leisure to turne to sowrenesse which is a kind of Putrefaction 13 But in extreme old Age such a preparation of Meats is to be made as may be almost in the Middle-way to Chylus And touching the Distillations of Meats they are meere Toyes For the Nutritive part at least the best of it doth not ascend in Vapours 14 The Incorporating of 〈◊〉 and Drink before they meet in the Stomach is a Degree to Chylus Therefore let Chickens or Pertridges or 〈◊〉 or the like bee taken And boiled in Water with a little Salt Then let them be cleansed and dried Afterward let them be infused in Must or Ale before it hath done working with a little Sugar 15 Also Gravies of Meat and Mincings of them small well seasoned Are good for old Persons And the rather for that they are destituted of the Office of their Teeth in chewing which is a principall kinde of preparation 16 And as for the Helps of that Defect Namely of the Strength of Teeth to grinde the Meat There are three Things which may conduce thereunto First that New Teeth may put forth That which seemes al together Difficult and cannot bee accomplished without an Inward and powerfull Restauration of the Body Secondly that the Iawes be so confirmed by due Astringents that they may in some sort supply the office of the Teeth which may possibly bee effected Thirdly that the Meat bee so prepared that there shall be no need of chewing which Remedy 〈◊〉 ready and at Hand 17 We have some Thought also touching the Quantitie of the Meat and Drinke That the same taken in larger Quantitie at some times is good for the Irrigation of the Body Therefore both Greas Feastings and Free Drinkings are not altogether to be inhibited And touching the Operation upon the Aliments and the Preparation of them thus much The Operation upon the Last Act of Assimilation 8. TOuching the last Act of Assimilation unto which the three Operations immediately preceding chiefly tend our Advice shall be briefe and single And the Thing it selfe rather needs Explication than any various Rules 1 IT is certaine that all Bodies are endued with some Desire of Assimilating those things which are next them Tuis the Rare and Pneumaticall Bodies As Flame Spirit Airt performe generously and with Alacritie On the contrary those that carrie a Grosse and Tangible Bulke about them Doe but weakly In regard that the Desire of Assimilating other Thing is bound in by a stronger Desire of Rest and Containing themselves from Motion 2 Againe it is certaine That that Desire of Assimilating being bound as wee said in a Grosse Body and made 〈◊〉 Is somewhat freed and stirred up by the Heat and Neighbouring Spirit So that it is then Actuated which is the onely cause why Inanimates Assimilate not and Animates 〈◊〉 3 This also is certaine That the Harder the Consistence of the Body is the more doth that Body stand in need of a Greater Heat to prick forward the Assimilation Which fals out ill for old Men because in them the Parts are more Obstinate and the Heat weaker And therefore either the Obstinacie of their Parts is to be softned or their Heat increased And as touching the Malacissation or Mollifying of the Members we shall speak afterward Having also formerly propounded many Things which pertaine to the prohibiting and preventing of this kinde of Hardnesse For the other touching the Increasing of the Heat wee will now deliver a single precept After wee have first assumed this Axiome 4 The Act of Assimilation which as we said is excited by the Heat circumfused in a Motion exceeding Accurate Subtile and in Little Now all such Motions doe then come to their Vigour when the Locall Motion wholly ceaseth which disturbeth it For the Motion of Separation into Homogeneall parts which is in Milke That the Creame should swim above and the Whey sink to the bottome will never work if the Milk bee never so little agitated Neither will any Puterfaction proceed in Water or Mixt Bodies if the same be in Continuall Local Motion So then from this Assumption we will conclude this for the present Inquisition 5 The Act it selfe of Assimilation is chiefly accomplished in Sleepe and Rest Especially towards the Morning the Distribution being finished Therefore we have nothing else to advise but that Men keep Themselves Hot in their Sleepe And further that towards the Morning there be used some Annointing or Shirt 〈◊〉 with Oyle such as may gently stir up Heat And after that to fall asleep again And touching the Last Act of Assimilation thus much The Operation upon the Inteneration of that which begins to be Arified Or the Malacissation of the Body 9. WEe have inquired formerly touching the Inteneration from within 〈◊〉 is done by many Windings 〈◊〉 Circuits as well of 〈◊〉 as of Detaining the Spirit from Issuing forth 〈◊〉 therefore is accomplished Slowly Now we are to inquire touching that Inteneration which is 〈◊〉 without And is effected as 〈◊〉 were Suddenly Or touching the Malacissation and 〈◊〉 of the Body The Historie 1 IN the Fable of Restoring Pelias to Youth againe Medea when the Faigned to doe it 〈◊〉 this way of 〈◊〉 the same That the 〈◊〉 Mans Body should be cut into severall Peeces And 〈◊〉 Boyled in a Cauldron with certaine Medicaments There may perhaps some 〈◊〉 bee required to this Matter But the Cutting into 〈◊〉 is not needfull 2 Notwithstanding this Cuting into Peeces seemes in some sort to be usefull Not 〈◊〉 a Knife but with Judgement For whereas the Consistence of the Bowels and 〈◊〉 is very divers It is needfull that the Inteneration of them both be not effected the same way But that there be a Cure designed of each in particular Besides those Things which pertaine to the Inteneration of the whole Masse of the Bodie Of which notwithstanding in the first place 3 This Operation if perhaps it bee within our power is most likely to bee done by Baths Vnctions and the like Concerning which these Things that follow are to be observed 4 We must not be too forward in Hoping to Accomplish this matter from the Examples of those Things which we see done in the Imbibitions and Macerations of Inanimates By which they are intenerated whereof we introduced some Instances before For this kinde of Operation is more Easie upon Inanimates Because they attract and suck in the Liquour But upon the Bodies of Living Creatures it is Harder Because in them the Motion rather tendeth outward and to the Circumference 5 Therefore the Emollient Baths which are in use doe little good but on the contrary hurt Because they rather draw forth than make entrance And resolve the Structure of the Body rather than consolidate it 6 The Baths and Vnctions which may serve to the present Operation Namely of Intenerating the Body truly and really ought to have three properties 7 The First and Principall is That they consist of those Things which in their Whole Substance are
Imprimatur THO. WYKE R. P. Episc. Lond. Cap. domest Decemb. 29. 1637. HISTORY NATURALL And Experimentall Of Life and Death OR Of the Prolongation of Life Written in Latine by the Right Honorable FRANCIS Lo. Verulam Vis-Count St. ALBAN LONDON Printed by Iohn Haviland for William Lee and Humphrey Mosley 1638. TO THE READER I AM to give Advertisement that there came forth of late a Translation of this Booke by an unknowne PERSON Who though he wished well to the propagating of his Lordships Works yet he was altogether unacquainted with his Lordships Stile and Manner of Expressions And so published a Translation Lame and Defective in the whole Whereupon I thought fit to recommend the same to bee translated anew by a more Diligent and Zealous Pen which hath since travailed in it And though it stil comes short of that Lively and Incomparable Spirit and Expression which lived and died with the Authour yet I dare avouch it to bee much more warrantable and agreeable than the Former It is true this Booke was not intended to have been published in English But seeing it hath beene alreadie made free of that Language Whatsoever Benefit or Delight may redound from it I commend the same to the Courteous and Judicious Reader W. R. To the present Age and Posteritie GREETING ALthough we had ranked the Historie of Life and Death as the last amongst our six Monethly Designations yet wee have thought fit in respect of the prime use thereof In which the least Losse of Time ought to bee esteemed precious to invert that Order and to send it forth in the second place For we have hope and wish that it may conduce to a Common Good And that the Nobler sort of Physicians will advance their Thoughts And not employ their Times wholly in the Sordidnesse of Cures Neither bee Honoured for Necessitie only But that they will become Coadjutours and Jnstruments of the Divine omnipotence and Clemencie in Prolonging and Renewing the Life of Man Especially seeing we pre scribe it to be done by Safe and Convenient and Civill wayes though hitherto un-assayed For though wee Christians doe continually aspire and pant afterthe Land of Promise Yet it will bee a Token of Gods Favour towards us in our Journeyings thorow this worlds wildernes to have our Shooes and Garments I meane those of our Fraile Bodies little worn or impaired FR. St. ALBAN THE History of Life and Death The Preface IT is an ancient Saying and Complaint That Life is Short and Art Long. Wherefore it behoveth us who make it our chiefest Aime to perfect Arts to take upon us the Consideration of Prolonging Mans Life God the Author of all Truth and Life prospering our Endevours For though the Life of Man bee nothing else but a Masse and Accumulation of Sins and Sorrowes And they that looke for an Eternall Life set but light by a Temporarie Yet the Continuation of workes of Charity ought not to be contemned even by us Christians Besides the Beloved Disciple of our Lord survived the other Disciples And many of the Fathers of the Church especially of the Holy Monkes and Hermits were long liv'd which shewes that this Blessing of Long life so often promised in the old Law had lesse Abatement after our Saviours Dayes than other Earthly Blessings had But to esteeme of this as the chiefest Good we are but too prone Onely the Inquirie is difficult how to attaine the same And so much the rather because it is corrupted with false opinions and vaine Reports For both those Things which the Vulgar Physitians talke of Radic all Moisture and Naturall Heat are but meere Fictions And the Immoderate praises 〈◊〉 Chymicall Medicines first puffe up with vain hopes and then faile 〈◊〉 Admirers And as for that Death which is caused by Suffocation Putrefaction and severall Diseases wee speake not now For that pertains to an History of Physick But onely of that Death which comes by a totall Decay of the Body and the Inconcoction of old Age. Neverthelesse the last Act of Death and the very Extinguishing of Life it selfe which may so many wayes bee wrought outwardly and inwardly which notwithstanding have as it were one common Porch before it comes to the point of Death will bee pertinent to be inquired of in this Treatise But wee reserve that for the last place That which may bee repaired by Degrees without a Totall waste of the first Stocke is potentially eternall As the Vestall Fire Therefore when Physicians and Philosophers saw that Living Creatures were nourished and their Bodies repaired But that this did last only for a time And afterward came old Age and in the end Dissolution they sought Death in somewhat which could not properly bee repaired Supposing a Radical Moisture incapable of solid Reparation And which from the first infancie received a Spurious Addition but no true Reparation wherby it grew daily worse and worse And in the end brought the Bad to None at all This conceit of theirs was both ignorant and vain For all Things in Living Creatures are in their youth repaired entirely Nay they are for a time increased in Quantitie bettered in Qualitie so as the Matter of Reparation might be Eternall if the Manner of Reparation did not faile But this is the Truth of it There is in the Declining of Age an unequall Reparation Some Parts are repaired easily others with Difficultie and to their losse So as from that time the Bodies of Men begin to endure the Torment of Mezentius That the Living die in the Embraces of the Dead And the Parts easily reparable through their Conjunction with the Parts hardly reparable doe decay For the Spirits Bloud Flesh and Fat are even after the Decline of yeares easily repaired But the Drier and more Porous parts As the Membranes All the Tunicles The Sinewes Arteries Veines Bones Cartilages Most of the Bowels In a word almost all the Organicall parts are hardly Reparable and to their losse Now these hardly Reparable Parts when they come to doe their office of Repairing the other which are easily reparable finding themselves deprived of their wonted Abilitie and strength cease to performe any longer their proper Functions By which meanes it comes to passe that in processe of time the whole tends to Dissolution And even those very Parts which in their owne nature are with much case Reparable Yet through the Decay of the Organs of Reparation can no more receive Reparation But decline and in the end utterly fail And the cause of the Termination of Life is this For that the Spirits like a gentle Flame continually preying upon Bodies Conspiring with the outward Aire which is ever Sucking and Drying of them Doe in time destroy the whole Fabricke of the Bodie As also the particular Engines and Organs therof And make them unable for the worke of Reparation These are the true wayes of Naturall Death well and faithfully to bee revolved in our Mindes For He that knowes not the wayes
than a Wilde-Goose 28 Storks must needs bee Long-livers If that bee true which was anciently observed of them That they never came to 〈◊〉 because that Citie was often sacked This if it were so Then either they must have the knowledge of more Ages than one Or else the old Ones much tell their young the Historie But there is Nothing more frequent than Fables 29 For Fables doe so abound touching the Phoenix That the Truth is utterly lost if any such Bird there be As for that which was so much admired That shee was ever seen abroad with a great Troope of Birds about her it is no such wonder For the same is usually seene about an Owl flying in the Day time or a Parret let out of a Cage 30 The Parret hath been certainly knowne to have lived threescore yeares in England How old soever hee was before he was brought over A Bird eating almost all kinde of Meats chewing his Meat and renewing his Bill Likewise curst and mischievous and of a black Flesh. 31 The Peacock lives Twentie yeares But hee comes not forth with his Argus Eyes before he be three yeares old A Bird slow of pace having whitish Flesh. 32 The Dunghill Cock is venereous Martiall and but of a short life A cranck Bird Having also white Flesh. 33 The Indian Cock commonly called The Turkey-Cock lives not much longer that the Dunghill-Cock An Angry Bird And hath exceeding white Flesh. 34 The Ring-Doves are of the longest sort of Livers Insomuch that they attaine sometimes to fiftie yeares of Age An Aëry Bird And both Builds and Sits on high But Doves and Turtles are but short liv'd not exceeding eight yeares 35 But Pheasants and 〈◊〉 may live to sixteen yeares They are great Breeders But not so white of Flesh as the ordinarie Pullen 36 The Black-Bird is reported to be amongst the lesser Birds one of the longest livers An unhappy Bird and a good Singer 37 The Sparrow is noted to be of a very short Life And it is imputed in the Males to their Lasciviousnesse But the Linnet no bigger in Body than the Sparrow hath beene observed to have lived twentie yeares 38 Of the Estrich we have nothing certaine Those that were kept here have beene so unfortunate that no long life appeared by them Of 〈◊〉 Bird Ibis wee finde only 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 long But his yeare are not recorded 39 The Age of Fishes is 〈◊〉 uncertaine than that of Terrestriall Creatures Because living under the water 〈◊〉 are the lesse observed 〈◊〉 of them breath not By 〈◊〉 meanes their vitall 〈◊〉 more closed in And there fore though they 〈◊〉 some Refrigeration by 〈◊〉 Gils yet that Refrigeration is not so continuall as 〈◊〉 it is by Breathing 40 They are free from the Diccation and Depredation 〈◊〉 the Aire Ambient 〈◊〉 they live in the water 〈◊〉 there is no Doubt but the Water Ambient and piercing and received into the pores of their Body doth more Hurt to long Life than the Aire doth 41 It is affirmed too that their 〈◊〉 is not Warme Some of them are great Devourers even of their owne kinde Their Flesh is softer and more tender than that of Terrestriall Creatures They grow exceedingly fat Insomuch that an Incredible Quantitie of Oyle will be extracted out of one Whole 42 〈◊〉 reported to live about thirty yeares Of which Thing a Triall was taken in some of them by cutting off their Tailes They grow untill ten yeares of Age. 43 That which they report of some Fishes is strange That after a certaine Age their Bodies will waste and grow very slender Onely their Head and Taile retaining their former Greatnesse 44 There were found in Caesars Fish-ponds Lampreys to have lived threescore yeares They were growne so familiar with long use That Crassus the Orator solemnly lamented One of them 45 The Pike amongst Fishes living in fresh water is found to last longest sometimes 〈◊〉 forty yeares He is a 〈◊〉 of a Flesh somewhat Dry and Firme 46 But the Carp Breame 〈◊〉 and the like Are no held to live above ten yeares 47 Salmons are Quicke of Growth short of Life So are Trouts But the Perch is slow of Growth long of life 48 Touching that monstrous Bulk of the Whale or Orke How long it is wielded by vitall Spirit Wee have received Nothing certaine Neither yet touching the Sea-calf and Sea Hog and other innumerable Fishes 49 Crocodiles are reported to be exceeding long liv'd And re famous fer the Time of their Growth For that they amongst all other Creatures are thought to grow during their whole life They are of those Creatures that lay Egges Ravenous cruell and well fenced against the waters Touching the other kindes of Shell Fish wee finde Nothing certaine how long they live Observations To finde out a Rule touching Length and Shcrtnesse of Life in Living Creatures is very difficult By reason of the Negligence of Observations and the Intermixing of Causes A few Things wee will set downe 1 There are more kindes of Birds found to bee long liv'd than of Beasts As the Eagle the Vultur the Kite the Pelican the Raven the Crow the Swan the Goose the Storke the Crane the Bird called the Ibis the Parret the Ring Dove with the rest Though they come to their full Growth within a yeare And are lesse of Bodies Surely their Clothing is excellent good against the Distemperatures of the wether And besides living for the most part in the open Aire they are like the Inhabitants of pure Mountaines which are long liv'd Againe their Motion which as we else where said is a mixt Motion Compounded of a Moving of their Lims and of a Carriage in the Aire doth lesse wearie and weare them And is more wholesome Neither doe they suffer any Compression or want of Nourishment in their Mothers Bellies Because the Egges are laid by Turnes But the chiesest cause of all I take to be this That Birds are made more of the substance of the Mother than of the Father whereby their Spirit is not so eager and hot 2 It may bee a position That Creatures which partake more of the substance of their Mother than of their Father are longer liv'd As Birds are which 〈◊〉 said before Also that those which have a longer time of Bearing in the wombe doe 〈◊〉 more of the substance of the Mother lesse of the Father And si are longer liv'd Insomuch 〈◊〉 wee are of opinion that even 〈◊〉 mongst Men which wee 〈◊〉 noted in some those that resemble their Mothers most are longest liv'd And so are the children of old Men begotten upon young wives If the Fathers be sound not Diseased 3 The First Breeding of Creatures is ever most Materiall either to their Hurt or Benefit And therefore it stands with Reason That the lesser Compression and the more liberall Alimentation of the young one in the wombe should conferre much to Long Life Now this happens when either the young ones are brought forth
successively as in Birds Or when they are single Births As in Creatures bearing but one at a Burthen 4 But long Bearing in the wombe makes for Length of Life three wayes First for that the young one partakes more of the substance of the Mother As hath beene said Secondly that it comes forth more strong and able Thirdly that it undergoes the predatorie Force of the Aire sater Besides it shewes that Nature intendeth to finish her periods by larger Circles Now though Oxen and Sheepe which are borne in the wombe about six Moneths are but short liv'd That happens for other Causes 5 Feeders upon Grasse and 〈◊〉 Herbs are but short Livers And Creatures feeding upon Flesh or Seeds or Fruits long Livers As some Birds are As for Harts which are long liv'd They take the one Halfe of their Meat As men use to say from above their Heads And the Goose besides Grasse findeth something in the water and stubble to feed upon 6 Wee suppose that a good Clothing of the Body maketh much to long Life For it Fenceth and Armeth against the Intemperances of the Aire which dot wonderfully Assaile and Decay the Body which Benefit Birds especially have Now that Sheep which have so good Fleeces should bee so short 〈◊〉 That is to bee impated to Diseases whereof that Creature is full and to the bareeating of Grasse 7 The Seat of the Spirits without doubt is principally the Head Which though it bee usually understood of the Animall Spirits onely yet this is all in all Againe it is not to bee doubted but the Spirits doe most of all waste and prey upon the Body so that wher they are either in greater plentie Or in greater Inflammation and Acrimonie There the life is much shortned And therefore wee conceive a great Cause of long life in Birds to bee The Smalnesse of their Heads in comparison of their Bodies For even Men which have very great Heads wee suppose to be the shorter Livers 8 We are os opinion That Carriage is of all other Motions the most helpfull to long life which we also noted before Now there are carried Water-fowles upon the water As Swans All Birds in their flying but with a strong Endevour of their Lime And Fishes of the length of whose Life wee have no certaintie 9 Those Creatures which are long before they come to their perfection Net speaking of Growth in stature onely but of other steps to Maturitie As Manputs forth First his 〈◊〉 Next the Signes of Pube tie Then his Beard And so forward are Long-liv'd For it shewes that Nature finisheth her Periods by larger Circles 10 Milder Creatures are not long-liv'd As the Sheepe and Dove for Choler is as the Whetstone and Spur to many Functions in the Body 11 Creatures whose Flesh is more Duskish are longer liv'd than those that have white Flesh for it sheweth that the Iuyce of the Body is more firme and lesse apt to dissipate 12 In every Corruptible Body Quantitie maketh much to the Conservation of the whole For a great fire is longer in Quenching A small portion of water is sooner evaporated The Body of a Tree withereth not so fast as a Twig And therefore generally I speak it of Species not of Individuals Creatures that are large in Body are longer liv'd than thos that are small unlesse there be some other potent Cause to hinder it Alimentation or Nourishment And the way of Nourishing The Historie 1 NOurishment ought to bee of an Inferiour nature and more simple substance than the Thing Nourished Plants are nourished with the Earth and Water Living Creatures with Plants Man with Living Creatures There are also certain Creatures Feeding upon Flesh And Man himselfe takes Plants into a part of his Nourishment But Man and Creatures feeding upon Flesh are scarcely nourished with Plants alone Perhaps Fruits or Graines baked or boyled may with long use nourish them But Leaves of Plants or Herbs will not doe it As the Order of the Foliatanes shewed by Experience 2 Over-great Affinity or Consubstantiality of the Nourishment to the Thing nourished proveth not well for Creatures feeding upon Herbs touch no Flesh And of Creatures feeding upon Flesh few of them eat their owne kinde As for Men which are Cannibals they feed not ordinarily upon Mens Flesh But reserve it as a Dainty either to serve their Revenge upon their Enemies or to satisfie their Appetite at some times So the Ground is best sowne with Seed growing else-where And Men do not use to Graft or Inoculate upon the same stocke 3 By how much the more the Nourishment is better Prepared and approacheth nearer in likenesse to the Thing nourished By so much the more are Plants more Fruitfull And Living Creatures in better liking and plight For a young Slip or Cions is not so well nourished if it bee pricked into the Ground As if it be grafted into a Stecke agreeing wich it in Nature And where it findes the Nourishment alreadie disgested and prepared Neither as is reported will the Seed of an Onion or some such like sown in the bare earth bring forth so large a Fruit as if it be put into another Onion Which is a new kind of Grafting Into the Root or under ground Againe it hath beene found out lately That a Slip of a Wilde Tree As of an Elme Oake Ash or such like grafted into a Stock of the same kind wil bring forth larger Leaves than those that grow without Grafting Also Men are not nourished so well with Raw Flesh as with that which hath passed the Fire 4 Living Creatures are nourished by the Mouth plants by the Root Young ones in the Womb by the Navill Birds for a while are nourished with the Yolke in the Egge whereof some is found in their Crops after they are hatched 5 All Nourishment moveth from the Center to the Circum cumference Or from the Inward to the Outward yet it is to be noted That in Trees and Plants the Nourishment passeth rather by the Barke and outward Parts than by the Pith and inward parts For if the Barke be pilled off though but for a small bredth round they live no more And the Bloud in the Veines of Living Creatures doth no lesse nourish the Flesh beneath it than the Flesh above it 6 In all Alimentation or Nourishment there is a two-fold Action Extrusion and Attraction whereof the Former proceeds from the Inward Function the latter from the Outward 7 Vegetables assimilate their Nourishment simply without Excerning For Gums and Teares of Trees are rather Exuberances than Excrements And knots or knobs are nothing but Diseases But the substance of Living Creatures is more perceptible of the like And therefore it is conjoyned with a kinde of Disdaine whereby it rejecteth the Bad and assimilateth the Good 8 It is a strange Thing of the Stalkes of Fruits That all the Nourishment which produceth sometimes such great Fruits should bee forced to passe thorow so narrow Necks For the
The Seventh Operation upon the Aliment it selfe 〈◊〉 the Insinuation thereof 8 The Eighth Operation is 〈◊〉 on the last Act of Assimilatioc 9 The Ninth Operation is up on the Inteneration of the Part after they begin to be Dried 10 The Tenth Operation is on the Purging away of 〈◊〉 Juyce and Supplying of 〈◊〉 Juyce Of these Operations the 〈◊〉 first belong to the First Intention The foure next to the 〈◊〉 Intention And the two last the Third Intention But because this Part touching the Intentions doth tend to Practice under the Name of Historie we will not onely comprise Experiments and Observations But also Councels Remedies Explications of Causes Assumptions and whatsoever hath Reference hereunto The Operation upon the Spirits that they may remaine youthfull and renue their Vigour The Historie 1 THe Spirits are the Master-workmen of all Effects in the Bodie This is manifest by Consent And by Infinite Instances 2 If any Man could procure that a young Mans Spirit could be conveyed into 〈◊〉 Mans Body It is not unlikely but this great Wheele of the Spirits might turne 〈◊〉 the lesser wheele of the 〈◊〉 And so the Course of 〈◊〉 become Retrograde 3 In every Consumption whether it be by Fire or by Age the more the Spirit of the Body or the Heat preyeth upon the Moisture 〈◊〉 lesser is the Duration of the Thing This occurres every where and is manifest 4 The Spirits are to be 〈◊〉 such a Temperament and Degree of Activitie 〈◊〉 they should not as He 〈◊〉 Drinke or Guzzle the 〈◊〉 of the Body But Sippe them onely 5 There are two Kinds of Flames The one Eager and weak which consumes slight Substances but hath little power over the Harder As the Flame of Straw or small Sticks The other strong and constant which converts Hard and obstinate substances As the Flame of Hard wood and such like 6 The eager Flames and yet lesse Robust doe drie Bodies and render them exhaust and Baplesse But the stronger Flames doe 〈◊〉 and melt them 7 Also in 〈◊〉 Mediines some vapour forth the 〈◊〉 part of the Tumours or Swellings and these 〈◊〉 the Tumour Others potently discusse and these Soften it 8 Also in Purging and Absterging Medicines some carry away the Fluide Humours violently others draw the more Obstinate and viscous 9 The Spirits ought to be invested and armed with such a Heat That they may choose rather to stirre and 〈◊〉 Hard and obstinate Matters Than to discharge and carry away the thin and prepared For by that meanes the Body becomes Greene and Solide 10 The Spirits are so to be wrought and tempered That they may be In Substance Dense 〈◊〉 Rare In Heat Strong 〈◊〉 Eager In Quantity Sufficient for the Offices of Life 〈◊〉 Redundant or TurgideIn Motion Appeased 〈◊〉 Dancing or Unequall 11 That Vapours worke powerfully upon the Spirits it is manifest By Sleepe by Drunkennesse by Melancholy Passions By Laetificant Medicines By Odours calling the Spirits back againe in Swounings and Faintings 12 The Spirits are condensed foure wayes Either by Putting them to Flight Or by Refrigerating and Cooling them Or by Stroaking them Or by Quieting them And first of their Condensation by putting them to Flight 13 Whatsoever putteth to Flight on all parts driveth the Body into his Center And so condenseth 14 To the Condenfution of the Spirits by Flight the most Powerfull and Effectuall is Opium And next Opiates And generally all 〈◊〉 Things 15 The force of Opium to the Condensation of the Spirits 〈◊〉 exceeding strong When as perhaps three graines thereof will in a short time so Coagulate the Spirits that they returne no more but are extinguished and become Im moveable 16 Opium and the like put not the Spirits to Flight by their Coldnesse For they have Parts manifestly Hot But 〈◊〉 the contrary coole by their putting the Spirits to Flight 17 The Flight of the Spirits by Opium and Opiate Medicines 〈◊〉 best seene by applying 〈◊〉 same outwardly For the 〈◊〉 straight withdraw themselves And will returne 〈◊〉 more But the Part is Mortified And turnes to a Gangrene 18 Opiates in Grievous Pains as in the Stone or the Cutting off of a Lunme mitigate paines Most of all by putting the Spirits to Flight 19 Opiates obtaine a good Effect from a bad Cause For the Flight of the Spirits is Evill But the Condensation of them through their Flight is Good 20 The Grecians attributed much both for Health and for Prolongation of Life to Opiates But the Arabians much more In so much that their Grand Medicines which they called the Gods Hands Had Opium for their Basis principall Ingredient other Things being mixed to abate and correct the Noxious Qualities thereof Such were Treacle Mithridate and the rest 21 Whatsoever is given with good successe in the curing of pestilentiall and Malignant Diseases To stop and Bridle the Spirits lest they grow Turbulent and Tumultuate May very happily be transferred to Prolongation of Life For one Thing is effectuall unto both Namely the Condensation of the Spirits Now there is nothing better for that than Opiates 22 The Turkes finde Opium even in a reasonable good quantitie Harmelesse and Comfortable In so much that they take it before their Battell to excite Courage But to us unlesse it be in a very small Quantity and with good Correctives it is Mortall 23 Opium and Opiates are maaifestly found to excite Venus Which shewes them to have force to corroborate the Spirits 24 Distilled mater of wilde Poppie is given with good successe in Sursets Agues and divers Diseases Which no doubt is a Temperate kinde of Opiate Neither let any man wonder at the various use of it For that is Familiar to Opiates In regard that the Spirits corroborated and Condensed will rise up against any Disease 25 The Turkes use a kinde of Herb which they call Caphe which they dry and powder And then drinke it in warme water Which they say doth not a little sharpen them both in their Courage and in their Wits Notwithstanding if it be taken in a large Quantity it affects and disturbs the Minde Whereby it is manifost that it is of the same Nature with Opiates 26 There is a Root much renowmed in al the Easternparts which they call Betel Which the Indians and others use to carry in their Mouths and to champ it And by that champing they are wonderfully enabled both to endure Labours and to overcome Sicknesses and to the Act of carnall Copulation It seemes to be a kinde of Stupefactive because it exceedingly blacks the Teeth 27 Tobacco in our Age is immoderately growne into use And it affects Men with a secret kinde of Delight In so much that they who have once inured themselves to it can hardly afterwards leave it And no doubt it hath power to lighten the Body and to shake off wearinesse Now the vertue of it is commonly thought to be because it opens the Passages and void Humours But it may more