before therefore is it necessary that the superfice be variously crackt and the continuity thereof infringed in many places The Necessity hereof doth farther evidence it self in the Flexion of a Twig Cane or other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Flexile body for when a Twigg is bended as the Concave superfice becomes Contracted and Corrugated the particles thereof being not able to penetrate each other nor crowd themselves into fewer places So at the same time is the Convex Dilated and suffers many small breaches or cracks the particles thereof being uncapable either to multiply themselves or possess more spaces than before The same likewise is easily intelligible in a Tractile body such as Aristotle names 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Nerve or Lutestring for allbeit the interruption of Continuity be not so manifest to the sense in a Tractile as in a Flexile body yet may we observe that when a Tractile body is extended or drawn out in length it is extenuated or diminished in thickness And what think you becomes of those interior particles which compose its Crassitude or thickness Certainly they must come sorth into the superfice that so they may interpose themselves â—mong the Dissociated particles thereof possess the void spaces left betwixt them and with their small clawes or hooks on each hand cohaering to them make the superfice apparently continued Would you observe the Interruption of Continuity among the superficial particles of a Tractile body and the issuing forth and intermistion of interior particles among them be pleased to paint over a Lutestring with some oyled Colour and afterward vernish it over with oyle of Turpentine then strain it hard upon the Lute and you shall plainly perceive the superfice of it to crack and become full of small clefts or chinks and new particles not tincted with the colour to issue forth from the entralls of the string and interpose themselves among those small breaches Lastly the same is also discoverable by the sight in a Ductile body 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such as every Metal for no metal when pressed or hammerd is dilated or expanded on all sides for any other reason but this that it is as much attenuated in thickness and the particles in the superfice are so dissociated as that the interior particles rise up possess the deserted spaces and cohaere to the discontinued exterior particles as may be more plainly discerned if the superfice of the Metal be tincted with some colour SECT II. FRom the Praemises whereupon we therefore insisted somewhat the longer â—t is manifest that FLEXILITY TRACTILITY DUCTILITY and other Qualities of the same Classis are all the Consequents of Softness as the Contrary to them all RIGIDITY is the Consequent of Hardness insomuch as whoever would frame to himself an exact notion of a Rigid body meerly as a Rigid must compose it of the Attributes inflexile intractile inductile Nor doth any thing remain to our clear understanding of the nature of FLEXILITY but the Solution of that great Difficulty Cur flexilia postquam inflexa fuerint in pristinum statum resiliant Why a flexile body such as a Bowe of wood Steel Whalebone c. doth after flexion spring back again into its natural figure and situation The Reason of this Faculty of Restitution we conceive with the immortal Gassendus to be this that the Recurse or Resilition of a flexile body is a certain Reflex motion which is continued with a Direct motion as we shall have opportunity professedly to demonstrate in our subsequent Enquiry into the nature of Motion In the mean while it may suffice to stay the stomach of Curiosity that we evidence the cause of
〈◊〉 Experiments some whereof are recited by the Lord St. Alban in â—â—lva sylvarum Cent. 1. But this one will serve the turne When an Oyster or Tortois shell is let fall from a sufficient altitude upon a stone 〈◊〉 is usually shattered into many peices and that for no other Reason but this that the lower side whether Convex or Concave being vehemently impinged against the stone the particles thereof immediately knockt by the stone as vehemently give back and in their quick Retrocession impell the particles situate immediately above them whereupon those impelled particles with the same violence impell others next in order above them until the percussion being propagated from part to part successively quite home to the upper superfice it comes to pass that each percussed part giving back the whole shell is shattered into small Fragments All which may seem but a genuine Paraphrase upon the Text of Mersennus Harmonicor lib 2. propos 43. Duritiei verò proprietas appellatur Rigiditas quae fit ab Atomis ita sibi invicem cohaerentibus ut Deflexionem impediant quod contingit in Corporibus quae constant Atomis Cubicis octuedris tetruedis ex quibus resultat perfecta superficiecularum inter se cohaesio hinc â—it ut Rigida Corpora Fructilia sint non autem Sectilia ictu impacto tota in frusta dissiliant Qui adum praedictae superficiunculae se invicem premunt quae sunt ex una parte dimoventur ab iis quae ex alia adeo ut unico impetu externo Corpori impresso Contusio sentiatur per totum partium eodem momento fit separatio There yet remains a Quality which is the Ofspring neither of Softness alone nor Hardness alone but ought to be referred partly to the one partly to the other and that is RUPTILITY For not only such Bodies as challenge the Attribute of Softness are subject to Ruption when they are distressed beyond the tenour of their Contexture either by too much Inflexion as a Bow over bent or too much Distention as Leather or Parchment over strained or too much Malleation as a plate of Lead Iron or other Metal over hammerd but such also as claim the title of Hardness and that in an eminent proportion as Marble for a Pillar of Marble if long and slender and laid transversly or horizontally so as to rest only upon its two extrems is easily broken asunder by its own Weight For as Soft bodies when rackt or deduced beyond the râ—te of mutual Cohaerence among their parts must yeeld to the External Force which distresâ—eth them and so suffer total discontinuity so Hard ones when the Internal Force or their owne Weight is too great to be resisted by their Compactness as in the example of a long Marble Pillar not supported in the middle then must they likewise yeeld to that superior force and break asunder And here the Archer and Musician put in for a Solution of that PROBLEM which so frequently troubles them viz. Cur Chordae faciliâ—â—s circa Exâ—rema quam circa Medium frangantur cum vi vel pondere sive horizontaliter sive verticaliter trahuntur Why Bowstrings Lutestrings and other Chords though of uniforme Contexture throughout and equally distended in all parts do yet usually break asunder not in the middle or neer it but at one End where they are fastned The Cause certainly must be this that the Weight or drawing force doth alwayes first act upon the parts of the string which are neerest to it and successively upon those which are farthest off i. e. in the Middle so that the string suffering the greatest stress neer the Extrems is more subject to break there than in any other part Wherefore whenever a Bowstring breaks in or neer the middle it may safely be concluded that the string was weakest in that place To which we may add this also that Experienced Archers to praevent the frequent breaking of their strings and the danger of breaking the Bow thereby injoyn their String-makers to add a Link of Flax or Twist more at the Ends of each string than in any other parts of it and that they call the Forcing because Experience hath taught them that the Force of the Bow is most violently discharged upon those parts of the string which are neerest to the Horns CHAP. XV. OCCULT QUALITIES made MANIFEST SECT I. HAving thus long entertained it self with the most probable Reasons of the several wayes and means whereby Compound Bodies exhibite their several Attributes and Proprieties to the judicature of the Sensitive Faculties in Animals and principally in Man the Rule Perfection and grand Exemplar of all the rest t is high time for our Curiosity to turn a new leaf and sedulously address it self to the speculation of Another Order or Classis of Qualities such as are vulgarly distinguished from all those which have hitherto been the subject of our Disquisitions by the unhappy and discouraging Epithite OCCULT Wherein we use the scarce perfect Dialect of the Schools who too boldly praesuming that all those Qualities of Concretions which belong to the jurisdiction of the senses are dependent upon Known Causes and deprehended by Known Faculties have therefore termed them Manifest and as incircumspectly concluding that all those Proprieties of Bodies which fall not under the Cognizance of either of the Senses are derived from obscure and undiscoverable Causes and perceived by Unknown Faculties have accordingly determined them to be Immanifest or Occult. Not that we dare be guilty of such unpardonable Vanity and Arrogance as not most willingly to confess that to Ourselves all the Operations of Nature are meer Secrets that in all her ample catalogue of Qualities we have not met with so much as one which is not really Immanifest and Abstruse when we convert our thoughts either upon its Genuine and Proxime Causes or upon the Reason and Manner of its perception by that Sense whose proper Object it is and consequently that as the Sensibility of a thing doth noe way praesuppose its Intelligibility but that many things which are most obvious and open to the Sense as to their Effects may yet be remote and in the dark to the Understanding as to their Causes so on the Contrary doth not the Insensibility of a thing necessitate nay nor aggravate the Unintelligibility thereof but that many things which are above the sphere of the Senses may yet be as much within the reach of our Reason as the most sensible whatever Which being praecogitated as when we look back upon our praecedent Discourses touching the Originals and Perception of Sensible Qualities we have just ground to fear that they have not attained the happy shoar of verity but remain upon the wide and fluctuating ocean of meer Verisimility So also when we look forward upon our immediately subsequent Disquisitions into the Causes of many Insensible Qualities are we not destitute of good reason to hope that though we herein attempt the consignation of
them their prâ—y 2 It is worthy a serious Remark that sundry Animalls bear a kind of 〈…〉 to the Persons of such men as are delighted or conversant in the Destruction of those of the same species with them as we daily see that 〈◊〉 are highly offended and angry at Butchers that Dogs bark 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 Glovers that deal most in Dog skins and 〈…〉 killing of Dogs in time of the plague to praevâ—nt 〈◊〉 diffusion 〈…〉 and encrease of Putrefaction by their 〈◊〉 that Vermin 〈◊〉 the trapps and gins of Warrenners whereâ—◠〈…〉 their owne kind hath been taken and destroyed c. As 〈…〉 or strong Aversions t is manifest that they arise 〈…〉 or Character of Providence 〈…〉 Natures or Essential Forms but only 〈…〉 upon the sense For the 〈…〉 any Animal of the same species excite a kind of Horror in the like Animal that smells them and so cause it to abhor and avoid all such persons and places for fear of the like harm and internecion as their fellowes have suffered from them Now that which makes these odours insinuate themselves with such â—ase and familiarity into the Sensories of animals of the same species is the similitude and Uniformity of their Specifical Constitutions which yet the rough hand of Corruption seems not totally to have obliterated in the long since extravenated blood and spirits but to have left some Vestigia or Râ—mains of the Canine nature in the Doggs blood of the Porcine in the Swâ—â—â—s c. And that which makes them so horridly Odious is the great Aâ—â—â—â—â—ion of the blood from its genuine temper and conditius For the smell of the Carcass or blood of any Animal having once suffered the Depâ—avation of Corruption is always most hateful and dangerous to others of the same Species and it hath been observed that the most pernicious inâ—ections and Plagues have been such as took their Original from the Corruption of Humane Bodies which indeed is the best reason that hath â—een yet given why the Plague so often attends long and bloody Sieges and is commonly the second to the Sword We conceive the same to 〈…〉 the ground of that Axiom of the Lord St. Alban Nat. Hist. cent 10 â— â—enerally that which is Dead or Corrupted or Excerned hath Antipaâ—â—â—â—â—th the same thing when it is Alive and when it is sound and with those 〈◊〉 which do excern as a Carcass of Man is most infectious and odious â—â—man a Carrion of an Horse to an Horse c. Purulent matter of 〈◊〉 and Ulcers Carbuncles Pocks Scabbs Leprousy to Sound flesh And the Excrements of every species to that Creature that excerneth them But the Excâ—ements are less Pernicious than the Corruptions 3 The 〈◊〉 and according to some reports the opening of the Eyesâ— of the Carcass of a murthered man at the praesence and touch of the Homicide 〈…〉 in truth the noblest of Antipathies and scarce any Writer of the Secrets or Miracles of Nature hath omitted the Consideration thereof This Life in Death Revenge of the Grave or loud language of silent Corruption many Venerable and Christian Philosophers have accounteâ—â— holly Miraculous or Supernatural as ordained and effected by the just 〈◊〉 of God for the detection and punishment of the inhumane 〈◊〉 And least we should seem too forward to expunge from 〈◊〉 mind of any man the beleif of that opinion which to some may 〈…〉 more powerful Argument than the express Command of God to 〈◊〉 them from committing so horrid and execrable a Crime as Muâ—â—er we shall so far concurr with them as to conceive this Effect 〈…〉 Divine only in the Iâ—stitution but meerly Natural in the Production or Immediate Causes Because the Apparence seems not to 〈◊〉 the Capacity of Natural Means and the whole Syndrome and 〈◊〉 of it Causes may be thus explained It is an Opinion highly Câ—â—â—entaneous that in every vehement Passion there is formeâ—â— certain 〈…〉 well of the Object whereupon the Imagination is 〈…〉 the Good or Evil connected unto and expected from that Objecâ— and that this Idea is as it were impressed by a kind of inexplicable 〈◊〉 upon the Spirits at the same instant the Mind 〈◊〉 to Will the praesent Prosecution or Avoidance or the object 〈…〉 by the mediation of the Spirits those Angels of the Mind the same Idea is transmitted to the Blood and through the Arteries diffused into all parts of the body as well as into the Nerves and Muscles which are inservient to such Voluntary Motions as are requisite to the execution of the Decrees and Mandats of the Will concerning the Prosecution or Avoidance of the Object This being so we may conceive that the Phansy of the Person assaulted by an Assassine having formed an Idea of Hatred Opposition and Revenge and the same being Characterized upon the Spirirs and by them diffused through the blood though the blood become much less Fluid in the veins after death by reason the vital influence and Pulsifick Faculty of the Heart which Animated and Circulated it is extinct yet because at the praesence of the Murderer there issue from the pores of his body such subtile Emanations as are Consimilar to those which were emitted from him at the time He strove with overcame and killed the Patient and those Emanations entering the Dead Body doe cause a fresh Commotion in the blood remaining yet somewhat Fluid in its veins and as it were renew the former Colluctation or Duell betwixt the yet wholly uncondensed Spirits of the slain and those of the Homicide therefore is it that the Blood suffering an Estuation flows up and down in the veins to seek some vent or salley-port and finding none so open as in that part wherein the wound was made it issues forth from thence And where the Murthered Person is destroyed by strangulation suffocation or the like unbloody Death so that there is no manifest Solution of Continuity in the skin or other Exterior parts of the body in that case it hath been observed that the Carcass bleeds at the Mouth or Nose or both and this only because in all vehement strivings and especially in Colluctation for life the Spirits and Blood flow most plentifully into the Arteries and Veins of the Herd as is visible by the great Redness of the Eyes and face of every man that Fights and where the blood fixeth in most plenty there will be the greatest tumult aestuation and commotion when it is fermented agitated and again set afloat by the Discordant Effluvia's emitted from the body of the neer approâ—ching or touching Murtherer and consequently there must the vessels suffer the greatest stress distension and disruption or apertion of their orifices 4 And this magnale of the as it were Reanimation of the vindictive blood in the veins of a Dead body by the Magick of those Hostile and Fermenting Aporrhaea's transmitted from the body of Him who violently extinguished its former life ushers in Another no less prodigious nor less
celebrated by Naturalists and that is the suddain Disanimation of the Blood in Living Bodies by the meer prâ—sence of the Basilisk Catablepa and Diginus Serpents of a Nature so transcendently Venemous that according to pogular Tradition and the several relations of Dioscorides Galen Pliny Solinus Aelian Avicen and most other Authors who have treated of the Proprieties of Animals and Venoms they are Dectructive beyond themselves i. e. they either kill by intuition or Hiss out the flames of life by their Deieterious Expirations If Natural Historians have herein escaped that itch of Fiction to which they are so generally subject when they come to handle Rarities and that Nature hath produced any such Speâ—â—es whose optical Emissions or Pectoral Expirations are fatal and pernicious whether he sees the Woolf first or the Woolf him suddain silence being ever the Associate â—or rather Consequent of great and suddain Fear The Aphonia therefore or Defect of voice which hath sometimes though very rarely been observed to invade men upon the Conspection of Woolves is not the genuine Effect of any secret and radicated Antipathy or Fascinating Virtue in the subtle Aporrhaea's emitted from the eyes lungs or bodie of the Woolf but only of their own Fear and Terror arising from a strong apprehension of Danger the suddain and impetuous Concentration of the Spirits toward the Heart by reason of the violent Terror at that time causing a Defection of spirits and consequently a kind of Relaxation in the Muscles of the Tongue and Nerves inservient to the vocal instruments So that the inspired Aer cannot be Efflated with that force and celerity as is necessary to the loudness and distinct articulation of the voice 6 Nor is it the Eye alone that the Folly of men hath made obnoxious to Antipathies but the Ear also hath it share of wonderful Effects for there go solemn stories of inveterate and specifical Enmities betwixt the Lyon and Cock Elephant and Swine and He hath read little who hath not more than once met with sundry relations that the Crowing of the Cock is more terrible than death to the fiercest Lyon and the Grunting of a Swine so odious to an Elephant that it puts him into an Agony of Horror Trembling and Cold sweat Which notwithstanding may well be called to the barre of Experiment and many worthy Authors have more then questioned among whom Camerarius in Symbol expresly assures us that in his time one of the Duke of Bavaria's Lyons breaking into a yard adjacent to his Den and there finding a flock of Poultry was so far from being afraid of the Cock or his Crowing that he devoured him and his troop of Hens together And as for the other Antipathy ourselves have seen an Elephant feed and sleep quietly in the same stable with a Sow and her whole litter of Piggs However lest some should plead the power of Custom in both these cases and object that that Lyon and Elephant had been by Assuefaction brought to endure the naturally hateful Noises of the Cocks Crowing and the Swines Grunting to eradicate the belief of the supposed Occult Antipathies we say that such may be the Discrepancy or Disproportion betwixt the Figures and Contextures of those subtile particles that compose those Harsh Sounds and the Contexture of the organs of Hearing in the Lyon and Elephant as that they exasperate them and so highly offend those Animals For thus we suffer a kind of short Horror and our Teeth are set on edge by those harsh and vehement sounds made by scraping of trenchers filing the teeth of saws squeaking of doors and the like only because those sounds grate and exasperate the Auditory Nerves which communicate the harsh impression to the Nerves of the Teeth and cause a stridor therein 7 But if we pass from these Imaginary to Real Antipathies and desire not to misimploy our Understanding in the quest of Dihotâ—es for such things of whose Hoti the more sober and judicious part of Schollars justly doubt let us come to the wonderful Venome of the TARANTULA a certain Phalangium or smal Spider frequent in Italy but most in and about Tarentum in Apulia which hath this strange Propriety that being communicated to the bodie of man by biting it makes him Dance most violently at the same time every year till He be perfectly cured thereby being invincible by any other Antidote but Musick An Effect so truly admirable and singular that the Discovery of its abstruse Causes and the manner of their operation cannot but be most opportune and grateful to the Curious who we presume would gladly knowe Why suâ—h as are empoysoned by the biting of a Tarantula fall intâ— violent Fits of Dancing and cannot be Cured by any other Remedies but the Harmonious Straines of Musick aloâ—â— SOLUTION How great the power of Musick is as to the excitement exaltation and compescence or mitigation of the Passions of the Mind of Man and wherein the Câ—use of that Harmonical Magick doth consist would be a Digression and perhaps somewhat superfluous for us here to enquire And therefore cutting off all Collateral Curiosities we shall confine our present 〈◊〉 to the limits of our owne Profession endeavouring only to explain the Reasons why Musick hath so strong and generous an Energy as certainly to cure the Bodie of a man intoxicated with the Venome of the Taruntula which eludes and despises the opposition of all other Alexipharmacal Medicaments Forasmuch therefore as the â—tâ—ings of a Lute Vial or other Musical Instrument do alwayes movâ— and impell the Aer after the same manner as themselves are moved anâ— impelled and by this proportionate misture of Sounds create an Harmony delightful not only to the Eare but to that Harmonious Essencâ— the soul which Animates the Eare hence comes it that by the musical Harmony that is made by the Musicians playâ—â—g to the person infected with the Tarantâ—sme the Aer by reason of the various and yet proportionate motions of the strings is harmonically moved and agitated and carying thâ—se various motions of the harmony impressed upon it self into the Eare and so affecting the Phantastical Faculty with those pleasant motions 〈…〉 like manner affect and move the spirits in the brain and the spirits having received those impressions and diffused into the Nerves Muscles and 〈◊〉 of the whole body and there meeting with a certain thin acrimonâ—ous and pricking Humor which is the chief fewel and vehicle of the Venoâ—e derived from the Tarantula they attenuate and agitate the same by a 〈◊〉 very like that of Fermentation and disperse it with a quick motion 〈…〉 all the parts And this Humor being thus set afloat and estuated toâ—â—â—her with the venome or seeds of the Poyson which are contained 〈◊〉 must needs affect all the Musculousand Nervous parts 〈…〉 with a kind of Itch or gentle and therefore pleasan◠〈◊〉 or rather Titillation So that the Patient feeling this universa◠〈…〉 Tickling can be no longer at ease and
probable that the particles or Atoms issuing in continued streams from the Loadstone and invading Iron situate within the Orb of their activity should easily and deeply insinuate themselves into the pores of the Iron and there meeting with streams of other Atoms so exactly consimilar to themselves engage them to reciprocal Cohaerence and being partly repercussed or rebounded from thence toward their Source abduce those Atoms along with them to which they cohaere and by the impulse of other cohaerent particles abduce also the whole and entire mass especially since it is part of the supposition that the Atoms transmitted from the Iron to the Loadstone do reciprocally move engage and compel the particles thereof after the same manner it being almost necessary that the Atoms on both sides in good part rebounding or resilient toward their sources and mutually implicated should flow together into the medium and so doing that the whole bodies or masses of the iron and Loadstone should be brought to a Conjunction in the Medium because of the Cohaesion of both sorts of the flowing Atoms with those of which the whole masses are contexed For notwithstanding it be vulgarly apprehended and affirmed that the Iron doth come to the Loadstone rather then the Loadstone to the Iron that the streams of Atoms emanant from the Loadstone are both more numerous and much more potent and found by Experiment that pieces of Iron do not only meet Loadstones half way but come quite home to them where the Loadstones are either much greater and weightier or so held fast in a mans hand or otherwise as that they cannot exercise their reciprocal tendency yet as Gilbert speaks de Magnet lib. 2. cap. 4. Mutuis viribus fit Concursus ad unitionem the Coition is not from one single Attraction but from a Double 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Conactus And as for the reason why other things do not apply themselves to the Loadstone as well as Iron it may be said that the streams of Atoms flowing from the Loadstone and encountring those that are emitted from other bodies do either pass uninterruptedly along by them or are not in respect of their Dissimilitude in Figures so implicated or Complected with them as in their resilition to flow together and concurr in the medium And then He attempts the subversion thereof by the opposition of some Arguments and especially of these Three Quaeries 1 How such minute and insensible bodies as those of which the Magnetick Aporrhaeas are supposed to consist can be able to Attract 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so great a weight as that of a mass of Iron Whereto it may be Answered in behalf of Epicurus that the Magnetick Effluxes are not supposed to be so potent as to draw any mass of Iron of what weight soever but only such a one whose bulk or weight carrieth some proportion to the force of the Attrahent or Loadstone Again He might have considered that the motions of the Grossest and Heaviest Animals are performed by their spirits that are bodies as exile and imperceptible as the Magnetick Effluviaes that Winds which also consist of insensible particles do usually overturn trees and vast aedifices by the impetuosity of their impulses and that subterraneous Vapours are frequently the Causes of Earthquakes And as for the reason How the Magnetick Aporrhaea's can Deduce Apprehend and Detain a mass of Iron He might have remembred that the Atoms of the Magnet are conceived to have certain small Hooks or Clawes by which they may lay hold upon the Ansulae or Fastnings in the Iron to have a violent Motion which is the Cause both of their Impaction against and Resilition from the Iron and to have a perpetual Supply of the like Atoms continually streaming from the same fountain by which they are assisted in their Retraction whereupon the Attraction may ensue and that so much the more forcible by how much nearer the Iron is praesented in regard of the more copious Efflux or Density of the Magnetical rayes 2 How comes it That a piece or ring of Iron being it self Attracted by a Loadstone and on one part adhaerent unto it should at the same time attract and suspend another ring on the contrary part that second ring likewise attract and suspend a third that third a fourth that fourth a fifth c. To this we may apply that Response of Epicurus which Galen himself commemorates An dicemus effluentium ex lapide particularum nonnullas quidem ubi serro occuâ—saverint resilire has ipsas esse per quas ferrum suspendi contingat nonnullas verò illud subeuntes per inanes meatulos transire quâ—m oâ—yssimè consequentèr impactas in aliud ferrum proximum cum illud nequeant subiâ—gredi tametsi prius penetraverint hinc resilientes versus priuâ— complexus alios prioribus similes efficere For herein is nothing so incongruous as Galen conceives it being not improbable that some of the Magnetical Atoms falling upon a piece of Iron should be impinged against the solid pâ—â—ticles thereof and others of them at the same time penetrate the smâ—â—â— manities or pores betwixt those solid particles after the same manne◠〈◊〉 we have formerly asserted the particles of Light to be partly Râ—flâ—câ—â—d from the solid parts and partly Trajected through the Pores of 〈◊〉 â—nd other Diaphanous bodies nor that some of those Magnetick Rayâ—â— which pass through the pores of the first Iron should invade a second 〈◊〉 posited beyond it and be impinged likewise against the soliâ— particlâ—◠〈◊〉 that and so reflected toward their original while some others pervading the Inâ—nities of the second should attract a third piece of Iron and so â—onsâ—quently a fourth a fifth and sometimes more And certainly 〈◊〉 this case it is of no small advantage to Epicurus that the Force of the Magnetick Attraction is so Debilitated by degrees as that in the secoâ—â—â—â—on it becomes weaker than in the first in the third than in the second in the fourth than the third c. until at length it be totally eviraâ—â— and decayed because upon the second there cannot fall as many rayâ—â— as did upon the first nor upon the third as upon the second c. as 〈◊〉 have at large explicated in our discourse of the Causes of the Debilitatâ—â—â— of Light It may be further added also in defence of Epicurus that the Atoms of the Loadstone penetrating the substance of Iron do so exâ—â—mulate the Atoms thereof that the Iron instantly suffering an Alteraâ—â—â—n of the position of all its component particles doth in a sort compoâ—e 〈◊〉 self according to their mode and put on the nature of the Loadstone it self and therefore it can be no such wonder that one iron Magnetiâ—â—â—d should operate upon another iron as the Magnet did upon it But all this 〈◊〉 confess though it conferr somewhat of strength and plainness to the opinion of Epicurus cannot yet be extended so farr as to equal the length of our
Curiosity concerning the Reason of the Coâ—tion of the Loaâ—â—â—one and Iron and therefore it imports us to superadd thereunto so mâ—â—â— of the Speculations and Observations of our Modern Magnetâ—â—â—an Auâ—â—ors Gilbert Cabeus Kircher Grandamicus c. who have with more profound scrutiny searched into and happier industry discovered 〈…〉 the mystery as may serve to the enlargement at least iâ— not the full 〈◊〉 of our satisfaction And in order hereunto to the enâ— Peripicuity 〈◊〉 Succâ—â—ctness may walk hand in hand together through our whole 〈◊〉 Discourse we are to compose it of sundry OBSERVâ—BLES 〈◊〉 as may not only conduct our Disquisitions through all the 〈◊〉 and serpâ—â—â—â—ne wayes of Magnetism and acquaint us with the seveâ—â—â— Laws oâ—â—â—gnetick Energy but also like the links of a Chain sustain eacâ— othe◠〈◊〉 a continued series of mutual Dependency and Connexion The FIRST OBSERVABLE is that as well the Loadstone as its beloved Mistress Iron seems to be endowed with a Faculty that holds some Analogy to the sense of Animals and that principally in respect of Attraction For 1 as an Animal having its sensory invaded and affected by the species of a grateful object doth instantly desire and is accordingly carried by the instruments of Voluntary motion to the same so likewise so soon as a lesser or weaker Loadstone or piece of Iron is invaded and percelled with the species of a greater or more potent one it is not only invited but rapt on toward the same by a kind of nimble Appetite or impetuous tendency 2 As sensible objects do not diffuse their species of Colour Odour Sound c. to an Animal at any distance whatever but have the spheres of their Diffusion or transmission limitted so neither doth the Loadstone nor Iron transmit their Species or Emanations each to other at any distance whatever but only through a determinate interval of space beyond which they remain wholly insensible each of others virtue 3 As a sensible object that is convenient and grateful doth by its species immitted into the sensory of an Animal convert dispose and attract the Soul of the Animal and its soul being thus converted disposed and attracted toward that object doth by its Virtue or Power carry the body though gross and ponderous along to the same exactly so doth the Loadstone seem by its species transfused to convert dispose and attract towards it the as it were soul or spiritual substance of Iron which doth instantly by its power or vertue move and carry the whole mass or grosser parts of it along to an union with the same Certainly it would not easily be believed that a thing so exile and tenuious as is the Sentient Soul of an Animal which is only Flos substantiae the purer and subtler part of its matter should be sufficiently potent to move and from place to place transfer so ponderous and unweildy a mass as that of the Body unless our sense did demonstrate it unto us and therefore why should we not believe that in Iron there is somewhat which though it be not perfectly a Soul is yet in some respects Analogous to a Soul that doth though most exile and tenuious in substance move and transferr the rest of the mass of Iron though ponderous gross and of it self very unfit for motion All the Difficulty therefore which remains being only about the Manner How the Sentient Soul of an Animal is affected by and attracted toward a Grateful Object let us conceive that the sensible species being it self Corporeal and a certain Contexture of small particles effluxed from the object such as do gently and pleasantly commove and affect the Organ of Sense being once immitted into the Sensory doth instantly move the part of the Soul which is also Corporeal and a certain Contexture of small particles inhaerent or resident in that Organ and evolving the particles of the Soul converted perchance another way and turning them about toward that part from whence themselves are derived i. e. toward the object it doth impress a kind of impulse upon them and so determine and attract the soul and consequently the whole Animal toward the object For admitting this Conception we may complete the Parallelism intended thus as the particles of a sensible species transmitted from a grateful object and subingressing through the organ into the contexture of the Soul or Sentient part thereof do so sollicite it as that it becomes converted toward and is carried unto that particular object not without a certain impulse of appetite so do the particles of the Magnetical species subingressing into the Soul of the Iron so evolve its insensible particles and turn them toward the Loadstone as being thus sollicited it conceives a certain appetite or impetus toward the same and which is more forthwith resalutes it by diffusing the like species toward it For as if the Iron were before asleep and unactive it is awakened and excited by this exstimulation of the Magnetical Species and being as it were admonished what is the propriety of its nature it sets it self nimbly to work and owns the Cognation But by what other way soever it shall be explicated How an Animal is affected by and rapt toward a sensible object by the same way may it still be conceived how Iron is affected by and rapt toward a Loadstone For albeit as to divers other things there be no Analogy betwixt the Nature and Conditions of an Animal and those of Iron yet cannot that Disparity destroy the Analogy betwixt them in point of Alliciency or Attraction here supposed Which well considered Scaliger had no reason to charge Thales Milesius with ridiculous Madness for conceding the Loadstone and Iron to have Souls as Dr. Gilbert lib. 2. de Magnet cap. 4. hath observed before us The SECOND that forasmuch as betwixt the Loadstone and its Paramour Iron there is observed not only an Attraction or mutual Accession or Coâ—â—ion but also a firm Cohaesion of each to other like two Friends closely entwined in each others arms and that this Cohaesion supposeth reciprocal Revinction which cannot consist without some certain corporeal Instruments that hold some resemblance to Lines and Hooks hence 〈◊〉 it warrantable for us to conceive that the species diffused from the Loadstone to the Iron and from the Iron to the Loadstone are transmitted by way of Radiation and that every Ray is Tense and Direct in its progress through the intermediate space like a small thread or wire extended and this because it consisteth of Myriads of small particles or Atoms flowing in a continued stream so that the praecedent particles are still urged and protruded forward in a direct line by the consequent after the same manner as the rayes of Light flowing from a Lucid body the Cause of whose Direction must be their Continued Fluor as we have formerly Demonstrated at large We may further conceive that as the rayes of Light do pass through a Perspicuous body so do the
is not every way of Apposition that will be convenient but only that when it is disposed in a direct line respondent to the same Ductus or situation of its Fibres according to which it was continued to the Earth beâ—ore its separation Nor is this meer Conjecture but a truth as firme as the Earth it self and as plain as sense can make it it being constâ—ntly observed that what situation a Loadstone had in its Matrix or minerall bed the very same it shall strongly affect and strictly observe evâ—r after at least while it is a Loadstone i. e. untill time or Fire have destroyed its Verticity And as for the Use thereof it is so â—ruitfull as to yield us the most probable Reason in Generall for sundry the most obscure among all Magneticall Apparences 1 Forasmuch as the Loadstone ever affects its native situation and that its Northern part did while it remained in its matrix adhaere to the Southern parts of the same magnetique vein that lay more North and its Southern part did adhaere to the Northern part of the magnetick vein that lay more South therefore is it that the North pole of a Loadstone doth never affect an union with the North pole of the earth nor its South pole direct to the South pole of the Earth but quite contrary its North pole converts to the South and its South to the North. So that whenever you observe a Loadstone freely swimming in a boate of Cork to convert or decline one of its poles to the North of the Earth you may assure your self that that is the South pole of the Loadstone and è contra 2 From the same and no other Cause is it also that when a Magnet is dissected or broken into two pieces and so two new poles created in each piece the Boreall pole of the one half shall never admit Coition with the Boreall pole of the other nor the Australl extreme of the one fragment affect conjunction wâ—th the Australl extreme of the the other but contrariwise the Australl end shall septentrionate and the septentrionaâ—â— Australize The same also happens whenever â—ny two Loâ—â—stones 〈◊〉 applied each to other the Cause being Generall viz. the Native 〈◊〉 or Grain of the Magnetique Fibres which is inverted wheneâ—â—â— the Boreall part of a Loadstone is applied to the Boreall paâ—t of the Earth or of another Loadstone or the Meridionall part of a Loaâ—stâ—ne be converted to the meridionall part of the Earth of another Loadstone as the Ductus of the Fibres in a shoot of a Plâ—nt is inverteâ— when the upper extreme thereof is inserted into the upper part of a sâ—oâ—k This considered when we observe the Animated Needle 〈…〉 Mariners Compass freely converting it self round upon the pin â—hereon it is aequilibrated that end which directeth to the Norâ—â— pole of the Earth must be the South point of the Needle and viceversally that must be the North cuspis of the Needle which conâ—rontetâ— the South of the Earth And when praesent a Loadstone to a magnetified Versory that part of the Loadstone must be the North pole to which the South cuspis of the Needle comes and that to which the North point of the Needle approaches must be the South of the Loadstone The same also may be concluded of the extremes of Irons when a Loadstone is applied unto them for that part of an Iron barr which laied meridionally hath respected the North must have been spirited by the Southern influence of the Earth and è contra and among our Fire Irons the upper end must have imbibed the Northern influence of the Earth and the Lower the Southern contrary to the assertion of some of our Magneticall Philosophers The NINTH the Analogy of the Earth to the Loadstone and other magnetically inspired bodies being so great and the Cause thereof so little obscure it may seem a justifiable inference That the Terriestriall Globe doth inwardly consist of certain continued Fibres running along from North to South or from South to North in one uninterrupted ductus and consequently that since the middle Fibre is as it were the Axis whose opposite extremes make the two Poles in case the whole Earth could be divided into two or more great parts there would instantly result in every part or division a special Axis two speciall Poles a speciall Aequator and all other conditions as formerly in the whole Globe so that the septentrionall part of one piece would conjoin it self to the Austrine part of another and the septentrionall parts reciprocally avert themselves each from other as the parts of a Loadstone And this we may understand to be that mighty and so long enquired Cause why all the parts of the Terrestriall Globe do so fiâ—mly cohaeâ—e and conserve the primitive Figure the Cohaesion Attractive Virtue constant Direction and spontaneous Verticity of all its genuine parts all whose Southern Fibres doe magnetically or individually conforme and conjoyn themselves to the Northern and their Northern to the Southern being the necessary Causes of that Firmness and constancy of Figure Impossible we confess it is to obtain any ocular Experiment of this constitution of the Earths internall Fibres the very Cortex of the Earth extending some miles in profundity but yet we desume a reasonable Conjecture thereof as well from the great similitude of effects wrought by the Earth and other Magneticks as the Experience of Miners who frequently observe and constantly affirme that the Veins of subterraneous Rocks from whose chinks they dig Iron oare doe allwayes tend from South to North and that the Veins of eminent Rocks which make the Giant Mountains upon the face of the Earth have generally the same Direction And though there are some Rowes or Tracts of Mountains that run from East to West or are of oblique situation yet are there alwayes some considerable intercisures among them from South to North so that that can be no sufficient argument that the interior Fibres of the Earth which are truely and entirely magneticall and subjacent under those Mountainous rocks doe not lye in a meridionall position or conforme to the Axis of the Earth The TENTH that since the observations of Miners ascertain us that the Ranges or Tracts of Rocks in the Cortex or accessible part of the Terrestriall Globe do for the most observe a praecisely Meridionall situation and tend from South to North and sometimes i. e. in some places deâ—lect toward the East and West with less and greater obliquity and that our Reason may from thence and the similitude of the Eâ—rth and Loadstone naturally extract a Conjecture that the Fibres of the Earths Kernell or inaccessible parts though for the most they tend praecisely from the South to the North may yet in many places more and lâ—ss Deflect toward the East and West we need no longer perplex ouâ— minds with enquiring Why all Magnetiques and especially the Versory or Needle of the Sea-mans Compass being horizontally
a vast diversity of words which cannot be enumerated by fewer then 39 câ—phers viz. 295232799039604140847618609643520000000. Tantum Elementa quâ—unt permutato ordine solo What Arithmetician can compute the several special ways of composition whereof that incomprehensible variety of Figures which as we have frequently assumed Atoms may bear is easily capable 2 That as the Image of Mercury cannot be carved out of every stone or every piece of wood nor words fit for reading or pronunciation arise from every commistion of Letters so in Natural Concretions is it impossible that all things should be made of all sorts of Atoms or that all Atoms should be equally accommodate to the constitution of every species of Concretions For though Atoms of the same figure and magnitude may by their various transposition adjection ablation compose things of various forms or natures yet are they not all indifferently disposed to the composition of all things nor can they be connected after one and the same manner in divers things Because to the composition of every thing in specie is required such a special disposition in the Atoms which compose it as that they must appose to themselves such other Atoms as are congruous and suitable to them and as it were refuse the society and combination of others that are not And hence is it that in the Dissolution of every Concretion the consimular or like Atoms always consociate together and expede themselves from the Dissimilar and incongruous CHAP. II. OF MOTION SECT I. CErtainly the Great Galilaeo did most judiciously and like himself to lay the foundation of his incomparable Enquiry into the most recondite mysteries of Nature in the Consideratin of the Nature of MOTION and severe Examination that we may not say subversion of Aristotles Doctrine concerning it Becâ—use Motion being the Heart or rather the Vital Faculty of Nature without which the Universe were yet but a meer Chaos must also be the noblest part of Physiology and consequently the speculation thereof must be the most advantageous Introduction to the Anatomy of all other parts in the vast and symmetrical Body of this All or Adspectable World Again if Motion and Quiet be the principal modes of Bodies Existing as Des Cartes in princip philosoph part 2. sect 27. seems strongly to assert if Generation Corruption Augmentation Dâ—minution Alteration be only certain species or more properly the Effects of Motion as our immeâ—â—â—tely praecedent Châ—pter cleerly imports and that we can have no other Cognizance of the conditions or qualities of sensible objects but what results from our perception of the Impulses made upon the organs of our senses by their species thither transmitted assuredly the Physiologist is highly concerned to make the contemplation of Motion its Causes Kinds and Universal Laws the First link in the chain of all his Natural Theorems And truly this we our selves had not endeavoured had not our firm resolution to avoid that ungrateful prolixity which must arise from the frequent Repetitions of the same Notions in the solution of various natural Apparences and our design of insensibly praeparing the minde of our 〈…〉 the graâ—ual insinuâ—tiâ—n of all both Câ—uses and Effects o◠〈…〉 as they stood in relation to this or thâ—t particulâ—r sensible 〈◊〉 â—nd principally to Visibles and the Gravâ—tation of Bodies not only incâ—â—ed but by a necessity of Method almost constrained us to make that the Heâ— or Fringe which otherwise ought to have been the First Thread in this rawe and loosely contexed Web of our Philosophy Nor indeed can we yet praevent all Repetitions for our praesent Thâ—orem being Physicomathematical and such as must borrow some light by way of Reflection from â—â—ndry observables occasionally diffused upon several of our Discourses praecedent we need not despair of a Dispensation for our Recognition oâ— a few remarkable passages directly relating thereunto and especially of these Three Epicuâ—ean Postulates or Principles The FIRST that 〈◊〉 Adam or Radical and Primary Cause of all motion competent to Concretions iâ— the inhaerent Gravity of their Materials Aâ—oms whether the 〈◊〉 be moved spontaneously or violently i. e. by it self or another The Reason of its spontaneous or self-motion may be thus conceived Whilâ— Atomâ—â—re by their own inamissible propensity to motion variously agitated and â—umultuous in any Concretion if those which are more moveaâ—â—â— and agile then the rest so conspire together in the course of their tendency as to discharge their united forces upon one and the same quarter o◠〈◊〉 body containing them and so attempt to disengage themselves towarâ—â—â—â—t region then do they propel the whole body toward the same region transferring the rest of their leâ—s active associates along with them It being hâ—â—hly consentaneous that motion may be expressed first in the singular Atomâ— themselves then in the smallest masses or â—nsensible Combinations of Atoms and successively in greater and greater till the sensible parts of 〈◊〉 and at length the whole bodies â—hemselves participate the motion anâ— undergo manifest agitation as Lucretius in lib. â—â— hath with lively Arguments asserted And this certainly hath far a stronger claim to our assent than that fundamental Position of Aâ—istotle that the First Princâ—ple of motion in any thing is the very Formâ— of the thing moved For unless He shall give us leave by the word 〈◊〉 to understand a certain tenuious Contexture â—f most subtile and most active Atoms which being diffused through the body oâ— mass consisting of other less subtile and in respect of their greater compaction together or 〈◊〉 close reciprocal revinction less active Atoms doth by tâ—e impression 〈◊〉 its force or Virtue motive upon the whole or any sensible part thereof become the Principle of motion to the whole body we say unless he 〈◊〉 be pleased to allow us this interpretation we shall tâ—ke the liberty to 〈◊〉 â—hat it is absolutely incomprehensible For that the Forme of a thing accepted according to His notion of a Forme should be the proto-Proto-cause or 〈◊〉 of its motion is unconceivable since according to the tenour 〈◊〉 Aristotles doctrine the Forme must be educed out of the Matter or power of the Matter that constituteth or amasseth that thing and consequently 〈◊〉 the Forme must owe as well its very Entity or Beâ—ng as 〈…〉 onely to the matter it self which yet He describeâ— to be something 〈◊〉 nothing meerly Passive and devoiâ— of 〈…〉 How therefore can it appear other than a 〈…〉 Contradiction to any man whose intellect is not eclipsed by reaso◠〈…〉 of it s proper Organ that that Matter which in 〈…〉 of Moving should nevertheless be able 〈…〉 and potent Activity upon the Form supposed to be absolutely distinct from matter Doubtless the Forme doth not derive that Motive Virtue from the Qualities inhaerent in the matter forasmuch as those Qualities as even the Aristoteleans themselves furiously contend are but the meer Results of the Power of the matter Nor from the Efficient because â—hey account
a stone fall Down again He shall Answer that what moves it Downward per se is the Generant it self or that which first Produced the stone and that which moves it downward per Accidens is that which removes the impediment or obstacle to its descent as the hand of a man or other thing supporting the stone And if you again enquire of him What is the Difference betwixt the Upward and Downward motion of a stone how one should be Violent and the other Natural since according to his own Assertion both are Caused by another His Return will be that the Difference lies in this that the stone is not carried upward of its own Nature but Downward as having the Principle of its Descent inhaerent in it self but not that of its Ascent If you urge Him yet farther since the stone hath in it self the Principle of its Motion why therefore is it not moved only by it self but wants Another or External Motor His Answer will be that there is a Twofold principle of motion the one Active the other Passive and in the stone is only the Principle Passive but in the External Motor is the Active When yet it may be farther pressed that since according to his own Doctrine the Passive principle is the matter and the Active the Forme as to the matter that cannot be the principle of its motion Downward no more than of its motion upward and as for the Forme if that be neither the Active principle nor the Passive as he will by no means admit certainly there can be none Which for Him to allow were plainly to destroy his own great Definition of Nature wherein He acknowledgeth it to be the Principle of Motion But alas these are but light and venial Mistakes in comparison of those gross Incongruities that follow When Aristotle comes to handle the Species or sorts of Natural Motion you may remember that He first Distinguisheth Natural motion in Direct and Circular and then subdistinguisheth the Direct into 1 that which is from the Circumference toward the Centre or from the Extrems toward the middle of the world which He calls Downward and 2 that which is from the Centre toward the Circumference which He calls Upward assigning the former or Downward motion only to Heavy things to the Earth simply to Water and mixt things Secundum quid and the Upward be What then must that External Principle be as Aristotle contends the very Generant of the thing moved Certainly that 's highly Absurd since the Generant is absent and perhaps long since ceased to be in rerum natura and nothing either Absent or Nonexistent can be the Efficient of a Natural Action such as motion is If you will have that to be moved by the Generant signifies no more than to receive a Virtue or Power of moving it self from the Generant then while you endeavour to save Aristotle from the former Absurdity you praecipitate him into a gross Contradiction of his own Doctrine for since the Generant it self ought to be moved by its Generant and that again to be moved by its Generant and so upward along the whole series of Generants till you arrive at length at some First Generant from whence that Virtue was first derived you bring Aristotle to allow a First Generant which impugns his fundamental supposition of the Eternity of the World Nay if you admit God to be the Author of the First Generant it will then follow that God must be the Cause of this particular motion and not the First Generant no more than the Last Finally is that the Cause which only removes the Impediment to a Heavy bodies Descent Neither is that Reasonable for as Aristotle himself confesseth such a Cause is only a Câ—use by Accident Seeing therefore that the Downward motion of a Heavy Body doth not proceed from any Internâ—l Principle nor from either its Generant or that Accidental one which removes the Impediment to its Descent in the supposed Capacity of an External let us proceed to enquire Whether there be not some other External Cause whereupon we may reasonably charge that Effect Which that we may do with the more both of order and plainness it is requisite that we first remember how Philosophers constitute diveâ—s sorts of Violent or Externally-caused motion Empericus â— advers physicos makes 4 distinct species thereof viz. Pulsion Traction Elation Depression And Aristotle sometimes superads a fifth namely Collision sometimes disallowing Empericus his Division affirms that the species of motion made by an External principle are Traction Pulsion Vection and Volutation upon good reason reducing Elation and Depression to either Traction or Pulsion forasmuch as a body may be elevated or depressed by either â—raction or Pulsion But yet He hath left us rather a Confusion than logical Discrimination of the species of Violent motion for Collision and Pulsion are one and the same thing and Vection may be performed either by Pulsion or Traction insomuch as the thing movent doth not forsake the thing pulsed or drawn but constantly adhaereth unto it and as for Volutation it is both Pulsion and Traction at once as may be easily conceived by any man who seriously considers the manner thereof Nay Traction it self may be justly reduced to Pulsion forasmuch as the movent which is said to Draw a thing doth indeed nothing but Impel it by frequently reiterated small strokes either directly toward it self or to a lateral region and yet notwithstanding for plaâ—nness sake and the cleerer Demonstration of our praesent thesis we judge it convenient to conserve the Common Notion and to determine that all Motion impressed upon one body by another is performed in the General either when the movent Propels the moveable from it self or Attracts it toward it self For albeit the movent sometimes propels the thing moved from another body or attracts it to another yet can it not possibly do that but it must at the same time either Avert it in some measure from or Adduce it toward it self Nevertheless it is not to be denied but Pulsion is always the Chieâ— Species â—nd for that consideration alone is it that Proâ—ection which is only Impulâ—â—on or as Aristotle emphatically calls it a more Violent motion is generallâ— aâ—cepted as synonymous to Violent motion and that Philosophers seldoâ— or never Exemplifie Violent motion but in Projectills whether they be projected upward or downward â—â—anveâ—sly obliquely or any way whateveâ— These things considered◠〈◊〉 follows of pure necessity that the Downward motion of Heavy Boâ—â—es being caused not by any Inteâ—nal but bâ— an â—xternal Force impressed upon them must be effected either by Impulsion or by Traction Bâ— Impulsion it cannot because in the case of a stone throwneUpward ther◠〈◊〉 nothing External that can be imagined to impel 〈◊〉 Down again 〈…〉 attained the highest point of its mountee unless 〈◊〉 should be the 〈◊〉 and iâ— its Descent did proceed from the
impulâ—◠〈…〉 from below upon the upper part of the stone◠〈…〉 projection of the stone upward during its Ascent the motion thereoâ—â—ould in every degree of its remove from the proâ—â—cient be Accelerated 〈…〉 same proportion as it s Downward motion is Accelerated in everâ—â—â—gree of its descent but Experience testifies â—hat â—ts upward motion 〈…〉 and more Retarded in every degree of its remoâ—â— from the projiciâ—â—â— and therefore it cannot be that the Downward motion thereof should be â—â—used nay not so much as advanced by the Aer Which thing â—asâ—endus 〈◊〉 Epist. de proport qua Gravia decidentia aâ—celerantu◠〈…〉 â—â—monstrated and we our selves out of him 〈◊〉 the 9 Article of our 2 〈◊〉 concerning Gravity and Levity in the 3. Book praecedent Wha◠〈◊〉 can remain but that it must be by ATTRACTION 〈◊〉 because no other Attractive Force which might begin and continu◠〈◊〉 Downward motion of a stone can be imagined unless it be that Magâ—â—â—â—que Virtue of the Earth whereby it Draws all Terrene Bodies to an 〈…〉 it self in order to their and its own better Conservation 〈…〉 Conclude that the Cause of the Downwarâ— motion oâ— all 〈…〉 is the Magnetique Attraction of the Earth Nor need we adferr other â—â—guments in this place to confirm this Positionâ— in respect we have 〈◊〉 made it the chief subject of the 2 Sect. of our Chap. of Gravity 〈…〉 whether we therefore remit our unsatisfied Reader From the Cause of 〈◊〉 Downward motion of Heavy bodies let us advance to the Acceleration 〈◊〉 them in every degree of space through which 〈…〉 reason why we should at all enquire 〈…〉 upward moâ—ion of Light bodies in every degree 〈…〉 as we know of no man but Aristotle that 〈…〉 motion of Fire and Aer is slower in the beginning and gradually 〈◊〉 and swifter in the progress And so short was 〈…〉 proving that his sâ—â—gular conception by Experiment as he ought 〈…〉 assumed â—t upon 〈◊〉 credit of only one poor Argument which is 〈◊〉 〈…〉 and other things of the like light and aspiring 〈…〉 Caelo cap. 8. were Extruded and Impelled 〈…〉 descending and crouding toward the 〈…〉 force as some have contended and weâ—e 〈…〉 spontaneous tendency of their own inhaerent 〈…〉 moved more swiftly in the beginning and moâ—e slowly 〈…〉 their motion but Fire and Aer are more 〈…〉 beginning 〈…〉 more and more swift in the progress of their Assent therefore are they not moved upward by the Extrusion and Impulsion but spontaneously or by their own Levity And to Confirm his Minor proposition that Fire and Aer are Accelerated in every degree of their Assent without the suffrage of any Experiment He subjoyns only that as a Greater quantity of Earth is moved downward more swiftly than a less so is a Greater quantity of Fire moved upward more swiftly than a less which could not be if either of them were Impelled or moved by an External Force But this is as the Former meerly Petitionary for why should not a Greater quantity of Earth or Fire be moved more swiftly than a less both being moved as we suppose by External force in â—â—se the External force be proportionate to the quantity of each Doubtless the force of the ambient Aer extruding and impelling flame upward is alwayâ— so much the greater or more sensible by how much more Copious the â—â—re is as may be evinced even from the greater Impetus and waving motion of the flame of a great fire though it cannot yet be discerned whether that Undulous or waving motion in a Great flame be as He praesumeâ—â— more swift and rapid than that more calm and equal one observed in the flame of a Candle Thaâ— you l say is enough to detect the incircumspection of Aristotle in assuming upon so weak grounds that the motion of Light things Ascending is accelerated in the progress and that in the same proportion as that of Heavy things Descending is accelerated but not enough to refute the Position it self and therefore we think it expedient to superad a Demonstrative Reason or two toward the plenary Refutation thereof Seeing it is evident from Experience that a Bladder blown up is so much the more hardly depressed in deep water by how much neerer it comâ—s to the bottom and a natural Consequent thereupon that the bladder in respect of the Aer included therein beginning its upward motion at the bottom of the Water is moved toward the region of Aer so much the more slowâ—y by how much the higher it riseth toward the surface of the Water or lower part of the region of Aer incumbent thereupon and that the Cause thereof is thâ—s that so much the fewer parts of Water are incumbent upon the bladder and aer contained therein and consequently so much the less must that force of Extrusion be whereby the parts of Water bearing downward impel them upward we may well infer hereupon that if we imagine that any Flame should ascend through the region of Aer till it arrived at the region of Fire feigned to be immediately above the region of Aer that Flame would always be moved so much the slower by how much the higher it should ascend or by how much the neerer it should arive at the region of Fire Because Fire and Aer are conceived to be of the same aspiring nature and because the same Reason holds good in proportion for the decrease of Velocity in the ascension of Flame through the Aer as for that of the decrease of velocity in the ascension of Aer included in a bladder through Water And as for Aristotles other relatâ—ve Assertion that a Greater quantity of Earth is moved more swiftly Downward than a Less manifest 〈…〉 without nay 〈…〉 Eâ—perience doth 〈…〉 inhaerent in bodies accountâ—â— Heavy and that every body must therefore â—all down so much the morâ— swiftly and violently by how much the more of Gravity 〈◊〉 possesseth Hâ—ving thus totally subverted Aristotleâ— erroneous Tenent that the 〈◊〉 of Lâ—ght bodies Ascending is Acceleâ—aâ—â—d in every degree of their Aâ—â—â—ntion it follows that we apply our selves to the consideration of the 〈◊〉 of tâ—e motion of Heavy bodies 〈◊〉 in every degree 〈…〉 Descention Wheâ—ein the First obsâ—â—vâ—ablâ— oâ—â—urring iâ— the 〈…〉 or that it is so which is easily proved from hence that in all ages 〈…〉 been observed that the motion of 〈◊〉 things Descendent 〈…〉 the beginning and grows swifter and swiâ—â—â—◠〈◊〉 toward thâ— end 〈…〉 that in fine 〈◊〉 becomes highly rapid 〈…〉 that the 〈…〉 or impression made upon the Earth 〈…〉 down from 〈◊〉 high is always so much the greater or strongâ—â— by hâ—w much the 〈◊〉 â—he place is from which it â—ell The Second 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 or Cause of that velocity Encreasing in 〈…〉 which though enquired into by many of the Ancients seem◠〈…〉 been 〈◊〉 by none of them For 1 albeit Aristotle 〈◊〉 was so wary as 〈…〉 explicate his thoughts concerning it yâ—t â—oâ—h hiâ— great 〈◊〉 Simpliâ—â—â—â— tell
this invented by Gassendus Thirdly we may account the Line DE for the first degree of Velocity acquired in the end of the first time insomuch as the first time AE is not individual but may be divided into so many instants or shorter times as there are points or particles in the line AE or AD so neither is the degree of Velocity individual or wholly acquired in one instant but from the beginning encreaseth through the whole first time and may be repraesented by so many Lines as may be drawn parallel to the Line DE betwixt the points of the Lines AD and AE so that as those Lines do continually encrease from the point A to the Line DE so likewise doth the Velocity continually encrease from the beginning of the motion and being represented what it is in the intercepted instants of the first time by the intercepted Lines it may be represented what it is in the last instant of the same first time by the Line DE drawn betwixt the two last points of the Triangle ADE And because the Velocity thenceforward continuing its Encrease may be again signified by Greater and Greater Lines continently drawn betwixt all the succeeding points of the remaining Lines DB and EC hence comes it that the Line FG doth represent the degree of Velocity acquired in the end of the second moment the Line HI the Velocity acquired in the end of the third moment and the Line KL the velocity acquired in the end of the fourth moment And evident it is from hence how the velocities respond in proportions to the Times since by reason of the Triangles of a common angle and parallel bases it is well known that as DE are to EA so FG to GA HI to IA and KL to LA. Thus keeping your eye upon the Figure and your mind upon the Analogy you shall fully comprehend that in the first moment of Time the falling stone doth acquire one degree of Velocity and pervades one degree of space that in the second moment of Time it acquires another degree of Velocity which being conjoynd to the former makes two and in the mean while three spaces are pervaded that in the third moment it acquires another degree of Velocity which conjoyned to the two former makes three and in the mean while seven parts of space are pervaded and so forward You shall fully comprehend also that the Celerities obtain the same Ration as the moments of Time and that the spaces pervaded from the beginning to the end of the motion have the same Ration as the Quadrates of the moments of Time which we assumed to Demonstrate out of Gassendus But still it concerns you to remember that we here discourse of that Motion which is Equally or Uniformly Accelerated or whose velocity doth continually and uniformly encrease nor is there any moment of the consequent time in which the motion is not more swift than it was in every antecedent moment and in which it is not accelerated according to the same Reason For the want of this Advertisement in chief seems to have been the unhappy occasion of that great trouble the Learned Jesuit Petrus Cazraeus put Gassendus to in his two Epistles De Proportione qua Gravia decidentia accelerantur And this kindly conducts us to the Physical Reason of this Proportion in which the velocity of bodies Descending is observed to encrease For wholly excluding the supposition of the Aers assistance of the Downward motion of a stone by recurring above and so impelling it downward and admitting the Magnetick Attraction of the Earth to be the sole Cause of its Descent unto both which the considerations formerly alleadged seem to oblige us it is familiar for us to conceive that the Increment of its Celerity according to the proportion assigned ariseth from hence While in the first moment the earth attracts the stone one degree of Celerity is acquired and one degree of space is pervaded In the second moment the attraction of the Earth continuing another degree of celerity is acquired and three equal spaces are pervaded one by reason of the degree of celerity in the mean while acquired and two by reason of the degree of celerity formerly acquired and still persevering as that which is doubly â—equivalent to the new degree in the mean while acquired because it is Complete and entire from the very beginning of the 2d moment but the other is only acquiring or in fieri and so not complete till the end of the second moment Then according to the same Ration in the third moment another degree of celerity is acquired and five spaces equal are pervaded one by reason of the new degree of celerity in the mean while acquired and fower by reason of the two former persevering i. e. two in each moment praecedent or one of a duplicate aequivalency to the new one not yet complete Then in the fourth moment another degree of celerity is acquired and seven spaces are pervaded one by reason of the fresh degree in the interim acquired and six by reason of the three former perâ—â—vering i. e. two in each praecedent moment And so of the rest through the whole motion computing the degrees of encreasing Celerity by the ration of Quadrate Numbers Now many are the Physical Theorems and of considerable importance which might be genuinely deduced from this excellent and fruitful Physicomathematical speculation and as many the admired Apparences in nature that offer themselves to be solved by Reasons more than hinted in the same but such is the strictness of our method and weariness of our Pen that we can in the praesent make no farther advantage of it than only to infer from thence the most probable Reason of that so famous Phaenomenon The equal velocity of two stones or bullets the one of 100 pound the other of only one ounce weight descending from the same altitude experience constantly attesting that being dropt down together or turned off in the same instant from the top of a tower the Lesser shall arrive at the ground as soon as the Greater For this admirable Effect seems to have no other Cause but this that the Lesser body as it containeth fewer parts so doth it require the Impulses or strokes of fewer Magnetical rays by which the attraction is made and such is the proportion of the two forces as that each moveable being considered with what Resistence you please still is the force in the movent equally sufficient to overcome that resistence and a few magnetique rays suffice to the attraction of a few parts as well as many to the attraction of many parts So that the space being equal which both are to pervade it follows that it must be pervaded by both in equal or the same time Provided always that the two bodies assumed be of the same matter for in case they be of divers matters as the one of Wood the other of Iron or Lead that may cause some small
Water of the same importaâ—ce Art 5. No Câ—mbuâ—tâ—â—le in Aer and so the opinion of the Ariâ—â—otâ—leans that the Extinctiâ—n of Flame imprisâ—ned is to be charged on the Defect of Aer for its sustentaâ—tiâ—n grosly erroneous Art 6. A fourth singular and memorable Experiment of the Authors of Yce at the nose of a large Reverberatory Furnace charged with Ignis rotae evidencing a Vacuity inter spersed in the Aer Art 7. An Inference from that Experiment that Aer as to its General Destination is the Common Receptaâ—y of Exhalations Art 8. A second â—llation that the Aer doth receive Exhalations at a certain rate or definite proportion which cannot be transcended without prodigious violence Art 9. The Existence of Inane Incontiguities in the Aer confirmed by two considerable Aâ—guments Art 1. That Water also contains Vacuola empty Spaces demonstrated Art 2. From the Experiment of the Dissolution of Alum Halinitre Sal Ammoniac and Sugar in Water formerly sated with the Tincture of Common Salt Art 3. The verity of the Lord 〈…〉 that a repeated 〈◊〉 not Rhuâ—barb 〈…〉 a virtue 〈…〉 a simpâ—e 〈…〉 in equal quantity and why Art 4. Why two Drachms of Antimony impragnaâ—e a pint of Wine with so strong a vomitory Faculty as two ounces Art 5. Why one and the same Menstruumâ—ay â—ay be enriched wiâ—h vâ—rious Tinctures Art 1. Two other Arguments of a Vacuity Dissâ—minate inferrible from 1 the difference of Bodies in the degrees of Gravity 2 the Calefaction of Bodies by the penetration of igneous Atoms into them Art 2. The Experiments vulgarly adduced to prove no vacuity in nature so far from denying that they confess a Disseminate one Art 3. The gâ—and Difficulty of the Câ—uâ—e of the Aers restitution of it self to iâ—s natural â—ontexture after raâ—efaction and condensation â—atisfied in brief Art 1. What is conceived by a Coacervate Vacuity and who was the Inventor of the famous Experiment of Quicksilver in a Glass Tube upon which many modern Physiologists have erected their perswasion of the possâ—bility of introducing it Experientiam apponam cusus invenâ—ionem etsi 〈◊〉 qui alii ambitiosiâ—s 〈…〉 tamen mihi conâ—â—at 〈◊〉 à Torricellio 〈…〉 Art 2. A 〈◊〉 description of the Expâ—riment and 〈◊〉 rate 〈◊〉 Art 3. The Authors reason for his selection of only six of the most considerable Phaenomenae to explore the Causes of them Art 1. The First Cardinal Difficulty Art 3. The Desert space in the Tube argued to be an absolute Vacuum coacervate from the impossibility of its repletion with Aer Art 5. The Vacuity in the Desert Space not praevented by the insinuation of Aether Art 6. A Paradâ—â— â—hat Nature doth not abhor all vacuity per se but only â—x Accidenti or in respect to Fluxility Art 7. A second Argument against the repletion of the Desert space by Aether Art 8. The Vacuity of the Desert space not praevented by an Halitus or Spiritual Efflux from the Mercury for three convincing reasons Art 9. The Authâ—rs Apostacy from the opinion of an absolute Coacervate Vacuity in the desert space in regard of Art 10. The possibiliâ— of the subingression of light Art 2. Of the Atoms or insensible bodies of Heat and Cold which are much more exile and penetrative then common Aer Art 12. Of the Magnetical Efflux of the Earth to which opinion the Author resigns his Assent Art 13. No absolute plenitude nor absolute Vacuiâ—y in the Desert Space but only a Disseminate Vacuity Art 1. The second Difficulty stated Art 2. Two things necessary to the creation of an excessive or praeternatural Vacuity Art 3. The occasion of Galilaeos invention of a Brass Cylindre charged with a wooden Embol or Sucker and of Torricellius invention of the praesent Experiment Art 4. The marrow of the Difficulty viz. How the Aer can be impelled upward by the Restagnant Quicksilver when there externally wants a fit space for it to circulate into Art 5. The solution of the same by the Laxity of the Contexture of the Aer Art 6. The same illustrated by the adaequate simile of Corne infused into a Busâ—el Art 7. A subordinate scruple why most bodies are moved through the Aer with so little resistence as is imperceptible by sense Art 8. The same Expeded Art 9. A second dependent scruple concerning the Cause of the sensible resistence of the Aer in this case of the Experiment together with the satisfaction thereof by the Gravity of Aer Art 1. The State of the Third Difficulty Art 2. The Solution thereof in a Word Art 3. Three praecedent positions briefly recognised in order to the worthy profounding of the mystery of tâ—e Aers resisting Compression beyond a certain rate or determinate proportion Art 4. The Aequiponderancy of the External Aer pendent upon the surface of the Restagnant Mercury in the vessel to the Cylindre of Mercury residuous in the Tube at the altitude of 27 digits the cause of the Mercuries constant subsistence at that point Art 5. A convenient 〈◊〉 illustrating and enforcing the same Art 6. The Remainder of the Difficulty viz. Why the Aequilibrium of these two opposite weights the Mercury and the Aer is constant to the praecise altitude of 27 dâ—gâ—tâ— remâ—ved Art 7. Humaâ—e Perspicacity terminated in the exterior parts of Nature or simple Apparitions which eluding our Cognition frequently fall under no other comprehension but that of rational Conjecture Art 8. The constant subsistence of the Mercury at 27 dâ—gits adscriptive rather to the Resistence of the Aer then to any occult Quality in the Mercury Art 9. The Analâ—gy betwixt the Absolute and Respective Aequality of weighâ—s of Quicksilver and Water in the different altitudes of 27 dâ—gits and 32 feet Art 10. The definite weights of the Mercury at 27 dâ—gits and Water at 32 feet in a Tube of the third part of a digit in diametre â—â—und to be near upon two pouâ—d Paris weiâ—ht * Consulâ—ndus Mersennus in tract de Mensuris ponderibus cap 1. 〈◊〉 physicomathemat p. 229. Art 11. Quaere Why the Aequilibrium is constant to the same point of altitude in a Tube of a large concave as well as in one of a small when the force of the Depriment must be greater in the one then the other Art 12. The solution thereof by the appropriation of the same Cause which makes the descent of two bâ—dies of different weights aequivelox Art 1. The Fourth Capital Difficulty proposed Art 2. The full solution thereof by demonstration Art 3. The same confirmed by the theory of the Cause of the Mercuries frequent Reciprocations before it acquiesce at the point of Aequipondium Art 1. The Fifth Principal Difficulty Art 2. Solved by the Motion of Restauration naâ—ural to each insensible particle of Aer Art 3. The incumbent Aer in this case equally distressed by two contrary Forces Art 4. The motion of Restauratiâ—n in the Aer extended to the satisfaction of another consimilar Doubt concerning the subintrusion
reflects the incident rayes in a more Acute angle than a Parabolical and a Parabolical than a Spherical Art 3. A CONSECTARY Why a Plane Perspicil exhibits an objâ—ct in genuine Dimenâ—ioâ—s but a Convex in Amplified and a Concave in minorated Art 1. A Recapitulation of the principal Arguments precedent and summary of the subsequent 10 The â—â—x Muscles viz. 1 The Dâ—â—ect as the Deprâ—ment 〈◊〉 Abducent 2 And Oblique as the 2 Circumactors or Lovers Muscles Art 3. Why the Situation of an object is perceived by the sight Art 5. The same illustrate by an Experiment Art 6. Why the Motiâ—n and Quiet of obâ—ects â—re dâ—scerned by the sight Art 7. Why 〈◊〉 Images imitaâ—e the motions of tâ—eâ—r Artiâ—pes oâ— Oâ—iginals Art 8. Wâ—y the rightâ—ide â—ide of a Câ—toptrical Image respects the Lâ—ft of its Exemplar And why two Catoptrick Glasses confrontingly posited cause a Râ—stitution of the parts of the Image to the natural Form Art 1. The Argument duely acknowledged to â—e superlatively Difficult iâ— not absolutely Aâ—ataleptâ—cal Art 2. The sentence of Aristâ—tle concerning the Nature of Colours and the Commentâ—â—y of Scalâ—geâ— thereupâ—n Art 3. The opinion of Plato Art 4. Of the Pythagorean and Stoiâ—k Art 5. Of the Spagyrical Philosophers Art 6. The reason of the 〈…〉 and election of Democritus and Epicurus judgâ—â—ent touching the Generaâ—iâ—n of Colâ—uâ—s Art 7. The Text of Epicurus fully and faithfully expounded Art 1. A PARADOX That there are no Colours in the Dark Art 2. A familiar Experiment attesting the Verity thereof Art 3. The Constancy of all Artificial Tinctures dependent on the constancy of Disposition in the superficial Particles of the Bodies that wear them Art 4. That sâ— generally magnifâ—ed Distinction of Colors into Inhâ—rent and meerly Apparent redargued of manifeâ—t Câ—ntradâ—ction Art 5. The Emphatâ—â—al or Evanâ—d Coloâ—rs created by 〈◊〉 nâ— less Râ—al 〈◊〉 than the â—ost 〈◊〉 Tiâ—ctures Art 6. COROLLARY The Reasons of Emphatical Colours appinged on Bodies objected by a Prism Art 7. The true Difference of Emphatical and Durable Colour◠〈◊〉 Art 8. No Colour Formally inâ—â—erent in objects but onl◠〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 câ—â—â—rary to the constant 〈…〉 Art 9. 〈…〉 â—arther â—indiâ—ated from Difficulty by the 〈…〉 praâ—cedeâ—◠〈…〉 oâ— the Aâ—â—mists Art 1. The Nativity of White or the reason of its percepâ—ion by the sight Art 2. Black a meet Privation of Light Art 3. The Genealogâ— of all Intermediate Color Art 4. The Causes of the Sympathy Antipathy of some Colours Art 5. The intermistion of small shadows among the lines of Light absolutely necessary to the Generation of any Intermediate Colour Art 6. Two eminent PROBLEMS concerning the Generation and Transposition of the Vermillion and Caeâ—ule appinged on Bodies by Prismes Art 7. The Solution of the Former with a rational Conjecture of the Cause of the Blew apparent in the Concave of the Heavens Art 8. The Solution of the Later Art 9. The Reasons why the Author proceeds not to investigate the Causes of Compound Colours in Particular Art 10. He confesseth the Erection of this whole Discourse on simple Conjecture and enumerates the Difficulties to be subdued by him who hopes to attain an Apodictical Knowledge of the Essence Causes of Colours Art 11. Des Cartes attempt to dissolve the chief of those Difficulties unsucsessful because grounded on an unstable Hypothesis Art 1. The Clasp or Ligament of this to the praecedent Chapter Art 2. The Authors Notion of the Rays of Light Art 3. A Parallelism betwixt a stream of Watâ—r exsilient from the Cock of a Cistern and a Ray of Light emanant from its Lucid Fountain PRAECONSIDERABLES Art 4. Light distinguisht into Primary Secondary c. Art 5. All Light Debilitated by Reflection and why Art 6. An Example sensibly demonstrating the same Art 7. That light is in perpetual Motion according to Arist. Art 8. Light why Corroborated in some cases and Debilitated in others by Refraction COROLLARY Why the Figure of the Sun both rising setting apâ—ears rather Elliptical than Sphaerical Art 9. PARADOX That the proportion of Solary Rayes reflected by the superiour Aer or Aether toward the Earth is so smaâ—l as not to be sensible Art 10. That every Lucid Body as Lucid doth emit its Rayes Sphâ—erically but as Visible Pyramidally Art 11. That Light is invisible in the pure medium Art 1. The Necessity of the Authors confirmation of the Fâ—â—st Praeconsiderable Art 2. The CORPORIETY of Light demonstrated by its jâ—st Attributes viz. 1 Locomotion 2 Resilition 3 Refraction 4 Coition 5 Disgrâ—gation 6 Igniety Art 3. Aristotles Definition of Lighâ— a meer Ambage and incomprehensible Art 4. The 〈◊〉 of Light impâ—rts not the Coexistence of two Bâ—dies in one Place contrary to the Peripatetick Art 5. Nor the motion of a Bâ—dy to be Instantaneâ—us Art 6. The Invisibilitâ— of â—ight in the limpid medium no Argument of its Immateriality as the Peripatetick praesumes Art 7. Tâ—e Corporiety of Light fully consistent with the Duration of the Sun contrary to the Peripatetick Art 8. The inâ—â—nsibility of Heat in many Lucent Bâ—dieâ— no valid Argument against the praesent Thesis that Light is Flame Attenuated Art 1. An Elogy of the sense of Hearing and the Relation of this and the praecedent Chapter Art 2. The great Affinity betwixt Viâ—ibleâ—nd â—nd Audible species in their representation of the superficial Conditions of Objects Art 3. In the Causes and manner of their Destruction Art 4. In their Actinâ—bolism or Diffusion both Sphaerical and Pyramidal Art 5. In their certifying the sense of the Magnitude Figure and otherâ— Qualities of their Originals Art 6. In the obscuration of Less by Greater Art 7. In their offâ—nce of the organs when excessive Art 8. In thâ—ir production of Heat by Multiplication Art 9. In their Variability according to the various disposition of the Medium Art 10. In their chief Attributes of Lâ—comotion Exsilitiâ—â— â—mpaction Resilition Dâ—â—gregation Congâ—egation Art 1. The Product of the Praemises concerning the points of Consent Dissent of Audible and Visible Species viz. That Sounds are Corporeal Art 2. An obstruction oâ— praejudice from the generally supposed repugnant Authâ—rities of some of the Ancients expeded Art 3. An Argument of the Corporiety of Sounds Art 4. A Second Argumenâ— Câ—ROLLARâ— Art 5. The 〈…〉 where 〈…〉 dâ—sâ—ant fâ—â—m â—he Sonant aâ—d Repâ—â—cuâ—iâ—â—â— COROLLARY 2. Art 6. Why Concaves yeild the strongest and longest Sounds COROLLARY 3. Art 7. The reason of Conâ—urrent Echoes where the Audient is near the Reflectent and remote from the sonant COROLLARY 4. Art 8. Why Echoes Monâ—phâ—n rehearâ—e so much the fewer syllables by how much nearer the audient is to the Reflectenâ— COROLLARY 5. Art 9. The reaâ—on of Pâ—lyphâ—n Echoes Art 10. A Third Argument of the Materiality of Sâ—unds Art 11. The necessity of a certain Configuration in a Sound inferred from the Distinction of one sound from another by the Sense Art 12. The same confirmed by the Aâ—ctority
of Pythagoras Plato and Aristotle Art 13. And by the Capacity of the most subtle parts of the Aer Art 14. The Reason 〈…〉 Art 15. The most subtle Particles of the Aer onely the material of Sounds PARADâ—X Art 16. One and the saâ—e nuâ—eâ—icaâ— vâ—ycâ— not heard by two men noâ—â—oth ears of one man Art 17. A PROBLEM not yet solved by any Philosopher viz. How such infiâ—ite Variety of Words is formed onely by the various motions of the Tongue and Lips Art 18. A Second also yet unconquered Difficulty viz. the determinate Pernicity of the Aers motion when exploded from the Lungs in Speech Art 19. All Sounds Created by Mâ—tion and that either when that intermediate Aer is confracted by two solids mutually resistent or when the aer is percust by one Solid or when a solid is percust by the Aer Art 20. Rapidity of motion necessary to the Creation of a Sound not in the First Case Art 21. But in the Sâ—â—â—nd and Last Art 22. 〈…〉 are of 〈…〉 the Dâ—lation Art 23. The Reaâ—on thereof Art 24. To measure the Velocity of great Sounds Art 25. Sounds â—oe subject to Râ—â—ardatâ—â—n â—â—om adveâ—se noâ— Acceleration frâ—m Secunâ— Winds Art 1. That all Sounds where the Aer is percussed by one solid are created immedâ—ately by the Frequencâ— not the Velocity of motion demonstrated Art 2. Anâ— likewise where the â—er is the 〈◊〉 Art 3. 〈…〉 Acute sounds aâ—iâ—e from the more and â—raâ—e fâ—om â—he less 〈…〉 of the aer demonâ—â—raâ—ed Art 4. 〈…〉 Art 5. The same Analytically praesented in Scheme Art 6. A just and unanswerable Exception against the former Harmonical Hypothesis Art 7. PROBLEM 1. In what instant an Harmonical Sound resulting from a Chord percussed is begun Art 8. That a Sound may be creaâ—ed in a Vacuum contrary to Athanas. Kircher in Art Magn. Consâ—ni Dâ—ssoni lib. 1. cap. 6. Digressionâ— Art 9. Why all Sounds appear more Acute at large than at small distance Art 10. Why Cold water falling makes a fuller noise than warm Art 11. Why the voice of a Calf is more Base than that of an Ox c. Art 12. Why a Dissonance in a Base is more deprehensible by the ear than in a Treble voice Art 1. That the Cognition of the Nature of Odours is very difficult in respect of the Imperfection of the sense of Smelling in man and Art 2. The contrary opinions of Phylosophers concerning it Art 3. Some determining an Odour to be a substance Art 4. Others a meer Accident or Quality Art 5. The Basis of the Latter opinion infirme and ruinous Art 6. That all odorous Bodies emit corporeal Exhalations Art 7. That Odours cause sundry Affections in our Bodies and such as are configâ—â—able only to substances 8 de Compos medic secund loca cap. 4. Art 8. That the Reason of an Odours affecting the sensory consists only in a certain Symbolisme betwixt the Figures and Contexture of its Particles and the Figures and Conâ—epture of the Particles of the Odoratory Nerves Art 9. That the Diversity of Odours depends on the Diversity of Impressions made on the sensory respondent to the variâ—us Figures and Contexture of their Particles Art 10. Why some Persons abhor those smells which are grateful to most others Art 11. Why among Beasts some species are offended at those scents in which others hâ—â—â—ly delight Art 12. The Geâ—eratiâ—n and Dâ—ffusion of Odours due only to Heat Art 13. The Differences of Odours Art 14. The Medium of Odours Art 1. From the superlative Acuteness of the sense of Tasting Aristotle concludes the cognition of the Nature of Sapours to be more easily acquiâ—able than the nature of any other sensible object but refutes himself by the many Errors of his his own Theory concerning the same Art 2. An Abridgment of his doctrine concerning the Essence and Causes of a Sapour in General Art 3. And the Differences of Sapours with the particular Causes of each Art 4 An Examination and brief redargution of the same Doctrine Art 5. The postpâ—sitâ—on thereof to the more verisimilous Determination of the sons of Hâ—rmes who adscribe all Sapours to Salt Art 6. Bâ—t faâ— mâ—re to that most profound and satisfactâ—ry Tenent of Democritus and Plato which deduceth the Nativity of Sapours from the various Figures and contextures of the minute particles of Concâ—etions Art 7. The advantages of this sentence above all others touching the same subject Art 8. The Objections of Arist. concisely though solidly solved Art 9. That the salivous Humidity of the Tongue serveth to the Dissolution and Imbibition of the Salt in all Gustables Art 1. This Chapters right of succession to the former Art 2. The Diveâ—â— accepâ—ation of the term Touching Art 3. A pertinent though short Panegyrick on the sense of Touching Art 4. Some Tactile Qualities in common to the perception of other senses also Art 5. A Scheme oâ— all Qualities or Commonly or Properly appertaining to the Sense of Touching as they stand in their several Relations to or Dependencies on the Univâ—â—sâ—l Matâ—er Atoms and so of all the subâ—equent Caâ—ital Aâ—guments to be treated of in this Book Art 6. The right of Rarity and Dâ—nsity to the Priority of consâ—deration Art 1. The Opinion of those Philosophers who place the Reason of Rarity in the actual Division of a Body into small parts and the brief Refutation thâ—reof Art 2 A second Opinion deriving Raâ—ity and Density from the several proportions which Quantity hath to its substance convicted of iâ—compreâ—ensibâ—lity and so of insatisfaction Art 3. A Third desuming the more and less of Rarity in Bodies from the more and less of VACUITY intercepted among their particles and the Advantages thereof aâ—ove all otâ—ers concerning the same Art 4. The Definitions oâ— a Rare and of a Dense Body according to the assumptiâ—n of a Vacuity Disseminate Art 5. The Conâ—ruiâ—y of those Dâ—finitions demonstrated Art 6. 〈…〉 of Diffâ—â—ulties wherein the thoughts of Physiâ—logists have so long wandered â—educâ—d to a pâ—int the genuine state of the 〈◊〉 Art 7. That Rarity and Density can have no other Causes immediate but the more and less of Inanity interspersed among the particles of Concretions DEMONSTRATED Art 8. Aristotles Exceptions against Disseminate Inanity neither important nor competent Art 9. The Hypothesis of a certain 〈◊〉 substance to repâ—enish the pores of Bodies in Raâ—ifaction demonstrated insufficient to sâ—lâ—e the Difficulty or demolâ—â—h the Epicuâ—â—a◠〈…〉 Vacuâ—â—e Art 10. The 〈…〉 understandâ—ng tâ—e Reasonâ— aâ—d Manner of â—aâ—i action and Câ—ndensation from the 〈…〉 Art 11. PARADOX That the Matter of a Body when Rarified doth possess no more of true Place than when Condensed and the Conciliation thereof to the praeposed Definitions of a Raâ—e and of a Dense Body Art 12. PROBLEM Whether Aer be capable of Condensation to so high a rate as it is of Rarifaction and the Apodictical solution thereof Art 1. The opportunity of the present speculation concerning the Causes of
turbid during the seaâ—on wherein thâ— Vines Flâ—wer and Bud. Art 25. That the â—â—stilled waters of Orange flowers and Roses doe not take any thing of their fragrancy during â—he 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 of those 〈◊〉 as 〈◊〉 vulgarly believed Art 1. Why this 〈…〉 only some 〈…〉 Art 2. 〈…〉 Art 〈…〉 Art 4. 〈…〉 Art 5. The Cause of the â—â—est 〈…〉 Carcaâ—â— of a muâ—theâ—ed man 〈◊〉 the praesence and 〈◊〉 of the Hâ—miâ—iaâ— Art 6. How the Basilisk doth empoyson and destroy at distance Art 8. 〈…〉 Art 9. 〈…〉 Art 10. Wâ—y â—â—â—ers Tarantiaâ—al Persons are affected and cured with Divers Tâ—nâ—s and the musick of divers Instruments Art 11. Thâ—t â—â—e venome of the Tarantula doth produce the same effect in the body of a man is it doth in that of the Tarantula it self and why Art 12. That the Venâ—m of the Tarantula is 〈◊〉 in a 〈◊〉 Hâ—mor and such as 〈◊〉 capable of Sâ—â—nds Art 13. That it causeth an â—ncessent itching and 〈◊〉 â—itillation 〈◊〉 the Nervous and Musculous parâ—s of mans body when infused into it and â—ermenting â—n â—t Art 14. The cause of the Annual Recidivation of the Tarantism till it be perfectly cured Art 15. A Conjecture what kind of Tunâ—â— Strainâ— and Notes seem most accommodate to the Cure of Tarantiacal Personâ— iâ— the General Art 16. The Reason of the Incantation of Serpents by a rod of the Cornus Art 17. DIâ—RESSION That the 〈…〉 Art 19. 〈…〉 Art 20. That ships are 〈…〉 Art 21. That the Echineis or Remora is not Ominous Art 22. Why this place admits not of more than a Generalâ—â—quest â—â—quest into the Faculties of Poâ—â—ons and Counterpoisons Art 23. Poisons defined Art 24. Wherein the Deleterious Fâ—culty of Poison doth consist Art 25. Counterpoisons Defined Art 26. Wherein their Salutiferâ—us Virtue doth consist Art 27. How Triacle cureth the venome of Vipers Art 28. How the body of a Scorpion bruised and laid warm upon the parâ— which it hath lately wounded and envenomed doth cure the same Art 29. That some Poisons are Antidotes against others by way of direct Contrariety Art 30. Why sundry particular men and some whole Nations have â—ed upon Poisonous Animals and Plants without harm Art 31. The A maâ—â— Vrgâ—â—â—â— and 〈◊〉 Pâ—wder imâ—ugned Art 32. The Auâ—â—ors Retraction of his quondam Deâ—ence of the Magnetick Câ—re of W unds 〈◊〉 in his Pâ—oâ—egomena to Heâ—mâ—nts Book of that subject and title Art 1. The Nature and Obscurity of the Subject hinted by certain Metaphorical Cognomina agreeable thereunto though in divers relations Art 2. Why the Author insisteth not upon the 1 several Appellations 2 Inveâ—â—o of the Loadstone 3 â—nvention of the Pixis Nautica Art 3. The Virtues of the Loadstone in General Two the Attractive and Directive Art 4 〈…〉 Art 5. His 〈…〉 Art 6. Galens three Grand Objections against the same briefly Answered Art 7. 〈…〉 Art 8. A Parâ—llâ—lâ—â—â—â—â—â—wixt â—â—â—wixt the Mâ—gnetique Facâ—lâ—y of the Lâ—adstone 〈◊〉 and thaâ— of 〈◊〉 iâ— Animals Art 9. 〈…〉 Art 10. That every Lâ—adstone in respect of the Circumradiation of its Magnetical 〈…〉 acâ—rewing Art 11. The Reason oâ— that admirable 〈◊〉 or 〈…〉 of Magneâ—ickâ— and why the â—oleâ— of a Loadstone are incapable but those of a Neeâ—le easily capable of Tranâ—plantation from one Extreme to the contraâ—â— Art 12. An Objection of the 〈◊〉 or Repulsion of the North â—ole of one Loaâ—dstâ—ne or Needle by the Nâ—rth Pole of Another praevenâ—eâ— Art 13. Three prinâ—â—pal Magnetiâ—â—e Axioms deâ—uced from the same Fountain Art 14. 〈…〉 Art 15. That the Magnetique Vigour or Perfection both of Loadstones and Iron doth consist in either their Native Purity and Uniformity of Substance or their Artificial Politeness Art 16 That the Aâ—ming of a Magnet with polished Steel doth highly Corroborate but aâ— much diminish the sphere of its Attractive Virtue Art 17. Why a smaller or weaker Loadstone doth snatch away a Needle from a Greater or more Potent one while the small or weak one is held within the sphere of the great or stronger ones Activity and not otherwisâ— Art 18. COROLLARY Of the Abduction of Iron from the Earâ—h by a Loadstone Art 1. The Method and Câ—ntents of the Section Art 2. Affinity of the Loadstone and Iron Art 3. The Loadstâ—ne confâ—rms it sâ—lf in all respects to the Terrestâ—ial Globe as a Neâ—â—le conforms it self to the Loaâ—stone Art 4. Iron obtains a Verticity not only from tâ—e Loadstone by Affriction or Aspiration but also from the Earth it self and that according to the laws of Pâ—sitiâ—n Art 5. One and the same Nature in common to the Earth Loadstone and Iron Art 6. The Earth impraegnating Iron with a Polary Affection doth cause therein a Locall Immutation of its insensible particles Art 7. The Loadstone doth the same Art 8. The Magnetique Virtue a Corporeal Efflux Art 9. Contrarâ— â—bjâ—ctions their Solutions Art 10. A Paâ—alleliâ—me of the Magnetique Virtue and the Vegetative Faculâ—â— oâ— Plants Art 11. 〈…〉 of the 〈◊〉 reâ—â—pect name are Enemies and thâ—se of a Contrary respect name Friends Art 12. 〈…〉 is diâ—â—ected into two pieces why the â—oreal part of the one half decline â—â—njunction with the Boreall part of the other and the 〈◊〉 of one with thâ— Austâ—â—ll of the other Art 13. The Fibres of the Earth extend from Pole to Pole and that may be the Cause of the firme Cohaesion of all its Parts conspiring to conserve its Sphericall Figure Art 14. Reason of Magneticall Variatiâ—n in divers climates and places Art 15. The Deâ—rement of Magneticall Variation in one and the same place in divers years Art 16. The Cause thereof not yet known Art 17. No Mâ—gnet hath more â—han Two Legitâ—mate Poles and the reaâ—ons of Illegitimate ones Art 18. The Conclusion Apologeticall and 〈◊〉 Advertâ—â—â—â—ment that â—he Attractiâ—â— and Directiâ—â— Actâ—â—ons o◠〈…〉 Art 1. The Introduction Art 2. The proper Notions of Generation Corruption Art 3. Various opinions of the Ancient Philosophers touching the reason of Generation and the principall Authors of pacti Art 4. The two great opinions of the same Philosophers concerning the manner of the Commistion of the Common Principles in Generation faithfully briefly stated Art 5. That of Aristotle and the stoicks refuâ—ed and Chrysippus subâ—erfuge convicted of 3 Absurdities Art 6. Arâ—stâ—tles twofâ—ld â—â—vation of the 〈…〉 Art 〈…〉 Art 8. That the 〈◊〉 of a thing 〈…〉 certain 〈…〉 Art 9. 〈…〉 Art 10 An illuâ—â—râ—â—â—on thereâ—f by a praegnant and oâ—porâ—unâ—â— Insâ—â—nce viz. â—he Generation â—f â—he 〈…〉 Art 1. That in Corruption no substance perisheth but only that determinate Modification of substance or Matter which specified the thing Art 2. Enâ—â—rceâ—ent oâ— thâ—â—ame Thâ—sis by an illustrius Example Art 3. An Experâ—ment demonstrating that the Salâ— of Ashes was praeexistent in Wood and noâ— produâ—ed but only educed by Fire Art 4. The 〈◊〉 sense of three Gâ—neral Axâ—â—ms deduced from the precedent doctâ—ine of the Atomists Art 5. The General
Iâ—testine Cauâ—es of Corruptâ—â—n chiefly Twâ— 1 the interception of â—â—anity among the 〈◊〉 particâ—es of Bâ—dies 2 â—â—e â—ential Gravity and inâ—eparable Mobility of Atoms Art 6. The Generall Manners oâ— Ways of Generation and Corruption Art 7. Inadverâ—â—â—cy of Aristotle in making Five General 〈◊〉 of Generatiâ—â— Art 8. The special Manners of Generation innumerable and why Art 9. All sâ—â—ts oâ— Atoms not indiâ—feâ—ently coâ—petenâ— to the Constitution of all sorts of thing Art 1. Why thâ— Nature of â—otion which dâ—sâ—rved to have been the subject of the first speculatiâ—â— was resâ—rved to bâ— the Argumâ—nt of tâ—e Last in this Phâ—siology Art 2 An Epicurean Principle of â—unâ—amental concern to moâ—ion Art 3. 〈…〉 Art 〈…〉 Art 6. Emperiâ—â—â— his â—â—â—ections against that Dâ—finition of Epicâ—rus and 〈…〉 of each Art 7. That tâ—ere is motion contrary â—o thâ— Sopâ—â—sms of Parmenides Melâ—ssus Zeno Dâ—â—doâ—us and the Sceâ—ticks Art 1. 〈…〉 Art 2 The 〈◊〉 deduced from the 〈◊〉 Epicurean Pâ—â—â—cipâ—e of moâ—â—on 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 considâ—raâ—le Conclusions extracted from theâ—ce Art 4. 〈◊〉 or Aequanility â—he 〈◊〉 â—haracter of a Natural motionâ— and 〈◊〉 want of uniâ—ormity of a 〈◊〉 Art 5. â—he Dâ—wnwâ—rd motion 〈◊〉 Inanimates derived from â—n External Principle contrary to Aristotle Art Art 12. That the Proportion or Ration of Celerity to Celerity encreasing in the descent of Heavy things is not the same as the Proportion or Ration of Space to Space which they pervade contrary to Michael Varâ— the Mathematician Art 14 〈…〉 Art 16. The Physical Reason of that Proportion Art 17. The Reason of the Eâ—ual Velocâ—ty of Bâ—dies of very dâ—ffeâ—â—nâ— weigâ—ts falling from the same altitude inferred from the same Theâ—â—y Art 18. Gravity Distinguish't into Simple and Adjectitious Art 19. The Râ—â—e of that superlative velocity with which a Bullet would be carried in case it should fall from the Moon Sun or region of the â—ixed stars to the Earth and 〈◊〉 each of those vast heights to the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 Art 1. What and whence is that Force or Virtue Motive whereby Bodies Projected are carried on after their Dismission from the Projicient Art 2. The Manner of the Impression of that Force Art 3. That all Motion in a free or Empty space must be Vniform and Perpetual and that the chief Cause of the Inequality and Brevity of the motion of things projected through the Atmosphere is the magnetique Attraction of the Earth Art 4. That in the Atmosphere no body can be projected in a Direct line unless perpendicularly Upward oâ— Downward and why Art 5. That the Motion of a stone proâ—ected upwards obliquely is Composed of an Hâ—â—izâ—â—tal and Perpendiâ—ular together Art 6. Demonstration of that Composition Art 7. That of the two different Forces impressed upon a ball thrown upward from the hand of a man standing in a ship that is under sayl the one doth not destroy the other but each attainâ— its proper scope Art 8. Tâ—at the space of time in wâ—iâ—h the â—all is Aâ—cending fâ—om the F 〈…〉 the Top of the Mâ—st is equal to that in which it is again Descending from the top to the â—oot Art 9. 〈…〉 Art 10. The Reason and Manner of the Reflexion or Rebounding motion of Bodies diverted from the line of their direction by others encountring them Art 11. That the â—mersiâ—n of a weight appenâ—â—d to a 〈…〉 the perpendicular 〈◊〉 which it had â—â—duced it self in Vibration 〈◊〉 a Râ—flexion 〈◊〉 betwixt 〈◊〉 Reflexion at all and the Least Reflexion assignable and the Râ—le of all other Reflexion whatever Art 12. â—he â—eaâ—â—n of the Aeâ—ualitâ— of the Angles of Inâ—idenâ—e and Râ—â—lâ—xiâ—n Art 13. Two Inferences from the praeaâ—ses viz. 1 That the oblique Projection of a Globe against a plane is composed of a double Parallel and 2 That Nature suffers no diminution of her right to the shortest way by Reflexion Art 14. Wherein the Aptitude or Ineâ—â—itude of bodies to Refleâ—ion doth consist
I have no more reason to doubt that so transcendent a Charity as is diffused through and surrounds your perfect Soul can be large enough to dispense with the Rudeness of the Ceremonies and Poverty of the Offering where you are satisfied of the sincere Respects and unalterable Fidelity of his Heart who tenders it than I have to fear that the World should not most readily confirm my judgement that your Deserts have rightfully entitled you to all the Demonstrations of Honour and Reveâ—ence that can possibly be given to you The Chief part therefore yea the whole of my present Duty is only humbly to Beg your benigne Acceptance of this Dedication as the Best Expression I was able to make of those profound sentiments which as well your Goodness in General to others as your Particular Favours to my self have impressed upon my Soul And this I now do upon the Knees of my Heart and solemnly vow that as I esteem a perfect Friend the greatest Treasure of my life so I do and ever shall account you the most perfect of Friends That I shall confess my self to have lost not only all Piety but all Humanity also when ever I shall willingly lose any the least opportunity of serving you and that your own Good Angell I speak familiarly but at the same time believe you to be under the Tuition of a Legion of Good ones cannot more fervently desire your complete Happiness than Incomparable Madam Your Eternal Servant W. CHARLETON London the 20 of Iuly An. Dom. 1654. THE CONTENTS SERIES AND ORDER OF THE WHOLE BOOK BOOK THE FIRST CHAP. I. All Modern Philosophers reduced to four general Orders and the principal causes of their Dissention pag. 1. SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe principal Sects of the ancient Grecian Philosophers only enumerated pag. 1 2 The same revived among the Moderns with encrease 2 3 Who are reduced either to the Pedantique or Female Sect. 2 4 Or to the Assertors of Philosophical Liberty 3 5 Or to the Renovators 3 6 Or to the Electors 4 SECT II. ARTIC 1 THe principal causes of the Diversity of Philosophical Sects and the chiefest among them the Obscurity of Nature 5 2 The Imperfection of our Understanding 5 3 The Irregularity of our Curiosity A paradox 6 CHAP. II. That this World is the Vniverse pag. 9. SECT I. ARTIC 1 THe Ambition of Alexander in affecting the Conquest less vain then that of many ancient Philosophers in affecting the Knowledge of a Multitude of Worlds 9 2 A reduction of those Philosophers to four distinct Sects respective to their distinct perswasions and the Heads of each Sect nominated 9 3 The two main pillars on which the opinion of a Plurality of Worlds was anciently erected 10 SECT II. The Redargution ARTIC 1 THe Question stated to be concerning the real Existence not the possibility of an Infinity of Worlds 11 2 Because the supposed Infinity of the Extramundan Spaces is no impossibility ibid. 3 Because an Infinity of Bodies is also possible as to the Omnipotence of God ibid. 4 The Error of concluding the Esse from the Posse of an Infinity of Worlds 12 5 The first main Pillar of a Plurality of worldâ— subverted ibid. 6 The second Pillar found sophisticate and demolished 13 7 A Plurality of Worlds manifestly repugnant to Authority Divine 14 8 And Human. ibid. 9 The result of all the Demonstration of the Authors Thesis That this World is the Universe ibid. 10 Extramundane Curiosity a high degree of Madness 15 CHAP. III. Corporiety and â—nanity p. 16 SECT I. ARTIC 1 BOdy and Inanity the two general Parts of the Vniverse 2 Three the most memorable Definitions of Corporiety extant among Physiologists recounted and examined ibid. 3 Four Descriptions of the nature of Inanity by Epicurus Cleomedes Empericus Aristotle 17 4 Their importance extracted and what is the formal or proper notion of a Vacuum 18 5 The Existence of Bodies in the World manifest by Sense whose Evidence is perfect Demonstration ibid. CHAP. IV. A Vacuum in Nature p 21. SECT I. ART 1 The Distinction of a 〈◊〉 into â— Natural and 2 Praeternatural and the one called Disseminate the other Coâ—cervate 21 2 The nature of a Dissemiâ—â—te Vaâ—uity explained by the Analogy of a heap of Corn. ibid. 3 The first Argument of a Disseminate Vacuity desumed from the evidence of Motion in General and Aristotles error concerning the Essence or Place concisely detected and corrected 22 4 Motion demonstrated by Sense and Zeno's aenigmatical Argument for an Vniversal Quiet dissolved 23 5 The Consequution of the Argument if no Vacuum no Motion illustrated 24 6 An Objection that the â—ococession of some Bodies depends on their â—arity or Porosity not on a Disseminate Vacuiâ—â— praevented ibid. 7 No beginning of Motion without Inanity interâ—â—ersed 25 SECT II. ARTâ—C 1 A Second Argument of a Vacuity Disseminate collected from the reason of Rarefaction and Condensation ibid. 2 The eminent Phaenomenon â—f an Aerosclopet or Wind Gun solved by a Vacuity Disseminate among the incontiguous quoad totas superficies parts of aer 26 3 Experiment of an Aeolipile or Hermetical Bellows attesting a Vacuity Disseminate ibid. 4 Experiment of a Sulphurate Tapor included in a Glass Vial partly 〈◊〉 with Water of the same importance 27 5 No Combustible in Aer and so the opinion of the Aristoteleans that the Extinction of Fâ—ame imprisoned is to be charged on the Deâ—ect of Aer for its sustentation grosly errâ—neous 28 6 A fourth singular and memorable Experiment of the Authors of Yâ—e at the nose of a large Reverberatory Furnace charged with Ignis rotae evidencing a Vacuity interspersed in the Aer 29 7 An inference from that Experiment that Aer as to its General Destination is the Common Receptary of Exhalations ibid. 8 A second Illation that the Aer doth receive Exhalations at a certain rate or definite proportion which cannot be transcended without prodigious violence 30 9 The Existence of Inane Incontiguities in the Aer confirmed by two considerable Arguments ibid SECT III. ARTIC 1 THat Water also contains Vacuola empty Spaces demonstrated 31 2 From the Experiment of the Dissolution of Alum Halinitre Sal Ammoniac and Sugar in Water formerly sated with the Tincture of Common Salt ibid. 3 The verity of the Lord Bacons Assertion that a repeated infusion of Rhubarb acquires as strong a virtue Catharâ—â—ical as a simple infusion of Scamony in equal quantity and why 32 4 Why two Drachms of Antimony impraegnate a pint of Wine with so strong a vomitory Faculty as two ounces ibid. 5 Why one and the same Menstruum may be enriched with various Tinctures ibid. SECT IV. ARTIC 1 TWo other Arguments of a Vacuity Disseminate inferrible from 1 the difference of Bodies in the degrees of Gravity 2 the Calefaction of Bodies by the penetration of igneous Atoms into them 33 2 The Experiments vulgarly adduced to prove no vacuity in nature so far from denying that they confess a Disseminate one