Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	natural_a	reason_n	1,505	5	4.9161	4	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28143	A voyage of the late King of Sweden and another of mathematicians sent by him : in which are discover'd the refraction of the sun which sets not in the northern parts at the time of the solstice, varition [sic] of the needle, latitudes of places, seasons &c. of those countries : by command of the most serene and most mighty Prince, Charles XI, King of Swedes, Goths and Vandals / faithfully render'd into English.; Midnats solens rätta och synlige rum uti Norrlanded effter. English	Bilberg, John, 1646-1717.	1698 (1698)	Wing B2889; ESTC R30235	33,096	118

so_o minute_n so_o unusual_a matter_n and_o you_o son_n of_o the_o mathematics_n who_o talon_n it_o be_v to_o fetch_v such_o thing_n out_o of_o their_o secret_a place_n and_o to_o demonstrate_v they_o you_o i_o say_v aught_o to_o blush_v and_o public_o acknowledge_v that_o your_o science_n have_v receive_v this_o improvement_n not_o from_o yourselves_o but_o from_o the_o most_o potent_a king_n our_o most_o gracious_a king_n have_v view_v these_o country_n as_o he_o design_v and_o have_v travel_v some_o tract_n of_o land_n inhabit_v by_o such_o people_n as_o either_o speak_v or_o understand_v the_o sweedish_a language_n and_o at_o length_n be_v come_v among_o other_o nation_n use_v only_o the_o finland_n or_o lapland_n tongue_n use_v by_o few_o in_o the_o world_n return_v with_o great_a speed_n according_a to_o his_o usual_a custom_n after_o his_o return_n among_o other_o thing_n he_o relate_v to_o his_o subject_n who_o enjoy_v a_o mild_a air_n and_o more_o fertile_a soil_n the_o incredible_a variety_n of_o day_n and_o night_n which_o he_o have_v see_v in_o the_o most_o northern_a part_n of_o his_o kingdom_n not_o only_a where_o the_o day_n at_o that_o time_n be_v continual_a by_o the_o presence_n of_o the_o sun_n but_o also_o where_o they_o live_v in_o summertime_n without_o any_o night_n by_o the_o perpetual_a twilight_n and_o affirm_v that_o he_o have_v spend_v a_o continue_a day_n without_o any_o night_n a_o thing_n before_o hear_v but_o not_o at_o all_o believe_v by_o he_o and_o when_o that_o business_n know_v to_o very_a few_o render_v all_o of_o they_o doubtful_a who_o be_v so_o attentive_a to_o his_o majesty_n discourse_n several_a question_n be_v start_v which_o exercise_v the_o belief_n of_o some_o and_o the_o judgement_n of_o other_o thereupon_o our_o mathematician_n be_v consult_v whether_o real_o under_o that_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n such_o phaenomena_n be_v to_o be_v expect_v and_o which_o be_v the_o true_a cause_n why_o in_o those_o place_n the_o body_n of_o the_o sun_n do_v not_o set_v but_o they_o most_o humble_o answer_v they_o believe_v it_o may_v be_v so_o through_o divers_a natural_a reason_n to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o situation_n of_o place_n temper_n of_o air_n and_o other_o change_n but_o as_o yet_o not_o at_o all_o understand_v by_o they_o have_v never_o live_v under_o that_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n but_o only_o give_v credit_n to_o their_o land-map_n which_o be_v often_o make_v and_o correct_v can_v always_o merit_v our_o undoubted_a belief_n in_o all_o thing_n but_o that_o every_o astronomical_a observation_n shall_v be_v so_o make_v as_o to_o answer_v the_o celestial_a observation_n and_o beside_o illustrate_v they_o and_o they_o all_o to_o be_v confirm_v by_o geometrical_a demonstration_n that_o they_o may_v show_v their_o reader_n such_o reason_n as_o do_v not_o persuade_v but_o force_v they_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o science_n of_o astronomy_n have_v its_o rise_n progress_n and_o no_o ordinary_a increase_n first_o from_o the_o asiatic_n then_o from_o the_o europaean_n for_o many_o age_n by_o the_o indefatigable_a labour_n of_o the_o observer_n in_o the_o northern_a world_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v studious_a of_o war_n and_o arm_n that_o science_n do_v not_o lie_v altogether_o neglect_v as_o appear_v from_o the_o grave-stone_n and_o runick_a calendar_n with_o other_o very_a ancient_a monument_n however_o it_o be_v not_o cultivate_v with_o a_o care_n that_o may_v equal_v that_o of_o the_o chaldaean_n or_o the_o ancient_a mathematician_n in_o greece_n nevertheless_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n these_o age_n owe_v their_o happiness_n ever_o since_o the_o most_o bless_a time_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n to_o king_n of_o pious_a and_o most_o glorious_a memory_n and_o especial_o to_o his_o most_o serene_a royal_a majesty_n which_o by_o a_o paternal_a affection_n and_o true_o majestic_a love_n for_o learning_n and_o man_n of_o letter_n by_o his_o incredible_a and_o inexhausted_a magnificence_n to_o they_o have_v bring_v not_o only_o the_o mathematics_n but_o all_o sort_n of_o science_n to_o that_o pitch_n as_o neither_o we_o can_v hope_v or_o foreigner_n believe_v they_o can_v ever_o attain_v to_o and_o yet_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o work_n be_v still_o remain_v and_o there_o will_v never_o want_v a_o occasion_n to_o any_o who_o shall_v be_v bear_v a_o thousand_o age_n hence_o to_o add_v something_o for_o many_o thing_n according_a to_o the_o conjecture_n of_o the_o wise_a roman_a be_v reserve_v for_o future_a age_n when_o the_o very_a memory_n of_o we_o shall_v be_v wear_v out_o these_o thing_n and_o other_o of_o the_o like_a nature_n discourse_v they_o not_o without_o pleasure_n before_o his_o most_o serene_a majesty_n who_o after_o consider_v they_o more_o deep_o careful_o weigh_v with_o himself_o the_o force_n and_o effect_n of_o nature_n and_o though_o he_o do_v not_o distrust_v his_o own_o eye_n in_o the_o observation_n once_o make_v yet_o that_o he_o may_v gain_v the_o consent_n and_o confession_n of_o all_o and_o lay_v open_a the_o true_a series_n of_o cause_n resolve_v to_o send_v thither_o some_o mathematician_n about_o the_o same_o time_n of_o the_o follow_a year_n that_o so_o they_o may_v note_v every_o thing_n distinct_o and_o due_o observe_v the_o difference_n of_o motion_n with_o the_o true_a rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n and_o what_o they_o be_v with_o refraction_n or_o without_o it_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n his_o loyal_a subject_n make_v a_o medal_n to_o the_o most_o grateful_a memory_n of_o that_o so_o fortunate_a royal_a expedition_n with_o the_o picture_n of_o the_o king_n and_o a_o agreeable_a emblem_n chap._n ii_o a_o account_n of_o the_o longitude_n of_o place_n now_o therefore_o in_o the_o present_a year_n 1695._o in_o the_o month_n of_o april_n this_o charge_n be_v commit_v to_o i_o by_o his_o most_o serene_a royal_a majesty_n that_o i_o shall_v undertake_v the_o journey_n together_o with_o the_o most_o illustrious_a person_n mr._n andrew_n spole_n the_o most_o ingenious_a mathematic_a professor_n in_o the_o university_n of_o upsal_n and_o now_o almost_o superannuated_a my_o companion_n and_o associate_n in_o the_o journey_n and_o former_o for_o eleven_o year_n my_o most_o pleasant_a colleague_n in_o this_o sort_n of_o study_n and_o that_o we_o shall_v omit_v nothing_o that_o may_v conduce_v for_o the_o make_n of_o these_o experiment_n or_o any_o other_o of_o this_o nature_n and_o above_o all_o we_o be_v enjoin_v so_o to_o hasten_v our_o journey_n that_o we_o may_v be_v in_o the_o city_n torneo_n where_o the_o king_n observation_n be_v make_v not_o only_o some_o day_n before_o the_o summer-solstice_n but_o also_o that_o we_o shall_v go_v far_o to_o the_o northward_o where_o we_o may_v see_v the_o sun_n high_o above_o the_o horizon_n in_o the_o north_n meridian_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a latitude_n of_o the_o place_n thus_o we_o depart_v from_o upsal_n with_o heart_n and_o soul_n resolute_o fix_v on_o the_o 21_o day_n of_o may_n old_a style_n which_o be_v use_v in_o our_o country_n at_o a_o season_n unusual_a and_o not_o yet_o fix_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o unseasonableness_n and_o rigour_n of_o the_o wether_n and_o therefore_o with_o great_a difficulty_n we_o pass_v through_o upland_n gestricland_n holsingland_n medelpadia_n angirmarnland_n and_o west_n bothnia_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n in_o these_o last_o country_n detain_v by_o ice_n and_o snow_n especial_o in_o pass_v over_o river_n and_o arm_n of_o the_o sea_n which_o be_v there_o in_o great_a plenty_n and_o sometime_o so_o wide_o as_o to_o be_v 1000_o pace_n over_o in_o which_o not_o only_o the_o rapidity_n of_o the_o river_n and_o fierceness_n of_o the_o wind_n but_o also_o the_o ferry-boat_n be_v to_o be_v mind_v lest_o they_o be_v sever_v asunder_o for_o two_o boat_n place_v at_o a_o certain_a distance_n from_o one_o another_o make_v a_o ponton_n into_o which_o a_o chariot_n be_v to_o be_v so_o put_v with_o horse_n that_o the_o sore-wheel_n rest_v upon_o one_o boat_n and_o the_o hind-wheel_n on_o the_o other_o the_o oar_n be_v fit_v on_o both_o side_n and_o in_o the_o high_a way_n the_o ground_n be_v sometime_o slippery_a and_o the_o horse_n and_o chariot_n stick_v in_o dirty_a place_n create_v we_o great_a trouble_n where_o the_o cold_a be_v partly_o dissipate_v yet_o the_o earth_n do_v not_o return_v to_o its_o former_a solidity_n and_o firmness_n for_o at_o this_o season_n the_o creek_n near_a the_o shore_n be_v harden_v with_o frost_n and_o ice_n and_o many_o pine_n be_v cut_v down_o and_o dispose_v into_o order_n do_v even_o then_o represent_v a_o winter-journey_n the_o frost_n be_v melt_v and_o thaw_v near_o the_o bankside_n only_o so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v go_v any_o further_a of_o the_o journey_n with_o safety_n and_o therefore_o almost_o all_o by_o land_n the_o way_n

from_o any_o visible_a body_n if_o they_o fall_v from_o a_o more_o dense_a body_n upon_o a_o more_o rare_a or_o on_o the_o contrary_n which_o philosopher_n use_v to_o term_v a_o different_a medium_fw-la at_o this_o entry_n the_o ray_n proceed_v no_o more_o straight_o forward_o but_o be_v refract_v and_o in_o its_o passage_n get_v another_o way_n different_a from_o the_o former_a this_o assertion_n be_v prove_v many_o way_n but_o leave_v the_o more_o subtle_a we_o will_v explain_v it_o in_o a_o vulgar_a way_n not_o unknown_a to_o all_o people_n let_v some_o bright_a piece_n be_v put_v into_o a_o empty_a vessel_n as_o gold_n or_o silver_n money_n whereby_o the_o splendid_a ray_n may_v more_o easy_o represent_v the_o image_n to_o the_o eye_n then_o let_v he_o that_o make_v the_o experiment_n go_v so_o far_o from_o the_o empty_a vessel_n that_o the_o money_n be_v at_o the_o bottom_n be_v so_o cover_v with_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o vessel_n that_o it_o can_v be_v discern_v let_v he_o stay_v in_o that_o place_n and_o order_n water_n to_o be_v pour_v out_o of_o another_o into_o this_o vessel_n which_o be_v do_v the_o money_n will_v appear_v through_o the_o water_n to_o he_o in_o that_o posture_n be_v inconspicuous_a before_o and_o that_o so_o much_o the_o high_a as_o the_o water_n be_v put_v in_o in_o great_a plenty_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v understand_v that_o this_o visive_a ray_n between_o the_o money_n and_o the_o eye_n be_v only_o refract_v in_o the_o high_a superficies_n of_o the_o water_n since_o a_o right_a ray_n can_v be_v carry_v to_o the_o eye_n remain_v in_o the_o same_o posture_n from_o the_o money_n by_o the_o opake_v side_n of_o the_o vessel_n the_o reason_n be_v the_o same_o when_o a_o oar_n seem_v to_o be_v break_v in_o the_o water_n where_o no_o other_o cause_o can_v be_v give_v of_o this_o fallacy_n of_o the_o sight_n than_o the_o inclination_n of_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o thing_n see_v from_o that_o side_n in_o which_o it_o enter_v a_o different_a medium_fw-la wherefore_o since_o the_o solar_a ray_n be_v right_a line_n it_o be_v doubt_v not_o without_o cause_n if_o the_o sun_n and_o other_o lucid_a body_n in_o heaven_n be_v any_o where_o or_o every_o where_o discern_v in_o their_o true_a place_n but_o since_o it_o be_v for_o certain_a observe_v in_o the_o eclipse_n of_o the_o luminary_n that_o the_o place_n of_o the_o hide_a body_n both_o true_a and_o apparent_a be_v different_a not_o only_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o parallax_n but_o also_o refraction_n the_o strong_a argument_n of_o astronomical_a truth_n and_o beside_o some_o other_o observation_n most_o deserve_a credit_n take_v away_o all_o doubt_n since_o therefore_o by_o consent_n of_o all_o man_n it_o be_v evince_v that_o the_o air_n be_v near_a the_o earth_n who_o particle_n go_v out_o from_o the_o earth_n be_v the_o cause_n almost_o of_o all_o the_o vicissitude_n which_o happen_v to_o it_o from_o natural_a motion_n and_o we_o think_v do_v scarce_o exceed_v or_o not_o much_o transcend_v the_o high_a top_n of_o mountain_n and_o that_o be_v it_o which_o we_o call_v the_o atmosphere_n but_o next_o to_o this_o the_o aetherial_a air_n succeed_v diffuse_v through_o the_o whole_a universe_n in_o which_o the_o sun_n and_o fix_v star_n and_o all_o planet_n be_v move_v and_o yet_o there_o be_v not_o the_o same_o tenuity_n and_o purity_n of_o both_o of_o they_o for_o the_o aetherial_a region_n the_o space_n of_o shadow_n which_o proceed_v either_o from_o the_o earth_n the_o moon_n or_o planet_n or_o comet_n except_v be_v whole_o in_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o star_n and_o be_v so_o splendid_a that_o at_o night_n its_o splendour_n may_v be_v perceive_v by_o we_o dwell_v in_o the_o shadow_n of_o the_o earth_n although_o the_o interval_n betwixt_o we_o and_o the_o fix_a star_n be_v inestimable_a by_o which_o this_o splendour_n with_o the_o difference_n also_o of_o colour_n be_v transmit_v to_o we_o but_o be_v always_o open_a to_o the_o ray_n of_o they_o except_o when_o it_o be_v obscure_v by_o the_o atmosphere_n but_o the_o air_n swell_v with_o smoky_a and_o thick_a exhalation_n draw_v from_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o subterraneous_a fire_n according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v sometime_o thick_a and_o sometime_o thin_a both_o in_o divers_a and_o in_o one_o and_o the_o same_o place_n but_o at_o divers_a time_n to_o wit_n that_o matter_n be_v rarify_v or_o compress_v which_o perpetual_o ascend_v from_o the_o sea_n or_o earth_n and_o its_o superficies_n sometime_o take_v up_o a_o great_a sometime_o a_o lesser_a part_n of_o aether_n which_o vicissitude_n we_o prove_v by_o several_a mechanical_a instrument_n hygrometrical_a and_o barometrical_a and_o from_o thence_o also_o determine_v its_o true_a altitude_n and_o we_o daily_o perceive_v by_o the_o disposition_n of_o our_o body_n the_o sick_a and_o weak_o especial_o and_o who_o have_v any_o crude_a wound_n confirm_v this_o truth_n more_o certain_o than_o any_o almanac_n that_o the_o ray_n enter_v into_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v various_o determine_v nor_o can_v go_v forward_o in_o strait_a way_n according_a to_o its_o thickness_n and_o condensation_n no_o otherwise_o than_o a_o leaden-ball_n oblique_o shoot_v into_o the_o water_n on_o its_o superficies_n recede_v from_o its_o first_o direction_n lose_v some_o of_o its_o strength_n in_o pass_v through_o a_o different_a medium_fw-la or_o as_o a_o nail_n drive_v through_o two_o board_n not_o contiguous_a enough_o acquire_v one_o determination_n in_o the_o intermediate_v air_n at_o the_o end_n of_o one_o and_o another_o at_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o other_o board_n these_o thing_n be_v more_o large_o premise_v than_o be_v intend_v we_o will_v by_o a_o rude_a scheme_n delineate_v the_o refraction_n of_o the_o sun_n let_v t._n be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o earth_n o._n the_o eye_n on_o the_o plane_n of_o the_o earth_n a._n b._n c._n the_o superficies_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n where_o the_o more_o gross_a air_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o thin_a aether_n e._n d._n g._n the_o orbit_n of_o the_o sun_n o._n b._n d._n the_o right_a horizontal_a ray_n to_o the_o sun_n appear_v in_o d._n now_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o no_o celestial_a body_n can_v appear_v to_o the_o eye_n place_v in_o o._n before_o it_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o point_n d._n and_o further_o because_o experience_n teach_v we_o that_o it_o appear_v below_o o._n b._n d._n that_o can_v be_v do_v except_o by_o a_o ray_n refract_v for_o this_o ray_n will_v fall_v soon_o on_o the_o convex_a of_o the_o earth_n globe_n than_o upon_o the_o horizontal_a line_n o._n b._n d._n and_o so_o that_o body_n will_v remain_v inconspicuous_a the_o ray_n s_o b._n fall_v from_o the_o aether_n into_o a_o more_o dense_a medium_fw-la to_o wit_n the_o atmosphere_n a._n b._n c._n be_v refract_v and_o in_o one_o part_n of_o it_o represent_v the_o line_n b._n o._n when_o otherwise_o it_o will_v have_v be_v produce_v to_o r._n if_o the_o medium_fw-la have_v be_v the_o same_o but_o not_o to_o the_o eye_n o._n hence_o it_o be_v certain_o conclude_v that_o the_o sun_n appear_v on_o the_o earth_n sometime_o before_o its_o rise_n when_o it_o seem_v to_o be_v discern_v by_o we_o in_o a_o horizontal_a line_n q._n e._n d._n but_o because_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o nature_n of_o refraction_n be_v divers_a and_o that_o the_o ray_n fall_v perpendicular_o upon_o the_o superficies_n of_o a_o different_a medium_fw-la be_v not_o refract_v as_o if_o the_o ray_n from_o e._n shall_v fall_v upon_o the_o atmosphere_n a._n it_o reach_v to_o the_o eye_n o_o direct_o and_o without_o any_o refraction_n but_o those_o which_o fall_v oblique_o be_v by_o so_o much_o the_o more_o refract_v by_o how_o much_o the_o more_o they_o recede_v from_o the_o perpendicular_a hence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o celestial_a body_n near_o to_o the_o horizon_n appear_v under_o a_o great_a refraction_n and_o therefore_o appear_v high_a than_o the_o more_o remote_a which_o come_v near_a to_o the_o perpendicular_a hence_o the_o rule_n of_o refraction_n be_v by_o the_o mathematician_n derive_v to_o a_o certain_a degree_n for_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n even_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o 38_o altitude_n but_o for_o the_o fix_a star_n but_o to_o the_o degree_n of_o 20._o which_o rule_n will_v never_o fail_v if_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o atmosphere_n be_v everywhere_o the_o same_o but_o this_o variety_n be_v not_o in_o the_o least_o to_o be_v neglect_v because_o that_o refraction_n can_v in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v equal_a but_o be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a in_o place_n near_a to_o the_o pole_n than_o that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o more_o remote_a which_o may_v be_v confirm_v by_o