are like bran there is one sort smaller and another grosser the smaller sort is like the bran of Wheat that is finely ground and those may I call fine bran The grosser is like bran of Barley or of evill ground wheat and may therefore be called gross bran Fine bran Gross bran for it is thrice as big as the other Scales The third sort which is like Scales hath no notable thicknesse but onely breadth and length These three doe betoken waste of the strongest parts of the bodie but yet not all alike as Hippocrates doth declare in the second Book of his Prognosticks Howbeit because that place of Hippocrates is so difficult that scarcely the great learned men can agree thereon I will not now meddle therewith but will write Actuarius mind of those three Fine bran When the Ague saith he is grounded in the bottome of the veins then there appeareth such fine bran Howbeit sometimes it is a token of the onely grief of the bladder being scabbed as witnesseth Hypocrates 4. Aphor. 77. But then hath the Patient no Ague and again there doth appear tokens of concoction in the urine But when it cometh of the whole body this is the cause thereof The Ague getting power and prevailing unto the hard parts of the body as in those Agues which are called Fevers hectike then in the striving between those parts and the Ague the Ague having the masterie doth by his violence raise of such brannie scurffe For the nature of fire whose operation the Ague hath is to work according as the matter is that it findeth either to melt it if it be a liquid and unctuous thing either else to scale it and fret it if it be hard and unpliant and the harder that the matter is the greater scales it fretteth off which thing you may see by daily experience how fire melteth wax and tallow and such like turning them into liquids whereas of iron and of other metals Scales it maketh scales and not liquor But when the Ague hath attained and overset not onely the substance of the veins but also the strong parts of the body and doth melt and waste them then doth there appear in the urine scales broad and thin which you shall know to come 〈◊〉 the whole body as I said of the other before if the Pacient have an Ague or theâ— appear default of concoction in the urine â— else if these two be absent it may come oâ— the blistering of the bladder as Hippocrateâ— writeth 4. Aphor. 81. and namely if therâ— be in the urine an evill savour withall Gross bran Now to speak of the great and grosse bran which as it is much greater then the other so doth it declare a greater strength of the Ague and that in the whole body and all the parts of it enflaming and burning the whole substance thereof and therefore is it not only the worst of them all but is nigh unto a deadly sign Note and that either by the waste and consuming of the great and strongest parts of the body or else by the burning or drying up of the bloud Which two things you may discern asunder by the colour of them For if they be red then come they of the burning of the bloud but if they be white then come they of the wast of the strongest parts of the body Hippoc. 7. Aphor. 31. Of this kind of contents speaketh Hippocrates saying In whatsoever Agues there doth appear grounds like unto grosse bran it is a token that the sickness shall continue long Which saying Galen doth understand so to be true If the Patient have sufficient strength to continue with such sickness else it may be a sign rather of short life then of long sickness For as that token is commonly deadly so those few that doe escape do recover hardly and not without the long sufferance of the violence of that cruell Ague Now as touching the foreknowledge of it whether the patient may endure with it or no that shall you gather of the multitude order and stableness or unstableness of it For if they be many in number and proceed to worse and worse then it is an evill and mortall sign and doth declare that nature is wearied and doth quite faint thorow the waste and decay of the whole constitution of the body But contrariwise if they appear few and do alter continually unto lesse evill tokens then is there good hope of health And this shall suffice as touching these Ragged scraps Now to speak of the rest of the ragged scraps hairs and other like First you shall understand that sometime a good ground is coupled with certain evill and unconcted fragments of all sorts of humours for sometime there appeareth with the contents certain ragged scraps enclining in colour toward a yellow or a white â— else some such like if those appear in greâ— quantitie they declare the matter to be haâ— unconcoct and that the humour who scraps they are doth abound in the depth â— the body and is as dust or burned but if theâ— bee few then declare they the malice â— the humour to be milder and that the â— of evill meats doth cause them the greatâ— that such ragged scraps are the lesser aduâ—on of humours they declare to be in tâ— veins and the lesser they be the greater he they do betoken For the cause of sucâ— ragged scraps is excessive heat which do turn those humors into a thickness and as â— were a bony nature by reason that they haâ— remained long in certain veins and weâ— neither dissolved nor extenuated nor yeâ— quickly expelled by urine Hairs Besides these there are hairs of sundrâ— lengths some an inch and some an handfuâ— long some longer and some shorter anâ— these are in colour whitely and do betokeâ— grief of the reins These are ingendred in thâ— water-pipes which go from the reins tâ— the bladder so that as long as those water-pipes are in length so long may those hair also be which are a gross and baked humor wrought in form of a hair Of those speaketh Hippocrates saying 4. Aph. 76. In whose Vrine soever there doth appear little peeces of flesh either as it were hairs those same come from the reins namely if the urine be thick Howbeit these are sometimes seen in such mens urines as feel no grief in the reines but only have fed some continuing space on flegmatick meats which will prepare matter to such diseases as they do also to many other griefs of which to speak in this place it is meet But to go on with this thing that wee have in hand beside such ragged scraps and hairs as I have spoken of there appear sometimes in the ground of the urine and also dis-parkled abroad in the urine it self sundry and divers kinds of motes as it were which do declare that there is grief dispersed in sundry parts of the body Motes The places of
the spring time And those countries that be hot and dry make urine like unto summer And contrariwise cold and moist alter water as doth winter But countries that are drie and distempered between heat and cold make urine like harvest Meats drinks and medicines Also meats and drinks and order of diet causeth urine to alter and medicines also as not only experience reacheth but also Hippocrates witnesseth in the sixt Book of his Epidemies or raining sicknesses in the fift part and the fifteenth sentence as for example Meats of light concoction Those meats that are light of concoction and good in substance cause good and temperate urine with pure contents but contrary meats cause discoloured urine and thin with strange contents Meats of hard concoction Meats that will not concoct make lesser contents and divers in substance Evill meats cause greater contents and in nothing duely formed And as the quality of meats doth alter urine so doth the quantity also For if a man have eaten much and not concocted it his urine shall be thin and white and sometime without ground But if this crudity or rawness in stomack continâ— long the urine will become divers in suâ—stance Drinking of wine and in contents Also wine drunk abundantly causeth â—teration in urine Fasting long But now contrariwise if a man doe sâ— long his urine will appear fiery and saffrâ— coloured and thin with lesser ground Suffering of famine But if a man suffer famine and do nâ— nourish his water shall be thin and whiâ— with a certain glistering and withoâ— ground Labour Moreover exercise and rest changeth â—rine for through excessive labour the uriâ— changeth from light saffron and at lengâ— becommeth saffron coloured with litâ— ground thin and higher coloured then should be And some time there fleete on the top a certain fastness specially aftâ— overmuch wearinesse Rest But idleness and rest doth contrariwiâ— cause white urine with greater and grosâ— ground Sleep Watching Furthermore sleep and watching if thâ— exceed measure they alter urine but theâ— is a difference between both sleepe aâ— watching comming of sickness and theâ— both when they be taken willingly in healâ— For if that sickness cause overmuch sleeâ— â—hen is the urine whitish with substance eiâ—her fully thick or but partly thin and the contents many and undigest Naturall sleep But if that such sleep come naturally the urine is not so white but rather flaxen and the substance mean with greater and well concoct contents Voluntary sleep And likewise they that have watched purposedly and not by reason of sickness their urine is but little changed Watch in sickness But if they watch for any sickly cause their urine will change but little at the beginning but with continuance the contents will be dispersed and at the last clean wasted and the substance of the urine waxeth thinner and thinner by little and little and the colour inclineth either to white and watery or unto golden saffron oylie or black according as the cause is that maketh it so to change Of alteration by complexion I will write in the next Chapter Now have you heard as touching alteration of urine in health according to diversity of ages both in men and women times of the yeer countries meats and drinks labour rest sleep and watch so that you must have regard to these in all judgements both in health and in sicknesse For if these be not diligently marked they may cause great error as you may well coâ—der What is to be considered in urine First therefore in every urine you 〈◊〉 consider whether it be a mans or a womâ— and what age he or shee is of then wâ— time of the yeer it is and what count what meats and drinks the person usâ— and likewise of labour and rest sleep 〈◊〉 watch And then must you consider 〈◊〉 every one of these doth alter urine so 〈◊〉 if the altering of them from that health urine whereof I spake in the beginning this Chapter be but such as one of thâ— foresaid things would cause then may it be judged to come of any disease as for â—â—ample High coloured water in sumâ— so that it pass not saffron colour or wâ— coloured water in winter should rather reckoned to come of the time of the yâ— then of any sickness and likewise of oâ— things CHAP. VII What be the generall qualities that alteâ— the parts of Vrine BEfore I treat of the signification of 〈◊〉 parts of Urine I think it good to instrâ— you of the generall qualities which cause all alterations in urine whereby you shall perceive not only what every urine doth betoken as I shall anon set forth but also if you mark well this Chapter you shall see â—he cause why every urine doth so signifie You shall understand therefore that there be four chief and only qualities whereof all things that are both in the Sea and Earth are made as man and beast fish and fowl trees herbs stones and mettals These four qualities are heat cold moistness and driness and these four continuing duly tempered as nature ordered them first in every perfect body be the cause of continuall health But if they bee altered wrongly then doe they cause diseases diversly according to the diversitie of the alterations And as they doe cause diseases so they change the colour substance and other parts of the urine whereby wee may conjecture the cause of the disease and so consequently the disease it self though sometime it declareth the disease it self and not the cause thereof Passive and active qualities But now to come to the matter meetest for this time you shall mark that two of these four qualities are named Passive and they cause but small alteration in comparison The other two are called Active anâ— they cause great alteration The Active qualities are heat and colâ— and the Passive qualities are driness anâ— moistness Moistness When Moistness therefore exceedeth alone it dulleth the naturall colour of urinâ— thicketh and ingrosseth the substance anâ— increaseth the quantitie And as the oveâ— part of it above waxeth rough and troubleâ— so the ground increaseth and continueâ— raw and unconcoct Dryness But dryness doth diminish the quantitâ— of urine and also the contents It maketâ— it thin in substance cleer and bright anâ— causeth mean colour and the ground appeareth grosser Heat Likewise heat if it exceed measure buâ— little it maketh pale and light saffron colour in the urine But if heat exceed greatly it causeth golden and saffron colourâ— with mean substance and a little brightness the ground is mean in respect to the quantity of urine but it declineth from the duâ— whiteness toward saffron colour Cold. But cold on the other side maketh urinâ— turn to white colour and changeth the substance from a mean And if the cold increase the urine will alter from mean substance and therefore consequently will bee either thin or grosse
contrarie waies and of contrary causes cometh small quantitie of urine For it cometh sometime of lack of drinke or dry meats and then is the colour light saffron with a smal ground but yet somewhat gross Also both meats and medicines that are clammie and apt to stop the water-pipes do cause little urine but then is the ground also little and thin Besides these much sege causeth urine to be lesser for if the one excrement be greater then nature would the other must needs be lesse if the body be healthful In this urine as you may partly know the cause of it by the knowledge of the excessive sege so will the urine it self be thinner and the ground very dark thin and not duely knit And thâ— many waies may this alteration appear in healthfull body Much urine in a sick body Now in a sick person much urine eitheâ— betokeneth the dropsie and then is it likâ— water with a raw and diverse ground or else if it be white thin and withoâ— ground then doth it betoken the pissing â—vill And this urine as witnesseth Galen â— in his first Book of Judicials is the worst â— any other of like sort Diabete I mean which declaâ— lack of concoction for it declareth the decayâ— yea I may say the utter extinction of twâ— naturall powers that is the retentive power and the alterative power also Much urine in colour fierie and light saffron or of any like colour is to be feared namely if it be coupled with evill contents But if it be of crimson or purple colour and so proceed especially if no concoctioâ— went before it then doth it encline to evill and betokeneth a certain mortifying and wasting of the whole composition of the body But if much urine come in an Ague namely toward the end and that there went before it little urine thick and ruddie then is that a good token 4. Aph 69. as witnesseth Hypocrates for it betokeneth the Ague to be at an end And this Urine will bee white and thin moderately and will have a mean ground Little urine in a sick body Now little quantity of urine with a grosse ground unduly knit and unconcoct is an evill token for it betokeneth the weakness of the alterative power which is not able to extenuate concoct neither alter the matter and therefore doth it with much difficulty pass forth in such grossnes Howbeit if there follow after it a more thinner urine with the ground well and duly knit and stable then is it without fear For this latter urine as you heard before is a token that the cause of the other is overcome and vanquished This little quantitie of urine cometh sometime in vehement Agues and then is the violent heat cause thereof Sometime also it cometh of the stopping of the water-pipes not only through clammy meats and drinks but also of some disease or grief in them And this now shall suffice for an Introduction as touching the substance colours and quantitie of urine Contents It followeth next to speak of the contents which so greatly help to the right judgement of urine that Hippocrates in his second book of Prognostications doth by them only yea and that by one of them I mean the ground pronounce the judgement of a perfect urine saying That that is the best Vrine Sediment which hath his sediment or ground white duly knit and stable and that continually all the time of the sickness Now seeing this great Clerk and Father of Physick doth thus esteem the ground it shall not seem unmeet that I orderly doe write briefly of those principall things that are to be considered as touching the contents and first of all of the ground which hath alteration as you have heard both in substance colour and quantitie But now as touching the substance then is it only mean when the third concoction in the veins is perfect For the ground is the excrement as you might say of that third concoction and is like in forme to matter save that it is more duly knit together then is matter and doth not smell so evill as it or else you may liken it to thin steam Grosse ground This Ground is then gross when the veins are replenished with raw humors Howbeit this grosseness or thickness is not alwayes an evill token for sometime it is a sign that nature hath prevailed against the crude humours which caused diseases and doth expell such superfluous excrements And that shall you discerne by the goodness of the colour and also if it come in the declining of the sickness for if it come at the beginning either in the increase of the sickness then are they to be suspected as evill especially if they bring with them evill colours Thin ground A thin ground being also pure and so cleaving to the bottom of the Urinal that it will not lightly rise though the urinall be shaked it is a token of great weakness of nature in the third concoction and such a ground appeareth most in white and watrie urine Howbeit sometime a thin ground cometh by the reason that the raw humors are extenuate through naturall heat which getting new strength doth extenuate and disperse all grossness of raw humors within the veins For the propertie of heat is to knit and bind together thin things and to extenuate and disperse grosse and raw things Colour of the grounâ— Now as touching the colours of the ground the perfect ground is neither exceeding white neither yet pale but mean between both for if there appear any such excessive white then is it some rag of phlegmatick matter or else matter extreamly concocted which commeth from some inward member being sore and that you may discern as I said before by the toughnes and by the savour And if any man be desirous to know the cause why the ground is white of colour let him remember that the ground is the superfluous excrement of the bloud being perfectly concocted in the veins Now that the bloud it self when it is exactly concocted is turned into a white or at least a party white colour you may conjecture by the generation of milke and also the seed of man yea and of matter which all three are nothing else but bloud exactly concocted save that matter cometh of evill bloud Pale Flaxen And therefore whensoever the ground hath in it any other colour then white it is no good token As first if it be pale and flaxen coloured then it is swarved from his right and commendable colour Howbeit yet it may be born as but meanly evill because that that colour commeth of small excess of choler Saffron Actuarius But if it be more higher coloured by choler so that it be saffron coloured then is it an evill token as Actuarius saith for it declareth that choler is excessively increased either by the order of diet or else by the corruption of bloud or some other wayes 7. Aph.
32. Howbeit Hippocrates in his Aphorisms seemeth to say the contrary for he saith That when the ground is so coloured of choler especially if at the beginning of the sicknesse it were waterie to sight then doth it betoken a quicke sickness that is to say as Philotheus expoundeth it Philotheus a sicknesse that will shortly be ended and so it may justly be called a good sign Notwithstanding as in this point it is a good token in that it signifieth that the disease is nigh the end so it may be called as Actuarius calleth it an evill sign because it doth betoken a cholerick sickness and that choler doth unnaturally abound Antonius Musa And if this answer do not content you though it content Antonius Musa then may you say more better as I thinke thus That if the ground be at the beginning of the sickness coloured with choller and so increase as Actuarius seemeth to mean then is it an evil token indeed for it declareth both the abundance and also the encrease of choler But if the ground at the beginning of a cholerick disease were warry that is white and thin and afterward turn to saffron colour which is the exact colour of choler or else to a yellow colour which is somewhat lesse cholerick then is it a token that the cholerick matter which before lay lurking in the body doth now begin to avoid and so the cause of sicknesse thus by nature expelled health must neeâ— follow As contrariwise if after yellow or saâ—fron colour it change unto whiter and the be no certain token of concoction then it an evill sign and a token of phrensie Howbeit if there be any token of certain concoction then is the same a good sign that if you take heed you may perceivâ— here what a necessary thing it is to observâ— order in the alteration of urine of whicâ— I have partly spoken before Claret colour Red. Bloudie Now therefore to goe oâ—n If thâ— ground bee of claret colour either red oâ— blew the token is not good For these bloody colours come either of too much abundance of bloud or else by reason that the retentive power is so feeble that it cannoâ— keep in the good humors but suffreth them to run out Claret red Claret colour and red doe betoken a certain default of concoction in the veins and that through the excess of red choler Buâ— yet this default is but mean and without danger seeing that the hurt is only by quantity whereas some other do hurt both by quantitie and qualitie also Bloudie Bloodie grounds are altogether worse then red though they be better then ash-coloured and black for they betoken that the bloud is nothing duely wrought especially if their quantitie be much withall for then the quantity of matter doth let the powers to work which thing yet as it may be born so it declareth need of long time to recover health But if this doe come through weakness of the powers in themselves then is it an extream evill sign for it betokeneth that the powers are overcome with weariness in working and be not able to keep in the good and profitable humors Which thing to discern more exactly you shall take artificiall conjectures by other circumstances which give also tokens of judgement namely as by the age of the person by his order of dyet and such like Blew Ash-colour Black Now to make an end with the other colours which are of a dark hew as blew-ash-colour and black These of all other are the worst and most envious to nature and the nearer they cleave to the bottome of the urinall the worse they are These colours come of a black melancholy humour being ingendred within the veins or else coming from some other part into them or else it betokeneth deadly mortifying But sometimes it cometh of sore bruising and stripes and generally cometh namely the black either of exceâ—sive cold or excessive heat And now for a conclusion whatsoever have said of the ground you shall undeâ—stand the same to bee spoken of the swiâ— and the cloud for they are in kinde but oâ— thing save that they differ in lightness anâ—heft and therefore also in places But thâ— judgement of their substance and colour â— much after one rate though some difference there be as you shall hear hereafter Quantitie And likewise of their quantity whicâ— as it is then only commendable when it iâ— mean so if it be greater then a mean it dotâ— declare some alteration in man though noâ— alwayes extreamly evill for sometime it iâ— a token of fatting or growing to a corporateness Great and that it doth signifie if nonâ— other evill sign be coupled with it Foâ— though the person feed much on nourishing meats and that with rest and an idle life yeâ— naturall heat appeareth so strong that she can easily concoct such meats According to this saith Galen in his Judicials that the plenty of the ground in urine betokeneth certain and exact with concoction And that as the body is repleat with crude humours so it declareth that those same be in expelling out at that present time And for this cause saith he in all children commonly and in men also which feed much or bee of some other cause replete with humors their urine hath a great ground Also oftentimes it chanceth the pores of the skin to be stopped so that such excrements as were wont to pass out by them are inforced to seek a new passage which they find most readiest by the urine and thereof are the contents and namely the ground oftentimes encreased And all these waies chance in health But in sickness it chanceth many and grosse superfluities do appear in the urine as often as the naturall powers namely the alterative or concoctive power being weakned such crude humours pass out undefied So doth it chance as witnesseth Alexander Trallianus That the urine of them which have the Collick Tral 2. cap. 33. is flegmatick and hath a great ground But if the contents be either great or gross in the beginning or in the augmenting of sickness namely if the Patient have any notable Ague it argueth abundance of humours to the concoction of the which there needeth both strength of naturall powers with time and good speed Little Contents And now contrary wayes must you judgâ— of the smalness of the contents for they becaused either of great labour long fasting stopping or obstruction of the veins and such like parts or else of slacknesse of concoction Gal. 2. pres Hip. 26. And as Galen saith when the body is replete with crude and raw humours then is the ground great but if the body be replenished with cholerick humors then is there in the urine either little ground or none at all but in such case it is well if there be any sublimation or swim Urine without ground Now seemeth the place most meet to speak of such urines as
have no ground at all nor other orderly content and that will I doe by the order of the colours of the urine according as Actuarius proceedeth The urine that is very white and exceeding thin and so lacketh the ground doth betoken either some notable obstruction either immoderate cold or else cruditie and lack of concoction And as these tokens may be greater or lesser so shall the things which they betoken bee judged in like rate either more or lesser But if the urine bee pale coloured or flaxen and then lacketh contents as it doth declare lesser obstruction so it doth signifie as great cruditie as the other before And so shall you judge of urine that is yellow or flaxen coloured For in them it appeareth that naturall heat doth prevail Notwithstanding such things I mean the default of the ground with those colours may chance as often they doe through vehement pain immoderate labour long watching and also default of matter But such urines as be higher coloured then these that I have named by their colours they declare the qualities of the humours which doe prevail and also betoken a certain putrefaction and cruditie in the veins It chanceth also sometimes that some gathering sore being in some of the principall members by his unnaturall heat withdraw thither the matter even as it were by cupping and so doth cause the urine to have no ground And though indeed it is never a good token to lack the ground in a urine yet it is lesse to be complained of if the colour and substance draw nigh to a mean for in such a case it betokeneth that though nature be somewhat slack yet will shee shortly gather strength so that there shall appear a ground in the urine Now to shew you the reason why it chanceth no ground to appear in the urine First in case of cruditie when there wanteth perfect concoction there must needs want also the contents in the urine for they are the excrements as you might say and the superfluities of the third concoction Likewise though concoction be perfect enough yet may there want the contents if there be any notable obstruction or stopping of the veins namely seeing the contents are somewhat gross of substance and therefore unable to pass if the way be any thing stopâ— After the same sort shall you judge of long fasting and default of meat and moreover of such meats as are unapt to concoct For in all such cases there can be ingendred few or no contents And contrariwise though nature doe work many superfluities yet if the wombe be so loose that it yeeldeth many seges then as the urine shall be the lesser so shall the contents be few or none for nature then doth expel by sege those superfluities which should cause the contents And likewise when there is in any part of the bodie an inflammation or excessive heat which doth draw matter to it either that any of those parts are weak unto which nature is wont to expell such superfluities for in all such cases there may want the ground and the other contents in the urine And as for some of them I mean cruditie and opilation they may be well enough born withal unles their continuance be long But now again there is great difference touching the time of the sickness in which it chanceth for in the beginning and increase of sharp Agues if the ground be lacking it betokeneth great weaknesse of naturall strength which if not prevented may continue unto the chief strength of the sicknesse And after such an urine there doth follow much waking and disquietness halfe madness and trouble of mind and all those shall bee according to the greatness of the Ague either extream or mild And sometime it is a token that there shall bee a gathering sore in some part of the body namely if other agreeable causes come therewith as a winterly disposition of the aire with an uncertain state of sickness and unconstant alteration and mean weakness of the Patients power But in the declination of the sickness such urine ought not greatly to be blamed for then hath nature escaped the brunt of sickness though she be yet weak Yea and in the chief strength of sicknes as well as in the declination it may seem no strange thing if nature as though already she had the over-hand do gather her power together and draw a little nourishment to her self and thereby causeth little or no ground to appear But afterward when shee is somewhat refreshed and doth more liberally nourish the body then doth shee shew forth contents in the urine And lightly the order of the contents is such that first there appeareth a cloud which afterward doth gather more strong and weightie substance and doth become a swim or sublimation And last of all when it hath gathered a right naturall whitness and due substance then will it grow to a ground CHAP. IX Of difform Contents OTher things should I here speak of as touching the Judiciall of the contents both of their stableness that is their continuance in good form and of their due knitting being neither tattered nor dispersed nor yet overmuch clodded together But because the exact judgement thereof exceedeth the capacitie of mean wits for whose sake I have written this Book and cannot lightly be perceived of them but by the Instruction of a lively voice I wil for this time overpass the exact and perfect declaration of them reserving it to a place more due And now will I briefly over-run the other things which remain to bee considered in urine but yet not without some mention of those other as occasion commeth and first those difform Contents which occupie the place of the ground Difform contents and therefore take his name also Of this sort there are four principall the first is in bigness of a small fatch and red coloured which you may call therefore red fatches because of their likeness These as witnesseth Galen are ingendred of the consumption and wasting of the flesh 6. Epid. when the fatness is already melted away But in this there is great difference for sometime it is only the wasting of the reins and sometime of the whole body as if there appear in the urine tokens of due concoction then is that wast in the reins onely But if there appear in the urine default of concoction namely being great or if the patient have an Ague then is it the wast of the whole body and that standeth well with reason that when it betokeneth the wast of the whole body there must needs appear default of concoction for in such case those parts which are the Instruments of concoction are so weakned that they cannot do their office These contents by reason that they are gross and heavie therefore they appear alwaies in the bottom of the urinall Brannie contents Other difform contents there be also of which some are like bran and some like scales And of those that
the contents The lowest region And this now may suffice as touching contents of every kind Therefore now will I a little repeat out of Actuarius of the diversitie of judgement by the places or regions of the contents That ground which fleeteth nigh to the bottom of the urinall being in other points also good and mild doth betoken no strange thing But if it be unconcoct and deformed it betokeneth default in nature And if his parts be disparkled asunder it betokeneâ— a dimness in nature which doth not rest the rebellion of noysome humors so thaâ— in such case there appeareth need both â— long time and also more strength to overcome that evill But as it is commendable that the ground fleet nigh the bottome oâ— the urinall so is it discommendable if it lyeâ— flat on the bottome of the same The middle region Now as touching the swim or sublimation if it be good in colour and other waies then doth it differ only in place from a right ground and that cometh of an unnaturall â—iness which maketh it to be so light â—o fleet above his due place but if his â—r and other like points bee evill yet â—oth it betoken lesse evill then if it â—in the right place of the ground The regioâ— â— now as touching the third and highâ—â—gion which is the place of the clouds â—e appear a light and thin cloud it beâ—th no small grief of the head But â—fference is there in the clouds the that they be in colour and substance â—ther they differ from a right good â—urall Content And therefore need â—ng time to return thereunto And â—y wayes the worse that they are in â—nd substance the less they are to be blamed by reason of their place which is so much distant from the naturall place of Contents For this is a generall rule The lower that good contents fleet in the urine excepting alwaies such as cleave to the hard bottom the better they are And contrary wayes of evill contents and such like the higher they fleet the lesse evill they betoken The proportion of the regions to the parts of man Now to make an end of this You shall observe a certain proportion that is between the parts of the urine and the parts of mans body The highest part of the urine doth betoken the highest part of the body namely the head and such other neer unto it The middle region of the urine doth represent the middle parts of man as the breast the bowels and the parts about them The hether region of the urine doth purport the lowest parts of man from the bowels downward And if you mark well this proportion you may the easier judge the griefs of the parts of man For when the contents which in colour and substance are naturall and yet by the abundance of windiness be lift up to the higher part of the urine it declareth some great pain to be in the head And in like manner when the swim or sublimation doth declare grief that grief must be loâ—ed to be in the middlemost parts of man â— I said before and so of the other Again as this proportion between thâ— regions of urine and the parts of mans body doth declare that place in certain heighâ— so doth it in breadth also by like proportion if you doe duly mark the side unto whicâ— the contents do decline And if you mark wel what I have saiâ— you may perceive the only cause of meâ— such griefs when the contents is only diâ—ordered in place cometh of an unnaturaâ— windines but yet commonly annexed witâ— phlegmatick and unconcocted matter And as the windiness doth cause disordâ— in the contents so it causeth also anotheâ— kind of things not to be neglected in urine and that is bubbles Bubbles which sometimes floâ— in the ring or garland onely and sometimeâ— in the middest of the urine onely and otheâ— times doe cover the whole face of the urinâ— The Bubbles which stand round aboâ— over the garland only and continue withouâ— parting if they he of the same colour thâ— the urine is they declare great pain to be it the head and that in all parts of the headâ— if the Bubbles joyn together without parting But and if they occupie only the one half of the garland then is that pain in the one half of the head And so forth may you judge by like proportion But if they doe part in sundry places and joyn not all together it is a token that the pain is the lesser and cometh of a weaker cause The more yellower that their colour is the greater they declare the pain in the head to be If they be white or rather whitish and stand about in the compasse of the garland they betoken little pain or none And if the urine bee thin withall they betoken weakness of naturall heat or else the opilation and stopping of the reins namely if there appear no ground in the urine This doth Hippocrates witness 7. Aph. 14. saying When in the urine there swimmeth bubbles they betoken grief in the reins And also that it shall long continue The reason of the long continuance as Galen and Philotheus doe both declare is because that the grief commeth of cold and tough phlegmatick matter which always is long before it may overcome Lib. 28. c. 6. Pliny also saith that that urine is evil which is ful of bubbles and thick in which if the ground be white it is a token that there shal be grief either about the joynts or else about the bowels Howbeit yet sometimes the bubbles are not an evill token but contrariwise a good token of concoction and declare that nature doth now apply her self wholy unto concoction And this do the Bubbles signifie when they appear in the water in which they were not seen long before And therefore in an Ague we may conjecture the declination of it when we see bubbles to appear after that sort except it be so that they appeared in the urine at the beginning of the sickness and hath so continued still For then they declare grievous pain to be in the head yea and that dangerous if the urine also be thin in substance But if the substance of the urine be thick then the bubbles are not so evill a sign neither declare so greivouâ— danger Sometimes in stead of Bubbles which doe not appear when they should it sufficetâ— that there appear a gross some as it is sometimes seen to rise upon wine and it doth betoken even the same thing that the Bubble do Fome especially in the declination of the Ague of which I spake a little before These Bubbles do appear very thick aboue the garland in the urine of him that hath the issue of seed or wast of nature Sometime also there are seen in the Bubbles certain small scrapps as you would say much like hairs in grossness and of such length sometime that they reach from the one side of the
bladder onely by some blister or sore in it and that most certainly when the stinch is very great and there appeareth also scales in the urine and matter But if there be matter in the urine and the stinking savour but mean then doth it declare the sore to be in some other part of the body But this ever is true that matter in urine is a token of a sore And if in continuance of time the matter and stinch doe abate it is a good token but if the other continue or increase it is an evill sign If the urine doe stinke and there appear no matter in it then is it a token of some mortifying For if there be in the urine mean tokens of concoction then is the mortification in some one part of the body but if the other signs in the urine be evill then is that mortification rather of the whole body then of any one part of it And thus have I over-run briefly the chief things to be considered in urine which I say are appertaining or annexed to the urine it self Howbeit two other things there are which though they be more plainer then these other yet may they be overpassed no more then the other that is to say blood coming forth with the urine and gravell expelled therewith also Blood Blood coming forth with urine doth declare some sore to be in the reins or bladder as Hippocrates writeth in his Aphorisms or else some vein to be broken about the reins namely if it come suddenly and without manifest cause Howbeit as Galen Oribasius and divers others do declare and reason also with experience doth consent there may appear blood in the urine also iâ— that there be such a sore in the liver or in tâ— shaft But in any of these cases the pain feâ— in the place and part will utter from whence the blood commeth Gravell Now to speak of gravell Hypocrates saith In whose urine there appeareth graveâ— in the bottome they have the stone in the bladder or else in the reins as Galen addeth but commonly if the stone be in the reins the gravell will be red as Hypocrateâ— declareth in his sixt Book of his Epidemies And thus now will I make an end of the judicial of urine CHAP. XI Of the Commodities and Medicines of Vrine THe greatest commodity of urine is already declared that is That it doth declare unto man the manifold diseases which happen unto him and thereby doth not only give him knowledge of the cause and so consequently of the cure of the same but also warneth him before of the grief to come whereby he may take an occasion to eschew it if he will be diligent Now as this is the greatest commoditie of urin so it hath many other as well in use of medicine as other waies of which I will write some though not all And first out of Plinie Plinie which reciteth strange operations of the urine of a Hedge-hog and of a Beast that the Greeks call Leontophon and moreover of the Beast Lynx which I omit now with many other but this will I not omit Urine of man that Hosthanes saith That if a man let his own urine drop upon his feet in the morning it is good against all evill And that it is good for the gout we may perceive by Fullers which never have the gout by reason that their feet are so often washed with it Ostrich urine The same Plinie writeth That the Vrine of an Ostrich will do away blots and moles of Inke Also that if Urine be tempered with water of like quantitie and so powred at the roots of the trees it will both nourish them as many men say and also drive all noyance from them Bees The urine also of men or oxen tempered with hony and given to Bees will cure them that are poysoned with the flower of the Cormier or Cornoiller tree Beans And likewise if Beans be steeped in urine and water three daies before they bee sowed Dioscorides Stinging of Adders c. some judge that they will increase exceedingly Dioscorides saith That a mans own urine is good to be drunk for stinging of Adders and against poison and also against the dropsie when it doth begin And for the stinging of the sea-Adders of scorpions and dragons it is good to soke the stinged part withall Dogs urine The urine of Dogs is good to soke the place that is bitten with a Dog and to cleanse manginess and itchinesse if salt peter be added thereto And that that is old will more strongly cleanse scales scurff scabs and hot pushes Also it stayeth fretting sores namely on the privie members Furthermore it stincheth mattering eares if it be dropped thereinto and if it be sod in the rind of a Pomegranate it expelleth worms out of the ears Childes urine The urine of a child under 14. yeers of age doth cure the toughness of breath if it bee drunken If it be sod in a brazen vessell with honey it healeth creythes and also the web and the tey in the eie There is made of it and copper good soulder for gold Dregs of urine The dregs of urine is good for Saint Anthonies evill if it be nointed thereon so that as Galen doth wisely add the sore be cooled first with some other thing and bee not burning If it be heated with oyle of privet and laid to the womb of a woman it will asswage the grief of the mother and cureth also the rising of the same It cleanseth the eie-lids and the creythes in the eyes Oxe stale Oxe stale being tempered with myrrh and dropped into sore eares healeth the pain of them The urine of a wild Bore Wild bore is of the same vertue if it be kept as Sextus Platonicus writeth in a glasse and dropped warm into them but it hath a more peculiar property in breaking of the stone and to expell the same if it be drunke Goats urine Goats urine drunke every day with Spikenard and three ounces of water is good for the dropsie for it expelleth urine by the sege and it cureth pain of the ears if it be dropped into them Asse pisse Asse pisse as it is written is good for the grief of the reins if it be drunke Mules stale Mules stale as Paulus Aegineta saith is good to heal pain in the joynts Camels and goats stale The stale of Camels and Goats also doth provoke sege and therefore is good for them that have the dropsie Sextus Platonicus Sextus Platonicus saith That Goats urine if it be drunke doth provoke womans terms and cureth pain in the eares being droped into them Paulus Aegineta and being mixed with mulset wine and so dropped into the earâ— it draweth out matter if there be any Wild Bore The urine of the wild Bore with mulse vineger is good for the falling evill if it be drunke Dogs pisse A Dogs
mans bodie But to return to this matter that is in hand One other stop of urine there is which doth not clean let it but causeth it to avoid lesser then it should and this commeth of like causes as that other last did save that the cause is less according as the stay of urine is and therefore the cure in both is much like For if it come of weakness of the expulsive vertue then with the use of other hot meats and drinks those medicines are good which doe provoke urine as these be that follow Medicines which doe provoke urine Annise-seed Ally-saunders Alkakengi Basyle Bylgrum Cammock Charlock Chervell Carawayes Calamus Aromaticus Cubebes Dictany of Candie Dragance Fumitorie Fatchys Flower delyce Garlike Ground pine Ginger Helecompane Honey Juniper and the Berries Lase saverie Leeks Mints Margerom Maiden hair Navew Nepte Negella Romana Nettle Pepper Pye Ryall Quinces Rue Rosemary Rocquet Savine Sage Saverie Time Valerion Wild Marjoram Wild Parseley Wild Time Water Cresses Woodbinde with many other and namely those for the most part which I named before to be good for the stone But there must be discretion in the use of them Besides those is there a disease named the Strangurie which some corruptly call the Strangurion in which Disease the urine doth continually drop forth Excess of urine as fast as it cometh into the bladder And therefore may it well be noted the first kinde of such griefs as provoke forth and further urine excessively For that strangurie these Medicines following are noted good Medicines for the Strangurie Alisander Astra Bacca Brokelime Ceder berries Ceterake Calamus Aromaticus Gladiane Knot grasse Kneholm Sperage Seholm Spatula Fetida Turpentine washed Wilde Fennell Water mints But you must consider as I have often said that as the disease may come of sundry causes so it must have sundry cures For most commonly these are good that I have written yet such may bee the cause of the sickness that they may do harme therefore take alwayes counsell of some learned Physitian Another kinde of excessive making of urine cometh of the weakness of the retentive vertue in the reins whereby the Patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh Flux of urine Pissing euill The piss gout and that in like quantitie This I may call the flux of urine or pissing evill or after the imitation of the Greeks the pisse gout For which disease it is not greatly commendable to set forth medicines with the onely bare names Howbeit if I doe it I trust no man will the rather misuse them namely being warned so often to take no medicines without counsell and specially in this thing For some of the Medicines must be received inwardly and some of them emplaistred outwardly Medicines for the pissing evill Apples Dates Elecompane Perys Myrtle Berries Night shade Cycory Comferie Endive Paritarie Penny wort Lettis Lintels Pomegranat Purselane Vine leaves Other defaults there be of excess of urine as of them which cannot keep their urine and namely of children which pisse their beds This disease cometh oftentimes of the dissolution of the muscle which should keep the urine and therefore requireth cure meet for it and unmeet for this place and such shortnesse Wherefore for this time here I will make an end trusting that all men will with as gentle heart receive this my writing as I of gentleness have taken the pains to set it forth Additions Of the diversities of Colours and of the making of them BEcause that it is not very easie for every man to distinguish colours duly asunder I thought it good at the end of this Book a little to touch the distinction and making of them namely of such as are mentioned before in this Book Milk white Milk white by the name of it self doth sufficiently declare what it is for it is the very colour of milk though the substance need not to be so thick in the urine as in the milk for the colour must be understood several from the substance both in this and all other colours which thing would be remembred for it might else as it hath often done deceive the simple folk Horn white Horn white in like manner hath his name of the thing that it assimuleth most for it is like the white and cleer part of a horn of a lanthorn or such like Grey Grey is like the white part of a mans nail next unto the joynt or like hoar hair that is not very white for gray is so much darker then horn white as horn white is darker then milk white Pale Pale colour hath a certain appearance of yellow in it but is exceeding little If you seeth a peece of the rind of Pomegranate and then put to it thrice as much clean water it will be a pale colour Flaxen But if you put thereto little or no clean water it will be flaxen coloured that is somewhat more yellower then pale Pale After it followeth pale which is a kind of light yellow something lighter in colour then crown gold Yellow For the colour of pure gold as an angell or royall is a right yellow colour Light saffron A light saffron colour is that colour that saffron doth make when it is steeped in water and laid light on any white For if it be laid on deep then doth it make a full saffron colour Saffron For that is called a saffron colour which saffron doth die and not that that is in the saffron it self Red. Claret For that is very red and is higher then claret which is a mean colour between saffron and red as if it were made of them both mixed together Crimson Crimson is a dark bloody colour well known by his own name but is not in urine so light as it sheweth in cloth Purple Purple needeth not to be much described being so commonly known howbeit if you will see the making of it mixe a dark crimson with an orient blew and it will be purple And because that many men be deceived in the latin name of this colour you shall observe that it is not that which in Latin is called Purpureus color as most men think for that is rather a crimson but it is called more peculiarly Purpura violacea or Passeus color Blew Blew colour is the colour of the cleer Skie or of Azure Howbeit in urine it is not so orient but if you will mix pure white as white lead or pure lime with due portion of right black as cole dust or other like then there will of these amount that blew which is ascribed to urine Green Green is a compound colour of blew and yellow duly tempred together And the right green have I in this Book called a stark green Stark green But if the yellow do exceed in it then is it a light green and contrariwise if the blue do exceed Light green then is it a dark green Of this
Purple colour PUrple colour declareth need of much strength before it can be altered to a good urine This urine is a sign of burning choler And if it do continue very long it is a token of the yellow Jaunders with abundance gross and corrupt choller gathered in the â—ver And at the beginning there goeth wâ— it some spices and grudgings of the Agâ— with a little thirstiness but unless there bâ— discretion used in the diet of such a Patieâ— it may turn to a much worse disease Of Green Vrines Green colour GReen colour is an evill and a dangeroâ— token for it needeth not only long timâ— but also cotinual strength to bring it agâ— to a good trade The higher that this cold is the more it declareth that choller exceâ—eth the other humours which if it be aâ— more burned will cause black urine which I will anon speak But if green oâ—lour come of wasting of the fat then is somewhat like to oylie colour or popinâ— green but if it come of abundance of purpâ—lish colour and through increase of his quâ—litie then doth the colour incline more â—ward black and glistereth with shadow green drawing very nigh unto black Afâ— green choler followeth madness parbreaâ—ing and avoiding of choler sometimes wiâ— matter or else burned and also continuâ— thirstiness and burning heat of the tongue straightness about the stomack And like other things But if the patient continue strong and the colour of the urine do waxe lighter there is good hope else there is great fear least of the dryness and burning there do follow contraction of the sinews which will kill the patient Of Oilie Vrine or Popinjay Green Oilie urine or popinjay green OYlie Urine is of three sorts as I said in the fift Chapter that is light oylie stark oylie and dark oylie Oylie urines are a token of unnatural heat and the higher that the colour is the greater is the heat And also they betoken melting of the fat within a man for of it are they so coloured But at the beginning when there is a little fat melted the urine is light oylie For if it look stark oylie then it signifieth that the disease increaseth But if it come once to dark oylie then is the disease sore increased Hippocrates in the seventh Book of his Aphorisms speaking of fatness in urine saith thus Who so maketh urine with fatty flotes comming much and fast they have sharp pains in the reins Which sentence though it seem more to appertain to the contents then to the colour yet doth not onely Galen but also Aetinâ— Actuarius and also another Grecian who name I know not expound it amongst colours and by it declare the difference â— know whether that wast or melting â— fat be in the reins it self or in other parts oâ— the body For if it come fast together â— Hippocrates saith then commeth it from thâ— reins it self and betokneth the wasting â— be in them But if it come softly and increaâ— by little and little then doth it declare thâ— the whole body is overcome with unnaturall heat and that the fat of it doth wast it doth betoken as Act. witnesseth a wasting Ague consuming the body Of blew Vrine Ash-colour and Black BLew colour Ash-colour and Black do differ only in lightness and darkness For ash-colour is darker then blew anâ— black is darker then any of them both Blew colour Blew colour sometime cometh of moderate melancholy and then is the urine somewhat thin in substance And sometime iâ— commeth of great cold and then it is thick in substance And sometime it is a token oâ— mortifying of some part Yea and sometime even of whole nature namely if the colour change to worse and worse and there went before no token of concoction Ash-colour Ash coloured urine commeth of like causes and betokeneth like things Howbeit it is so coloured many times when the party that made it hath been sore beaten and bruised But in this you need not the help of urine for you may see the walts and tokens of the stripes in his body Black urine Urine which is extream black sometime betokeneth extream heat and sometime extream cold the which both you may distinctly discerne if you doe observe order of alteration in the colours of the urine that the patient made last before For if his urine before were green or like thereto then doth the black urine which follows it betoken extream heat But if it were last before blew or ash-coloured then doth it signifie extream cold This black colour though it be commonly an evill and deadly sign as I said before speaking of thick urine and black yet sometime it is a good token For in all diseases lightly that come of melancholy matter it betokeneth that the matter doth avoid and so the sicknes to end And such urine doth appear many times after purgations or other meats and drinks which purge the splene namely if a man do labour upon them that was before diseased of the spleen Howbeit sometime meats and drinks of liâ— colour cause black urine as Galen witnesseth namely after dark red wine and Allegant But in moderate Agues if such black â—rine doe appear it is a token of death excepâ— it be on some Criticall dayes And likewiâ— in sharp agues especially if the savour bâ— strong and stinking unless it come of somâ— grief of the bladder Quantitie of urine Let this suffice for this time as touchinâ— colours Now for the quantitie of urine â— when it is mean it is a good token so wheâ— it is either too much or too little it is an evill sign except it come of such cause as shewed before that altereth urine in healthfull man Much in a whole body As first excessive quantitie of urine comâ—meth of much drinking of thin wine as Reâ—nish wine and such like But that shall yoâ— thus know for the colour will be whitely and the substance thinner then a meanâ— the contents also will be divers and not dâ—ly knit Likewise if there be aboundancâ— of raw humours in a man unconcocted anâ— yet nature persevering strong then is therâ— great quantity of urine and somewhat thiâ— of substance but not so white as the otheâ— and the contents of this are better Alsâ— as Hippocrates saith much Vrine made iâ— the night 4. Aph. 3. is a token of small sege so that if any impediment let naturall sege then will the quantity of urine be the greater But in this as the colour is mean so is the ground both greater and grosser yet in healthfull folk may the urine by another means also be greater then a mean and that may be by medicines which provoke urine but then is the colour more naturall then the last that I spake of and the ground is thinner of substance so that it is dark and scarcely seene and then is there a certain glistering in the urine it self Little urine in a whole body Now