expert the thirde that he be ingenious the fourth that he be wel manered The first I sayde he ought to be learned and that he knowe his principles not onely in Chirurgerie but also in Phisicke that he may the better defende his Surgery Also he ought to be seene in natural Philosophie and in GraÌ„mer that he speake congruitie in Logike that teacheth him to proue his proportions with good reason In Rethorike that teacheth him to speake seemely and eloquently also in Theorike that teacheth him to knowe thinges natural and not natural thinges agaynst nature Also he must knowe the Anatomie for al authors write against those Surgions that worke in mans body not knowing the Anatomie for they be likened to a blind man that cutteth in a vine tree for he taketh more or lesse then he ought to doo And here note wel the saying of Galen the prince of Philosophers in his Estoris that it is as possible for a Surgion not knowing the Anatomie to worke in mans body without error as it is for a blind man to carue an Image make it perfyt The. ij I said he must be expert for Rasus sayth he ought to knowe and to see other men work and after to haue vse and exercise The thirde that he be ingenious or wittie for al things belonging to Chirurgerie may not be written nor with letters set foorth The fourth I sayde that he muste be wel manered and that he haue al these good conditions here folowing First that he be no spousbreaker nor no drunkarde For the Philosophers say amongst all other thinges beware of those persons that followe dronkennes for they be accompted for no men bicause they liue a life bestiall wherfore amongst al other sortes of people they ought to be sequestred from the ministring of medicine Likewise a Chirurgion must take heede that he deceiue no man with his vayne promises for to make of asmal matter a great because he woulde be counted the more famous And amongest other thinges they maye neither be flatterers nor mockers nor priuie backbyters of other men Likewise they muste not be proude nor presumptuous nor detracters of other meÌ„ Likewise they ought not to be too couetous nor no nigarde namely amongst their fréendes or men of worship but let them be honest curteous and free both in worde and deede Likewise they shal gâ—ue no counsayle except they be asked and then say their aduise by good deliberation and that they bewel aduised afore they speake chefly in the presence of wise men Likewise they muste be as priuie and as secrete as anye Confessour of al thinges that they shal eyther heare or see in the house of their Pacient They shal not take into their cure any maner of person except he wyl be obedient vnto their preceptes for he can not be called a pacient vnlesse he be a sufferer Also that they doo their diligence aswel to the poore as to the riche They shal neuer discomfort their pacient and shall commaunde all that be about him that they doo the same but to his fréendes speake truthe as the case standeth They must also be bolde in those thinges whereof they be certayne and as dreadfull in al perilles They may not chide with the sicke but be alwayes pleasaunt and mery They must not couet any woman by waye of vylanie specially in the house of their Pacient They shal not for couetousnes of money take in hande those cures that be vncurable nor neuer set any certaine day of the sickemans health for it lyeth not in their power folowing the distinct counsayle of Galen in the amphorisme of Ipocras saying Oportet seipsum noÌ„ solum By this Galen meaneth that to the cure of euery sore there belongeth foure thinges of which the first and prin cipal belongeth to God the second to the Surgion the thirde to the Medicine and the fourth to the Pacient Of the which foure and if any one doo fayle the Pacient can not be healed then they to whom belongeth but the fourth parte shal not promise the whole but bee first wel aduised They must also be gracious and good to the poore and of the rich take liberally for bothe And sée they neuer prayse them selues for that redoundeth more to their shame and discredite then to their fame worship For a cunning and skilful Chirurgion néede neuer vauÌ„t of his dooings for his works wyll euer get credite ynough Likewise that they despise no other Chirurgion without a great cause for it is méete that one Chirurgion should loue another as Christe loueth vs al. And in thus dooing they shal increase both in vertue cunning to the honour of God and worldly fame To whome he bring vs al. Amen ¶ Heereafter foloweth the Anathomie of the simple members AND if it be asked you how many simple members there be it is to be answered eleuen and two that be but superfluities of members and these be they Bones Cartylages Nerues Pannykles Lygaments Cordes Arteirs Weines Fatnes Fleshe and Skinne and the superfluities be the heares the nayles I shal beginne at the Bone because it is the fundation and the hardest member of al the body The Bone is a consimile member simple and spermatike and colde and dry of complexion insencible and inflexible and hath diuers formes in mans body for the diuersitie of helpings The cause why there be many bones in mans body is this Sometime it is néedeful that one member or one lymme should moue without another Another cause is that some defende the principal members as dothe the bone of the brest and of the head and some to be the fundation of diuers partes of the body as the bones of the Ridge and of the legges and some to fulfyll the hollowe places as in the handes and feete c. The Grystle is a member simple and spermatike next in hardnes to the bone and is of complexion colde and drye and insencible The grystle was ordeyned for sixe causes or profites that I fynd in it The first is that the continual mouing of the hard bone might not be done in a iuncture but that the grystle should be a meane betwéene the Lygament and him The seconde is that in the time of concussion or oppression the softe members or limmes should not be hurt of the harde The thirde is that the extremitie of bones and Ioyntes that be gristly might the easelyer be folded and moued together without hurt The fourth is for that it is necessarie in some meane places to put a grystle as in the throte bowel for the sounde The fyfth is for that it is néedeful that some members be holden vp with a grystle as the liddes of the eyes The sixth is that some limmes haue a sustayning and a drawing abrod as in the nose and the eares c. The Lygament is a member consimple simple and spermatike next in hardnes to the gristle and of complexion cold and dry and is flexible
temper the heat Furthermore the necke that is betweene these two foresayde mouthes in her concauitie hath many inuolutions and pleates ioyned together in the maner of Rose leaues before they be fully spread or ripe and so they be shut togeather as a Purse mouth so that nothing may passe foorth but vrin vntil the time of chylding Also about the middle of this necke be certain veynes in Maydens the which in tyme of deflouring be corrupt broken Furthermore in the sides of the vtter mouth of the mouth are two testicles or stones and also two vessels of sparme shorter then mans vessels and in time of coyt the womans sperme is shed downè into the bottome of the Matrix Also from the Lyuer there commeth to the Matrix many veynes bringing to the childe nourishing at the time of a womans beeing with childe and those veynes at suche time as the Matrix is voyde bring therto superfluities from certayne members of the body whereof are ingendred womens flowres c. And forasmuche as it hath pleased almightie God to geue the knowledge of these his mysteries and workes vnto his Creatures in this present worlde Here I purpose to declare what thing Embreon is and his creation The noble Philosophers as Galen Auicen Bartholomeus and diuers other writing vpon this matter say That Embreon is a thing ingendred in the mothers wombe the original wherof is the sparme of the man and the woman of the which is made by the might and power of God in the mothers wombe a chylde as hereafter more at large shal be declared First the feelde of generation called the Matrix or the mother is knowen in the anatomie whose place is properly betwixt the Bladder and Longaon in the womā in which place is sowen by the tillage of man a couenable matter of kindly heate for kindly heate is cause efficeens bothe of dooing and working and spirite that geueth vertue to the body and gouerneth and ruleth that vertue the which séede of generation commeth from al the partes of the body both of the man and the woman with consent wyl of al members and is shed into the place of conceyuing where through the vertue of Nature it is gathered together in the selles of the matrix or the mother in whom by the way of the working of mans seede and by the way of suffering of the womans seede mixte together so that eche of them worketh in other and suffereth in other there is ingendred Embreon And further it is to be noted that this sparme that commeth both of man and woman is made gathered of the most best and purest drops of blood in all the body and by the labour and chafing of the testikles or stones this blood is turned into another kinde and is made sparme And in man it is hotte white thicke wherfore it may not spread nor runne abroade of it selfe but runneth and taketh temperaunce of the womans sparme which hath contrarie qualities for the womans sparme is thinner colder and féebler And as some Authors holde opinion when this matter is gathered into the right side of the matrix then it happeneth a male kinde and likewise on the lefte the female and where the vertue is most there it sauoureth most And further it is to be noted that lyke as the Renet of the Chéese hath by him selfe the way or vertue of working so hath the mylke by waye of suffering and as the Renet and mylke make the chéese so doth the sparme of man and woman make the generation of Embreon of the which thing springeth by the vertue of kindly heate a certayne skinne or caule into the which it lappeth it selfe in where with afterwardes it is tyed to the mothers wombe the whiche couering commeth foorth with the byrth of the childe and if it happen that any of the skinne remaine after the byrth of the childe then is the woman in peril of her lyfe Furthermore it is sayde that of this Embreon is ingendred the Hart the Lyuer the Brayne Nerues veynes Arteirs Cordes Lygamentes Skinnes Gristles Bones receyuing to them by kindly vertue the menstrual blood of whiche is ingendred both fleshe and fatnes And as wryters say the fyrst thing that is shapen be the principals as is the Harte Lyuer and Brayne For of the Hart springeth the Arteirs of the Lyuer the Ueynes and of the Brayne the Nerues and when these are made Nature maketh shapeth Bones and grystles to kéepe saue them as the bones of the head for the Brayne the Brest bones and the Ribbes for the Harte and the Lyuer And after these springeth al other member one after another And thus is the childe bred foorth in four degrees as thus The first is when the sayde sparme or seede is at the fyrst as it were mylke The seconde is when it is turned from that kinde into another kinde is yet but as a lumpe of blood and this is called of Ypocras Fettus The thirde degrée is when the principals be shapen as the Hart lyuer and Brayne The fourth and laste as when al the other members be perfectly shapen then it receyueth the soule wyth life and breath and then it beginneth to moue it selfe alone Nowe in these foure degrees aforesayde in the fyrst as milke it continueth vij dayes in the seconde as Fettus ix dayes in the thirde as a lumpe of fleshe ingendring the principals the space of ix days and the fourth vnto the tyme of ful perfection of al the whole members is the space of xviij dayes So is there xlvj dayes from the day of conception vnto the day of ful perfection and receyuing of the soule as God best knoweth Now to come agayne to the Anatomie of the Hanches Then come we to Longaon otherwise called The tayle gutte whose substance is panniculer as of al the other bowels the length of it is of a spanne long stretching nigh to the Raynes his nether parte is called Annis that is to say The towel And about him is found two Muscles the one to open the other to shutte Also there is founde in him fiue veynes or braunches of veynes called vena emoraidales and they haue coliganes with the bladder wherefore they are partners in their greeues And when this Longaon is raysed vp then ye may sée the veynes and arteirs and senowes howe they be braunched and bounde downe to the nether partes The partes procéeding outwardly are Didimus Peritoneum the Yarde the Testikles and the Buttockes And fyrst it shal be spoken of the yarde or of mans generatiue members the whiche dureth vnto that parte that is called Peritoneum the which place is from the Coddes vnto the Fundament wherevpon is a seame Wherfore sayth the Philosopher Mans yard is in the ende and terme of the share The yarde is an official member and the tyller of mans generation compounde and made of skinne brawnes Tendons veynes arteirs senewes and great Lygaments and it hath in it food
Arteir and where as is a little Ueine there is a little Arteir For whersoeuer there goeth a veine to geue nutriment there goeth an Arteir to bring the spirite of lyfe Wherfore it is to be noted that the Arteires lye more deeper in the flesh then the Ueines doo for they cary and kepe in them more precious blood then doth the Ueine and therefore he hath neede to be further from daungers outwardly and therefore God and nature haue ordeyned for him to be closed in two cotes where the Ueine hath but one c. The Brest or Thorax is the Arke or Chest of the spiritual members of man as sayth the Philosopher where it is to be noted that there be soure thinges conteyning and eyght conteyned as thus The foure conteyning are the Skinne Musculus fleshe the Pappes and the Bones The partes conteyned are the Hart the Lunges Panikles Ligamentes Nerues Ueines Arteirs Mire or Isofagus Nowe the skinne and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomie It is to be noted that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from the other fleshe of the body for it is white glandulus spongeous and there is in thē both Nerues Ueines and Arteirs and by them they haue Coliganes with the hart the lyuer the brayne and the generatiue members Also there is in the brest as old Authors make mention lxxx or xc Muskles for some of them be common to the necke some to the shoulders and to the spades some to Diafragma or the Mydriffe some to the Ribbes some to the Backe some to the brest it selfe But I fynde certayne profitablenes in the creation of the Paps aswel in man as in woman for in man it defendeth the spirituals from annoyannce outwardly and another by their thicknes they comfort the natural heate in defience of the spirites And in women there is the generation of milke for in women there commeth from the Matrix into their Brestes manye Ueines which bring into them menstrual blood the whiche is turned through the digestiue vertue from red colour into white like the colour of the Pappes euen as Chylley comming from the stomocke to the Lyuer is turned into the colour of the Lyuer Nowe to speake of the bones of the Brest They be sayde to be triple or threefolde and they be numbred to be seuen in the Brest before and their length is according to the breadth of the brest and their extremities or endes be grystlie as the ribbes be And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a concauitie in which is set the foote of the Furklebone or Canel bone and in the nether ende of Thorax agaynst the mouth of the stomache hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme and this grystle was ordeyned for two causes One is that it shuld defende the stomacke from hurte outwardly The seconde is that in time of fulnes it should geue place to the stomacke in time of neede when it desireth c. Now to speake of the parts of the backe behindefoorth There be xij Spondels through whom passeth Mynuca of whō springeth xij payre of Nerues brnging both feeling and mouing to the Muscles of the Brest aforesayde And here it is to be noted that in euery syde there be xij Rybbes that is to say vij true and. v. false because these v. be not so long as the other vij be and therefore be called false Rybbes as it may be perceiued by the sighte of the Eye Likewise of the partes that be inwardly and fyrst of the Hart because he is the principal of al other members and the beginning of life he is set in the middest of the brest seuerally by him selfe as Lord and King of al members And as a Lorde or King ought to be serued of his subiectes that haue their liuing of him So are al other members of the body subiectes to the Hart for they receyue their liuing of him and they doo seruice many wayes vnto him agayne The substaunce of the Hart is as it were Lazartus fleshe but it is spermatike and an official member and the beginning of life and he geueth to euery member of the body both blood of life and spirite of breath and heate for if the Hart were of Lazartus fleshe his mouing and steering should be voluntarie and not natural but the contrarie is true for it were impossible that the Hart should be ruled by Wyl onely and not by nature The Harte hath the shape and forme of a Pyneapple and the brode ende thereof is vpwardes and the sharpe ende is downewardes depending a little towardes the left side And here it is to be noted that the Hart hath blood in his substaunce whereas al other mēbers haue it but in their Ueines Arteirs also the hart is bounde with certayne Ligamentes to the backepart of the brest but these Lygamentes touche not the substaunce of the Hart but in the ouerpart they spring foorth of him and is fastened as is aforesayde Furthermore the Hart hath two Uentrikles or concauities and the left is hyer then the right and the cause of this holownesse is this for to keepe the bloud for his nourishing and the ayre to abate and temper the great heate that he is in the which is kept in his concauities Nowe here it is to be noted that to the right Uentrikle of the harte commeth a veyne from the great veyne called Venakelis that receyueth al the substaunce of the blood from the Lyuer And this veine that commeth frō venakelis entreth into the hart at the right Uentrikle as I sayde before and in him is brought a great portion of the thickest blood to nourishe the Hart with the residue that is left of this is made subtil through the vertue of the hart and then this blood is sent into a concauitie or pytte in the myddest of the Harte betweene the two Uentrikles and therein it is made hote and pured and then it passeth into the left Uentrikle and there is ingendred in it a spirit that is clearer brighter and subtiller then any corporal or bodely thing that is ingendred of the foure Elementes For it is a thing that is a meane betweene the body and the soule Wherfore it is likened of the Philosophers to be more liker heauēly thinges then earthly thinges Also it is to be noted that from the left Uentrikle of the Hart springeth two Arteirs The one hauing but one cote and therefore it is called Arterea venalis and this Arteir carieth blood frō the Hart to the Lungs the which blood is vaporous that is tried and left of the Harte and is brought by this Artery to the Lunges to geue hym nutriment and there he receyueth of the Lunges ayre and bringeth it to the hart to refreshe him with Wherefore Galen sayth that he fyndeth that mans harte is natural and frendly to the Lungs for he geueth him of his owne nutrimental to nourishe him with and the Lunges rewarde him with ayre to refreshe him with
agayne c. The other Arterye that hath two cotes is called vena Arterialis or the great Artery that ascendeth and dissendeth and of him springeth al the other Arteirs that spreade to euery member of the body for by him is vnified and quickneth al the members of the body For the spirite that is reteyned in them is the instrument or treasure of al the vertue of the soule And thus it passeth vntil it come to the Brayne there he is turned into a further digestion and there he taketh another spirite and so is made animal and at the Lyuer nutrimental and at the Testikles generatiue and thus it is made a spirite of euery kinde so that he beeing meane of all maner of operations and workinges taketh effect Two causes I fynde why these Arteirs haue two cotes One is that one cote is not sufficient nor able to with stande the violent mouing and steering of the spirite of lyfe that is caryed in thē The seconde cause is that the thing that is caried about from place to place is of so precious a treasure that it had the more neede of good keeping And of some Doctors this Arteir is called the Pulsatiue veyne or the beating veyne for by him is perceyued the power might of the Hart. c. Wherfore God and Nature haue ordeyned that the Arteirs should haue two cotes Also there is in the Harte three Pelikels opening and closing the gooing in of the Harte blood and spirite in conuenient time Also the Hart hath two little Eares by whome commeth in and passeth out the ayre that is prepared for the Lunges Also there is founde in the Hart a Cartilaginus auditament to helpe and strength the selfe Harte Also the Harte is couered with a strong Pannikle which is called of some Capsula cordes or Pericordium the which is a strong case vnto whome commeth Nerues as to other inwarde members And this Panicle Pericordiū springeth of the vpper Pannicle of the Midriffe And of him springeth another Panikle called Mediastinum the which departeth the Brest in the middest and kéepeth that the Lunges fal not ouer the Hart. Also there is an other Pannikle that couereth the Ribbes inwardly that is called Plura of whom the Midriffe taketh his beginning And it is sayde of many Doctors that Duramater is the originall of all the Pannicles within the body and thus one taketh of another c. ¶ The Anatomie of the Lunges THE Lunges is a member spermatike of his fyrst creation and his natural complexion is colde and dry and in his accidental complexion he is colde and moyste lapped in a Nerueous Pannikle bicause it should gather togeather the softer substaunce of the Lunges and that the Lunges might féele by the meanes of the Pannicle that whiche he mighte not feele in him selfe Nowe to proue the Lunges to be colde and drye of kinde it appeareth by hys swift steering for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the hart and about the harte And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde it appeareth wel that he receyueth of the brayne many cold matters as Cataries and Rumes whose substance is thinne Also I fynde in the Lunges three kinds of substaunce One is a Ueyne comming from the Liuer bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the Chylle to féede the Lunges Another is Arterea venalis comming from the hart bringing with him the spirite of lyfe to nourishe him with The third is Trachia arteria that bringeth in ayre to the Lunges and it passeth through al the left part of them to doo his office The Lunges is deuided into fiue Lobbes or Pellikels or fiue portions that is to say three in the right side and two in the left side And it was done for this cause that if there fel any hurt in the one part the others shoulde serue and doo their office And three causes I finde why the Lunges were principally ordeyned First that they should drawe colde winde and refreshe the hart The seconde that they shoulde chaunge and alter and purifie the ayre before it come to the hart least the hart were hurte and noyed with the quantitie of the ayre The thirde cause is that they shoulde receyue from the harte the fumous superfluities that he putteth foorth with hys breathing c. Behinde the Lunges towarde the Spondels passeth Mire or Isofagus of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke And also there passeth both Ueynes and Arteirs and al these with Trachia arteria doo make a Stoke replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles and strong Lygaments and Glandulus fleshe to fulfil the voyde places And last of al is the Midriffe and it is an official member made of two Pannikles and Lazartus flesh and his place is in the middest of the body ouerth wart or in bredth vnder the region of the spirituall members departing them from the matrix And thrée causes I finde why the Midriffe was ordeyned First that it should diuide the spirituals from the nutrates The seconde that it should kéepe the vital colour or heate to dissende downe to the nutrates The last is that the malicious fumes reared vp from the nutrates should not noye the spirituals or vytals c. The wombe is the region or the citie of al the Intrils the whiche reacheth from the Midriffe downe vnto the share inwardly and outwardly from the Reynes or Kydnes downe to the bone Pecten about the priuie partes And thys wombe is compounde and made of two thinges that is to say of Syfac Myrac Syfac is a Paunicle and a member spermatike official sensible senowy compoūd of subtil Wyl and in complexion colde and drye hauing his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe And it was ordeyned because it shoulde conteyne and bind together al the Intrals and that he defende the Musculus so that he oppresse not the natural members And that he is strong and tough it is because he should not be lightly broken and that those thinges that are conteyned goo not foorth as it happeneth to them that are broken c. Myrac is cōpound and made of foure things that is of skin outwardly of fatnes of a carnous pannicle and of Musculus fleshe And that it is to be vnderstanded that all the whole from Sifac outwarde is called Myrac it appeareth wel by the wordes of Galen where he commaundeth that in al woundes of the wombe to fewe the Sifac with the Myrac and by that it proueth that there is nothing without the Sifac but Myrac And in this Myrac or vtter parte of the wombe there is noted eyght Muscles two Longitudinals proceeding from the sheelde of the Stomacke vnto Os Pecten two Latitudinales comming from the backe wardes to the wombe and foure Tranuerse of the which two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side and go to the left side to the bones of the Haunches or of Pecten and the other two spring from the Ribbes on the
Lesson But the Skinne is properlye wouen of Thréedes Nerues Ueynēs and Arteirs And he is made temperate because he should be a good déemer of heate from colde and of meystnes from drynes that there shoulde nothing noye nor hurt the body but it geueth warning to the common wittes thereof c. The Heyres of euery part of mans body are but a superfluitie of members made of the grosse fume or smoke passing out of the viscoues matter thickened to the forme of heyre The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anathomie of the head c. The Nayles likewise are a superfluitie of members engēdred of great earthly smoke or fume resolued through the natural heate of humours and is softer then the Bone harder then the Fleshe In complexion they be colde and drye and are alwayes waxing in the extremitie of the fyngers and toes The vtilitie of them are that by them a man shal take the better holde also they helpe to clawe the body when it néedeth Lastly they helpe to deuide thinges for lacke of other tooles c. ¶ Heereafter foloweth the Anathomie of the compound members and first of the head BEcause the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soule of man therefore with the grace of God I shal fyrst speake of the Anatomie of the head Galen saith in the seconde Chapter De iuuamentes and Auicen rehearseth the same in hys fyrst preposition and third Chapter prouing that the Head of man was made neither for Wittes nor yet for the Braynes but onely for the eyes For beastes that haue no heades haue the orgayne or instrumentes of Wittes in their brests Therefore God and nature haue reared vp the head of man onely for the eyes for it is the hyest member of man and as a beholder or watchman standeth in a highe Towre to geue warning of the enemies so doth the Eye of man geue warning vnto the common Wittes for the defence of all other members of the body Nowe to our purpose If the question be asked how many things be there conteyning on the head and howe many thinges conteyned within the head As it is rehearsed by Guydo there bee but fyue conteining and as many conteined as thus The Heyre the Skinne the Flesh the Pannicles and the Bone neither rehearsing Ueyne nor Artere The which Anathomie can not be truly without them both as thou shalt wel perceiue both in this Chapter but specially in the next And nowe in this lesson I shall speake but of Heire Skinne Fleshe Ueines Pannicles and Bones what profite they doo to man euery of them in his kinde Of the Heire of the head whose creation is knowen in the Anatomie of the simple members I doo note foure vtilities why it was ordeyned the fyrst is that it defendeth the Brayne frō too muche heate and too muche colde and many other outwarde noyances The seconde is it maketh the forme or shape of the head to seeme more seemelyer or beautyfuller For if the head were not heyred the face and the heade should seeme but one thing and therefore the heyre formeth and shapeth the head from the face The thirde is that by the cullour of the heyre is witnessed knowen the complexion of the Brayne The fourth is that the fumosities of the brayne might assend and passe lyghtlyer out by them For if there were a sad thing as the skinne or other of the same nature as the heyre is the fumosities of the brayne might not haue passed throwe it so lightly as it doth by the heyre The Skinne of the head is more lazartus thicker and more porrus than any other Skinne of any other member of the body And two causes I note why One is that it keepeth or defendeth the brayne from too muche heate and colde as doth the heyre The other it discusseth to the common wittes of al thinges that noyeth outwardly for the heyre is insencible The thirde cause why the skinne of the head is more thicker then any other skinne of the body is this that it keepeth the brayne the more warme and is the better fence for the brayne and it bindeth and keepeth the bones of the head the faster together Next followeth the Fleshe the which is al Musculus or Lazartus fleshe lying vpon pericranium without meane and it is made of subtile Wylle and of simple fleshe Synewes Ueines Arteirs And why the fleshe that is al musculus or lazartus in euery member of a mans body was made is for three causes the fyrst is that by his thicknes he shoulde comforte the digestion of other members that lye by him The seconde is that through him euery member is made the more formelyer and taketh the better shape The thirde is that by his meanes euery member of the body draweth to him norishing the which others withholde to put foorth from them as it shal be more playnlyer spoken of in the Anathomie of the wombe Next followeth Pericranium or the couering of the bones of the head But heere it is to be noted of a Ueyne and an Artere that commeth betweene the flesh and this Pericranium that nourisheth the vtter part of the head and so entreth priuily through the commissaries of the skul bearing to the Brayne and to his Pannikles nourishing of whose substaunce is made bothe Duramater and also Pericranium as shall be declared in the partes conteyned in the head Here it is to be noted of this Pannikle Pericranium that it bindeth or compasseth al the bones of the head vnto whom is adioyned the Duramater and is also a part of his substaunce howbeit they be separated for Duramater is nerer that brayne and is vnder the skull This Pericranium was made principally for two causes one is that for his strong bynding together he should make firme and stable the féeble commissaries or seames of the bones of the head The other cause is that it shoulde be a meane betwéene the harde bone and the softe fleshe Nexte is the Bone of the Pot of the head keeping in the Braynes of which it were too long to declare their names after al Authors as they number them and their names for some name them after the Gréeke tongue and some after the Arabian but in conclusion al is to one purpose And they be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head the fyrst is called the Coronal bone in which is that Orbyts or holes of the Eyes and it reacheth from the Browes vnto the mid dest of the head and there it meteth with the seconde bone called Occipissial a bone of the hinder part of the head called the Noddel of the head which two bones Coronal and Occipissiale be deuided by the Commissaries in the middes of the head The thirde and fourth bones be called Parietales and they be the bones of the sideling parts of the head and they be deuided by the Cōmissories both from the foresayde Coronal and Occipissial The fyfth
left syde and come ouer the wombe to the righte partes as the other before doth Heere it is to be noted that by the vertue of the subtyl wyl that is in the Musculus longitudinal is made perfect the vertue attractiue and by the musculus Tranuerse is made the vertue retentiue and by the musculus Latitudinale is made the vertue expulsiue It is thus to be vnderstoode that by the vertue attractiue is drawen downe into the Intrals al superfluities both water wynde and dyrt By the vertue retentiue all thinges are withholden and kept vntil nature haue wrought his kinde And by the vertue expulsiue is put foorth al thinges when Nature prouoketh any thing to be done Galen sayth that woundes or incisions be more perillous in the middest of the wombe then about the sides for there the partes be more tractable then any other partes be Also he sayth that in wounds persing the womb there shal not be made good incarnation except Sifac be sewed with Myrac Nowe to come to the parts conteyned within Fyrst that which appeareth next vnder the Sifac is Omentum or Zirbus the which is a pannicle couering the stomacke and the Intrals implaÌ„ted with many Ueynes Arteirs and not a little fatnes ordeyned to keepe moyst the inwarde partes This Zirbus is an official member and is compound of a veyne and an Arteir the which entreth and maketh a line of the vtter tunikle of the stomacke vnto whiche tunikle hangeth the Zirbus and couereth al the guttes downe to the shayre Two causes I finde why they were ordeyned one is that they shuld defend the nutratiues outwardly the seconde is that through his owne power vertue he should strength coÌ„fort the digestion of al the Nutrates because they are more féebler then other members be bicause they haue but a thin wombe or skinne c. Next Zirbus appeareth the Intrals or guttes of which Galen saith that the Guttes were ordeined in the fyrst creation to conuey the drosse of the meate and drinke to clense the body of their superfluities And here it is to be noted that there be sixe portioÌ„s of one whole Gutte which both in man and beast beginneth at the nether mouth of the stomacke and so continueth foorth to the end of the Fundament Neuerthelesse he hath diuers shapes and formes and diuers operations in the body and therfore he hath diuers names And here vpon the Philosophers say that the lower wombe of a man is like vnto the wombe of a swine And lyke as the stomack hath two tunikles in like maner haue al the Guttes two tunikles The fyrst portion of the Guttes is called Duodenum for he is xij ynches of length and couereth the nether parte of the stomacke and receyueth al the drosse of the stomacke The seconde portion of the Guttes is called Ierunium for he is euermore emptie for to him lyeth euermore the chest of the Gal beating him sore and draweth forth of him al the drosse clenseth him clene The iij. portion or gutte is called Yleon or smal gutte and is in length xv or xvj Cubites In this gutte oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca pasâ—io The iiij gut is called Monoculus or blind gut and it seemeth to haue but one hole or mouth but it hath two one neere vnto the other for by the one al thinges go in and by the other they goo out agayne The fyft is called Colon and receyueth al the drosse depriued from al profitablenesse and therefore there commeth not to him any veynes Miseraices as to the other The syxte last is called Rectum or LoÌ„gaon and he is ended in the Fundament and hath in his nether end foure Muscles to holde to open to shutte and to put out c. Next is to be noted of Mesenterium the which is nothing else but a texture of innumerable veynes Miseraices ramefied of one veyne called Porta epates couered and defended of Pannicles and Ligamentes comming to the Intrals with the backe ful of fatnes and glandulus fleshe c. The stomacke is a member compound and spermatike senowy and sensible and therein is made perfect the fyrst digestion of Chile This is a necessarie member to al the body for if it fayle in his working al the members of the body shal corrupte Wherefore Galen sayth that the stomacke was ordeyned principally for two causes The first that it shoulde be to al the members of the body as the earth is to al that are ingendred of the earth that is that it shoulde desire sufficient meate for al the whole body The seconde is that the stomacke shoulde be a sacke or chest to al the bodie for that meate and as a Cooke to al the members of the body The stomacke is made of two pannicles of which the inner is Nerueous and the vtter Carneous This inner panicle hath musculus longitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomacke to the mouth by the which he draweth to him meate and drinke as it were handes Also he hath Tranuers wyl for to withholde or make retention And also the vtter pannicle hath Latitudinal wyl to expulse and put out and that by his heate he shoulde helpe the digestiue vertue of the Stomacke and by other heates geuen by his neighbours as thus It hath the lyuer on the right side chafing heating him with his lobes or figures the Splen on the left syde with his fatnes veynes sending to him melancolie to exercise his appetites and aboue him is the Harte quickening him with his Arteries Also the brayne sending to him a braunche of Nerues to geue him feeling And he hath on the hinder parte dissending of the partes of the backe many Lygamentes with the which he is bounde to the Spondels of the backe The forme or fygure of the Stomacke is long in likenes of a gowrde crooked and that both holes be in the vpper part of the body of it is because there should be no going out of it vnaduisedly of those thinges that are receyued into it The quantitie of the stomacke commonly holdeth two pitchers of water and it maye suffer many passions and the nether mouth of the stomacke is narrower then the vpper and that for three causes the first cause is that the vpper receyueth meate great and boystrous in substaunce that there béeyng made subtile it might passe into the nether The second is for by him passeth al the meates with their chilositie from the Stomacke to the Lyuer The thirde is for that through him passeth al the drosse of the Stomacke to the guttes And this suffiseth for the Stomacke c. The Lyuer is a principal member and official and of his first creation spermatike complete in quantitie of blood of him self insencible but by accidence he is sencible and in him is made the seconde digestion and is lapped in a Senowy pannicle And that he is a principall member it appeareth openly by the Philosophers by Auicen and Galen