Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	nature_n	soul_n	2,893	5	5.2542	4	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A26232	Observations upon some part of Sr Francis Bacon's Naturall history as it concernes fruit-trees, fruits, and flowers especially the fifth, sixth, and seaventh centuries, improving the experiments mentioned, to the best advantage / by R.A. Austen, practiser in the art of planting.	Austen, Ralph, d. 1676.; Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626. Sylva sylvarum.	1658 (1658)	Wing A4234; ESTC R13917	44,554	57

mâ—uld if to the better is also very advantagious to fâ—uiâ—-â—rees in case the soyle be barren but if it be very fat as some is especially some paâ—ticular places by accâ—dent then mould that is more sterill and hungâ—y will do better foâ—overmuch reâ—lâ—tion and fertility may hinder fruitfulnesse and cause the â—ap to runne most into long shoots and broad leaves The shâ—fting of ground is a meanes to better the Tree and fruit and all things do prosper bâ—st when they are advanced to the better And a Nuâ—sery ought to be in a more barren ground then the places whither they are transplanted It is true change of soyles sometimes is very good if to the better but its true also that if trees grow in over ranke soyle then worse will be better that is will help more towards fruitfulnesse as a course and meane fare is better for a fat man then the more delicious Without controversy young trees out of barren Nurseries come on faster when transplanted then out of fat soyles but in case the Nursery be fat soyle then some other as good must be laid to their Roots when set againe Hacking of Trees doth great good to Trees After eight or tenne yeares growth cutting or scoring oâ— hacking the barke of trees with a knife is profitable but while they aâ—e young the Barke is but thin and tender and enlargeth well enough without this cutting unlesse some that through barrennesse of soyle or other cause are barkâ— bound Shade to some plants conduceth to make them large and prosperous more then Sunne As in strawberries and Baies c. It is true Baies and Lawrell prospereth better in the Shade then in the Sunne being Hot Plants but Strawberries do better partly in the shade and partly in the sunne then in shade only as â—mong Bushes and other plants I have observed those in the shade to beare little or nothing when others of the same kind and growth somewhat in the sunne bore very much Pulling off many blossomes from a fruit-tree doth make the fruit fairer and if some blossomes be not pulled off the fiâ—st time a tree bloometh it will blossome it selfe to death Commonly the fewer blossoms upon a tree the fairer will the fruit be because as the Authour saies of the plenty of sap And indeed in case a tree newly planted blossome very much and the Roote be but weake which may be perceived by the weaknesse of the buds then its best to pull off most if not all the blossomes but many I have knowne the first yeares planting take Roote so strongly being in good moâ—ld as that they blossome and shoot forth and beare faire fruits the same yeare It wâ—re good to try what would be the â—ffâ—ct if all the blossomes were pulled from a Fruit-tree for two yeares together Fruit-trees that beare but every other yeare they for the most pâ—rt beare that yeare very plentifully and the excâ—ssive expence of sap â—hat yeare its like makes the tree more feeble the next but if blossomes be pulled â—ff a yeare or two together I suppose the sap would go moâ—e into the shoots and maâ—e them larger then if it bore fruits and the issue aâ— to bearing more or better fâ—uits would be nothing worth There is no doubt but that Grafting for the most part doth mâ—liorate fruit The cause is manifest for that the nourishment is better prepared in the stocke then in the crude earth Grafting doth not at all meliorate the fruit simply in it sâ—lfe for a â—ice will not be the better for Grafting unlesse the grafts be taken from a good tree If the tree from which grafts are cut be no better then the tree which is grafted then grafting will not a jot mend the fruit which it would if grafting were any thing towards the bettering of the fruit The cause why Grafted trees beare better fruits then wild ungrafâ—ed trees is not because they are grafted but because the grafâ—s are good the tree from which the grafts are cut is of a good kind and nature and every â—wig graft and bud hath the nature of the whole tree in it perfectly the properties of the tree are in all and every part as the soule in the body which is tota in toto tota in qualibet paâ—te and the grafts retaine the nature and properties being grafted upon wild stocks and bring forth fruits accordingly and that 's the cause that grafting doth meliorate the fruit and not because the nourishment is better prepared in the stock then in the crude earth for the branches of an ungrafted tree do no more receive nourishment from the crude earth then the branches of a grafted tree but the sâ—p and nourishment passeth up a body or stock to the branches in the one as well as in the other And as iâ— iâ— true that the Peach and Melocotâ—ne do beare good frâ—its comming up of stoneâ— which is not alwaies so neither only here and there one so it is true also that they beare as good fruits of the bud being Inoculated It hath beene received that a smaller Peare grafted upon a stock that beareth a greater Peare will become great c. It is true as the Authour thinks that this will not succeed because the Grafts do governe they alwaies bring forth fruit answerable to their owne natures and kinds else it were to little purpose to get Grafts from such or such a good Tree to have more of the kind Yet it is true also that the stock hath some influence upon the Graft so as to make the fruit better or worse according to the nature of the stock in some small degree As if we graft upon a stock that naturally beares a sower harsh fruit the fruit of the graft will not be altogether so pleasant as if it were grafted upon a stock that beares naturally a sweet and pleasant fruit and hence it is that Peares grafted upon Quince-stocks will be more delicate then upon Peare-stocks The Quince-stock gives an excellent tast to it but these trees upon Quinces will never attaine to any great bignesse for all Quince-trees are but small in comparison of Peare-trees and where the stock can be but small the graft cannot be great yet as I have seene it somewhat bigger then the stock As for a Peare upon a Thorne which this Authour speakes of it cannot be good it makes it a harsh hard Peare at the core if it thrive and beare but most commonly they dye in two or three yeares we know its naturall fruit Hawes have stones in them But for the Apple upon the Crab that 's naturall the Crab being a wild apple and very proper to graft all sorts of Apples upon in regard of the soundnesse of the stock its long lasting and aptnesse to take with grafts and also when set in the ground although its true it makes the fruit somewhat more tart then

and fruits it is turned into that body and substance which we see above ground and none at all descends at any time for there is no Cause and therefore no such effect sap is continually asscending all the yeare long more or lesse either for the growth of the tree or for the conservation of it in life and in all its dimensionâ— for there is a continuall extraction of sap out of the body boughes and branches by the sunne and aire as this Auâ—hour elsewhere asserts and which Experience proves Now if there were at any time a descention also what then would become of the tree it would qâ—ickly wither be contâ—acted and shrinke apparently whosoever is unsatisfied with what is here said against descention of sap in trees may see hereof more largely many Arguments against it in my Treatise of Fruit-treesâ— pag. 100.101.102 c. If Trees beare not bore a hole through the heart of the tree and it will beare Perhaps this course may do some good in letting out superfluous sap if too much repletion be the cause But there are divers other Causes of barrennesse of Fruit-trees As too deepe setting the Roots running downe into gravell Clay water c. which must have answerable remedies And sometimes it is in the nature of the trees that all the culture in the world used to the Roots and body will not help without engrafting the branches with Grafts of some good bearing kinds which is the best way I know to have store of good fruits and speedily too from barren trees To make Trees beare cleave the chiefe Roots and put in a small pebble This may be profitable not only for that the Roote may be bark-bound as well as the body and branches which must be scored downe and cut to the wood but also it will cause the Roots to shoote forth many young small Roots at the place opened which will afford more vigour life and sap to the branches and so make the tree stronger and more in heart and able to bring forth more and fairer fruits Trees against a south-wall have more of the heate of the sunne then when they grow round Aprecots Peaches and such like cold fruits will scarce ripen but against a south-wall they have need both of the direct and reflex beames of the sunne And if it were more practised to set some other choice kinds of fruits upon a south-wall as the great Burgaimâ—t sommer Boncriteu Greene-field Peare and other speciall kinds this would advantage them greatly not only in bignesse but also in their early ripening and goodnesse of tast thus one or a few would be worth many ordinary ones Some pull off the leaves from wall-trees that the sunne may come the better upon the boughs and fruit This may hasten ripening but I conceive it hinders the bignesse of the fruits the sunne ripening them before they have attained their naturall greatnesse in case it prove then very hot weather so that if leaves be pulled off it should not be till fruits are at biggest The lownesse of the bough maketh the fruit greater and to ripen bâ—tter c. Graft a tree low and maintaine only the lower boughâ— Low trees and the lower boughs of high trees have their fruit ripe somewhat sooner then the higher because they have some benefit by the reflection of the sunne from the Earth as well as from the wall if they grow against a wall but that the fruits are greater on lower then on higher boughs I perceive not I am sure I have seene sometimes faire fruit on the higher boughes and but small on the lower in case the branches of a wall-tree have beene permitted to grow straight upwards without bowing downe along the wall as most commonly they be and the reason is plaine because the most and greatest quantity of sap presseth upwards and leaveth the side branches indigent of sap whereby they grow poorely and some even dye for want of sap now according to the quantity of sap in branches so are the fruits smaller or greater It is true indeed many little and low trees if they be vigorous and shoote well beare very large fruits it may be larger then high trees of the same kinds but this is not because low but because they are more lively and vigorous then the other And if we should graft a Tree low and maintaine only the lowâ—r branches by continually cutting off the higher this would much enfeeble the tree by degâ—ees by obstructing of the sâ—p and the fruit would be accordingly But the bâ—st way to order a wall-tree that shoots upwards strongly is to bow those strong branches along the wall both waies and then there will be as large fruits on the lower as on the higher boughes and sooner ripe To have fruit in greater plenty the way is to graft not only upon young stâ—cks but upon divers boughs of an old tree c. It is an excellent Experiment to graft the boughes of an old tree that is a bad bearer or bears bad fruits with grafts of some speciall good bearing kinds for this will have large branches and beare fruits even in a yeare or two so that it is a very unwise course of many who when some of their trees beare not as they would have them cut them downe and set young ones in their Roome which cannot possibly attaine the bignesse of the former in many yeares Digging yearely about the Roots of Trees is a great meanes both to the accâ—leration and melioration of fruits c. Old trees that grow in stiffe cold clay grounds have most neede to be dug about yearely that thereby the gound may be more open and mellow but for young trees of few yeares standing especially if in sandyâ— mellâ—w grounds these have little or no neede at all of digging about To dig about Roses and such like which gâ—ow neeâ—e the top of the groundâ— I conceive it is needlesse for this wâ—rk is chiâ—fly to open the earth about old fruit-trees whose Rooâ—s are growne great and deepe that the Rainâ— Snow and Sunne in winâ—er may reach the bottome Roots A Fruit-tree almost blowne up by the Roots and set up againe the nâ—xt yeare bore exceedingly loosing the earth comforteth any Tree I was not long since at the raising up of a couple of faire Appâ—e-trees blowne downe the one Rooted and bore well afterwards the other died Though digging about the Roots sometimes be good yet overmuch digging and loosening the earth about the Roots of trees will cause many to be blowne downe by great winds which will not fasten againe to abide a strong wind in many yeares if ever To revive an old tree the digging of it about the Roots and applying new mould to the Roots is the way and change of mould to the better is prâ—fitable Dâ—ggâ—ng as hath beene said with caution is good and change of

the same fruit upon sweet apple-stocks As concerning grafting Apples on Coleworts the kernells of which if set will be a Colewort if the thing be true then it confirmes what hath beene asserted that the seede of fruits when sowen bring forth a bastard fruit which pertakes as well of the stock as of the graft Although it be true that the seeds of some Apples and Peares may bring forth very good fruit and the stones of some Peaches may bring forth the same fruits or neere as good the cause of this I suppose is for that the stocks whereon these fruits were grafted or Inoculated were good kinds of themselves and if so no marvell though the seeds bring forth good fruits without Grafting or Inoculating and I verily believe that Pâ—aches of which it is taken for granted by some that these come the same againe of stones if they were Inoculated on harsh sower stocks and the stones of the fruit set they would not bring forth the â—ame but it would manifestly tast of the stock as well as of the bud Inoculated as we see generally other kinds of stones and seedes do yea and upon the Experience of some others Peach-stones have brought forth a paltry naughty fruit many of them though some good As concerning the grafting of an Apple Cions upon a Sallow Poplar Alder Elme or Horse plum it is in vaine to try for tryall hath beene made upon stocâ—s neerer in kind then these and it would not come to perfection it will grow a yeare or two it may be and then decay and dye Flowers Râ—moved wax greater because the nourishment is more easily come by in the loose earth It may be that often regrafting of the same Cions may likâ—wise make fruit greater To râ—move Flowers small young Roots into good fresh earth wâ—ll improve them in growth and bignesse especially if withall some of the side-slips and also of the buds which the Roote shoots up for â—lowers be cut offâ— and some halfe a dozen or halfe a score of the buds or shoots be left to grow upon the Root the Roote then will be able to give plentifull nourishment to them whereby they will become much larger then if all the spindle buds were suâ—lered to grow But as for often regrafting the same graft in order to make a larg fruit this will not do it for we see it is constantly done from yeare to yeare for what else is the cutting of gâ—â—fâ—s from young trees it may be of two or three or but of one yeares growth and grafting them againe upon their stoâ—ks and repeating this â—or many yeaâ—es together and yet we know the grafts hold theiâ— owne naturall properties from one yeare to another And though there be as has beene said some small alteratioâ— according to the kind of the stock while it growes upon it yet that alteration is lost and falls off when the graft is eâ—grafted â—pon another stock and the graft retaines its owne naturall properties only with some small addition of the nature of the stock on which it at present growes It maketh figs betterâ— if a fig-tree when it beginneth to put forth leaves have his top cut off If the fig-tree be very old cutting off the top may be profitable for that such cutting as in all other trees maketh the sap shoot forth into branches more vigorously then otherwise it would by which lively rising of sap the whole tree and the fruit upon it fares the better but if the tops of young-trees be cut off fig-trees or other there will shoot forth in the roome thereof such huge strong shoots that the maine streame of sap will runne that way which great shoots will be for a yeare or two it may be unfruitfull It is reported that Mulberries will be fairer and the Trees more fruitfull if you boâ—e the Trunke of the tree thorow in severall places and put in wedges of hâ—t Trees as Mastick Iuniper c. As for the black Mulberry-tree I suppose it needs not these things to make it fruitfull for I never knew any of them faile of store of fruits every yeare buâ—white Mulberry-trees with us have need enough of all helps that may be It is reported that trees will grow greater and beare better fruit if you put salt or Lees of wine or blood to the Rooâ—e Concerning Lees of wine washings of strong beare or Ale Vessells blood flâ—sh or the like it is certaine these are helpfull to Fruit-treeâ— both as to their growth and bearing if seasonablyâ— and moderately used especially to old Trees I account it best to be applyed to the Roots of trees in the beginning of winter that the vâ—rtue may soke into the Roots and earth about them before the spring Terebration of trees as it makes them prosper better so also it is found that it maketh fruit sweeterâ— and better by causing the coursest juice to sweat out and the rest is better digested Terebration or boring holes into the bodies â—nd great Roots of fruitâ—trees with a wimble or Awger is most neâ—dfull as I judge for great trees which grow upon fat land and have too ranke nourishment and may be unfruitfull and beare over watâ—ish fruit for that cause that may help to let out some of the raw supersâ—â—ous sapâ— and juice as an â—ssue in a mans body but scoring or cutting the barke of yoâ—â—ger trees under Twenty yeares may be better for them and this to be done chiefly in the spring time As terebration doth meliorate fruit so doth letting of Plants blood as Pricking Viâ—es or other Trees after they be of some growth It is reported that by this Artifice bitter Almonds have beene tuâ—ned into sweete This must needs have the like eâ—â—ect in some proportion as those particulars before mentioned of boring with wimbles or the like and scoring the barke with a kniâ—e in the spâ—â—ng time The Antients for the Dulcorating of fruit do câ—mmend swines duâ—g above all other dung which may bâ— for the moisture of that bâ—â—st I have sâ—ene divers faire Fruit-trees qâ—ite spâ—yldâ— and deadedâ— by oveâ—much swines dung the swine lying amongst them and continually leaving their exâ—rements by degrees the Trees withered and died but I doubt not buâ— that a moderate quantiâ—y of â—wines dung mixed with mould and laâ—d to the Roots of trees will be good for themâ— and it may be in order to the sweetning of the fruit As Grafting doth generally advance and meliorate fâ—uits so no doubt even in grafting the choice of the stock doth much they commend much the grafting of Peares or Apples upon a Quince Grafting simply as grafting doth not advance or meliorate fruits as iâ— shew'd elsewhere at large But grafted trees beare better fruits and sooner then ungrafted trees because grafts are usually taken from good bearing trees and of the best kinds and grafts retaining the Nature of the trees

not the Râ—ason be why some put their Roots deâ—per then others bâ—câ—â—se those Trees have grâ—ater and larger bodies then others aâ—d Nature layes the foundation answerable to what is to be set upon it Now Oâ—kes being the greatest Trees Nature is wise enough accoâ—ding to a Law God haâ—h put into it to make the Roote or foundation Answerable Oâ—heâ—wise I conceive the Roots of all trees would be as neere the top of the grounâ— as may be as loving the sun as having an absolute need of it in order to their growth And I am perswaded that the appetite of the spirit in all â—â—ees whatsoever one as well as another is upwards and not downewards and never exerts it selfe downâ—-wards but upon necessity and in order or in subordination to the growth of the body of the tree above ground It hath been Observed that a Branch of a Tree being unbarked some space at the boâ—tome and so set into the ground even of such trees as if the barke were set on they would not grow yet contrariwise we see that a Tree â—ared round in the body above grâ—und will dye The cause may be for that the unbarkt part draweth the nourishment best but the barke continueth it only It is trueâ—some branches that are unbark't at the bottome and set in the ground will grow of some kinds of Apple-trees As the Quodling Nursgarden Moyse and some other kinds that have soft barksâ— Not because not I suppose the sooner for that the branch is unbark't for such will grow of cuttingâ— or slips though they be not at all unbark't And those that be unbark't and grow it is not the unbark't parâ— that draweth nourish neâ—t best nor thâ—t draweth it at all but the Roots put forth from the barke even at the very edge of the cut part and also some breake out of the Bark where it is not cut As we see in those branches of Trees from which we get Roots while they grow upon the tree by disbâ—â—king of them an inch round and tying mould about See how at large Treatisâ— of Fruit-trees p. 136. The grafting of Vines upon Vines as I take it is not now in use the Ancients had it and that thâ—ee waies The first was insition which is the ordinary manner of grafting The second was Terebraâ—ion through the middle of the stockeâ— and putting in the Cions there And the third was pâ—ring of two Vines that grow together to the marrow and binding them close I have tryed severall waies to graft Vines by cleving or insition as the Author calls it and also by pariâ—g two Vines the stock and Graft on two sides which is my usuall and best way of grafting other Fruit-trees but neither took effect so that I am perswaded those Fruit-trees that are so easily propagated by other meanes as by laying downe the Branches into the earth and by cuttings that these will not take with Grafting or Inoculating as Vines Mulberries c. I have tryed many Experiments about Muâ—berries both for grafting and Inoculating â—pon severall kinds of stockâ— and yet none succeeded but Mulberries are increased by laying downe the Branches and by cutting as Vines are so that I conceive this grafting mentioned by some Ancient Authors is but a conceit of theirs a grafting in the braine insteed of a reall Expâ—riment like multitudes of other things recorded by some who its probable by what they say had no Experimentall knowledge in the things they spake As for Maâ—uration of fruits it is effected by heate motion attractâ—on and by a rudiment of putrefaction for the inception of putrefaction hath in it a maturation Concerning the maturation or speedy ripeâ—ing or concocting of Fruits all kinds of Heate as the Author saies hastneth it faster or slower according to the degree of heate As we see by Experience Apples or Peares laid upon a heape together being newly gathered they mâ—llow and ripâ—n faster then if they lay single at distance one fâ—om another Alâ—o Apples covered in Lime hayâ— straw c. will be mâ—llâ—w in a short time But the most speedy way to ripen hard fruits and to abate the grosse tartnesse of them is the common Experiment by a gentle heate before the fire or in an Oven after bread is drawen So we see as the Aâ—thor obseâ—ves If fruits are eate with Wasps Hornets Birdâ— c. some part of them the rest sweeten and ripâ—n sooner putrefaction begâ—nning and hastning by reason of solution of continuity in that part We see that Beere or Wine in Bottles close stopped lasts long And that Fruits closed in Wax kâ—epe fresh And likâ—wise bodies put in Hony and Flower keepe more fresh It is true thâ—t Liquors when they are well setled in the Vâ—ssâ—ll after a certaine time and after drawen ouâ— into Bâ—ttles and stopped very close with Corke and set in a Câ—llâ—r or buried in sand such will be much more fresh and quick thâ—â— thâ—â—â—me Liquor in a greâ—t Vessell especially if any part of it be drawen off And therefore this is a good way to keep Cider Perry White-wine or the like and that for a long time â—ogether As for Fruits closed in wax or put in honey I find that even Cherries which are more subject to corruption â—hen many other kâ—nds of fruits will keep fresh many weekes togeâ—her more then they will do of themselves in the open Aire exclusion of Aire preserveâ— them for a time but yet putreâ—acâ—ion at length will worke within because of the superfluous moisture which hâ—d need of drying up I have tryed Fruits in Honâ—y Aprecots Plums Cherries and they held good two or three Monthes aâ—terwards puâ—reâ—action began A Bottle of Beere buried foure foote dâ—epe in the ground became more livâ—ly better tasted and clearâ—r then it wasâ— and a Bottle of Wine in like manner A Bottle of Vineger so buried came forth more lively and more â—doriferous smelling almost like a Viâ—lâ—t after a Month buriall all the three came forthâ— as fresh and lively if not better then before This is certaine That Beere Ale Cider and Wine when well setled and cleared in the Vessell and drawen off into Bottles and well stopt with Corke and wax will continue frâ—sh and good much longer then in the Vessell If the Bottles are buried in sand as was said before or buried a yard or more in the ground The reason I conceive is for that as no Aire can possibly penetrate so deepe and through the Bottle to the Liquor nor can the spirits of the Liquor in the least get out so neither can the Liquor suffer any prejudice by alteration of the Aire from heate to cold as it does in vessells above ground Tryall hath beene made with earthen Bottles well stopped hanged in a well of Twenty Fathome deepe at the least and some of the Bottles have been let downe into the water some others have hanged above wâ—thâ—in about

TO make Roses come late First cut them after bearing This may be a meanes as to some Rose-trees that is such as are old I have knowne some of long standing perhaps a dozen sixteene or twenty yeares of age and some of seaven or eight yeaâ—es cut newly after bearing have borne Roses againe a secâ—nd time late in the yeare being cut the next full moone after they have done bearing but there is a kind I have amongst many other kâ—nds which naturally beares a second time although the tree be but small and young besides the Rose called the Monthly Rose Secondly Pulling off the buds of the Roses that first spring forth I have try'd this second way which succeeded not it may be because the trees were young but one affirmed he pluckt off some Buds in the spring and the tree bore Roses in November Thirdly Cutting top Boughes in the spring This hath bâ—en tryed also but was ineffectuall but the tryall was upon young trees as for the Report that followes in this Experimâ—nt of Cyons perishing if the old top boughes be cut offâ— it is otherwâ—se for it is a common Experiment to cut off all the boughs of a tree and to graft them and the Grafts will not only not perish but grow the better therefore as having all the sâ—p to themselves which naturally riseth the sunne also drawing it up without the help of any top bough left as continuall Experience shâ—wes Fourthly Laying the Roots bare about the end of December Mâ—ny hundredâ— of trees are thus bared yet I find no difference at all in the late budding or bearing of such trees from others Fifthly Removing the tree some Months before it buddeth This hath been done but the Trees being removed so unseasonably too late they grew poorely so the end was not attained Sixthly Grafting Roses in May I know an ingenious Geâ—tleman that tryed this Experimentâ— Inoculating Buds in the spring which budded for Roses at the same time that others of the same kind did which buds being cut off they bore Roses afterwards the same yeare when others were gone Seaventhly Girding the body of the tree with some Packthread This will not do it neither we see commonly that grafts tyed straight with strong flaggs and some branches of wall-trees nailed straight to the wall so that I have seene the bark dinted in with the straitnesse of the Lether yet for all that sap riseth plentifully through the place so girded up into the branch Eightly Planting them in the shade I have knowne Rose-trees in a shady place which have not bore at all it s a tree that loves the sunne So that I suppose this Experiment will not hold I have try'd it in one or too and it succeeds not Experiments touching the Melioration of Fruits Trees and Plants AN heape of Flint or stone laid about the bottome of a Tree upon the fiâ—st Planting makâ—s it prosper much Stones laid to the Roots of Fruit-trees when newly set is a good Experiment in some grounds but not in all its true stones so laid keep the Roote of the Tree somewhat more moist and warme and stedy that winds shake it not and so are profitable but there is danger in some grounds leâ—t they harborâ—Ants or Pismires about the Tree Root under the stones which I have seen to the hurt and destruction of divers young trees But it is a sâ—fer and better way to lay a good quantity of rotten dung or litter straw c. round about the Roots of new set Trees upon the top of the mould this keeps them warme in winter and coole and moist in sommer and Stedy and the moisture and fatnesse of the muck sokes downe to the Roots and refreshes the tree very much or for want thereof lay a heap of weeds round about the new set tâ—ee Rootâ— and so all the next sommer afâ—er these things are speciall advantages to new set tâ—ees A Trâ—e at fiâ—st setting should not be shaken but aâ—ter a yeares roâ—tiâ—g thâ—n sâ—aking is good When yâ—ung Trees are first planted it s very convenient to set a stâ—ke to each of them and tye them together with a hay band or some â—oâ—t band that winds shake them not and this not for a yeare only but divers yeares untill the young trees be weâ—l rooted in the earth and also be growne strong that the winds â—ow not their bodieâ— and cause them to grow crooked which fault I have seene in very many trees Cutting away suckers and side boughes make trees grow high All suâ—kâ—rs must be cut away from the Roots of Trees And as for side branches those may be cut as men are minded to have their Trees to spread neerer or highâ—r from the ground but cuâ— not the side branches too soone bâ—fore the body be growne stroâ—g enough to beare the head else it will be top heavy and gâ—ow crooked To have many new Roots of Fruit-trees lay the Branches in the gâ—ound c. The branchâ—s of all kinds of trees will not take Roote thus Thiâ— way of Pâ—opagation is only for some kinds As Mulberries Figâ— Vineâ— Qâ—oâ—liâ—gs Nurs-gardens and some other kinds of Tâ—eeâ— whose brancâ—â—s are sofâ— and porous As for Aprecots Pâ—aches and such like they will not take Roote thus I have try'd but not one Roote could be got neither will they take wâ—â—h graftâ—ng I have try'd many The way to propagate these kindâ— is by Inoculaâ—ing buâ—s upon young stocks full of â—ap From May to Iuly you may take off the barke of any bough c. and set it and it will grow to be a faire tree in one yeare the cause may be for that the baring from the barke keepeth the sap from descending towards winter It is true that the Boughes of some kinds of trees will take Roote in this manner as is here exprest that is such kinds as will take roote with laying downe in the ground mentioned in the last Experiment which being cut off and set may grow to be a fâ—ire tree in certaine yeares not in one yeare as is said for the Roots got in this manner are but small and very disproportionable to the bough so that it can come on but very poorely and slowly for divers yeares As for the baring from the barke which is supposed to keepe sap from descending towards Winter I say the sap is as farre from descending when the barke is on as when t is off there 's no such thing in nature as descention of sap in any trees whatsoever This worthy Authour took this upon trust according to the generall opinion of men for had he but stayed a little to consider it he would have found it groundlesse and a meere conceit For all the sap that asscends into the body and branâ—hes of a tree is changed into wood barke buds blossomes leaves

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