more immediate â—â—use doth intervene between the predicate â—nd the subject as that which is rational is â—â—sible a man is rational 12. In a most perfect demonstration where â—â—e middle term is the material or formal inâ—rnal cause of the subject and efficient of the â—â—fect by emanation the major proposition 〈◊〉 immediate in respect of the cause but not â—f the subject as that which is rational is â—sible The conclusion is immediate in respect 〈◊〉 the subject but not of the cause as a â—an is risible The minor is immediate in reâ—â—ect of the cause and the subject both as a â—an is risible 13. In a most perfect demonstration wherâ— the middle term is not the internal cause of thâ— subject though both the major and conclusioâ— be immediate yet the minor is not immediate in respect of the cause This happen in every chief demonstration from the external cause as also where we proceed from one affection predemonstrated to the demonstration of another such as are all mathematical demonstrations for the most part aâ— Zab. de medio demonst c. 7. 14. The relative conditions to be observed in reference to the conclusion are three first that the premisses be the cause of the conclusion secondly that they be before thirdly that they be more known than the conclusion 15. The premisses may be said to be thâ— cause of the conclusion as the medium is thâ— cause why an affection is not only the cauâ—â— why the conclusion is known but the cauâ—â— why it is true and as the medium is before aâ— affection not in time but nature so the truâ—â— of the premisses is first in nature before thâ— truth of the conclusion Lastly as the medium is more known than an affection not bâ— a confused knowledge and in respect of us but by a distinct knowledge and accordinâ— to nature so are the premisses more knowâ— than the conclusion because we by reason 〈◊〉 the premisses receive the conclusion with full assent of mind we must needs assent to that more than to the premisses for according to Aristotle That for which another is such as it is must needs it self be more such Lib. 1. post cap. 2. 16. Premissâ—s are of two sorts Axiomes and Theses 17. An Axiome is a proposition of whose â—ruth no body can be ignorant the signification of the words being known 18. A Thesis is a proposition whose truth doth not sufficiently appear by knowing only the signification of the words but by the judgment of the senses or any other declaration and it â—s either a Definition or an Hypothesis 1. A Definition is that by which we shew what a thing is An Hypothesis is that by which we shew whether the thing be or not 20. The medium of a demonstration ought to be the next cause of the predicate and that either efficient or final and the efficient either internal or external 21. A cause may be said to be the next either absolutely or in his own kind here it is understood to be the next absolutely that it is such a cause as doth produce the effect and without which that effect cannot be For as much as there are four kinds of causes and in every kind some one the next of the four next causes there is but one that is the next absolutely 22. Moreover it is required that this next cause should be the cause of the predicate but it is necessary that it should be the cause of the subject also for the question is not whether there be a subject for this is supposed but whether there be a predicate or whether it be inherent in the subject 23. This next cause must be either the efficient or the final for when the predicate is an accident it hath neither matter not form properly so called The final cause is used in those things which are made for other such as are mediums and natural instruments actions also and habits if any such can be demonstrated The efficient cause is used in all the rest Sometimes it falls out that the next efficient cause is also the form oâ— matter of the subject and these kind of demonstrations are indeed the most excellent but do not make a different species of themselves but these things will be more clearly understood by the examples following 1. Every rational creature is capable 〈◊〉 knowledge Every man is a rational creature Therefore every man is capable of knowledge In this demonstration the medium rational is the internal efficient cause of the predicate and form of the subject 2. Every terrestial thing doth sink in water Ebene is terrestial Therefore Ebene doth sink in water Here the medium is the internal efficient cause and matter of the subject 3. Whatsoever doth consist of matter and form hath three dimensions Every body doth consist of matter and form Therefore every body hath three dimensions Here the medium is the internal efficient cause of the predicate and both the form and matter of the subject 4. That which hath three dimensions will not admit of another body in the same place with it self But every body hath three dimensions Therefore c. Here the medium is the internal efficient cause of the predicate and propriety of the subject 5. That which by the interposition of the earth cannot be enlightened by the Sun-beams doth suffer an Eclipse of the Sun-light But the Moon the earth being interposed cannot be enlightened by the Sun-beams Therefore the Moon c. Here the medium is the external efficient cause of the predicate 6. Whoso is made for the contemplation of Heavenly things ought to have his countenance lift up Man is made for the contemplation of Heavenly things Therefore c. Here the medium is the final cause of the predicate 24. Sometimes it so comes tO pass that one and the same question may be demonstrated both by the efficient and final cause so you may demonstrate that a living creature doth sleep either because the common â—ense is overcome by vapours and that the â—assage of the external senses are obstructâ—d and this is a demonstration from the â—ficient cause or that the animal spirits may be â—efreshed and strengthened and this is a demonstration from the final cause CHAP. VIII Of an Imperfect Demonstration or the Demonstration What. HAving hitherto spoken of the principal Demonstration or the Demonstration â—hy the next is the less principal or the â—emonstration What and which leaveth an â—mperfect knowledge and is twofold the â—ne is from the effect the other from a remote â—ause The first of these collecteth the cause from â—ome sensible effect for example Every thing that is risible is rational Every man is risible Therefore every man is rational Here the medium is the next effect and the predicate is the cause of the conclusion 2. The second of these demonstrations collecteth the effect from some remote cause for example That which hath not a sensitive soul doth not breath A Plant hath not a sensitive
on that which was last spoken of by some apt translation This dependence or connexion must be in this or the like form And this shall suffice to be spoken of this thing the next in order to be spoken of is c. How much such forms do help the memory is very had to be believed 7. A Natural Method is either Total or Partial 8. A Total Method is that in which a whole sience is methodically ordered or disposed And this is either Synthetical or Analytical 9. A Synthetical or Compositive Method is that which begins with the first and most simple principles and so proceeds to those which do arise from or are composed of these first principles And according to this Method we are to write or speak of all speculative arts 10 An Analytical or Resolutive Method is that which begins with the end and so proceed still lower and lower till we come to the first anâ— most simple beginnings And according tâ— this Method we are to write or speak of all Practical arts 11. A Partial Method is that by which any part of any art or science is methodically ordered or disposed Or by which any particular Theam or Subject is handled by it self In this Method we are to consider that as it is a part of a Total Method it ofttimes so falls out that in handling a part of some science we ought to observe the Analytical Method if the whole science be to be handled in a Synthetical and the contrary that is in such a science in which the whole is too handled in an Analytical Method a part thereof must be handled in a Synthetical As for example if we were to write of all Physicks we must write in a Synthetical Method but if we were to write of that part which concerns a living body it were fit to observe the Analytical Method beginning first with the actions which are the ends of life then proceeding to the causes and principles which are the faculties of the soul the temperaments and the Organical parts of the living body And as some particular Theam or Subject is to be handled by it self we are to consider That in simple Theams we are first to explain the name by shewing the Etymology and explaining the words that are Synonymous thereunto either in the same or in other languages if it may any thing conduce to the explanation of the Theam propounded next to the name we are to consider the nearest Genus and Causes and if the Theam be an accident the Subject and Object also and hence the Definition thereof must be composed To the Definition we must add the adjuncts and effects c. But in compounded Theams first the question must be rightly stated and then the proper and genuine sense must be â—nfirmed by good reason and proof of â—hese things I have already spoken more at large in my Art of Rhetorick 12. An Arbitrary Method is that which not regarding the natural order is fitted for such a confused knowledge as may be most taking with the people or sute best with their capacities If we are to speak to sober judicious knowing men there is no question but that we ought to speak of things in their natural order but if we have to do with the common sort of people and such as are guided more by sense than reason we are to consider of their capacities and to speak of things not as they are in their natural order but as they are or may be best apprehended by them And thus much concerning Method which is the fourth and last Logical Instrument and with this I shall conclude these my Logical Precepts Soli Deo Gloria FINIS Books sold by Thomas Passenger at the Three Bibles on London-Bridge A Mirror or Looking-glass for Saints and Sinners shewing the justice of God on the one and his mercy towards the other Set forth in some thousand of examples by Sam. Clark late Minister of Bennet-Finck London in 2 volumns in folio Royal and Practical Chymistry by Oswaldus Crollius and John Hartman faithfully rendred into English folio price 10. s. Gods revenge against murther by John Reynolds containing thirty Tragical stories digested into six Books newly reprinted folio price 10 s. Lord Bacons Natural history folio price 8 s. Sandy's Travels containing a description of the Turkish Empire of Egypt and the Holy Land of the remote parts of Italy and Islands adjoining folio price 8 s. Markham's Master-piece Roman Antiquities by Tho Godwin quarto price 2 s. 6 d. The famous History of the destruction of Troy in three books quarto price 3 s. Valentine and Orson price 18 d. Etymologicum parvum by Francis Gregory octavo price 3 s. Chymical essays by John Begumis price 18 s. Spiritual Antidotes against sinful contagion by Tho. Dolittle price 18 d. Pools Dialogue betwixt a Papist and a Protestant twelves price bound 1 s. Monasticon Favershamiense or a description of the Abby of Faversham octavo price bound 18 d. The Christians Crown of glory or Holiness the way to hapiness octavo price bound 18 d. The path way to health price bound 18 d. The compleat Academy or Nursery of complements bound 1 s. The book of knowledge in three parts price 10 d. The book of palmistry in octavo price bound 18 d. The Wise Virgin being a narrative of Gods dealing with Martha Hatfield price bound 18 d. The pilgrim's port or the weary man's rest in the grave in twelves price bound 1 s. Books Printed for and sold by Ben. Hurlock over against St. Magnus Church on London Bridge near Thames-street MAriners Magazine folio price bound twelve shillings Newton's Logarithms folio price bound 10 s. Norwood's tryangles quarto price bound 4 s. Collins Sector on a quadrant quarto price bound 3 s. and 6 d. Collins plain scale quarto price bound 4 s. Seamans companion quarto price bound 2 s. 6 d. Safeguard of Sailers quarto price bound 2 s. 6 d. Geometrical Seaman price bound 2 s. Petiscus doctrine of tryangles quarto price bound 5 s. Phillips advancement quarto price bound 3 s. 6 d. Seamans Kallendar quarto price 1 s. 4 d. Seamans practice quarto price 1 s. 4 d. â—mans Dictionary quarto price 1 s. 4 d. â—amans glass quarto price 1 s. Seamans secrets quarto price 1 s. Compleat ship wright quarto price 1 s. Compleat Modellist quarto price 6 d. Pilots Sea mirror quarto price 1 s. Mathematical Manual octavo price bound â— s. 6 d. Mariners compass rectifyed octavo price bound 2 s. Norwoods Epitomy octavo price bound 1 s. 6 d. Saints anchorhold twelves price bound 1 s. Newtons Institutions in twelves price bound 2 s. 6 d. Newtons Tables in twelves price bound 2 s. 6 d. Newtons Geometrical Trigonometry in twelves price bound 1 s. Carpenters Rule in twelves price bound 1 s. Mariners divine Mate twelves price bound 6 d. Seamories Architecture quarto price bound â— s. Salionstals navigator quarto price 1 s. 4 d. Pathway to sayling quarto price 10 d. â—â—w shining light quarto price 1 s. 4 d. 〈◊〉 Quadrant in octavo price 6 d.
to his son and so they are in nature together 14. Knowledge and knowable are taken three ways 1. Both Actually thus that is called knowledge by which we actually know a thing that knowable which is actually known and so they are in nature together 2. Both potentially as that is called knowable which may be known and that knowledge which we may know and so also they are in nature together 3. One Actually and the other potentially and so knowledge is taken for that which we actually know and knowable for that which may be known and so they are not both together in nature The Canons or Rules of Relates are three 1. Relates admit of contrariety A Relate is not contrary to its Correlate but one Relate is contrary to another yet not in respect of themselves but in respect of their subjects This rule therefore doth not hold in all but in such relates only which have contrary foundations or subjects thus a friend and an enemy are contrary because the foundations of friendship and enmity to wit wishing well and wishing ill are contrary 2. Relates are capable of more and less this rule also holds in respect of the subject or foundation and therefore in those relates only which have a changable subject or foundation For when the subject or foundation is varied the Relation is intended or remitted For example unequal things are made more or less unequal when Quantity which is the subject of inequality is in one of the two more or less 3. Relates are convertible that is every Relate is referred to its reciprocal Correlate as a master is the master of a servant and a servant is the servant of some master CHAP. XIII Of the four last Predicaments HItherto I have spoken of the principal predicaments the less principal now follow and they are four When Where Situation Habit. 2. The Predicament When is an Accident by which finite things are said to be in time past present or to come The words belonging to this predicament make answer to such questions as are made by this word When as to day to morrow yesterday and the like The properties thereof is to accommodate time to persons things or Actions 3. The Predicament where is an Accident by which things finite are said to be in some place where is not the place it self but notes the manner or circumstance of place and maketh answer to such questions as are made by this word where as at home within without in this or that Countrey c. The property thereof is to accommodate place to persons things and actions 4. The Predicament of Situation is a certain Ordination of parts and generation or a placing of parts in Generation to make up situation a threefold habitude is required 1. Of the parts of some whole among themselves 2. Of the parts of some whole unto that whole 3. Of the parts and the whole in reference to place Yet every ordination of parts is not site or situation but that only which they have in the whole by Generation The propertie thereof is to be the nearest assistant unto substance of all the extrinsecal respective accidents All gestures and positions of body belong to this as standing sitting walking c. Not as they signifie these actions but as they signifie the position and order of the parts in the whole or in some place 5. The predicament of Habit is an accident by which some garment or something like a garment is put about hanged upon or any other way joyned to a body The body having it is a substance the thing habiting is always some artificial form belonging to the fourth Species of Qualitie The Application of this to it is that which maketh this predicament The propertie thereof is always to be inherent in many in the habit and in him that hath it but in divers respects for it is in the body that hath it as in a subject in the habit or thing framed as in a cause To this belong all kind of garments whether they be such as are used for necessity as shoes for the feet and cloaths for the rest of the body or for distinction as a Mitre a Gown whether for Divines Lawyers or Citizens or for ornament as rings Jewells Deckings and the like CHAP. XIV Of Opposition HAving done with the Antepredicaments and the Predicaments themselves the Postpredicaments now follow and they are four Opposition Order Motion and Manner of having 2. Opposition is such a repugnancy of two simple terms as neither the one can agree with the other nor both of them with a third after one and the same manner 3. One of the opposites is either opposed to one or to many those oppositions where one is opposed to many are called Disparates as a man and a horse of which Aristotle in his Logick makes no mention nor are they to be reckoned amongst the kinds of opposition 4. Those oppositions where one is opposed to one are either of a thing and a thing or of a â—hing and not a thing 5. Opposition of a thing and a thing is either Relative or Contrary 6. Relative opposition is between the relaâ—ive terms as the relate and his correlate for though the relates do mutually depend upon one another in reference to their simple being yet are they opposed to one another in reference to their being in a subject as father and son but this is the least kind of opposition The conditions belonging to these are set down in the Predicament of Relation 7. Contrary opposition is between contrary â—erms And these are called contraries that being contained under the same Genus are at the greatest distance between themselves and mutually expell one another from the same subject that is capable of them as heat and cold 8. Contraries are of two sorts mediate and immediate 9. Immediate contraries are such as admit of no medium between them but the one of them is always in the subject that is capable of them as like and unlike health and sickness 10. Mediate contraries are such as do admit of some medium so that though one be expelled it is not necessary that the other should be in that subject from which the first is expelled as white and black The Canons or Rules of Contraries are these following 1. True contrarietie by it self is not to be found but in qualities by themselves and absolutely taken 2. Contraries in the highest degrees cannoâ— be in the same subject so what is hot in the highest degree cannot be cold at all but in remiss degrees they may both be in the same subject 3. One of the contraries being remitted the other is intended or heightened and the contrary for every subject capable of two contrary qualities must needs be filled up with the whole possible latitude of one of them 11. Opposition of a thing and not a thing is either privative or contradictory 12. Privative opposition is between Habit and privation And Habit is
soul Therefore a plant doth not breath 3. A Demonstration from the effect may be affirmative in Barbara and sometimes negative though seldome in Camestres 4. A demonstration from a remote cause iâ— negative very seldome affirmative and consequently is restrained to the third figure iâ— Camestres for example Every risible thing is an animal No Tree is an animal Therefore no Tree is risible 5. Demonstration from the effect 〈◊〉 more excellent than from a remote cause 1. In respect of the form the one being affirmative in Barbara the other negatiâ— in Camestres 2. In respect of the matter for in the one the propositions are most necessarily true and differeth nothing from the most perfect Demonstration but in placing of the terms and begetteth a perfect knowledge not simply but in its kind but the Demonstration from the remote cause is made of less necessary and not immediate propositions nor doth it beget a knowâ—edge that is perfect in its own kind and â—n which the mind may rest satisfied yet both of them are so perfect that they are either of them sufficientl to beget such a knowledge as to give us satisfaction of the being or not being of a thing CHAP. IX Of Demonstration in respect of thâ— form and of the Affections oâ— the most perfect Demonstration HItherto we have spoken of the twâ— kinds of demonstration in respect 〈◊〉 the matter we are now to speak of them iâ— respect of the form 2. The form of a demonstration is parâ—ly discerned from the quantity partly froâ— the quality and partly from the manner 〈◊〉 the proof 3. The form of a demonstration in respect of the quantity is universal or particâ—lar An universal demonstration is that iâ— which an affection is demonstrated of the fiâ— adaequate and universal subject by an immediaâ— cause as when we demonstrate risibility iâ— man by his rationality and all the most peâ—fect demonstrations are of this kind Wâ— a thing is so And a Demonstration provinâ— from the effect That a thing is is of thâ— kind also A Particular demonstration not so called â—s if the terms were particular is a demonâ—ration in which an affection is demonstrated â—om an inadequate and a less universal subject or â—om one part of the first subject only as when â—e demonstrate a man to be sensible by his â—nsible soul The form of demonstration in respect â—f quality is affirmative or negative An affirmative demonstration is that in â—hose conclusion the predicate is affirmed of â—e subject which happens in all demonstrations â—cept the particular which is sometimes neâ—tive A Negative Demonstration is that in whose â—nclusion the predicate is denied of the subject as Every thing that breatheth is an animal A wall is not an animal Therefore a wall doth not breath And this doth often come to pass in the â—emonstrate That from a remote cause it may â—so happen in all other demonstrations â—ough very seldome and that by conseâ—uence only for an affirmation is before neâ—ation both in reference to the thing and â—ur knowledge of it 5. The form of a demonstration in respect of the manner of the proof is either ostensive or by reduction to impossibility An Ostensive Demonstration is that in which the conclusion is evidently and directly inferred from former and more knâ—wn premisses c. Of which sort are all the before named kinds of demonstration A Demonstration by reduction to impossibility is when from granted premisses we prove thâ— conclusions to be therefore true because theiâ— contradictories are apparently false for example Every rational thing is risible Every man is rational Therefore every man is risible Here if the major be denied we may reduce the respondent to an absurdity bâ— taking the contradictory of the major thus No rational thing is risible Every man is rational Therefore no man is risible Which conclusion being manifestly false we infer that the major in the former syllogism 〈◊〉 well as the conclusion were both true or thâ— the two contradictories are together true or false and this kind of Demonstration is the meanest of them all But here we must observe that an universal contrary proposition is rather to be taken than a particular contradictory both because particular propositions have no place in demonstration as also because contrary propositions in necessary matter stand in the place of contradictory Zabarel lib. 1. post c. 22. sect 176. And thus having done with the kinds of demonstration I come in the next place to speak of the affections of the chiefest and most perfect demonstration and they are chiefly three Analysis Regressus and Conversion into a Definition 1. Analysis is the resolution of effects into their first causes to beget a perfect knowledge thereof for when there is a certain chain and subordination of efficients and effects although the latter may be demonstrated by the former yet the mind is not satisfied in that but inquireth further for the cause of that effect also and so forward to the first cause which is the form of the subject of which no cause can be given and in which alone the mind is satisfied as if Augmentation in all things living were demonstrated by nourishment and that again by the vegetative faculty and that by the soul 1. Regressus is the reciprocation of the cause and effect by demonstration which effect we do reciprocally demonstrate by that cause by which the said effect was it self demonstrated this affection or power is called Regressus because after our understanding hath proceeded from la kind of confused and experimental knowledge of the effect as nearer to sense to the â—ike confused knowledge of the cause and hath ripened that knowledge by often meditating on and comparing of the cause to the effect till it come from a confused to a distinct knowledge then it returns from that distinct knowledge of the cause to the like distinct knowledge of the effect Progress is therefore made by the demonstration That and by an after demonstration and hath respect unto the confused knowledge of the cause by the effect But regress is by the demonstration Why and by a former demonstration and hath respect unto the distinct knowledge of the effect by the cause and differs from that vitious demonstration which they call a circle in three things 1. In the form for a circle doth from the premisses demonstrate the conclusion and from the conclusion put into the place of the Major and the Minor simply converted it doth again demonstrate the Major then again from the same conclusion put into the place of the Minor and the Major simply converted in the place of that it doth demonstrate the Minor which any one that will may experiment by this instance Every rational thing is resible Every man is rational Therefore every man is risible But in regress we only demonstrate the minor from the major simply converted and the conclusion put into the place of the minor And so there will be a natural
predication in every proposition the which is not in a circle 2. In the Matter for the matter of a circle or middle term is uniform in both the demonstrations seeing it is the next cause of the major extream proving why a thing is but in regress the effect doth first demonstrate that there is a cause then after consideration had about the cause the cause doth demonstrate why there is an effect 3. In the end for in a circle the same thing is both beginning and end seeing it proceeds from a cause distinctly known to a cause distinctly known and returns from this to that but in regress the end is a distinct knowledge of the effect and the first progress is from an effect confusedly known to a cause to be confusedly known but from a cause confusedly known consideration being had we come to the distinct knowledg of the cause and from that once habituated and radicated in the understanding we return to the distinct knowledge of the effect 3. Conversion of a demonstration into a definition is when from the terms of a demonstration the definition of a proper accident is framed by transposition And the definition of a proper accident is twofold 1. Partial and that is either Nominal which consists of a Genus and a subject as an Eclipse in the defect of light in the Moon Causal which is the middle term in the most perfect demonstration shewing why there is an effect as an Eclipse is the interposition of the Earth 2. Total which being made of the nominal and the causal both doth consist of a Genus a subject and the next cause as an Eclipse is the defect of llight in the Moon by reason of the interposition of the earth A nominal definition is the conclusion of the of the demonstration A causal is the beginning A total is an intire or whole demonstration differing in nothing from it but the placing of the terms for the thing defined is the greater extreme the lesser extreme the subject and the cause the middle term CHAP. X. Of a Topical Syllogism in the General HItherto we have spoken of a demonstrative Syllogism whose matter is necessary and the end a perfect knowledge come we now to a dialectical or topical Syllogism whose matter is probable and contingent and the end opinion 2. In a dialectical or topical Syllogism we are to consider of Problemes Propositions and the invention of arguments 3. A Probleme or Question is the thing of which it is probably discoursed and the conclusion of a Syllogism already made But that this Problem may be dialectical two conditions are required 1. That it be profitable either to life and then it is called a moral Probleme as whether pleasure be good or to knowledge and then it is called a Physical or a natural probleme as whether the world be eternal or to some thing that is subservient unto these and then it is called a Logical Probleme as whether division be a Syllogism 2. That it be doubtful in which either the common people do dissent from wise men as whether riches make men happy or the common people dissent among themselves as whether usury be lawful or the wise men dissent among themselves as whether the heart be the most noble part of man 4. The parts of a Probleme are the two terms of subject and predicate As concerning the subject I give no directions because a dialectical Syllogism is not restrained to any certain subject But the Predicates according to Aristotle are four Genus Definition Accident proper and common He adjoineth difference to Genus if it be more comprehensive than the species or to definition if it be reciprocated with the species if the species chanceth to be attributed in any Probleme it is reduced to Genus 5. Dialectical Propositions ought to be certain at least probable and not Paradoxes 6. That is said to be probable which not being absolutely true doth rather seem to be true than false There are five degrees of probability for that is said to be probable which seemeth to be true either to all to most men or unto wise men and that either to all of them or to the most or to the wisest of them 7. That is said to be a Paradox which is true though contrary to the vulgar opinion 8. For the invention of arguments we are to consider common places and rules 9. A place is a sense or commmon note by whose help an argument is found 10. A Rule or Canon is a proposition containing the reason of the consequence in a dialectical Syllogism 11. Arguments are of two sorts artificial and inartificial 12. Artificial arguments are such as from the consideration of the parts of the probleme are not found but by rules of art 13. Inartificial arguments are such as are found without any help of art and these are nothing but testimonies 14. Several men do reckon the order of these heads or places severally Aristotle reduceth all heads to the four predicates mentioned before some for the more plainness and distinction reckon up twenty and five and this number some contract to thirteen others to ten and perhaps they may without any inconvenience be reduced unto seven 1. The Cause and the Effect 2. The subject and the Accident 3. Dissentany and Comparison 4. Conjugates and Notation 5. The whole and its parts 6. Genus and Species 7. Definition and Division In every of these places I will in the proposed order shew you the Canons to be observed and the restrictions of them CHAP. XI Of the Topicks from the Cause and the Effect THere are four kinds of Causes efficient material formal and final there are several sub-divisions of them but these following are the most convenient to our purpose as 1. Into total as Gold is the cause of money the Sun of the day and partial as timber in the cause of a house nature of learning 2. Into a cause actually as a builder is the cause â—f an house and a cause potentially as an â—rchitect may build an house 3. Into a reâ—ote cause as a feast may be the cause of â—â—ckness and the next cause as crudity in â—he stomach is the cause of sickness 4. Into 〈◊〉 cause simply and by it self as the Sun is â—he cause of light and a cause by accident as â—he Sun of blindness The Canons or Rules of this Topick are â—hese 1. The cause being granted the effect cannot be denied and if the cause be taken away the effect is taken away also as if the Sun shine it must be day if the Sun doth not â—hine it is not day the former part of this Canon hath four limitations 1. In a remote cause as he that drinks wine is not alwaies made drunk 2. In a cause that is obstructed in its operation as heavy things do not alwaies descend because they may be hindered by some thing that holds them up 3. In a cause by accident as he that diggeth in