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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A56139	An account of a portable barometer, with reasons and rules for the use of it how to weigh the air, measure its height, and foretell all the alteration of weather, the constitution of the atmosphere, and how the effluvia keep off the airs gravitation : with a new account and experiments, how rain, snow, winds, frost, thunder, lightning, hurricans and tornados are produced, and an inquiry, whether the planetary beams or influence can cause an alteration of weather, to be foretold by them : with a sensible demonstration of their influences and the insufficiency of all hygroscopes, thermometers, and other inventions, to discover the alterations of weather by : and lastly, rules and experiments for the certain knowledge of all the alterations of weather, both in quantity and quality / by Gust. Parker, Med.	Parker, Gustavus.	1699 (1699)	Wing P391; ESTC R1399	37,634	125

AN ACCOUNT OF A Portable Barometer WITH Reasons and Rules For the Use of it How to Weigh the Air Measure its Height and foretell all the alteration of Weather the Constitution of the Atmosphere and how the Effluvia keep off the Air 's Gravitation with a New Account and Experiments how Rain Snow Winds Frost Thunder Lightning Hurricans and Tornado's are produced And an inquiry whether the Planetary Beams or Influence can cause an alteration of weather to be foretold by them With a sensible Demonstration of their Influences and the insufficiency of all Hygroscopes Thermometers and other Inventions to discover the alterations or Weather by And lastly Rules and Experiments for the certain knowledge of all the alterations of Weather both in Quantity and Quality By GVST PARKER Med. LONDON Printed for William Haws at the Rose in Ludgate-street MDCXCX THE Preface THE business of a Portable Barometer have been the endeavours of several Men above Thirty Years last past To find out some way or other to put the Quicksilver Glass into a secure Travelling Posture at last they got a way to tye a piece of Leather over the Cistern and round the Tube and such they called their Portable Barometers which the Philosophical Transactions saies are no ways to be trusted to by reason of their Intolerable Errors and besides are indeed no ways Portable which this of mine is to every body that can but walk and will whether they will or not shew any alteration of Weather and several other things besides But this short Account being altogether new and I believe the first that ever came abroad of this nature consisting only of Experiments and Discoveries of this Instrument it will I hope from friends especially want the less Apology both for the Stile Matter and manner which is not often so smoth well digested and ordered in a thing that never was before as it may be a second time And I hope the confiderations of the usefulness of these Barometers in all the following and many other Discoveries will excuse the rest not only in what concerns the true Nature Quality Temper and Inclinations of the Air as to its self and the alterations of the Weather but all other Liquids as well which may thus be divers ways both weighed and measured at the same time in their Fountains and thereby discover many particular qualifications very hard and difficult if not impossible by any other means and thereby also in time give a Demonstration of the true System of all Natural Bodies And being thus led to the knowledge of their Consistence will be conducted from thence to their Prima Materia and so to the Grand System of the Great World But as there are some who have gained the way of making others little upon Trust so they will abhor the news of any that undertake to undeceive them and will neither give themselves nor others leave to consider what another have done Yet if they will set to work and Merit their own Encomiums with Meum and Tuum they shall have every thing due to their Characters from Gus t s Parker AN ACCOUNT OF A Portable Barometer CHAP. I. First what the Portable Barometer is the Constitution of the Atmosphere and how the Effluvia keep off the Airs Gravitation and are the cause of the variation of its weight WHat I have to offer about a Portable Barometer I once intended to shew the world in another manner but since that could not be I am unwilling by reason of the extraordinary service it may be applied to in Philosophy Hydrostaticks and Mechanicks they should know nothing of it yet know no reason after a great deal of Labour and Charge to give it away but could rather wish there were something ordered for a present reward according to the worth of every discovery whereby every improvement would immediately receive a thousand improvements if it were capable and the World the benefit at the same time And for the Philosophical Reasons of the Natures of these things from Authors I never saw any either of Meteors or this and as I suppose the thing is New so I know nothing but what reason has taught me in the use of it for about two years and a half Therefore it cannot be supposed the Method Reasons or Rules should be so smooth Direct and Perfect the first time as they may be afterward if I live and do well to make another Edition The Portable Barometer is an Instrument that weighs the Air measures its Height and foretells all the alterations of Weather both in Quantity and Quality which for the better understanding it will be convenient to tell the reasons which I shall do in ten Particulars Then shew the manner in its use and settle the Rules for there is no alteration of Weather which is not preceeded by an alteration of the weight of the Air both for Heat and Cold as well as Wet and Dry which comes to pass in this manner The continual motion of the Parts of Matter of which all things are composed and from whence they encrease and decay begets a mighty Emancipation of Atoms with constant Emanations from every part of all sorts of Bodies which being pressed on every side by the Universal Fluid of Air gives them particular bounds and so constitute an Atmosphere or Sphere of Attoms to every Body and is thereby also the cause of Electrical Attractions therefore the great Globe of Earth and Water with all its consistent Bodies must needs have very Copious Effluviums and so make a very large Atmosphere being by an Universal Motion driven from every part of the whole as far as the Power of that Motion and the Pressure of the Air will give leave which by that Pressure and their own weight are again returned like random-shot from whence they are sent This Sphere of Atoms or at least our Hemispherical part thereof is sometimes filled with more and less Emanations by the inequality of that Motion several Undulations particular Eddies and the Effluvia Circulations which in like manner does more or less keep off the Airs Gravitation whereby a Cylinder of the Air cannot weigh so much in wet or Winds Weather as it does in dry Weather and not as John Smith tells us by his Principle of Philosophy that the Air is lighter by being mixt with watery vapors tho a thousand times heavier than its self and mixes Water with Rectified Spirits of Wine for a Demonstration in his Horological Disquisitions pag. 75. I say Winds as well as Wet keep off the Airs Gravitations for Winds also being only humid bodies sufficiently dilated and by that Expansive force the strugling Atoms as strangely agitated with numerous and powerful Attacks from multitudes of fresh Emancipations and Eruptions from our Aeolian Globe must needs keep off the Air 's Gravitation much more then other Pacide Vapors as I shall further Demonstrate in the third and fifth Chapters following which in the Common Barometer make very

withered and Men and Beasts benumed that passed that way pag. 101 and 109 and this North and South wind heat and cold wet and dry weather proceeded from the Sun 's local position on the North or South side of their Zenith or Equator as his Rays decline from their perpendicularity and not from fiery airy watery or earthly Signs for the Sun beams are not earthly in us nor watery in ♉ but fiery in ♋ and always so powerful in the Torid Zone that they are the chief efficients of all these sorts of weather without any assistance from the other Planets there being hardly any room for any of their beams to crowd in Secondly of the beams of the Moon these being from a lesser light have not so many manifest operations as those of the Sun yet are known in several places of India and the Torid Zone to cause contractures in the Bodies of those that are too long exposed to them as well to the Natives as Strangers tho more to the latter and that several are made Lame or else have had some of their Limbs contracted for several weeks and some for as many months and others to their lives end if they happen to sleep where the Moon shines upon them which several of our Seamen who go to those places have also seen and a friend of mine a Relation and Merchant that Traded and Lived sometime in the Island of Sunda at Achem in Sumatra and Bantum in Java and had traveled many other parts of India assured me he had seen several that had their Limbs contracted and their Mouths or Necks so drawn aside and twisted by the beams of the Moon that they were very surprising to behold and that he himself when he came first into those parts before he was acquainted with it took up his Lodging after an extream hot day according to the custom of the place in the open air with slender covering where the Moons beams could fully come for good part of the night which being past before he waked when he went to rise he found the left side of his neck and up to his Ear and the same Arm and Soulder which was very much exposed so stiff that he was scarce able to stir himself and was forced to keep within eight or ten days to be cured which was done by the constant use of inward and outward Aromaticks of the Country for that time and that the Country people told him the next morning if he had acquainted them with his design or had passed the night where they did he would have prevented that mischief by lodging in a place unexposed to the Moons Beams The reasons of these disasters must be that the beams of the Moon like those of the Sun do propel the Terrene Effluvia before them but having no such heat as they have these Effluvia thus driven enter the Pores of the Body in the exposed parts with a contrary tendency and much less agitated than the Animal Spirits and Humours and thereby cool and obstruct their natural motions and circulations these Nutricious Spirits and Juices being thus hindred a paucid Lympha supplies which has no such motion and thereby Tumefies Contracts and hinders the proper motion of the part it possesses which the heat of the body soon exsiccates may be as it comes and so confirms it and as these people say it is only the beams of the Moon so neither can we suppose it should be any thing else for it should proceed from the Wind or cold Damps then it might be as well when the Moon did not shine upon them or in some other parts than those on which it did shine which is not known and when they do take up their lodging in the open air we cannot suppose neither that the Wind should be concentred upon them through any crack or hole besides being in the open air the continual Streams or Effiuvia of their own bodies both warm and keep off the neighbouring air from every part equal to the power and strength of their motions and so secures them in all places that are but moderately calm and still Then for the Beams of the other Planets and Stars there is none can say they are refracted either by the Aether Air or Atmosphere but that they pass directly down upon us and so penetrate every part of all these in their descensions as we see and know their light is sent down thus far these beams therefore having so great a power notwithstanding the constant Diurnal Circumgyration of the Earth or Heavens to continue their direct courses hither must needs move alter and impell the Effluvious Air before them but yet no other ways than according to their direct positions and so may either bring or carry from us misty rainy or snowy Vopours or otherways may put the Air into a direct or contrary motion and so produce Winds Storms Tempests Thunders Hurricanes c. which may thus be foretold at any time and from what quarter the Wind will blow with as much certainty as their Motions and Positions are known and by this means there will be or rather is a new account of their Aspects according to the Lines and Angles they make at the earth and not amongst themselves nor from fiery airy watery or earthly signs for neither of these can have any respect to us of which this Barometer has given a Diagram that by taking the Planets places from an Ephemeris to their true places in that all the alterations of weather and winds from their Quarters may be foretold at any time And further tho not so proper here these beams that are able to penetrate move and alter the air which we can no ways subsist nor live one hour without are as capable to penetrate our bodies as that which we know the beams of the Sun does c. and move and alter our spirits and so the spirits of all other bodies which cannot be less subject to these motions and alterations than ours are and if our spirits and the spirits of all other bodies may be moved and altered by these beams then these spirits being the immediate causes and only principles of Life Power Vertue Force and Strength it will be impossible they should be altred and changed and no alterations made in the bodies themselves therefore a less limit of the power of these beams cannot be set than what must at length terminate as well in the bodies themselves All which I hope to demonstrate further by infalliable proofs if life and leisure serve in a Treatise by it self what these Beams and Motions are that they have power to cause all the alterations of winds and weather we are acquainted with and all other common alterations in our and other Animal Bodies and Spirits by the Lines and Angles they make at the Earth and not by their beholding one another by Sextile Quartile Trine or Opposition which may serve till then for tho it be the

heat or Condensation of some particular part to make room for the natural Expansion of another the effects will be all one a Wind must insue by the Protrusion of other Air which by this means crowd and Superonerate the former spaces whereby that wonderful and admirable Emotions of the Atmosphere is produced we call Wind which is more or less violent according to the force and extent of the Rarefaction Secondly Compressure is another way by which Winds may be generated the Effluvious Air being in continual motion not in one but several Currents must needs produce very numerous undulations these together almost as many Eddies whether in pure Air Efflvious Vapours or Clouds which in contrary Currents meet with more or less violence according to the Bigness Strength and Density of the Matter by which means the Wind may as the pressure is violently descend Perpendicularly to the Earth or being reverted by cross or collateral obstructions heaping and pressing Superonerations makes as violent Whirl-winds Hurricanes or Tornadoes c. to blow from all the parts of the Compass at the same time with amazing Displosions as if the Heavens and the Earth were going to be torn in pieces by these examinating Tempests But their several Species is not my present business only the use of the Barometer but if Life and Leisure serve it may be done in another Edition Thirdly Elasticity the natural springiness of the Air is another cause of Winds for tho we suppose our Atmosphere to be in never so still and quiet a posture and all things most calm and sedate yet 't is impossible it should be all of one universal consistency but must contain a great variety of rare and dense parts from the Local Diffirances the Emanations proceed from either Waters or Marshes or dry Lands and these different degrees of fluid Densities being upon a just and true Aequilibrium a small strenght of other Elastick Particles between turns them any way which immediately make room for a numerous succession of other Auxiliaries to a vast extent that carries all before them in an impetuous Wind. So that whenever any Aereal Particle has leave to unbend it self in any posture it immediately gives way to the other neighbouring Particles Expansions and as the motion is made to others beyond to a mighty extent by which means their strength is also encreased to a mighty proportion with the addition of their weight to their Elasticity and so carries all before them to the turning up of the strongest Oakes or Buildings which continue till the Elastick Particles are driven to their utmost extentions that the other pacid Particles will yeild to and then they begin again to curl and fluctuate and by degrees to settle in their native postures and a quiet calm till fresh causes give them new disturbances Fourthly The Resilition of the Atmosphere is another cause that produces wind the Effluvious Air being easily taken and brought into currents by several Meanders as well in the upper as in the lower Regions in the upper by the Sun Beams or the particular constitution or local position of the same Effluviums and in the lower by the Waters in several Seas and Channels and also with several Mountains and Valleys by Land this tender fluid being so very tractable so easily susceptible and long retentive of the last Impression that 't is a kind of a perpetual Automata which may by these or several other ways be brought into Currents but yet it is almost impossible these Currents should be continued in even and uninterrupted Orbicular courses but must be met or obstructed by several Clouds and Densities in the Atmosphere Hills Mountains the Sun Beams contrary Currents of Air Provincial Trade or Etesian-winds Mascarets c. any of which obstructions forthwith begets this Resilition and that more or less wind according to the bigness and strength of the recoyling Protrusions Fifthly Subterraneal eruptions are another cause of Winds which eruptions are produced by the Calid Emotions and Effervescencies of Mineral Heterogeneities that plentifully abound in all parts of the world and these Calid Emotions by the mixtures of the Effluvious Acids from Niter and other Salts Vitriols Sulphurs Antimony c. which will immediately heat only with a small quantity of fair water as Spirits of Niter and Vitriol c. which are only their acid salts freed from their more Terrestrial parts and united with a little Phlegm mingled with water will do the small Partieles of which are always at hand and can never be wanting in no such places And with bigger additions of other Auxiliaries are in some places augmented to actual fires by which means their acid Salts are made Alcaline and so furnish the whole Universe with sufficient matter for Effervescencies and fermenting Calid Emotions by the continual actions and reactions of their Acid and Alcaline Particles as quick Lime and Water or these with Sal Armoniack c. or any Acid Spirit with the ashes of Wood Bones Coals or other Alcalies will immediately heat and boyl without fire with such strength and violence that the strongest Vessel cannot contain them Thus the Subterraneal Caverns are the Kingdom of Aeolus and Nature's Chymical Furnaces where all the numerous Cranies are Receptacles of Wind from the internal Vulcano's Rarefactions which are continually sent Night and Day from all those places and constantly disturb our Atmosphere more or less in one place or another by their powerful Propulsions For the Earth is the first Mother of Meteors and contains all those restless Spirits and Effervescencies that afterwards raise Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornado's by Sea several raging Winds and violent Storms by Land Thunders and Lightnings in the Air and Earth-quakes under ground frequently known to come from the burning Mountains in China the Grotto's in Calabria and Sicily The Alps and many other places of the World Sixthly Submarine eruptions are produced in the same manner under the Sea as the others are under the Ground and generate Winds as they do and are called Procella Coeca they break out in a Cloud or Mist from under the Water and encrease and diffuse themselves till they cover the face of the whole Heavens and end in most dreadful Tempests we have an account of one from our Fleet at Duncannon by the Principal Officers to their Superiours in England related by Esquire Boyle that in a calm day there suddenly ascended a black Cloud out of the Water hard by them in shape and bigness of a Barrel which afterwards ended in so hideous and dreadful a Tempest that it forced the Ships to Sea again in the greatest danger of total destruction and had like to have cast them away So in St. Owen's Bay in the Isle of Jersey when never so calm and no Wind stirring these submarine Tempests often appear and the roaring of the Waves are heard all over the Isle and 20 or 30 miles into France and in the River Dourdongn near Bourdeaux the Mascarets

swell the Water into Mountains and the People cry out Garde le Mascaret in Summer time and the calmest air So the Gulf of Lions often threatens the adjacent Country with a Deluge the Lake of Geneva and several other places from the same causes CHAP. IV. That violent Tempests Hurricanes or Tornadoes c. seldom happen in cold Countries Winter-seasons Large Plains or great Seas WInds being generated according to the preceding manners they may consist of almost infinite variety of Salts Sulphurs Spirits Mineral and Subterraneous Juices Damps and Aeolian Ejections Mists and rarified Vapours Rain or dissolved Snow broken and dissipated Clouds or agitated Air and so may be hot cold dry moist c. and thereby also more or less lasting or violent according to the matter power and plenty of their Causes yet must be raised in natural ways from their Fountains or proper Productions which are very easily effected without recourse to Occult Causes upon so tender a fluid as Air by the foregoing ways in the preceding Chapter and may be as truly foretold by the Portable Barometer notwithstanding all this variety by the alterations they produce in the weight of the Air but yet violent Winds Storms Tempests Hurricanes Tornadoes c. cannot be so easily produced in cold Countries hard frosty seasons large Plains or great Seas as ●n warmer Regions Rockey Countries or narrow and craggy Seas for in cold Countries or frosty Seasons the Effluvious Air is too much Condensed into a kind of fixation and thereby not only keep the Effluvia in the same posture but walls in very Atmosphere against all other Pneumatick Attacks whatever that the most violent Protrusions of Exotick force can never disorder their Perennial Structure but can only displace some outward Particles which the standing force of the rest will take no notice of nor can there be any internal disturbance to disorder their quiet for the same cold that fixes the Effluvia keeps them so and hinders all other commotions and also shuts the pores of the Earth hinders the Rarefaction of Vapours and stops all manner of Effervescencies and calid Emotions of Subterraneous Mineral Heterogeneous Spirits and Ejections whereby the Atmosphere must needs be much more quiet and free from these raging disturbances in such places and at such times than in hot mountainous or rocky places And so in large Plains or great Seas there can be nothing to interrupt or obstruct the currents or course or the Air but as it comes so it continues its progress and goes away in a great body to a vast distance and meets with neither resilitions nor compressions no Hills Mountains nor Vulcanos but is continued almost in a perennial Course either with the Sun Earth or primum mobile in all such places as well as the whole Torrid Zone and some degrees on each side except in Rocky Countries narrow Seas c. In Trade Etesian or Anniversary Winds or with the Course of the Sea or Air and Water as the Levant and Provincial Winds in continued Streams or at most in gentle puffs and even Gales created by the motion of particular Clouds soft Rains moderate Storms or Effluvious Densities that propell the Air before them in such undulous A sperities but must be something extraordinary or a great Complication of causes that can seldom happen to produce a Hurricane Tornado c. besides in cold Countries great Seas large Plains c. the chief material efficients are wanting a powerful Effervescency confused Eddies Transverse Resilitions strong Compressions and heaping Superonerations therefore besides the freedom from these violent sorts of weather these places must needs enjoy more mild and temperate seasons at all times except heat in the Torrid Zone than any other yet heat and cold as well as all other sorts of weather are caused by the particular temperature disposition of the Atmosphere assisted by the presence or absence of the Calorifick Beams and constitution of the place and so may be as well foretold by the alterations they make in the weight of the Air as any other sort of weather as I shall shew in the Seventh and Eighth Chapters following CHAP. V. That they are easily foretold because they produce the greatest variation in the weight of the Air. WInds being only the motions or agitations of our Effluvious Air it may at first seem strange how they should cause so great an alteration in the weight thereof above any other sort of Weather and will be almost surprising to see a Cylinder of Air that now weighs 2020 or more in a few hours not to weigh above 1970 or less and after the Wind is over in a little longer time to weigh 2020 again or more than it did before til● the matter and causes are considered If our Hemispherical part of the Atmosphere continue of an even thickness and the Effluvia in the same posture a Cylinder of Air must needs continue of the same weight for as there is nothing to alter its density so 't is impossible it should alter its gravity and continuing of the same weight the Effluvia are neither dispersed nor more heaped or crowded together therefore being still there can be no wind and the longer it holds the greater the calm if it continues two or three days a Feather will fall perpendicular from a considerable height so that let the weight be what it will or can when ever it stands it is always calm which may be further said to be almost more than true if possible for it may continue to increase or decrease one two or three parts in 24 hours and yet it will continue calm from the highest to the lowest variation And so for violent Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornados they being produced by such means related in the third Chapter it will be impossible any of them should happen when the weight of the Air does not alter above two three four five or six parts in twenty four hours nor indeed in half that time let the alteration be in what part of the variation it will tho between 2020 and 1980 five or six parts will be near as much as ten in any other part for if it be more than 2020 the Air is too dry or fair so there is nothing to put it into motion and if it be less than 1980 it is too wet or too much filled and thickned every where with the Effluvious vapours to receive any such disturbances and the reasons why none of these violent tempests never come when the weight of the Air alters no faster are that the Effluvious Vapours come smoothly on and the Atmosphere thickens by degrees and by that means our Hemispherical part thereof is gradually filled to a greater or lesser depth and thickness and therefore must be leisurely discharged in the manner related in the second Chapter about Rain for thus our Hemisphere is secured from all manner of violence from outward attacks or inward disturbances of strong Compressions confused

the Weights may and do consist of Ounces Drachms Scruples and Grains and may as well be Pounds or Hundreds but will be most Convenient to have them of one Denomination and the bigger or more Weights we use the greater will be the variation of the smaller parts if the Balance be good to foretell the last as well as other alterations of weather by which with small weights except the Balance be very nice will not be casie to distinguish so many minute variations as all the alterations of weather will require I have therefore a weight consisting of or divided into 2000 equal parts for the Middle or Center of variation and have not yet observed the weight of Air to vary full 60 such parts either above or below that number that is 120 in all so if the weight be bigger the variations will be more as this of 2000 is 120 if it were 4000 the variation would be 240 such parts which is near ten times as much as in the Common Barometer but if it be but 1000 the variations will not be above 60 such parts which is 3 times as much as the common ones and to be less will not be so serviable January 3. 1698 9 a Cylinder of Air weighed but 1951 having been very wet the day before and rained all the night presceeding and now extream dark thick weather but no rain this thrid day Jan. 4. it weighed 1958 being very Cloudy but no Rain this day neither Jan. 6. it weighed 1964 when it rained all the day abundance The first of these times the Common Barometer was something below much Rain the next the Quicksilver stood at much Rain and in the last one division above much Rain Sept. 12. 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2025 it was very fair clear and dry Octob. 3. 1698 a Cylinder weighed 2022 being very fair clear and dry Decemb. the 3d. and 4th 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2026 being very fair yet thawing and a hard frost going away In the first of these the Common Barometer was at fair and at the second very near at the last somewhat above fair These I believe are sufficient to prove that a Cylinder of Air does not weigh so much in wet as in dry weather but yet a particular parcel of Air as a Quart Gallon or Bushel c. must needs weigh much heavier in a wet time or tho only misty then in a clear Season it containing so many watery Particles every where within our reach that there is not above one third part of pure Air if so much as I have several times tried Octob. 21 and 22. 1698 it rained both days almost from morning to night and so much in Buckingham and Bedfordshire that the like had not been known On the 21 I took a Brass Aeolipile which held something more than a Pint and half a little better than eight and twenty ounces of common well Water this was made as hot as it would indure and then the Orifice was very well stoped with a firm Cement and so laid to cool and when it was through cold in an exact pair of Scales it weighed Eight Ounces Seven Drachms and a half the Orifice being then opened to let in the Air it weighed something above 19 Grains more a Cylinder of Air at the same time weighed 1962 and the Quicksilver Glass stood 4 below Changeable The 22 in the morning the same quantity of Air weighed near 20 Grains a Cylinder of Air 1963 and the weather-glass as before Jan. 2. 1698 9 being a very wet day when a Cylinder of Air weighed but 1949 the Weather-glass at 2 below much Rain the emptied Aeolipile contained 21 grains and a half of humid Air. Jan. the 6. following very wet again yet a Cylinder of Air weighed 1964 the Weather-glass three divisions higher than on the second day but the exhausted Aeolipile 22 Grains of humid Air this day Then on the 12th of Sept. 1698 when a Cylinder of Air weighed 2025 the Weather Fair the Aeolipile heat and weighed as before would now hold but 15 Grains and a half of Air. Octob. 3d following a Cylinder of Air weighed 2022 being very fair and clear the Weather-glass very near the same height the Aeolipile weighed 16 Grains more when the Air was let in then before Decemb. the 4th 1698 a Cylinder of Air weighed 2026 being very fair but a little misty the Weather-glass a little above Fair the exhausted Aeolipile near 17 Grains more when the Air was let in then it did before This I believe is sufficient to make good the Title of this Chapter and prove the truth of a Paradox or two that the Ai● is both lighter and heavier in we● weather and both heavier and lighte● in dry weather But there is nor can be no certainty in the Aeolipilan way as I shall demonstrate in the 10 Chapter to foretell any alteration of weather by CHAP. III. How Winds Storms Tempests Hurricanes and Tornados are produced THe Portable Barometer being an Instrument that discovers all the alterations of Weather it will be convenient to give some account of Winds also what they are and how produced for they are as well foreseen by this as any other sort of weather and the reason we have had no better knowledge of them is only for want of a true method in Science to direct us in all natural observations to enlarge and confirm our knowledge That have kept us from it therefore what I have to say of Winds cannot be expected to be either so full or perfect as what is dilivered of more obvious Subjects being not so Cogniscible to our Senses but are indeed of a Metaphysical Nature of which few I suppose have made any great experiments but only given us some Historical relations of their strangeness and tho Winds are only the motions of Air yet their origines are almost as various as their motions and cannot be had from any one cause but we must ascend into the Regions of the Air and descend into the Caverns of the Earth and Waters of the Sea to understand them for we can never confine their original to any one efficient nor I believe there never was any single Theory yet stated that would resolve the whole Phaenominon of Winds which may be generated these six ways by Rarefaction Compressure Elasticity and Resilition or by Subterraneal or Submarine Eruptions The universal Efficient of the first four is chiefly the operations of the Sun Beams upon the Effluvious Air and that of the other two from Subterranial Vutrano's and Calid Emotions of Mineral Heterogenities as I shall successively shew First by Rarification that Air may be dilated to 100 200 nay 13000 times its former extent as the Honourable Esquire Boyle Mersennus and others have experienced without heat by removing the Circumjacent Pressure of the other Aerial Particles but let this or any such Rarefaction be produced from what cause soever either by the Sun Beams or any other