yet is it also found in regions where Ice is seldome seen or soon dissolved as Plinie and Agricola relate of Cyprus Caramania and an Island in the Red-sea it is also found in the veynes of Mineralls in rocks and sometime in common earth But as for Ice it will not concrete but in the approachment of the ayre as we have made tryall in glasses of water covered halfe an inche with oyle which will not easily freeze in the hardest frosts of our climate for water concreteth first in its surface and so conglaciates downward and so will it doe although it be exposed in the coldest mettall of lead which well accordeth with that expression of God Job 38. The waters are hid as with a stone and the face of the deep is frozen They have contrary qualities elementall and uses medicinall for Ice is cold and moyst of the quality of water But Crystall is cold and dry according to the condition of earth the use of Ice is condemned by most Physitians that of Chrystall commended by many For although Dioscorides and Galen have left no mention thereof yet hath Mathiolus Agricola and many other commended it in disenteries and fluxes all for the encrease of milke most Chymistes for the stone and some as Brassavolus and Boetius as an antidote against pâ—oyson Which occult and specificall operations are not expectible from Ice for being but water congealed it can never make good such qualities nor will it reasonably admit of secret proprieties which are the affections of formes and compositions at distance from their elements Having thus declared what Chrystall is not it may afford some satisfaction to manifest what it is To deliver therefore what with the judgement of approved Authors and best reason consisteth It is a minerall body in the difference of stones and reduced by some unto that subdivision which comprehendeth gemmes transparent and resembling glasse or Ice made of a lentous colament of earth drawne from the most pure and limpid juyce thereof owing unto the coldnesse of the earth some concurrence or coadjuvaâ—cy but not its immediate determination and efficiency which are wrought by the hand of its concretive spirit the seeds of petrification and Gorgon within it selfe as we may conceive in stones and gems as Diamonds Beryls Saphires and the like whose generation we cannot with satisfaction confine unto the remote activity of the Sun or the common operation of coldnesse in the earth but may more safely referre it unto a lapidificall â—uccity and congelitive principle which determines prepared materials unto specificall concretions And therefore I feare we commonly consider subterranities not in contemplations sufficiently respective unto the creation For though Moses have left no mention of minerals nor made any other description then sutes unto the apparent and visible creation yet is there unquestionably a very large Classis of creatures in the earth farre above the condition of elementarity And although not in a distinct and indisputable way of vivency or answering in all points the properties or affections of plants yet in inferiour and descending constitutions they do like these containe specificall distinctions and are determined by seminalities that is created and defined seeds committed unto the earth from the beginning Wherein although they attaine not the indubitable requisites of Animation yet have they a neere affinity thereto And though we want a proper name and expressive appellation yet are they not to be closed up in the generall name of concretions or lightly passed over as onely Elementary and Subterraneous mâ—xtions The principle and most gemmary affection is its Tralucency as for irradiancy or sparkling which is found in many gems it is not discoverable in this for it commeth short of their compactnesse and durity and therefore it requireth not the Emeâ—ry as Diamonds or Topaze but will receive impression from steele more easily then the Turchois As for its diaphanity or perspicuity it enjoyeth that most eminently and the reason thereof is its continuity as having its earthly salinous parts so exactly resolved that its body is left imporous and not discreted by atomicall terminations For that continuity of parts is the cause of perspicuity is made perspicuous by two wayes of â—xperiment that is either in effecting transparency in those bodyes which were not so before or at least far short of the additionall degree So snow becomes transparent upon liquation so hornes and bodyes resolveable into continued parts or gelly The like is observable in oyled paper wherein the interstitial divisions being continuated by the accession of oyle it becommeth more transparent and admits the visible rayes with lesse umbrosity Or else by rendring those bodies opacus which were before pellucide and perspicuous So glasse which was before diaphanous being by powder reduced into multiplicity of superficies becomes an opacus body and will not transmit the light and so it is in crystall â—owdered and so it is also evident before for if it be made hot in a câ—usible and presently projected upon water it will grow dim and abate its diaphanity for the water entring the body begets a division of parts and a termination of Atoms united before unto continuity The ground of this opinion might be first the conclusions of some men from experience for as much as Crystall is found sometimes in rockes and in some places not much unlike the stirious or stillicidious dependencies of Ice which notwithstanding may happen either in places which havee been forsaken or left bare by the earth or may be petrifications or Minerall indurations like other gemmes proceeding from percolations of the earth disposed unto such concretions The second and most common ground is from the name Crystallus whereby in Greeke both Ice and Crystall are expressed which many not duly considering have from their community of name conceived a community of nature and what was ascribed unto the one not unsitly appliable unto the other But this is a fallacy of Aequivocation from a society in name inferring an Identity in nature By this fallacy was he deceived that drank Aqua fortis for strong water By this are they deluded who conceive sperma Coeti which is a bituminous superfluitance on the Sea to be the spawne of the Whale Or take sanguis draconis which is the gumme of a tree to be the blood of a Dragon By the same Logick we may inferre the Crystalline humor of the eye or rather the Crystalline heaven above to be of the substance of Crystall below Or that Almighty God sendeth downe Crystall because it is delivered in the vulgar translation Psal. 47. Mittit Crystallum suum sicut Buccellas which translation although it literally expresse the Septuagint yet is there no more meant thereby then what our translation in plaine English expresseth that is hee casteth forth his Ice like morsels or what Tremellius and Junius as clearly deliver Deâ—icit gelu suum sicut frusta coram frigore eius quis consistet which proper and Latine
THE SECOND BOOK Of sundry popular Tenents concerning Minerall and vegetable bodies generally held for trueth which examined prove either false or dubioâ—â— CHAP. I. Of Crystall HEreof the common opinion hath been and still remâ—ineth amongst us that Crystall is nothing else but Ice or Snow concreted and by duration of time congealed beyond liquation Of which assertion if the prescription of time and numerositie of Assertâ—rs were a sufficient demonstration we might sit downe herein as an unquestionable truth nor should there need vlterior disquisition For indeed few opinions there are which have â—ound so many friends or been so popularly received through all professions and ages And first Plinie is positive in this opinion Crystallus sit gelu vehemâ—ntius concrâ—to the same is followed by Seneca and Elegantly described by Claudian not denyed by Scaliger and some way affirmed by Albertus Brasavolus and directly by many others The venerable Fathers of the Church have also assented hereto As Basil in his Hexameron Isidore in his Etymologies and not onely Austin a Latine Father but Gregory the great and Jerom upon occasion of that terme expressed in the first of Ezekiel All which notwithstanding upon a strict enquiry we finde the matter controveâ—â—ible and with much more reason denyed then is as yet affirmed For first though many have passed it over with easie affirmatives yet are there also many Authors that deny it and the exactest Mineralogists have rejected it Diodorus in his eleventh booke denyeth it If Crystall be there taken in its proper acception as Rhodiginus hath used it and not for a Diamond as Salmatius hath expounded it for in that place he affirmeth Crystallum esse lapidem ex aqua pura concrâ—tum non tamen frigore sed divini caloris vâ— Solinus who transcribed Plinie and therefore in almost all subscribed unto him hath in this point dissented from him Putant quidam glaciem coire in Crystallum corporari sed frustra Mathiolus in his Comment upon Dioscorides hath with confidence and not without reason rejected it The same hath been performed by Agricola de Natura fossâ—lium by Cardan Boeâ—ius de Boot Caesius Bernardus Senuertus and many more Now besides authoritie against it there may be many reasons deduced from their severall differences which seeme to overthrow it And first a difference is probable in their concretion For if Crystall be a stone as in the number thereof it is confessedly received it is not immediatly concreted by the â—fficacy of cold but rather by a Minerall spirit and lapidâ—ficall principles of its owne and therefore while it lay in solutis principiis and remained in a fluid body it was a subject very unapt for proper conglaceation for Minerall spirits doe generally resist and scarce submit thereto So wee observe that many waters and springs will never freez and many parts in rivers and lakes where there aâ—e Minerall eruptions will still persist without congelation as we also visibly observe in Aqua fortis or any Minerall solution either of Vitrioll Alum Salpeter Ammoniac or Tartar which although to some degree exhaled and placed in cold conservatories will Crystallise and shoot into white and glacious bodyes yet is not this a congelation primarily effected by cold but an intrinsecall induration from themselves and a retreat into their proper solidityes which were absorbed by the licour and lost in a full imbibition thereof before And so also when wood and many other bodies doe petrifie either by the sea other waters or earths abounding in such spirits doe wee usually ascribe their induration to cold but rather unto salinous spirits concretive juyces and causes circumjâ—cent which doe assimilate all bodyes not indisposed for their impressions But Ice is only water congealed by the frigidity of the ayre whereby it acquireth no new forme but rather a consistence or determination of its diffluency and amitteth not its essence but its condition of fluidity neither doth there any thing properly conglaciate but water or watery humidity for the determination of quick-silver is properly fixation that of milke coagulation and that of oyle and unctious bodies onely incrassation And therefore Aristotle makes a triall of the fertility of humane seed from the experiment of congelation for that sayth hee which is not watery and improlificall will not conglaciate which perhaps must not be taken strictly but in the germe and spirited particles for egges I observe will freeze in the generative and albuginous part thereof And upon this ground Paracelsus in his Archidoxis extracteth the magistery of wine after foure moneths digestion in horsedunge exposing it unto the extremity of cold whereby the aqueous parts will freeze but the Spirit retyre and be found uncongealed in the center Againe the difference of their concretion is not without reason collectible from their dissolution which being many wayes performable in Ice is not in the same manner effected in Crystall Now the causes of liquation are contrary to those of concretion and as the atoms and indivisible parcels are united so are they in an opposite way disjoyned That which is concreted by exsiccation or expression of humidity wil be resolved by humectation as earth dirt and clayi that which is coagulated by a fiery siccity will suffer colliquation from an aqueous humidity as salt and sugar which are easily dissoluble in water but not without difficulty in oyle and well rectified spirits of wine That which is concreated by cold will dissolve by a moist heat if it consist of watery parts as Gums Arabick Tragacanth Ammoniac and others in an ayrie heat or oyle as all resinous bodies Turpentine Pitch and Frankincense in both as gummy resinous bodies Masticke Camphire and Storax in neither as neutralls and bodies anomalous hereto as Bdellium Myrrhe and others Some by a violent dry heat as mettalls which although corrodible by waters yet will they not suffer a liquation from the powerfullest heat communicable unto that element Some will dissolve by this heat although their ingredients be earthy as glasse whose materialls are fine sand and the ashes of Chali or Fearne and so will salt runne with fire although it bee concreated by heat and this way alone may bee effected a liquation in Crystall but not without some difficulty that is calcination or reducing it by Arte into a subtile powder by which way and a vitreous commixture glasses are sometime made hereof and it becomes the chiefeâ—t ground for artificiall and factitious gemmes but the same way of solution is common also unto many stones and not only Berylls and Cornelians but flints and pebbles are subject unto fusion and will runne like glasse in fire But Ice will dissolve in any way of heat for it will dissolve with â—ire it will colliquate in water or warme oyle nor doth it only submit to an actuall heat but not endure the potentiall calidity of many waters for it will presently dissolve in Aqua fortis sp of vitrioll salt or tartar nor will it long continue
moving or resting together so that two are alwayes in motion and two in station at the same time the brevity had been more tolerable in the crosse legs for then the motion and station had beene performed by equall legs whereas herein they are both performed by unequall organs and the imperfection becomes discoverable at every hand CHAP. VI. Of the Beare THat a Bear brings forth her young informous and unshapen which she fashioneth after by licking them over is an opinion not only vulgar and common with us at present but hath been of old delivered by ancient Writers upon this foundation it was a Hieroglyphicke amon the Aegyptians Aristotle seems to countenance it Solinus Plinie and Aelian directly affirme it and Ovid smoothly delivereth it Nec catulus partu quem reddidit ursa recenti Sed male viva caro est lambendo mater in artus Ducit in formam qualem cupit ipsa reducit Which opinion notwithstanding is not only repugnant unto the sense of every one that shall with diligence enquire into it but the exact and deliberate experiment of three authenticke Philosophers the first of Mathiolus in his Comment on Dioscorides whose words are to this effect In the valley of Anania about Trent in a Beare which the Hunters eventerated I beheld the young ones with all their parts distinct and not without shape as many conceive giving more credit unto Aristotle and Plinie then experience and their proper senses Of the same assurance was Julius Scaliger in his Exercitations Vrsam faetus informes potius ejicere qu 〈◊〉 parere si vera dicunt quos postea linctu effingat Quid hujusce fabulae authoribâ—s fidei habendum ex hac historia cognosces In nostris Alpibus venatores faetam ursam cepere dissecta eafae tus plane formatus intus inventus est and lastly Aldrovandus who from the testimony of his owne eyes affirmeth that in the cabinet of the Senate of Bononia there was preserved in a glasse a Cub dissected out of a Beare perfectly formed and compleat in every part It is moreover injurious unto reason and much impugneth the course and providence of nature to conceive a birth should be ordained before there is a formation for the conformation of parts is necessarily required not only unto the prerequisites and previous conditions of birth as motion and animation but also unto the parturition or very birth it selfe wherein not only the Dam but the younglings play their parts and the cause and act of exclusion proceedeth from them both for the exclusion of animals is not meerly passive like that of egges nor the totall action of delivery to be imputed unto the mother but the first attempt beginneth from the Infant which at the accomplished period attempteth to change his mansion and strugling to come forth dilacerates and breaks those parts which restrained him before Beside what few take notice of men hereby doe in a high measure vilifie the workes of God imputing that unto the tongue of a beast which is the strangest artifice in all the acts of nature that is the formation of the Infant in the womb not only in mankind but all viviparous animals whatsoever wherin the plastick or formative faculty from matter appearing homogeneous and of a similary substance erecteth bones membranes veynes and arâ—eries and out of these contriveth every part in number place and figure according to the law of its species which is so far from being fashioned by any outward agent that once omitted or perverted by a slip of the inward Phidias it is not reducible by any other whatsoever and therefore mirè me plasmaverunt manus tuae though it originally respected the generation of man yet is it applyable unto that of other animalls who entring the wombe in indistinct and simple materialls returne with distinction of parts and the perfect breath of life he that shall consider these alterations without must needs conceive there have been strange operations within which to behold it were a spectacle almost worth ones being a sight beyond all except that man had been created first and might have seen the shew of five dayes after Now as the opinion is repugnant both unto sense and reason so hath it probably been occasioned from some slight ground in either thus in regard the cub comes forth involved in the Chorion a thick and tough membrane obscuring the formation and which the Dam doth after bite and teaâ—e asunder the beholder at first sight conceives it a rude and informous lumpe of flesh and imputes the ensuing shape unto the mouthing of the Dam which addeth nothing thereunto but onely drawes the curtaine and takes away that vaile which conceded the piece before and thus have some endeavoured to enforce the same from reason that is the small and slender time of the Beares gestation or going with her young which lasting but few dayes a month some say the exclusion becomes precipitous and the young ones consequently informous according to that of Solinus Trigesimus dies uterum liberat ursae unde evenit ut praecipitata faecunditaâ— informes creet partus but this will overthrow the generall method of nature in the works of generation for therein the conformation is not only antecedent but proportionall unto the exclusion and if the period of the birth be short the terme of conformation will be as sudden also there may I confesse from this narrow time of gestation ensue a minority or smalnesse in the exclusion but this however inferreth no informity and it still receiveth the name of a naturall and legitimate birth whereas if we affirme a totall informity it cannot admit so forward a terme as an Abortment for that supposeth conformation and so wee must call this constant and intended act of nature a slip an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or effluxion that is an exclusion before conformaâ—ion before the birth can beare the name of the parent or be so much as properly called an Embryon CHAP. VII Of the Basilisk MAny opinions are passant concerning the Basiliske or little king of Serpents commonly called the Cockatrice some affirming others denying most doubting the relations made hereof what therefore in these incertainties we may more surely determine that such an animall there is if we evade not the testimony of Scripture and humane Writers we cannot safely deny So is it said Psal 91. Super aspidem Basiliscum ambulabis wherein the vulgar Translation retaineth the word of the Septuagint using in other places the Latine expression Regulus as Proverb 23. Mordebit ut coluber sicut Regulus venena diffundet and Jeremy 8. Ecce ego mittam vobis serpentes Regulos c. That is as ouâ—s translate it Behold I will send Serpents Cockatrices among you which will not be charmed and they shall bite you and as for humane Authors or such as have discoursed of animals or poysons it is to be found almost in all as Dioscorides Galen Pliny Soliâ—us Aelian Aetius Avicen Ardoynus
ribs of one side to another and decuple unto his profundity that is a direct line between the breast bone and the spine Againe they receive not these conditions with any assurance or stability from our selves for the relative foundations and points of denomination are not fixed and certaine but variously designed according to imagination The Philosopher accounts that East from whence the heavens begin their motion The Astronomer regarding the South and Meridian Sun calls that the dextrous part of heaven which respecteth his right hand and that is the West Poets respecting the West assign the name of right unto the North which regardeth their right handâ— and so must that of Ovid be explaned utque duae dextrâ zâ—nae totidemque sinistrâ But Augurs or Southsayers turning their face to the East did make the right in the South which was also observed by the Hebrews and Chaldaeans Now if we name the quarters of heaven respectively unto our sides it will be no certaine or invariable denomination for if we call that the right side of heaven which is seated Easterly unto us when we regard the meridian Sun the inhabitants beyond the equator and Southerne Tropick when they face us regarding the meridian will contrarily definâ— it for unto them the opposite part of heaven will respect the left and the Sun arise to their right And thus have we at large declared that although the right be most commonly used yet hath it no regular or certaine root in nature Since it is most confirmable from other animalls Since in children it seemeâ— either indifferent or more favourable in the other but more reasonable for uniformity in action that men accustome unto one Since the grounds and reasons urged for it doe no way support it Since if there be a right and stronger side in nature yet may we mistake in its denomination calling that the right which is the lâ—ft and the left which is the right Since some have one right some both some neither and lastly Since these affections in man are not only fallible in relation unto one another but made also in reference unto the heavens they being not capable of these conditions in themselves nor with any certainty from us nor we from them againe And therefore what admission we owe unto many conceptions concerning right and left requireth circumspection that is how far wee ought to relye upon the remedy of Kiramides that is the left â—ye of an Hedgehog fryed in oyle to procure sleep and thâ— right foot of a frog in a Deers skin for the gowt or that to dream of the losse of righâ— or left tooth presageth the death of male or female kindred according to the doctrine of Metrodorus what verity there is in that numerall conceit in the laterall division of man by even and odde ascribing the odde unto the right side and even unto the left and so by parity or imparity of letters in mens names determine misfortunes on either side of their bodyes by which account in Greek numeration Hâ—phaestus or Vulcane was lame in the right foot and Anniball lost his right eye And lastly what substance there is in that Auspiciall principle and fundamentall doctrine of Ariolation that the left hand is ominous and that good things do passe sinistrously upon us because the left hand of man respected the right hand of the Gods which handed their favours unto us CHAP. VI. Of Swimming THat men swim naturally if not disturbed by feare that men being drowned and sunke doe float the ninth day when their gall breaketh that women drowned swim prone but men supine or upon their backâ— are popular affirmations whereto we cannot assent And first that man should swim naturally because we observe it is no lesson unto others we cannot well conclude for other animalls swim in the same manner as they goe and need no other way of motion for natation in the water then for progression upon the land and this is true whether they move per latera that is two legs of one side together which is Tollutation or ambling or per diametrum which is most generall lifting one foot before and the crosse foot behinde which is succussation or trotting or whether per fronâ—em or quadratum as Scaliger tearmes it upon a square base of the legs of both sides moving together as frogs and salient animalls which is properly called leaping for by these motions they are able to support and impell themselves in the water without addition or alteration in the stroake of their legs or position of their bodies But with man it is performed otherwise for in regard of site he alters his naturall posture and swimmeth pronâ— whereas hee walketh â—rect againe in progression the armes move parallell to the legs and thâ— armes and legs unto each other but in natation they intersect an make all sorts of Angles and lastly in progressive motion the armes and legs doe move successively but in natation both together all which aptly to performe and so as to support and advance the body is a point of art and such as some in their young and docile yeares could never attaine But although it be acquired by art yet is there somewhat more of nature in it then we observe in other habits nor will it strictly fall under that definition for once obtained it is not to be removed nor is there any who from disuse did ever yet forget it Secondly that persons drowned arise and â—loat the ninth day when their gall breaketh is a questionable determination both in the time and cause for the time of â—loating it is uncertain according to the time of putrefaction which will retard or accelerate according to the subject and season of the year for as we have observed cats and mice will arise unequally and at different times though drowned at the same such as are fatted doe commonly float soonest for their bodies soonest ferment and that substance approacheth nearest unto ayre and this is one of Aristotles reasons why dead Eâ—les will not â—loat because saith he they have but slender bellies and little fat As for the cause it is not so reasonably imputed unto the breaking of the gall as the putrefaction of the body whereby the unnaturall heat prevailing the putrifying parts do suffer a turgescence and inâ—lation and becomming airy and spumous affect to approach the ayre and ascend unto the surface of the matter and this is also evidenced in egges wherof the sound ones sink such as are addled swim as do also those which are tearmed hypenemia or wind-egges and this is also a way to separate seeds whereof such as are corrupted and sterill swim and this agreeth not only unto the seed of plants lockt up and capsulated in their husks but also unto the sperme and seminall humor of man for such a passage hath Aristotle upon the Inquisition and test of its fertility That the breaking of the gall is not the cause hereof experience hath informed
the rest of the souldiers called upon Jupiter Sotâ—r There is also in the Grâ—â—ke Authologie a remarkeable mention hereof in an Epigram upon one Proclus the Latine whereof we shall deliver as we finde it often translated Non potis est Proclus digitis â—mungere nasum namque est pro nasi mâ—le puâ—illa manus Non vocat ille Iovem sternutans quippe â—ec audit Se sternutantem tam procul â—ure sonat Proclus with 's hand his nose can never wipe His hand too little is his nose to grype He sneezing calls not Iove for why he heares himself not sneeze the sound 's so far from 's ears Nor was this onely an ancient custome among the Greeks and Romanes and is still in force with us but is received at this day in remotest parts of Africa for so we read in Codignus that upon a sneeze of the Emperour of Monomotapa there passed acclamations successively through the city Now the ground of this ancient custome was probably the opinion the ancients held of Sternutation which they generally conceived to be a good signe or a bad and so upon this motion accordingly used a Salve or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as a gratulation for the one and a deprecation from the other Now of the wayes whereby they enquired and determined it signality the first was naturall arising from Physicall causes and consequencles of times naturally succeeding this motion and so it might be justly esteemed a good signe for sneezing being properly a motion of the braine suddenly expelling through the nostrils what is offensive unto it it cannot but afford some evidence of its vigour and therefore saith Aristotle in his Problems they that heare it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they honour it as somewhat Sacred and a signe of Sanity in the diviner part and this he illustrates from the practice of Physitians who in persons neere death doe use Sternutatories or such as provoke unto sneezing when if the facultiâ— arise and Sternutation ensue they conceive hopes of life and with gratulation receive the signes of safetie and so is it also of good signality in lesser considerations according to that of Hippocrates that sneezing cureth the hickett and is profitable unto women in hard labour and so is it of good signality in Lethargies Apoplexies Catalepsies and Coma's and in this naturall way it is somtime likewise of bad effects or signes and may give hints of deprecation â—s in diseases of the chest for therein Hippocratâ—s condâ—mneth it as too much exagitating in the beginning of Catarrhs according unto Avicenna as hindering concoction in new and tender conceptions as Pliny observeth for then it endangers abortion The second way was superstitious and Augurial as Caelius Rhodiginus hath illustrated in testimonies as ancient as Theocritus and Homer as appears from the Athenian mastâ—r who would have râ—tired because a boatman sneezed and the tâ—stimony of Austine that the Ancients were wont to goe to bed againe if they sneezed while they put on their shooe and in this way it was also of good and bad signification so Aristotle hath a Probleme why sneezing from noonâ— unto midnight was good but from night to noon unlucky So Eustathius upon Homer observes that sneezing to the left hand was unlucky but prosperous unto the right and so as Plutarch relateth when Themistocles sacrificed in his galley bâ—fore the battell of Xerxes and one of the assistants upon the right hand sneezed Euphrantides the Southsayer presaged the victorie of the Greekes and the overthrow of the Persians And thus wee may perceive the custome is more ancient then commonly is conceived and these opinions hereof in all ages not any one disease to have been the occasion of this salute and deprecation arising at first from this vehement and affrighting motion of the braine inevitably observable unto the standers by from whence some finding dependent effects to ensue others ascribing hereto as a cause what perhaps but casually or inconexedly succeeded they might proceed unto forms of speeches felicitating the good or deprecating the evil to follow CHAP. X. Of the Iewes THat Jews stinck naturally that is that in their race and nation there is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or evil savour is a received opinion wee know not how to admit although we concede many questionable points and dispute not the verity of sundry opinions which are of affinity hereto we will acknowledge that certaine odours attend on animalls no lesse then certaine colours that pleasant smels are not confined unto vegetables but found in divers animalls and some more richly then in plants and though the Probleme of Aristotle enquire why none smells sweet beside the parde yet later discoveries adde divers sorts of Monkeys the Civet cat and Gazela from which our muske proceedeth we confesse that beside the smell of the species there may be Individuall odours and every man may have a proper and peculiar savour which although not perceptible unto man who hath this sense but weake yet sensible unto dogges who hereby can single out their Masters in the dark wee will not deny that particular men have sent forth a pleasant savour as Theophrastus and Plutark report of Alexander the great and Tzetzes and Cardan doe testifie of themselves That some may also emit an unsavoury odour we have no reason to deny for this may happen from the qualitie of what they have taken the Faetor whereof may discover it self by sweat and urine as being unmasterable by the naturall heat of man nor to be dulcified by concoction beyond an unsavoury condition the like may come to passe from putrid humors as is often discoverable in putrid malignant fevers and somtime also in grosse and humide bodies even in the latitude of sanity the naturall heat of the parts being insufficient for a perfect and through digestion and the errors of one concoction not rectifiable by another but that an unsavoury odour is gentilitious or national unto the Jews if rightly understood we cannot well concede nor will the information of reason or sense induce it For first upon consult of reason there will bee found no easie assurance for to fasten a materiall or temperamentall propriety upon any nation there being scarce any condition but what depends upon clime which is not exhausted or obscured from the commixture of introvenient nations either by commerce or conquest much more will it be difficult to make out this affection in the Jewes whose race how ever pretended to be pure must needs have suffered inseparable commixtures with nations of all sorts not onely in regard of their proselytes but their universall dispersion some being posted from severall parts of the earth others quite lost and swallowed up in those nations where they planted for the tribes of Ruben Gad part of Manaâ—â—es and Naphthali which were taken by Assur and the rest at the sacking of Samaria which were led away by Salmanasser into Assyria and after a yeare and half and arived at Arsereth
a Countâ—y may be more fruitfull then it selfe For India is more fertile then Spaine because more East and that the Sunne ariseth first unto it Spaine likewise by the same reason more fruitfull then America and America then India so that Spaine is lesse fruitfull then that Country which a lesse fertile Country then it selfe excelleth Lastly if we conceive the Sunne hath any advantage by the priority of its ascent or makes thereby one Country more happy then another we introduce injustifiable acceptions and impose a naturall partiality on that luminary which being equidistant from the Earth and equally removed in the East as in the West his power and efficacie in both places must bee equall as Boetius hath taken notice in his first de Gemmis and Scaliger hath graphically declared in his Exercitations some have therefore forsaken this refuge of the Sunne and to salve the effect have recurred unto the influence of the starres making their activities Nationall and appropriating their powers unto particular regions So Cardan conceiveth the tayle of Ursa major peculiarly respecteth Europe whereas indeed once in 24 houres it also absolveth its course over Asia and America And therefore it will not be easie to apprehend those stars peculiarly glance on us who must of necessity carry a common eye and regard unto all Countries unto whom their revolution and verticity is also common The effects therefore are different productions in severall Countries which we impute unto the action of the Sunne must surely have nearer and more immediate causes then that Luminaâ—y and these if wee place in the propriety of the clime or condition of soyle wherein they are produced we shall more reasonably proceed then they who ascribe them unto the activity of the Sunne whose revolution being regular it hath no power nor efficacie peculiar from its orientality but equally disperseth his beames unto all which equally and in the same restriction receive his lustre and being an universall and indefiniâ—e agent the effects or productions we behold receive not their circle from his causality but are determined by the principles of the place or qualities of that region which admits them and this is evident not onely in gemmes mineralls and metalls but observable in plaâ—ts and animalls whereof some are common unto many Countries some peculiar unto one some not communicable unto another For the hand of God that first created the earth hath with variety disposed the principles of all things wisely contriving them in their proper seminaries and where they best maintaine the intention of their species whereof if they have not a concurrence and be not lodged in a convenient matrix they are not excited by the efficacie of the Sunnâ— or fayling in particular causes receive a reliefe or sufficient promotion from the universall For although superiour powers cooperate with inferiour activities and may as some conceive carry a stroake in the plasticke and formative draught of all things yet doe their determinations belong unto particular agents and are defined from their proper principles Thus the Sunne which with us is fruitfull in the generation of frogs toads and serpents to this effect proves impotent in our neighbour Island wherein as in all other carrying a common aspect it concurreth but unto predisposed effects and onely suscitates those formes whose determinations are seminall and proceed from the Idea of themselves Now wheras there be many observations concerning East and divers considerations of Art which seeme to extoll the quality of that point if rightly understood they doe not really promote it That the Astrologer takes account of nativities from the Ascendent that is the first house of the heavens whose beginning is toward the East it doth not advantage the conceit for he establisheth not his Judgement upon the Orientality thereof but considereth therein his first ascent above the Horizon at which time its efficacy becomes observable and is conceaved to have the signification of life and to respect the condition of all things which at the same time arise from their causes and ascend to their Horizon with it Now this ascension indeed falls out respectively in the East but as we have delivered before in some positions there is no Easterne point from whence to compute these ascensions So is it in a parallel spheare for unto them six houses are continually depressed and six never elevated and the Planets themselves whose revolutions are of more speed and influences of higher consideration must finde in that place very imperfect regard for halfe their period they absolve above and halfe beneath the Horizon and so for six yeares no man can have the happinesse to be borne under Jupiter and for fifteene together all must escape the ascendent dominion of Saturne That Aâ—istotle in his Politicks commends the situation of a City which is open towards the East and admitteth the rayes of the rising Sun thereby is implyed no more particular efficacy then in the West But that site is commended in regard the damps and vaporous exhalations ingendered in the absence of the Sun are by his returning rayes the sooner dispelled and men thereby more eaâ—ly enjoy a cleare and healthy habitation and upon these and the like considerations it is that Marcus Varro de re Rustica commendeth the same situation and exposeâ—h his farme unto the equinoxiall ascent of the Sun that Palladius adviseth the front of his edifice should so respect the South that in the first angle it receave the rising rayes of the winter Sunne and decline a little from the winter setting thereof And concordant hereunto is the instruction of Columella in his Chapter Depositione villae which hee contriveth into Summer and Winter habitations ordering that the Winter lodgings regard the winter ascent of the Sun that is South-East and the roomes of repast at supper the Aequinoxiall setting thereof that is the West that the Summer lodgings regard the Aequinoxiall Meridian but the roomes of caenation in the Summer he obverts unto the winter assent that is South-East and the Balnearies or bathing places that they may remaine under the Sun untill evening hee exposeth unto the Summer setting that is North-West in all which although the Cardinall points be introduced yet is the consideration Solary and onely determined unto the aspect or visible reception of the Sun That Mahumetans and Jews in these and our neighbour parts are observed to use some gestures towards the East as at their benediction and the killing of their meate it cannot be denied and though many ignorant spectators and not a few of the actors conceave some Magick or mysterie therein yet is the Ceremony onely Topicall and in a memoriall relation unto a place they honour So the Jews do carry a respect and cast an eye upon Jerusalem for which practise they are not without the example of their forefathers and the encouragement of their wise King For so it is said that Daniel went into his house and his windowes being opened
land So is it exceeded by that which by Cardan is termed the greatest in the world that is the River Oregliana in the same Continent which as Maginus delivereth hath beene navigated 6000. miles and opens in a Channell of ninety leagues broad so that as Acosta an ocular witnesse recordeth they that sayle in the middle can make no land of either side Now the ground of this assertion was surely the magnifying esteem of the Ancients arising from the indiscovery of its head For as things unknowne seeme greater then they are and are usually receaved with amplifications above their nature So might it also be with this River whose head being unknowne and drawne to a proverbiall obscurity the opinion thereof became without bounds and men must needs conceat a large extent of that to which the discovery of no man had set a period And this an usuall way to give the superlative unto things of eminency in any kinde and when a thing is very great presently to define it to be the greatest of all whereas indeed Superlatives are difficult whereof there being but one in every kinde their determinations are dangerous and must not be made without great circumspection So the City of Rome is magnified by the Latiâ—s to be the greatest of the earth but time and Geography enforme us that Cairo is bigger then ever it was and Quinsay in China farre exceedeth both So is Olympus extolled by the Greeks as an hill attaining unto heaven but the enlarged Geography of after times makes slight account hereof when they discourse of Andes in Peru or Teneriffa in the Canaries So have all Ages conceaved and most are still ready to sweare the Wren is the least of birds yet the discoveries of America and even of our owne Plantations have shewed us one farre lesse that is the Humbird not much exceeding a Beetle And truly for the least and greatest the highest and the lowest of every kinde as it is very difficult to define them in visible things so is it to understand in things invisible Thus is it no easie lesson to comprehend the first matter and the affections of that which is next neighbour unto nothing and impossible truly to comprehend God who indeed is all things and so things as they arise unto perfection and approach unto God or descend to imperfection and draw neerer unto nothing fall both imperfectly into our apprehensions the one being too weake for our conception our conception too weake for the other Thirdly divers conceptions there are concerning its increment or inundation The first unwarily opinions that this encrease or annuall overflowing is proper unto Nile and not agreeable unto any other River which notwithstanding is common unto many currents of Africa For about the same time the River Niger and Zaire do oveâ—flow and so do the Rivers beyond the mountaines of the Moone as Suama and Spirito Santo and not onely these in Africa but some also in Europe and Asia for so it is reported of Menan in India and so doth Botero report of Duina in Livonia and the same is also observable in the River Jordan in Judea for so is it delivered Josuah 3. that Jordan overfloweth all his banks in the time of harvest The effect indeed is wonderfull in all and the causes surely best resolvable from observations made in the Countries themselves the parts through which they passe or whence they take their originall That of Nilus hath beene attempted by many and by some to that despaire of resolution that they have only referred it unto the providence of God and the secret manuduction of all things unto their ends but divers have attained the truth and the cause alledged by Diodorus Seneca Strabo and others is allowable that the inundation of Nilus in Aegypt proceeded from the raines in Aethiopia and the mighty source of waters falling towards the fountaines thereof For this inundation unto the Aegyptians happeneth when it is winter unto the Aethiopians which habitations although they have no cold winter the Sun being no farther removed from them in Cancer then unto us in Taurus yet is the fervour of the ayre so well remitâ—ed as it admits a sufficient generation of vapours and plenty of showres ensuing thereupon This theory of the Ancients is since confirmed by experience of the Modernes as namely by Franciscus Alvarez who lived long in those parts and hath left a description of Aethiopia affirming that from the middle of June unto September there fell in his time continuall raines As also Antonius Ferdinandus who in an Epistle written from thence and noted by Condignus affirmeth that during the winter in those Countries there passed no day without raine Now this is also an usuall course to translate a remarkable quality into a propriety and where we admire an effect in one to opinion there is not the like in any other with these conceits do common apprehensions entertaine the antidotall and wondrous condition of Ireland conceaving in that Land onely an immunity from venemous creatures but unto him that shall further enquire the same will be affirmed of Creta memorable in ancient stories even unto fabulous causes and benediction from the birth of Jupiter The same is also found in Ebusus or Evisa an Island neere Majorca upon the coast of Spaine With these opinions do the eyes of neighbour spectators behold Aetna the flaming mountaine in Sicilia But Navigators tell us there is a burning mountaine in Island a more remaâ—keable one in Teneriâ—â—a of the Canaries and many vulcano's or fiery hils elsewhere Thus Crocodiles were thought to be peculiar unto Nile and the opinion so possessed Alexander that when he had discovered some in Ganges he fell upon conceit he had found the head of Nilus but later discoveries affirme they are not onely in Asia and Africa but very frequent in some Rivers of America Another opinion confineth its inundation and positively affirmeth it constantly encreaseth the seventeenth day of June wherein notwithstanding a larger forme of speech were safer then that which punctually prefixeth a constant day thereto for first this expression is different from that of the Ancients as Herodotus Diodorus Seneca c. delivering only that it happeneth about the entrance of the Sunne into Câ—ncer wherein they warily deliver themselves and reserve a reasonable latitude So when Hippocrates saith Sub Cane ante Canem difficiles sunt purgationes there is a latitude of dayes comprised therein for under the Dogstar he containeth not onely the day of its ascent but many following and some ten dayes preceding So Aristotle delivers the affections of animalls with the wary termes of Circa magna ex parte and when Theodorus translateth that part of his Coeunt Thunni Scombri mense Februario post Idus pariunt Iâ—nio ante Nâ—nas Scaliger for ante Nonas renders it Iunii initâ—o because that exposition affordeth the latitude of divers dayes For affirming it happeneth before the Nones he alloweth but one day
of Blacknesse from such originalls in Nature as we doe generally observe things are deâ—igrated by Art And herein I hope our progression will not be thought unreasonable For Art being the imitation of Nature or Nature at the second hand it is but a sensible expression of effects dependant on the same through more removed causes and therefore the works of the one must prove reasonable discoverers of the other And first things become blacke by a â—ootish and fuligiâ—ous matter proceeding from the sulphur of bodies torrified not taking fuligo strictly but in opposition unto 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is any kind of vaporous or madefying excretion and comprehending 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is as Aristotle defines it a separation of moist and dry parts made by the action of heat or fire colouring bodies objected Hereof in his Meteors from the qualities of the subject he raiseth three kinds the exhalations from ligneous and lean bodies as bones hair and the like he calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fumus from â—at bodies and such as have not their fatnesse conspicuous or separated he tearmeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fuligo as waxe rosin pitch or turpentine that from unctuous bodies and such whose oylinesse is evident he nameth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or nidor now every one of these doe blacke the bodies objected unto them and are to be conceived in the sooty and fulâ—ginous matter expressed I say proceeding from the sulphur of bodies torrified that is the oily fat and unctuous parts wherein consist the principles of flammability not pure and refined sulphur as in the spirits of wine often rectified but containing terrestâ—ious parts and carrying with it the volatile salt of the body and such as is distinguishable by taste in â—oot nor vulgar and usuall sulphur for that leaves none or very little blacknesse except a metalline body receive the exhalation I say torrified â—indged or suffering some impression from fire thus are bodies casually or artificially denigrated which in their naturalls are of another complexion thus are Charcoales made black by an infection of their own suffitus so is it true what is assumed of combustible bodies Adusta nigra perusta alba black at first from the fuliginous tincture which being exhaled they become white as is perceptible in ashes And so doth fire cleanse and purifie bodies because it consumes the sulphureous parts which before did make them foule and therefore refines those bodies which will never bee 〈◊〉 by 〈◊〉 Thus Camphire of a white substance by its fuligo affordeth a 〈◊〉 black So is pitch blacke although it proceed from the same 〈◊〉 with rozen the one distilling forth the other foâ—ced by fire so of the suâ—â—â—tus of a torch doe Painters make a velvet blackâ— so is lampe blacke made so of burnt Harts horn a sable so is Bacon denigrated in Chimneyes so in fevers and hot distempers from choler adust is caused â— blacknesse in our tongues teeth and excretions so are ustilag◠〈◊〉 corne and trees blacke by blasting so parts cauterized gangrenated â—â—â—derated and mortified become black the radicall moisture or 〈◊〉 sulphur suffering an exâ—inction and smothered in the part affected So not only actuall but potentiall fire nor burning fire but also corroding water will induce a blacknes So are Chimneyes and furnaâ—â—â— generally blacke except they receive a cleare and manifest sulphur for the smoâ—k of sulphur will not blacke a paper and is commonly used by womâ—â— to whiten Tiffanies which it performeth by an acide 〈…〉 penetrating spirit ascending from it by reason whereof it is no◠〈◊〉 to kindle any thing nor will it easily light a candle untill that spirit bee spent and the â—lame approacheth the match And this is that acide and piercing spirit which with such activity and compunction invadâ—th the braines and nostrills of those that receive it And thus when Bâ—llonius affirmeth that Charcoales made out of the wood of Oxycedar are white Dr. Jordan in his judicious Discourse of minerall waters yeeldeth the reason because their vapours are rather sulphureous then of any other combustible substance So we see that Tinby coals will not blacke linnen being hanged in the smoake thereof but rather whiten it by reason of the drying and penetrating quality of sulphur which will make red Roses white And therefore to conceive a generall blacknesse in Hell and yet therein the materiall flames of sulphur is no Philosophicall conception nor will it consist with the reall effects of its nature These are the advenient and artificiall wayes of denigration answerably whereto may be the natural progresse These are the waies wherby culinary and common fires doe operate and correspondent hereâ—nto may be the effects of fire elementall So may Bitumen coales Jet blacke lead and divers minerall earths become black being either â—uliginous concretions in the earth or suffering a scortch from denigrating principles in their formation So Iron as Metallists expresse it consisting of impure Mercury and combust sulphur becomes of a darke and sad complexion whereas other metalls have a vivacity and quicknesse in aâ—pect So men and other animalls receive different tinâ—â—ures from constitution and complexionall efflorescences and descend 〈◊〉 lowâ—r as they partake of the fuliginous and denigrating humor 〈◊〉 so may the Aethiopians or Negroes become coal-blacke from 〈◊〉 efflorescences and complexionall tinctures arising from such probabilities as we have declared before The second way whereby bodies become blacke is an Atramentous condition or mixture that is a vitriolate or copperose quality conjoyning with a terrestrious and astringent humidity for so is Atramentum scriptorium or writing Inke commonly made by copperose cast upon a decoction oâ— infusion of galls I say a vitriolous or copperous quality for vitrâ—oll is the active or chiefe ingredient in Inke and no other salt that I know will strike the colour with galles neither Alom Sal-gemme Niâ—râ— noâ— Armoniack now artificiall copperose and such as we commonly use is a rough and acrimonious kinde of salt drawne out of ferreous and eruginous earths partaking chiefly of Iron and Copper the blew of copper the green most of Iron Nor is it unusuall to dissolve â—ragments of Iron in the liquor thereof for advanâ—age in the concretion I say a terrestrious or astringent humidity for without this there will ensue no tincture for copperose in a decoction of Lettâ—ce or Mallows affords no black which with an astringent mixâ—ure it will doe though it be made up with oyle as in printing and painting Inke But whereas in this composition wee use onely Nutgalles that is an excrescence from the Oake therein we follow and beat upon the old receit for any plant of austere and stipticke parts will suffice as I have experimented in Bistorte Myrobolaus Myrtus Brabantica Balaustium and Red-roses and indeed most decoctions of astringent plants of what colour soever doe leave in the liquor a deep and Muscadine red which by addition of vitrioll descend into a blacke
Lastly the necks of animals doe vaâ—y according to the parts that are contained in them which are the weazon and the gullet Such as have no weazon and breathe not have scarce any neck as most sorts of fishes and some none at all as all sorts of pectinals Soales Thornback Flounders and all crustaccoâ—â— animals as Crevises Crâ—â—â— and Lobsters All which considered the Wish of Pâ—â—loxenus will hardly consist with reason More excusable had it beene to â—ave wished himselfe an Ape which if common conceit speake true is exacter in taste then any Rather some kinde of granivorous bird then a Crane for in this sense they are so exquisite that upon the first peck of their bill they can distinguish the qualities of hard bodies which the sence of man discernes not without mastication Rather some ruminating animall that he might have eate his meate twice over or rather as Theophilus observed in Athenaeus his desire had been more reasonable had hee wished himselfe an Elephant or an Horse for in these animals the appetite is more vehement and they receive their viands in large and plenteous manner And this indeed had beene more sutable if this were the same Philoxenus whereof Plutarch speaketh who was so uncivilly greedy that to engrosse the messe he would preventively deliver his nostrils in the dish As for the musicall advantage although it seeme more reasonable yet doe we not observe that Cranes and birds of long necks have any musicall but harsh and clangous throats But birds that are canorous and whose notes we most commend are of little throats and short necks as Nightingales Finches Linnets Canary birds and Larkes And truly although the weazon throtle and tongue be the instruments of voice and by their agitations doe chiefly concurre unto these delightfull modulations yet cannot we assigne the cause unto any particular formation and I perceive the best thereof the Nightingale hath some disadvantage in the tongue which is not acuminate and pointed as in the rest but seemeth as it were cut off which perhaps might give the hint unto the fable of Philomela and the cutting off her tongue by Tereus CHAP. XV. Of the Lake Asphaltites COncerning the Lake Asphaltites the Lake of Sodome or the dead Sea that heavy bodies cast therein sinke not but by reason of a salt and bituminous thicknesse in the water floate and swimme above narrations already made are of that variety we can hardly from thence deduce a satisfactory determination and that not onely in the story it selfe but in the cause alledged For as for the story men deliver it variously some I â—eare too largely as Pliny who affirmeth that bricks will swim therein Mandevill goeth farther that Iron swimmeth and feathers sinke Munster in his Cosmography hath another relation although perhaps derived from the Poem of Tertullian that a candle burning swimmeth but if extinguished sinketh Some more moderately as Josephus and many other affirming onely that living bodies â—loate nor peremptory avâ—rring they cannot sinke but that indeed they doe not easily descend Most traditionally as Galen Pliny Solinus and Strabo who seemes to mistake the Lake Serbonis for it few experimentally most contenting themselves in the experiment of Vespasian by whose command some captives bound were cast therein and found to floate as though they could have swimmed divers contradictorily or contrarily quite overthrowing the point Aristotle in the second of his Meteors speaks lightly thereof 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and esteemeth thereof as a fable Biddulphus devideth the common accounts of Judea into three paâ—ts the one saith he are apparent truths the second apparent falshoods the third are dubious or betweene boâ—h in which forme hee ranketh the relation of this Lake But Andrew Thevet in his Cosmography doth ocularly overthrow it for hee affirmeth he saw an Asse with his saddle cast therein and drowned Now of these relations so different or contrary unto each other the second is most moderate and â—aâ—est to be embraced which saith that living bodies swim therein that is they doe not easily sinke and this untill exact experiment further determine may be allowed as best consistent with this quality and the reasons alledged for it As for the cause of this effect common opinion conceives it to bee the salt and bituminous thicknesse of the water This indeed is probable and may bee admitted as farre as the second opinion conceadeth For certaine it is that salt water will support a greater burden then fresh and we daylie see an egge will descend in salt water which will swimme in brine But that Iron â—hould floate therein from this cause is hardly granted for heavy bodies will onely swim in that liquor wherein the weight of their bulke exceedeth not the weight of so much water as it occupieth or taketh up But surely no water is heavy enough to answer the ponderosity of Iron and therefore that metall will sinke in any kinde thereof and it was a perfect miracle which was wrought this way by Elisha Thus wee perceive that bodies doe swim or sinke in different liquors according unto the tenuity or gravity of those liquors which are to support them So salt water beareth that weight which will sinke in vineger vineger that which will fall in fresh water fresh water that which will sinke in spirits of Wine and that will swimme in spirits of Wine which will sinke in cleere oyle as wee made experiment in globes of waxe pierced with light sticks to support them So that although it be conceived an hard matter to sinke in oyle I beleeve a man should finde it very difficult and next to flying to swimme therein And thus will Gold swim in Quicksilver wherein Iron and other metals sinke for the bulke of Gold is onely heavier then that space of Quicksilver which it containeth and thus also in a solution of one ounce of Quicksilver in two of Aqua fortis the liquor will beare Amber horne and the softer kinds of stones as we have made triall in each But a private opinion there is which crosseth the common conceit maintained by some of late and alledged of old by Strabo that is that the â—loating of bodies in this Lake proceeds not from the thicknesse of the water but a bituminous ebullition from the bottome whereby it wafts up bodies injected and suffereth them not easily to sinke The verity thereof would be enquired by ocular exploration for this way is also probable so we observe it is hard to wade deep in baths where springs arise and thus sometime are bals made to play upon a spouting streame And therefore untill judicious and ocular experiment confirme or distinguish the assertion that bodies doe not sinke herein at all we doe not yet beleeve that they not easily or with more difficulty descend in this then other water we shall already assent but to conclude an impossibility from a difficulty or affirme whereas things not easily sinke they doe not drowne at all beside the fallacy is