medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d with_o respect_n to_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v so_o be_v the_o principle_n or_o premise_n to_o the_o conclusion_n wherefore_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o affection_n so_o the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n not_o only_o why_o the_o conclusion_n be_v know_v for_o in_o this_o sense_n the_o principle_n be_v the_o cause_n even_o in_o all_o syllogism_n but_o also_o why_o they_o be_v true_a and_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v before_o the_o affection_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n obtain_v a_o verity_n not_o in_o time_n but_o nature_n prior_n to_o that_o of_o the_o conclusion_n last_o as_o the_o medium_fw-la be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o affection_n not_o as_o to_o we_o and_o in_o way_n of_o confuse_a knowledge_n but_o of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a cognition_n so_o also_o the_o principle_n be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n for_o because_o we_o embrace_v the_o conclusion_n with_o a_o full_a assent_n of_o the_o mind_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o the_o principle_n we_o must_v assent_v more_o to_o the_o principle_n themselves_o of_o necessity_n because_o that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v such_o that_o itself_o be_v more_o such_o as_o aristotle_n teach_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o etc._n etc._n ax._n 7._o now_o when_o the_o principle_n have_v all_o these_o condition_n they_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 8._o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v when_o they_o be_v neither_o heterogeneous_a or_o foreign_a nor_o yet_o common_a 1._o §_o now_o principle_n be_v say_v to_o be_v heterogeneous_a then_o when_o they_o be_v fetch_v from_o some_o other_o science_n as_o if_o one_o for_o the_o prove_v of_o physical_a question_n shall_v make_v use_n of_o mathematical_a principle_n or_o geometrical_a arithmetical_a but_o it_o be_v not_o lawful_a for_o a_o demonstrater_n to_o pass_v from_o one_o science_n to_o another_o to_o wit_n because_o the_o medium_fw-la with_o the_o three_o that_o be_v the_o subject_a and_o the_o first_o that_o be_v the_o predicate_a with_o the_o medium_fw-la ought_v to_o agree_v by_o itself_o as_o be_v teach_v cap._n 6._o of_o the_o same_o book_n which_o can_v be_v if_o the_o the_o conclusion_n and_o principle_n be_v not_o of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a that_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o science_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la or_o subject_a as_o appear_v from_o cap._n 28._o of_o the_o same_o book_n 2._o §_o if_o yet_o one_o science_n be_v subalternate_a to_o another_o as_o music_n to_o arithmetic_n or_o optic_n to_o geometry_n the_o question_n of_o the_o inferior_a be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o principle_n of_o the_o superior_a science_n nor_o be_v this_o a_o pass_v to_o another_o genus_fw-la because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n have_v in_o some_o manner_n the_o same_o subject_a with_o the_o superior_a and_o so_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v divers_a science_n i_o say_v in_o some_o manner_n because_o the_o subalternated_a science_n consider_v the_o subject_a of_o the_o superior_a with_o some_o sensible_a quality_n which_o yet_o appertain_v not_o to_o the_o formal_a ratio_fw-la of_o the_o subject_a from_o whence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o affection_n of_o both_o be_v diverse_a though_o in_o the_o rest_n they_o consent_v so_o arithmetic_n consider_v number_n absolute_o music_n which_o be_v subalternate_v to_o it_o only_o in_o â—ound_n so_o geometry_n consider_v magnitude_n absolute_o the_o optic_n or_o science_n discuss_v the_o reason_n of_o sight_n which_o be_v subalternate_a or_o inferior_a to_o it_o only_o in_o colour_n light_n and_o shadow_n see_v cap._n 7._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n 3._o §_o the_o principle_n common_a be_v those_o which_o may_v be_v accommodate_v to_o many_o science_n such_o principle_n as_o these_o generate_v not_o science_n because_o they_o contain_v a_o medium_fw-la which_o coheres_fw-la not_o with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o question_n by_o itself_o but_o accident_n but_o it_o be_v then_o that_o we_o know_v a_o thing_n true_o when_o we_o know_v it_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a and_o that_o from_o principle_n which_o be_v such_o as_o it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v as_o aristotle_n speak_v cap_n 9_o of_o the_o same_o book_n but_o that_o which_o we_o know_v from_o common_a reason_n we_o know_v only_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v not_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o principle_n of_o science_n be_v common_a which_o when_o of_o the_o superior_a be_v adhibit_v to_o the_o inferior_a science_n because_o the_o science_n subalternate_a as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v not_o esteem_v diverse_a from_o the_o subalternate_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o now_o principle_n be_v divide_v into_o axiom_n and_o thesis_n ax._n 10._o and_o a_o axiom_n be_v that_o the_o truth_n of_o which_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n no_o person_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o ax._n 11._o a_o thesis_n who_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v by_o the_o mere_a signification_n of_o the_o word_n only_o but_o by_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n or_o some_o other_o way_n of_o declaration_n ax._n 12._o and_o this_o be_v either_o definition_n or_o hypothesis_n ax._n 13._o a_o definition_n be_v a_o oration_n as_o we_o have_v observe_v before_o in_o which_o we_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v a_o hypothesis_n whether_o it_o be_v in_o be_v or_o no_o etc._n etc._n this_o division_n of_o the_o principle_n be_v fetch_v from_o book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 2._o and_o 10._o whence_o axiom_n be_v so_o call_v be_v declare_v book_n 1_o of_o the_o institution_n cap._n 27._o the_o word_n thesis_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o any_o proposition_n which_o be_v propose_v pro_fw-la and_o con_n to_o be_v dispute_v of_o as_o book_n 8._o top._n cap._n 4._o and_o 5._o and_o sometime_o for_o a_o sentence_n paradoxal_a of_o some_o eminent_a philosopher_n as_o book_n 1_o top._n cap._n 1._o in_o rhetoric_n it_o be_v take_v for_o a_o infinite_a question_n but_o here_o for_o a_o kind_n of_o proposition_n immediate_n now_o 2._o §_o aristotle_n cap._n 10._o of_o the_o forecited_n book_n define_v a_o axiom_n in_o this_o manner_n viz._n to_o be_v that_o which_o of_o necessity_n be_v true_a of_o itself_o and_o of_o the_o like_a necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o of_o necessity_n true_a that_o be_v worthy_a of_o it_o self_n of_o our_o belief_n or_o that_o that_o have_v no_o cause_n of_o its_o truth_n by_o which_o to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o this_o be_v common_a to_o all_o as_o well_o thesis_n as_o axiom_n add_v of_o necessity_n must_v seem_v so_o that_o be_v by_o a_o person_n of_o complete_a reason_n it_o can_v serious_o and_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o mind_n be_v deny_v for_o a_o person_n perchance_o may_v deny_v a_o axiom_n rather_o than_o confess_v himself_o to_o be_v overcome_v but_o no_o one_o can_v be_v find_v who_o suppose_v he_o of_o a_o complete_a reason_n can_v deny_v it_o in_o his_o soul_n and_o mind_n for_o example_n such_o enunciation_n as_o these_o nothing_o can_v at_o the_o same_o time_n be_v and_o also_o not_o be_v the_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o its_o part_n those_o thing_n that_o be_v equal_a to_o the_o same_o those_o also_o will_v be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o if_o from_o equal_a thing_n you_o take_v away_o equal_a those_o thing_n which_o remain_v will_v be_v equal_a too_o etc._n etc._n the_o evidence_n of_o which_o be_v so_o great_a that_o know_v only_o the_o signification_n of_o the_o word_n by_o which_o they_o be_v express_v the_o truth_n of_o they_o can_v but_o be_v apparent_a for_o he_o who_o know_v what_o signify_v a_o whole_a and_o what_o a_o part_n and_o what_o to_o be_v great_a can_v be_v ignorant_a that_o a_o whole_a be_v great_a than_o a_o part_n etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o and_o in_o this_o respect_n differ_v axiom_n from_o thesis_n for_o to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o thesis_n beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o signification_n of_o word_n be_v require_v the_o judgement_n of_o the_o sense_n and_o sometime_o the_o declaration_n of_o a_o master_n of_o definition_n example_n may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o every_o discipline_n as_o for_o instance_n physic_n as_o a_o body_n natural_a be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n principle_n be_v those_o which_o be_v neither_o make_v out_o of_o themselves_o nor_o other_o and_o out_o of_o which_o be_v make_v all_o thing_n nature_n be_v the_o principle_n and_o cause_n of_o motion_n and_o quiet_a in_o that_o in_o which_o it_o be_v first_o by_o its_o self_n and_o not_o by_o accident_n etc._n etc._n geometry_n as_o that_o a_o point_n be_v that_o which_o do_v not_o consist_v of_o part_n a_o line_n be_v a_o longitude_n void_a of_o latitude_n a_o right_a line_n that_o which_o lie_v equal_o betwixt_o its_o point_n etc._n etc._n hypothesis_n in_o the_o first_o that_o there_o be_v a_o natural_a body_n
man_n differ_v from_o another_o because_o one_o sit_v the_o other_o stand_v one_o be_v silent_a the_o other_o speak_v or_o from_o itself_o so_o hector_n seem_v to_o aencas_n when_o he_o appear_v to_o he_o in_o a_o dream_n to_o differ_v from_o that_o hector_n who_o return_v clad_v with_o the_o spoil_n of_o achilles_n difference_n proper_o so_o call_v be_v that_o by_o which_o one_o thing_n differ_v from_o another_o by_o a_o inseparable_a accident_n or_o propriety_n as_o a_o crow_n from_o a_o swan_n because_o this_o be_v white_a that_o black_a both_o of_o these_o difference_n be_v accidental_a the_o difference_n most_o proper_a with_o porphyry_n be_v that_o which_o we_o call_v essential_a as_o when_o a_o man_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n be_v say_v to_o differ_v from_o brute_n beast_n 2._o §_o every_o difference_n say_v porphyry_n adjoin_v to_o any_o thing_n else_o make_v it_o to_o be_v other_o than_o it_o be_v accidental_a that_o it_o be_v dislike_n or_o other_o way_n affect_v essential_a that_o it_o be_v quite_o different_a whence_o by_o the_o greek_n they_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v specific_a ax._n 5._o the_o office_n of_o essential_a difference_n be_v two_o to_o divide_v the_o genus_fw-la and_o constitute_v the_o species_n 1._o §_o as_o it_o divide_v the_o genus_fw-la it_o be_v call_v divisive_a as_o it_o constitute_v the_o species_n constitutive_a or_o completive_a because_o it_o complete_v the_o definition_n of_o the_o species_n when_o it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o genus_fw-la difference_n therefore_o divisive_a and_o constitutive_a be_v not_o two_o diverse_a difference_n but_o office_n of_o the_o same_o difference_n the_o high_a genus_n have_v no_o constitutive_a difference_n because_o first_o and_o immediate_o diverse_a and_o the_o low_a species_n have_v no_o divisive_a because_o individual_n agree_v in_o their_o whole_a essence_n but_o accidental_a difference_n belong_v to_o the_o follow_a predicable_n only_o essential_a to_o this_o place_n and_o be_v so_o define_v ax._n 6._o difference_n be_v that_o which_o be_v predicate_v essential_o of_o many_o thing_n different_a whether_o in_o number_n or_o species_n in_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v of_o what_o quality_n a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o low_a species_n be_v predicate_v of_o many_o thing_n different_a in_o number_n as_o rational_a of_o plato_n and_o socrates_n etc._n etc._n those_o of_o species_n subaltern_n in_o species_n as_o to_o be_v endue_v with_o sense_n of_o man_n and_o beast_n difference_n be_v say_v to_o be_v predicate_v in_o the_o question_n in_o which_o it_o be_v ask_v of_o what_o quality_n a_o thing_n be_v because_o it_o be_v a_o certain_a quality_n of_o the_o genus_fw-la for_o genus_fw-la be_v in_o its_o own_o nature_n indetermine_v be_v determine_v and_o as_o one_o may_v say_v qualify_v by_o difference_n for_o to_o one_o ask_v what_o sort_n of_o animal_n be_v man_n it_o be_v apt_o answer_v a_o rational_a difference_n be_v say_v to_o be_v essential_o predicate_v because_o put_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o species_n and_o predicate_v synonymous_o of_o it_o that_o be_v as_o to_o name_n and_o definition_n and_o therein_o be_v difference_n distinguish_v from_o propriety_n and_o accident_n chap._n xiii_o of_o property_n and_o accident_n ax._n 1_o proper_a be_v that_o which_o declare_v not_o what_o a_o thing_n be_v and_o yet_o be_v only_o in_o it_o and_o reciprocate_v with_o it_o commentary_n 1._o §_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v by_o porphyry_n to_o be_v proper_a four_o way_n first_o that_o which_o agree_v and_o convene_v to_o one_o only_a species_n and_o not_o to_o all_o its_o individual_n so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v musical_a second_o that_o which_o convene_v to_o all_o the_o individual_n of_o any_o one_o species_n but_o not_o to_o it_o only_o and_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v two-footed_n three_o that_o which_o agree_v to_o one_o only_a species_n and_o all_o its_o individual_n but_o not_o always_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o laugh_v four_o that_o which_o belong_v only_o to_o one_o species_n and_o all_o its_o individual_n and_o always_o and_o so_o it_o agree_v to_o man_n to_o be_v risible_a or_o a_o laugh_a creature_n 2._o §_o the_o four_o of_o these_o property_n porphyry_n call_v proper_o proper_a for_o the_o rest_n say_v he_o be_v only_o proper_a in_o some_o respect_n and_o for_o some_o time_n 3._o §_o this_o definition_n of_o property_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o topic_n cap._n 5._o property_n say_v he_o do_v not_o declare_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v they_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a but_o follow_v it_o reciprocate_v with_o that_o in_o which_o alone_o they_o be_v that_o be_v with_o the_o first_o and_o proximate_a subject_n not_o those_o contain_v under_o that_o proximate_a subject_n for_o of_o property_n some_o be_v of_o genus_n other_o species_n the_o property_n of_o genus_n with_o genus_n not_o species_n and_o those_o of_o species_n with_o species_n not_o individual_n be_v to_o be_v confer_v and_o reciprocate_v so_o to_o be_v of_o quantity_n be_v reciprocate_v with_o natural_a body_n and_o not_o the_o heaven_n or_o element_n or_o stone_n and_o risibility_n be_v to_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o man_n not_o socrates_n or_o plato_n when_o the_o property_n then_o of_o the_o genus_fw-la be_v predicate_v of_o the_o species_n as_o when_o the_o heaven_n be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o quantity_n or_o the_o property_n of_o the_o species_n with_o the_o individual_a as_o when_o plato_n be_v say_v to_o be_v risible_a the_o predication_n be_v not_o of_o the_o accident_n of_o the_o subject_a nor_o yet_o the_o property_n for_o the_o number_n of_o predicable_a arise_v from_o a_o comparison_n of_o the_o predicate_v with_o the_o proximate_a subject_n for_o those_o compare_v with_o the_o remote_a be_v not_o of_o this_o place_n as_o have_v be_v beforesaid_a ax._n 2._o property_n either_o flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o from_o external_n cause_n 1._o §_o propers_n either_o flow_v immediate_o from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a as_o risibility_n from_o the_o rational_a soul_n quantity_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o natural_a body_n or_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o property_n so_o to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o body_n by_o reason_n of_o its_o quantity_n but_o now_o a_o eclipse_n which_o be_v the_o property_n of_o the_o moon_n flow_v not_o from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o moon_n but_o from_o a_o external_n cause_n to_o wit_n the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n these_o be_v not_o absolute_o proper_a but_o only_o from_o supposition_n of_o some_o external_n cause_n which_o cause_n yet_o be_v in_o be_v they_o be_v no_o less_o necessary_o in_o their_o subject_n than_o the_o other_o ax._n 3_o property_n which_o flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v so_o necessary_o in_o it_o that_o they_o can_v be_v separate_a from_o it_o so_o much_o as_o in_o thought_n 1._o §_o so_o that_o he_o will_v be_v guilty_a of_o a_o contradiction_n that_o shall_v say_v or_o think_v that_o the_o property_n be_v absent_a from_o it_o for_o whosoever_o say_v or_o think_v a_o body_n be_v not_o quantity_n or_o that_o the_o fire_n be_v not_o hot_a say_v or_o think_v as_o much_o as_o if_o he_o shall_v say_v or_o think_v a_o body_n be_v not_o a_o body_n or_o a_o fire_n a_o fire_n ax._n 4._o property_n can_v be_v communicate_v to_o subject_n of_o different_a species_n 1._o §_o let_v no_o body_n call_v that_o a_o property_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 4._o of_o the_o topic_n cap._n 5._o which_o may_v be_v in_o another_o for_o since_o property_n flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a if_o property_n shall_v be_v communicate_v of_o necessity_n also_o the_o essence_n will_v be_v communicate_v for_o if_o risibility_n or_o rationability_n can_v be_v communicate_v to_o a_o horse_n a_o horse_n will_v be_v a_o man_n if_o quantity_n to_o a_o spirit_n a_o spirit_n will_v be_v a_o body_n and_o if_o to_o be_v every_o where_o to_o a_o creature_n a_o creature_n will_v be_v god_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 5._o as_o property_n which_o flow_v from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v to_o their_o absolute_a subject_n so_o be_v property_n also_o which_o flow_v from_o a_o external_n cause_n to_o they_o the_o cause_n be_v put_v 1._o §_o so_o although_o the_o moon_n do_v not_o always_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n yet_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n it_o be_v as_o necessary_a it_o shall_v suffer_v a_o eclipse_n as_o that_o a_o body_n shall_v be_v a_o quantity_n or_o that_o the_o fire_n shall_v be_v hot_a etc._n etc._n
because_o beget_v of_o no_o other_o man_n as_o the_o rest_n be_v but_o immediate_o create_v of_o god_n so_o also_o the_o heaven_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o motion_n not_o absolute_o but_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la of_o natural_a cause_n as_o be_v collect_v from_o the_o one_a book_n of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 1._o in_o the_o same_o manner_n may_v the_o soul_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o vital_a operation_n and_o likewise_o every_o principal_a cause_n in_o regard_n of_o its_o instrument_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o seven_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o universal_a and_o particular_a ax._n 31._o universal_a be_v that_o which_o concur_v with_o other_o cause_n with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o many_o effect_n ax._n 32._o a_o particular_a only_a which_o by_o its_o efficiency_n produce_v but_o one_o effect_n 1._o §_o universal_a cause_n be_v god_n and_o the_o heaven_n god_n concur_v with_o particular_a cause_n to_o all_o effect_n the_o heaven_n only_o to_o they_o which_o be_v natural_a and_o material_a in_o this_o sense_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o the_o sun_n and_o man_n i_o add_v god_n be_v say_v to_o beget_v man_n the_o sun_n as_o a_o universal_a for_o with_o the_o same_o efficiency_n it_o concur_v to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o thing_n man_n as_o a_o particular_a so_o also_o may_v a_o driver_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o universal_a when_o drive_v a_o team_n of_o horse_n because_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n and_o with_o the_o same_o virtue_n he_o drive_v all_o his_o horse_n as_o well_o the_o sound_n as_o the_o lame_a ax._n 33._o last_o and_o eighthly_a cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o next_o and_o remote_a ax._n 34._o the_o next_o be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n immediate_o ax._n 35._o the_o remote_a which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o mean_n of_o some_o more_o neighbour_a cause_n 1._o §_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o to_o wit_n either_o general_o or_o special_o in_o general_n that_o cause_o be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o which_o either_o by_o its_o existence_n they_o common_o say_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n for_o such_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n it_o be_v deem_v with_o the_o principal_a to_o be_v one_o only_a and_o therefore_o when_o the_o principal_a cause_n by_o its_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v its_o self_n esteem_v to_o be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n neither_o be_v it_o any_o matter_n whether_o that_o virtue_n be_v a_o instrument_n conjoin_v or_o separate_v for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o ustion_n parent_n of_o their_o child_n notwithstanding_o the_o fire_n act_n by_o mediation_n of_o heat_n and_o the_o parent_n of_o seed_n for_o although_o heat_n and_o seed_n be_v instrument_n yet_o do_v they_o not_o effect_v by_o their_o intervening_a but_o that_o the_o principal_a cause_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o to_o the_o effect_n a_o cause_n therefore_o be_v say_v to_o be_v remote_a in_o this_o sense_n viz._n which_o neither_o by_o its_o existence_n nor_o virtue_n be_v join_v to_o the_o effect_n as_o when_o the_o grandfather_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o son_n son_n or_o grandson_n etc._n etc._n 2._o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o in_o species_n which_o be_v so_o join_v by_o its_o existence_n to_o its_o effect_n as_o that_o it_o be_v join_v to_o it_o without_o any_o mediate_a virtue_n and_o a_o next_o cause_n have_v no_o place_n in_o substance_n but_o only_a accident_n especial_o proper_a for_o a_o substance_n do_v not_o effect_v a_o substance_n without_o some_o mediate_a or_o instrumental_a virtue_n and_o this_o be_v the_o cause_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o and_o that_o be_v either_o internal_a or_o external_n internal_a be_v that_o which_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a of_o the_o accident_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o cause_n so_o the_o soul_n and_o every_o substantial_a form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o propriety_n hitherto_o appertain_v the_o emanative_a cause_n likewise_o the_o continent_n or_o synectical_a of_o the_o physician_n external_n be_v that_o which_o be_v not_o in_o the_o subject_a of_o that_o accident_n who_o cause_n it_o be_v and_o so_o the_o interposition_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o a_o eclipse_n but_o the_o use_v of_o this_o cause_n in_o the_o definition_n and_o demonstration_n of_o proper_a accident_n be_v much_o the_o more_o great_a chap._n xviii_o of_o end_n ax._n 1_o end_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v 1._o §_o be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o efficient_a to_o action_n by_o superinduce_v its_o love_n upon_o it_o and_o beget_v a_o appetite_n on_o and_o desire_v of_o itself_o ax._n 2._o end_n be_v three_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o that_o of_o which_o and_o for_o which_o ax._n 3_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n ax._n 4._o for_o which_o for_o who_o sake_n or_o for_o which_o the_o efficient_a desire_n such_o a_o end_n 1._o §_o as_o for_o instance_n the_o of_o which_o of_o medicine_n be_v health_n for_o which_o the_o sick_n ax._n 5._o second_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o secondary_a ax._n 6._o the_o principal_a end_n be_v that_o which_o the_o agent_n first_o or_o also_o principal_o intend_v ax._n 7._o the_o secondary_a which_o the_o agent_n so_o intend_v as_o that_o it_o may_v enjoy_v it_o with_o the_o principal_a or_o else_o attain_v it_o if_o the_o first_o and_o principal_a end_n shall_v fail_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o principal_a end_n of_o clothes_n be_v that_o our_o body_n shall_v be_v defend_v against_o the_o inclemency_n of_o the_o heaven_n the_o secondary_a conjoin_v with_o that_o principal_a be_v that_o they_o shall_v adorn_v it_o so_o the_o principal_a end_n for_o which_o god_n be_v please_v to_o manifest_v himself_o in_o the_o creation_n of_o the_o world_n be_v that_o man_n shall_v be_v endue_v with_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n and_o piety_n the_o secondary_a and_o succedaneous_a that_o he_o may_v render_v they_o inexcusable_a who_o hold_v the_o truth_n in_o unrighteousness_n go_v on_o still_o in_o iniquity_n ax._n 8._o three_o and_o last_o end_n be_v divide_v into_o subordinate_a and_o last_o ax._n 9_o a_o subordinate_a end_n be_v that_o which_o be_v refer_v to_o some_o far_a end_n ax._n 10._o the_o last_o to_o which_o all_o other_o end_n be_v refer_v that_o itself_o to_o no_o far_o 1._o §_o there_o be_v often_o a_o long_a series_n of_o subordinate_a end_n in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v a_o mean_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o sequent_a end_n for_o example_n one_o dig_v in_o the_o earth_n to_o fetch_v out_o iron_n iron_n be_v draw_v out_o that_o of_o it_o may_v be_v make_v some_o instrument_n which_o may_v be_v serviceable_a for_o our_o use_n as_o suppose_v a_o penknife_n or_o a_o lancet_n the_o lancet_n inserve_n the_o physician_n for_o the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n the_o cut_v of_o the_o vein_n to_o transmit_v the_o superfluous_a blood_n or_o take_v away_o the_o vicious_a the_o loss_n of_o blood_n conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n or_o recuperation_n of_o health_n our_o health_n indeed_o of_o itself_o be_v to_o be_v desire_v but_o refer_v notwithstanding_o to_o this_o end_n that_o our_o action_n may_v be_v free_a and_o expedite_a action_n again_o be_v refer_v either_o to_o pleasure_n or_o glory_n or_o honesty_n or_o something_o else_o in_o which_o subordination_n of_o end_n there_o be_v no_o go_v to_o infinity_o as_o we_o have_v teach_v before_o for_o otherwise_o vain_a and_o fruitless_a will_v be_v that_o appetition_n which_o nature_n have_v plant_v in_o all_o thing_n as_o the_o philosopher_n argue_v book_n 1._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 1._o there_o be_v therefore_o some_o chief_a end_n in_o which_o the_o appetite_n must_v terminate_v and_o acquiesce_v 2._o §_o a_o end_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n last_o either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la which_o be_v the_o last_o among_o those_o end_n which_o be_v intend_v by_o the_o same_o agent_n so_o in_o that_o series_n which_o i_o have_v bring_v there_o be_v many_o end_n which_o be_v last_o in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la for_o to_o fetch_v forth_o iron_n be_v the_o last_o end_n of_o such_o who_o dig_v in_o the_o mine_n the_o penknife_n of_o the_o smith_n health_n of_o the_o physician_n but_o there_o be_v but_o one_o absolute_o last_v and_o that_o be_v felicity_n 3._o §_o that_o end_n which_o be_v subordinate_v in_o
the_o argumentation_n be_v infirm_a and_o beget_v not_o science_n when_o subject_a frivolous_a and_o inept_v for_o in_o vain_a shall_v we_o prove_v for_o instance_n that_o the_o pigmy_n be_v cholorick_n because_o of_o their_o short_a stature_n unless_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v pigmy_n etc._n etc._n of_o premise_n or_o principle_n also_o that_o they_o be_v true_a for_o otherwise_o we_o lay_v a_o foundation_n of_o thing_n that_o be_v not_o know_v it_o remain_v therefore_o that_o of_o the_o affection_n it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o it_o be_v and_o of_o the_o whole_a conclusion_n consist_v of_o subject_a and_o affection_n that_o it_o be_v true_a or_o that_o the_o affection_n be_v in_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 6._o of_o which_o precognition_n those_o that_o be_v self-evident_a that_o be_v so_o that_o no_o body_n can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o they_o be_v only_o make_v in_o the_o mind_n those_o not_o so_o but_o that_o they_o may_v be_v unknown_a be_v always_o express_v in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o science_n ax._n 7._o and_o if_o so_o soon_o as_o produce_v they_o be_v believe_v by_o the_o disciple_n they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v supposition_n but_o if_o not_o and_o the_o disciple_n be_v doubtful_a of_o they_o or_o even_o incline_v to_o a_o contrary_a opinion_n postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n to_o be_v require_v or_o demand_v 1._o §_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n say_v aristotle_n in_o science_n of_o which_o no_o one_o can_v be_v ignorant_a and_o these_o they_o call_v supposition_n as_o we_o say_v before_o or_o axiom_n that_o be_v such_o as_o carry_v such_o a_o native_a clarity_n with_o they_o as_o they_o be_v worthy_a of_o every_o body_n to_o be_v credit_v some_o of_o which_o one_o may_v but_o yet_o so_o soon_o as_o propose_v by_o a_o master_n be_v believe_v without_o proof_n and_o such_o as_o these_o be_v term_v definition_n and_o some_o not_o so_o immediate_o but_o deliver_v precarious_o and_o by_o way_n as_o it_o be_v of_o agreement_n because_o the_o probation_n of_o they_o if_o any_o belong_v to_o the_o metaphysic_n and_o such_o as_o these_o they_o call_v postulata_fw-la or_o thing_n require_v or_o to_o be_v demand_v etc._n etc._n and_o so_o we_o come_v to_o the_o condition_n which_o in_o every_o demonstration_n why_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v and_o first_o to_o those_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n chap._n xxii_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o medium_fw-la which_o be_v to_o be_v use_v in_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n which_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o demonstration_n why_o be_v partly_o belong_v to_o the_o question_n partly_o to_o the_o cause_n or_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n and_o partly_o to_o the_o premise_n or_o principle_n of_o which_o in_o the_o chapter_n follow_v ax._n 2._o every_o question_n do_v not_o admit_v of_o a_o demonstration_n why_o but_o only_o that_o which_o be_v true_a and_o have_v a_o certain_a and_o immutable_a cause_n of_o its_o truth_n ax._n 3_o and_o therefore_o neither_o proposition_n immediate_a nor_o fortuitous_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v but_o only_o proper_a accident_n 1._o §_o now_o proposition_n immediate_a can_v because_o they_o have_v no_o medium_fw-la or_o cause_n of_o their_o truth_n 1._o §_o chance_n likewise_o can_v because_o they_o have_v not_o any_o dependence_n upon_o any_o certain_a cause_n or_o rule_n accident_n therefore_o and_o those_o proper_a only_a can_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o substance_n have_v no_o cause_n why_o they_o be_v in_o the_o subject_a because_o they_o be_v predicate_v always_o as_o genus_n or_o difference_n and_o accident_n improper_a have_v no_o certain_a and_o definite_a cause_n now_o whether_o these_o accident_n proper_a flow_n from_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o subject_a or_o some_o external_n cause_n or_o whether_o they_o be_v perpetual_a or_o only_o frequent_v it_o matter_n not_o but_o this_o that_o they_o cohere_v with_o their_o cause_n so_o as_o that_o they_o be_v put_v these_o also_o be_v put_v and_o that_o be_v take_v away_o these_o also_o may_v be_v take_v away_o be_v necessary_a and_o require_v for_o instance_n although_o the_o moon_n be_v not_o always_o deficient_a yet_o that_o she_o be_v so_o when_o so_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v because_o she_o be_v always_o so_o when_o the_o earth_n be_v diametrical_o interpose_v between_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n and_o never_o so_o when_o otherwise_o etc._n etc._n and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o question_n to_o be_v demonstrate_v ax._n 4._o now_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o demonstration_n must_v be_v the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v and_o that_o either_o efficient_a or_o final_a and_o if_o efficient_a either_o internal_a or_o external_n 1._o §_o now_o whereas_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n next_o that_o be_v either_o absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la in_o this_o place_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o absolute_o next_o that_o be_v such_o as_o that_o be_v put_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v put_v and_o that_o take_v away_o the_o effect_n also_o must_v be_v take_v away_o and_o far_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o be_v also_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o that_o it_o be_v also_o of_o the_o subject_a be_v not_o so_o necessary_a because_o it_o be_v not_o inquire_v whether_o the_o subject_a be_v for_o that_o be_v pre-supposed_n but_o whether_o the_o predicate_v or_o in_o plain_a term_n whether_o the_o predicate_v be_v in_o the_o subject_a or_o not_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o this_o next_o cause_n must_v be_v either_o efficient_a or_o final_a because_o the_o predicate_v be_v a_o accident_n have_v not_o matter_n or_o form_n proper_o so_o call_v the_o cause_n final_a be_v adhibit_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o as_o means_n natural_a instrument_n etc._n etc._n also_o action_n and_o habit_n if_o such_o be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v and_o in_o other_o case_n the_o efficient_a it_o happen_v sometime_o indeed_o that_o the_o cause_n proximate_n viz._n the_o efficient_a be_v also_o the_o form_n or_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o the_o better_a but_o however_o they_o differ_v not_o in_o specie_fw-la from_o the_o rest_n but_o these_o thing_n will_v appear_v more_o by_o example_n as_o here_o 1._o every_o rational_a creature_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n every_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a creature_n every_o man_n therefore_o be_v capable_a of_o science_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o be_v the_o medium_fw-la rational_a the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o form_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 2._o every_o earthly_a thing_n be_v overwhelm_v wiâ—n_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n a_o ebony-tree_n be_v a_o earthly_a thing_n and_o therefore_o every_o ebony-tree_n be_v overwhelm_v when_o throw_v into_o the_o water_n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 3._o whatever_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n have_v a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n cause_o efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o both_o form_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o subject_a here_o 4._o that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o of_o another_o body_n be_v with_o it_o in_o the_o same_o place_n but_o every_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a of_o the_o predicate_v and_o the_o propriety_n of_o the_o subject_a etc._n etc._n here_o viz._n 5._o that_o which_o the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v by_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n that_o suffer_v a_o eclipse_n of_o the_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n but_o the_o moon_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n etc._n etc._n the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a here_o 6._o he_o who_o be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celestial_a thing_n aught_o to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n man_n be_v make_v for_o the_o contemplation_n of_o celesti-thing_n and_o therefore_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o a_o upright_a countenance_n the_o cause_n final_a and_o also_o that_o of_o the_o predicate_v etc._n etc._n 3._o §_o now_o sometime_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o same_o question_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a together_o with_o the_o final_a and_o so_o you_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o animal_n sleep_v viz._n either_o because_o the_o common_a sense_n be_v sopit_v or_o drown_v by_o vapour_n and_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o external_n sense_n obstruct_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o efficient_a or_o else_o that_o the_o spirit_n may_v be_v refresh_v and_o strength_n
similitude_n accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a as_o just_o white_a etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o subject_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o matter_n accident_n in_o the_o abstract_n be_v the_o form_n in_o which_o number_n also_o be_v work_n perform_v by_o art_n of_o this_o place_n also_o be_v those_o thing_n in_o which_o be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a or_o in_o which_o there_o be_v something_o analogous_a to_o matter_n and_o form_n so_o the_o matter_n of_o discipline_n be_v precept_n the_o form_n method_n of_o interpretation_n voice_n the_o form_n signification_n this_o whole_a use_n to_o be_v call_v physical_a because_o physics_n vindicate_v to_o themselves_o the_o consideration_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n vulgar_o it_o be_v call_v essential_a ax._n 12._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n 1._o §_o now_o essential_a part_n be_v real_o different_a for_o matter_n be_v one_o thing_n and_o form_n another_o but_o yet_o one_o part_n be_v not_o out_o of_o another_o for_o matter_n permeate_n matter_n and_o inform_v all_o its_o part_n but_o part_n integral_a because_o each_o be_v endue_v with_o his_o proper_a quantity_n not_o only_o differ_v in_o themselves_o but_o also_o site_n or_o at_o least_o order_n so_o that_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o for_o this_o it_o be_v to_o have_v part_n out_o of_o part._n for_o example_n the_o part_n of_o the_o human_a body_n be_v head_n breast_n belly_n limb_n of_o the_o which_o one_o contain_v not_o another_o so_o the_o part_n of_o number_n be_v divers_a and_o one_o be_v not_o contain_v in_o another_o this_o whole_a be_v term_v mathematical_a because_o quantity_n be_v of_o mathematical_a consideration_n vulgar_o integral_a more_o proper_o integrate_a ax._n 13._o a_o integral_a whole_a be_v either_o continue_a or_o discrete_a ax._n 14._o both_o be_v divide_v into_o homogeneal_a and_o heterogenal_a that_o be_v similar_v and_o dissimilar_v ax._n 15._o homogeneal_a be_v that_o which_o have_v part_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o nature_n ax._n 16._o heterogeneal_a of_o a_o diverse_a 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a integral_n be_v extant_a in_o the_o first_o book_n of_o the_o hist_n an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 2._o of_o the_o part_n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o and_o book_n 1._o of_o the_o gener._n of_o an._n cap._n 1._o for_o example_n inanimate_a substance_n as_o water_n wine_n flesh_n also_o magnitude_n motion_n and_o time_n be_v whole_n homogeneal_a continual_a the_o body_n of_o animate_v heterogeneal_a continual_a number_n as_o three_o ten_o be_v whole_n homogeneal_a discrete_a a_o army_n church_n the_o world_n heterogeneal_a and_o of_o the_o same_o denomination_n ax._n 17._o a_o part_n heterogeneal_a be_v either_o principal_a or_o less_o principal_a ax._n 18._o that_o be_v a_o principal_a by_o who_o ablation_n or_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v destroy_v ax._n 19_o the_o less_o by_o who_o take_v away_o the_o whole_a be_v only_o maim_v or_o mutilate_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n hand_n brain_n heart_n liver_n be_v principal_a part_n of_o man_n because_o these_o take_v away_o of_o necessity_n the_o man_n must_v die_v foot_n hand_n ear_n etc._n etc._n be_v less_o principal_a because_o these_o be_v take_v away_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a a_o man_n shall_v die_v ax._n 20._o a_o whole_a by_o accident_n be_v chief_o say_v four_o way_n and_o first_o of_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n three_o of_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n fourthly_a of_o a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n 1._o §_o first_o a_o cause_n of_o divers_a effect_n and_o so_o a_o plant_n may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o whole_a because_o of_o plant_n some_o heat_n other_o cool_a etc._n etc._n second_o a_o effect_n of_o divers_a cause_n as_o mouse_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o the_o sun_n other_o of_o mouse_n etc._n etc._n three_o a_o subject_a of_o divers_a adjunct_n as_o man_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v bond_n some_o free_a some_o good_a some_o bad_a etc._n etc._n a_o adjunct_n of_o divers_a subject_n as_o disease_n some_o of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v of_o the_o mind_n some_o the_o body_n these_o again_o either_o of_o the_o brain_n eye_n light_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xv._o of_o cause_n and_o cause_v in_o general_n ax._n 1_o a_o cause_n be_v that_o by_o the_o force_n of_o which_o a_o thing_n come_v to_o pass_v commentary_n 1._o §_o principle_n element_n and_o cause_n be_v word_n that_o be_v ally_v in_o signification_n principle_n be_v either_o large_o take_v or_o strict_o large_o it_o be_v define_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 1._o to_o be_v the_o first_o from_o whence_o any_o thing_n be_v or_o exist_v or_o be_v know_v more_o strict_o book_v 4._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o where_o principle_n be_v define_v to_o be_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v neither_o from_o one_o another_o nor_o other_o and_o of_o and_o from_o which_o be_v all_o thing_n in_o this_o sense_n there_o be_v only_o reckon_v three_o viz._n matter_n form_n and_o privation_n the_o definition_n of_o element_n be_v extant_a book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaphysic_n cap._n 3._o and_o be_v thus_o a_o element_n be_v that_o our_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n at_o the_o first_o be_v compound_v in_o which_o it_o be_v and_o which_o in_o its_o own_o species_n be_v indivisible_a into_o any_o other_o species_n 2._o §_o cause_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v that_o by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o be_v which_o confer_v somewhat_o towards_o the_o thing_n existence_n and_o therefore_o privation_n can_v be_v a_o cause_n because_o it_o confer_v nothing_o but_o only_o towards_o its_o mutation_n ax._n 2._o a_o cause_v be_v that_o which_o be_v constitute_v of_o its_o cause_n ax._n 3_o the_o cause_n be_v before_o it_o be_v cause_v both_o in_o nature_n and_o knowledge_n 1._o §_o in_o nature_n because_o the_o cause_v depend_v upon_o the_o cause_n knowledge_n that_o be_v simple_o and_o distinct_a knowledge_n which_o follow_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n for_o to_o we_o the_o cause_n be_v more_o know_v than_o it_o because_o near_o to_o the_o sense_n for_o from_o the_o sense_n do_v we_o derive_v all_o our_o sensible_a knowledge_n ax._n 4._o the_o cause_n be_v four_o viz._n matter_n form_n efficient_a and_o end_n 1._o §_o this_o partition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o post_n cap._n 2._o book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o cap._n 2._o and_o be_v build_v upon_o the_o best_a reason_n for_o whatever_o be_v make_v be_v make_v by_o another_o for_o nothing_o be_v make_v by_o its_o self_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o efficient_a cause_n nothing_o finite_a can_v produce_v any_o thing_n out_o of_o nothing_o there_o be_v therefore_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v make_v and_o form_n which_o be_v introduce_v upon_o that_o matter_n when_o thing_n be_v make_v nothing_o last_o act_n without_o design_n there_o be_v therefore_o a_o end_n for_o who_o sake_n the_o cause_n efficient_a act_n ax._n 5._o the_o cause_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v call_v the_o compose_v of_o the_o efficient_a the_o effect_n of_o the_o end_n the_o mean_n or_o design_v and_o these_o differ_v not_o in_o reality_n but_o reason_n 1_o §_o and_o since_o to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v four_o cause_n concur_v as_o in_o all_o corporeal_a thing_n there_o do_v it_o ought_v not_o to_o seem_v strange_a that_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n shall_v be_v call_v compose_v effect_v mean_n etc._n etc._n according_a as_o it_o be_v compare_v with_o divers_a cause_n ax._n 6._o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a subordination_n of_o cause_n ax._n 7._o subordinate_a be_v those_o that_o depend_v one_o upon_o another_o 1._o §_o to_o wit_n either_o as_o to_o their_o existence_n and_o so_o the_o son_n upon_o the_o father_n the_o father_n upon_o the_o grandfather_n or_o causality_n and_o so_o the_o quill_n upon_o the_o hand_n in_o write_v or_o both_o and_o so_o the_o second_o cause_n upon_o the_o first_o or_o creature_n upon_o god_n ax._n 8._o cause_n likewise_o be_v say_v either_o to_o be_v essential_o or_o accidental_o subordinate_v ax._n 9_o essential_o be_v those_o of_o which_o one_o depend_v upon_o another_o when_o and_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v ax._n 10._o accidental_o of_o which_o one_o indeed_o depend_v upon_o another_o but_o not_o when_o or_o in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v 1._o §_o and_o so_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n subordinate_v by_o accident_n first_o when_o it_o depend_v indeed_o upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n but_o not_o when_o that_o be_v when_o it_o cause_n and_o this_o be_v effect_v when_o it_o depend_v upon_o it_o
for_o existence_n and_o not_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n depend_v the_o father_n upon_o his_o ancestor_n in_o the_o beget_n of_o his_o son_n and_o every_o near_a cause_n upon_o the_o more_o remote_a second_o when_o it_o also_o depend_v upon_o a_o superior_a cause_n when_o it_o cause_n or_o for_o its_o causality_n but_o not_o for_o as_o much_o as_o it_o cause_v or_o not_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n after_o which_o it_o cause_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o statuary_n be_v subordinate_a to_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n for_o because_o the_o statuary_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o heaven_n towards_o his_o work_n he_o may_v be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n in_o respect_n of_o his_o causality_n but_o because_o not_o as_o he_o make_v the_o statue_n but_o as_o he_o live_v he_o be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o heaven_n by_o accident_n and_o to_o be_v accidental_o subordinate_v to_o they_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o statue_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n the_o horse_n spur_v on_o by_o his_o rider_n hurt_v his_o leg_n halt_v the_o hurt_a leg_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o halt_a subordinate_v to_o the_o rader_n by_o accident_n for_o the_o leg_n or_o horse_n be_v impel_v on_o by_o the_o rider_n to_o motion_n but_o not_o to_o a_o vicious_a motion_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 11._o in_o such_o a_o subordination_n there_o be_v ever_o one_o next_o cause_n the_o rest_n be_v remote_a ax._n 12._o the_o next_o cause_n be_v that_o which_o immediate_o constitute_v the_o cause_v ax._n 13._o remote_a that_o which_o concur_v to_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v next_o two_o way_n either_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la or_o absolute_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o not_o only_o immediate_o but_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n constitute_v the_o cause_v and_o so_o that_o it_o be_v suppose_v it_o be_v necessary_a the_o cause_v be_v so_o too_o the_o next_o cause_n in_o its_o genus_fw-la we_o have_v already_o define_v and_o have_v say_v it_o immediate_o concur_v towards_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o cause_v no_o other_o of_o its_o own_o order_n come_v between_o one_o thing_n may_v have_v many_o cause_n in_o their_o own_o genus_fw-la next_z but_o one_o only_a that_o be_v absolute_o next_o which_o in_o substance_n be_v form_n accident_n efficient_a and_o end_n so_o whereas_o to_o man_n the_o proximate_a matter_n be_v humane_a body_n efficient_a father_n end_v well-being_a form_n rational_a soul_n the_o rational_a soul_n yet_o only_o be_v the_o next_o absolute_a cause_n ax._n 14._o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la there_o be_v some_o cause_n total_a some_o partial_a ax._n 15._o that_o cause_n be_v total_a which_o in_o its_o species_n whole_o cause_v the_o whole_a cause_v ax._n 16._o that_o partial_a which_o join_v with_o the_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n cause_n the_o cause_v only_o in_o part._n 1._o §_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n there_o be_v many_o species_n of_o cause_n and_o those_o either_o subordinate_a as_o cause_o first_o and_o second_o next_o and_o remote_a principal_a and_o instrumental_a or_o coordinate_a of_o which_o one_o depend_v not_o upon_o another_o a_o total_a cause_n be_v say_v whole_o to_o constitute_v the_o cause_v because_o not_o assist_v by_o other_o cause_n of_o its_o own_o species_n for_o example_n the_o write_v depend_v upon_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o hand_n but_o upon_o both_o as_o total_a cause_n for_o the_o quill_n be_v only_o or_o whole_o the_o instrumental_a and_o the_o hand_n the_o principal_a cause_n so_o likewise_o when_o god_n the_o sun_n and_o man_n be_v say_v to_o generate_v man_n every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v total_a god_n be_v the_o first_o the_o sun_n or_o heaven_n be_v the_o total_a universal_a man_n the_o total_a second_o and_o particular_a but_o when_o two_o horse_n draw_v in_o a_o cart_n they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v partial_a cause_n because_o they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o same_o species_n which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o axiom_n viz._n ax._n 17._o of_o one_o thing_n there_o can_v be_v many_o total_a cause_n of_o the_o same_o species_n but_o there_o may_v be_v many_o different_a in_o species_n and_o subordinate_a 1._o §_o if_o many_o cause_n not_o subordinate_a do_v concur_v to_o the_o same_o cause_v of_o necessity_n they_o must_v be_v partial_a for_o the_o total_a cause_n cause_v the_o whole_a thing_n wherefore_o if_o there_o be_v many_o total_a cause_n either_o the_o rest_n cause_n nothing_o and_o so_o be_v not_o cause_n or_o else_o cause_n again_o what_o be_v cause_v before_o but_o if_o cause_n different_a in_o species_n be_v subordinate_a it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o the_o same_o cause_v may_v depend_v upon_o many_o cause_n total_a so_o the_o whole_a write_n depend_v on_o the_o hand_n and_o the_o quill_n and_o the_o whole_a man_n upon_o god_n and_o the_o sun_n and_o his_o parent_n chap._n xvi_o of_o matter_n and_o form_n ax._n 1_o of_o the_o four_o cause_n two_o be_v internal_a matter_n and_o form_n and_o as_o many_o external_n efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o those_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v internal_a which_o enter_v the_o essence_n of_o the_o cause_v as_o part_n commentary_n 1._o §_o although_o form_n be_v far_o more_o noble_a than_o matter_n and_o confer_v more_o to_o the_o constitute_v the_o cause_v yet_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o that_o matter_n also_o be_v part_n of_o the_o essence_n and_o not_o only_o a_o vehicle_n or_o receiver_n ax._n 3_o matter_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o out_o of_o which_o inexi_v something_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o this_o definition_n be_v extant_a book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 2._o but_o it_o may_v more_o full_o and_o explicatious_o be_v define_v in_o this_o manner_n matter_n be_v a_o internal_a cause_n of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v or_o consist_v why_o i_o add_v consist_v will_n be_v sufficient_o understand_v out_o of_o the_o 9th_o theorem_a matter_n be_v also_o define_v book_n 2._o post_n cap._n 11._o but_o more_o obscure_o to_o be_v that_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v of_o necessity_n must_v be_v so_o too_o 2._o §_o general_o matter_n be_v divide_v into_o that_o out_o of_o which_o in_o which_o and_o about_o which_o that_o out_o of_o which_o be_v that_o which_o be_v proper_o so_o call_v and_o we_o have_v but_o now_o define_v in_o which_o the_o subject_a about_o which_o the_o object_n of_o which_o in_o their_o place_n ax._n 4._o the_o office_n of_o matter_n be_v two_o to_o take_v up_o form_n and_o sustain_v they_o and_o with_o the_o form_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v ax._n 5._o matter_n be_v either_o first_o or_o second_o ax._n 6._o the_o first_o matter_n be_v inform_v ax._n 7._o the_o second_o form_v 1._o §_o although_o no_o matter_n may_v exist_v without_o form_n yet_o because_o matter_n be_v not_o altogether_o nothing_o nor_o the_o same_o with_o form_n why_o may_v it_o not_o by_o itself_o be_v understand_v not_o understand_v form_n and_o this_o be_v the_o first_o matter_n which_o aristotle_n book_n 1._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 9_o define_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o be_v matter_n say_v he_o which_o be_v the_o first_o subject_n out_o of_o which_o any_o thing_n be_v make_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o it_o by_o accident_n and_o if_o it_o shall_v be_v spoil_v it_o will_v be_v into_o that_o resolve_v at_o last_o nor_o be_v it_o yet_o to_o be_v think_v that_o the_o first_o and_o second_o matter_n be_v two_o several_a matter_n nay_o one_o and_o the_o same_o matter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o and_o second_o as_o it_o be_v this_o way_n or_o that_o way_n consider_v ax._n 8._o far_o matter_n be_v either_o of_o natural_a or_o artificial_a body_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n element_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o mix_v body_n seed_n of_o live_v gold_n or_o silver_n of_o the_o cup_n wood_n of_o the_o shelf_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 9_o and_o both_o of_o these_o either_o of_o composition_n or_o generation_n ax._n 10._o the_o matter_n of_o composition_n be_v that_o of_o which_o a_o thing_n consist_v ax._n 11._o of_o generation_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o body_n be_v the_o matter_n of_o composition_n in_o a_o animal_n seed_n of_o generation_n in_o thing_n of_o art_n the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o also_o in_o meteor_n for_o a_o shelf_n be_v make_v and_o consist_v of_o wood_n cloud_n of_o vapour_n ice_n of_o water_n etc._n etc._n
when_o the_o matter_n of_o generation_n and_o composition_n be_v divers_a that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o remote_a this_o the_o proximate_a matter_n 2._o §_o now_o aristotle_n divide_v matter_n also_o book_n 8._o of_o the_o met._n cap._n 6._o into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a and_o intelligible_a be_v that_o when_o in_o accident_n or_o other_o simple_a thing_n the_o mind_n distinguish_v between_o material_a and_o formal_a so_o letter_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o matter_n of_o word_n word_n of_o speech_n so_o precept_n of_o discipline_n method_n the_o form_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v distinguish_v material_a and_o formal_a in_o the_o subject_n of_o discipline_n material_a be_v the_o thing_n itself_o which_o be_v consider_v formal_a the_o manner_n of_o its_o consideration_n so_o the_o material_a of_o physics_n be_v natural_a body_n formal_a as_o natural_a ax._n 12._o form_n be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o that_o by_o which_o it_o be_v explain_v what_o a_o thing_n be_v or_o last_o the_o ratio_fw-la of_o the_o essence_n 1._o §_o form_n in_o the_o greek_a be_v be_v term_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v species_n or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v exemplar_n sometime_o also_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v according_a to_o hermolaus_n barbarus_fw-la its_o perfect_a habitude_n or_o the_o like_a these_o three_o all_o conspire_v in_o the_o same_o thing_n and_o return_v to_o this_o viz._n that_o form_n be_v the_o internal_a cause_n by_o which_o a_o thing_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v for_o by_o matter_n also_o it_o exist_v but_o by_o form_n it_o be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v that_o be_v of_o this_o or_o that_o species_n for_o example_n that_o man_n exist_v be_v no_o less_o from_o matter_n than_o form_n but_o that_o he_o be_v a_o man_n rather_o than_o of_o any_o other_o species_n of_o creature_n be_v due_a only_a to_o form_n ax._n 13._o the_o office_n of_o form_n be_v two_o viz._n to_o inform_v the_o matter_n and_o with_o such_o matter_n to_o constitute_v the_o compose_v 1._o §_o and_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o different_a in_o the_o thing_n itself_o as_o in_o reason_n for_o when_o matter_n of_o itself_o inform_v and_o determine_v receive_v form_n it_o be_v determine_v with_o form_n to_o constitute_v a_o certain_a species_n of_o compositum_fw-la both_o therefore_o constitute_v the_o compose_v matter_n by_o receive_v form_n and_o form_n by_o determine_v or_o form_v matter_n and_o that_o by_o a_o union_n intervening_a for_o without_o a_o union_n of_o form_n with_o matter_n the_o compose_v be_v not_o constitute_v which_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o theorem_n viz._n that_o ax._n 14._o form_n be_v four_o way_n divide_v and_o first_o into_o material_a and_o immaterial_a ax._n 15._o material_a form_n be_v that_o which_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n or_o which_o depend_v upon_o matter_n in_o that_o self_n same_o moment_n and_o act_n by_o which_o it_o be_v make_v ax._n 16._o immaterial_a which_o be_v not_o produce_v neither_o do_v it_o depend_v &c_n &c_n 1._o §_o to_o be_v produce_v out_o of_o the_o power_n of_o matter_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o to_o be_v produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n and_o so_o as_o that_o the_o matter_n promote_v that_o action_n by_o its_o causality_n after_o this_o manner_n be_v produce_v material_a form_n form_n immaterial_a be_v also_o produce_v by_o a_o efficient_a cause_n in_o the_o matter_n but_o the_o matter_n itself_o do_v not_o contribute_v towards_o the_o action_n and_o this_o proper_o be_v say_v to_o create_v material_a form_n not_o only_o when_o make_n but_o also_o when_o make_v depend_v upon_o matter_n immaterial_a neither_o hence_o be_v it_o that_o those_o be_v corruptible_a these_o incorruptible_a all_o form_n of_o natural_a thing_n the_o humane_a soul_n except_v be_v material_a which_o only_o be_v immaterial_a ax._n 17._o second_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o substantial_a and_o accidental_a of_o which_o that_o constitute_v the_o substance_n this_o the_o accident_n in_o the_o concrete_a 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v man_n be_v the_o rational_a soul_n accidental_a as_o he_o be_v a_o musician_n music_n in_o the_o like_a manner_n the_o substantial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n be_v the_o form_n itself_o abstract_o of_o the_o marble_n or_o brass_n accidental_a as_o a_o statue_n the_o figure_n ax._n 18._o three_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o natural_a and_o artificial_a ax._n 19_o natural_a be_v that_o which_o be_v of_o nature_n artificial_a of_o art_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o soul_n be_v the_o form_n natural_a of_o every_o live_a thing_n the_o form_n of_o other_o natural_a thing_n want_v name_n and_o therefore_o be_v to_o we_o almost_o unknown_a figure_n be_v the_o artificial_a form_n of_o a_o statue_n as_o a_o artificial_a thing_n not_o as_o a_o natural_a to_o wit_n marble_n or_o brass_n for_o artificial_a form_n be_v quality_n of_o natural_a thing_n no_o formal_a cause_n but_o yet_o they_o be_v the_o formal_a cause_n of_o artificial_a thing_n as_o artificial_a for_o artificial_o be_v certain_a accident_n concrete_a with_o their_o substance_n ax._n 20._o four_o and_o last_o form_n be_v divide_v into_o principal_n and_o dispose_v ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a be_v that_o which_o constitute_v the_o species_n itself_o ax._n 22._o disponent_fw-la which_o dispose_v the_o matter_n to_o a_o aptitude_n for_o the_o reception_n of_o the_o principal_a form_n 1._o §_o the_o principal_a form_n be_v always_o a_o substantial_a form_n dispose_v either_o accidental_a or_o substantial_a disposition_n accidental_a be_v require_v in_o all_o thing_n have_v a_o substantial_a form_n substantial_a in_o animate_v only_o for_o example_n when_o wood_n burn_v it_o be_v first_o make_v hot_a and_o dry_v and_o after_o this_o manner_n make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o form_n of_o fire_n so_o likewise_o when_o a_o statue_n be_v make_v out_o of_o a_o beam_n or_o timber_n it_o be_v by_o degree_n to_o be_v dispose_v and_o form_v into_o the_o figure_n of_o a_o statue_n but_o when_o a_o animal_n be_v to_o be_v generate_v of_o seed_n this_o seed_n not_o only_o by_o its_o quality_n but_o also_o substantial_a form_n be_v to_o be_v dispose_v and_o make_v fit_a to_o receive_v the_o soul_n which_o form_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o seed_n be_v a_o principal_a though_o of_o the_o soul_n or_o animal_n a_o dispose_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o form_n also_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o intelligible_a and_o sensible_a but_o of_o this_o enough_o have_v be_v say_v already_o in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o matter_n chap._n xvii_o of_o efficient_a cause_n ax._n 1_o have_v external_n be_v those_o which_o enter_v not_o the_o essence_n of_o the_o thing_n as_o efficient_a and_o end_n ax._n 2._o a_o efficient_a be_v a_o external_n cause_n from_o which_o a_o thing_n proceed_v by_o a_o true_a causality_n 1._o §_o for_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v to_o proceed_v also_o from_o the_o end_n but_o by_o a_o metaphorical_a not_o a_o true_a causality_n ax._n 3_o a_o efficient_a be_v of_o a_o very_a large_a extent_n ax._n 4._o and_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o active_a which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o action_n cause_v the_o effect_n and_o into_o that_o from_o which_o a_o thing_n immediate_o flow_v and_o proceed_v without_o any_o action_n 1._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o cause_n cause_v the_o effect_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o some_o action_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v its_o causality_n in_o cause_v such_o a_o cause_n we_o call_v active_a sometime_o by_o its_o own_o existence_n without_o any_o causality_n distinct_a from_o its_o existence_n and_o this_o by_o some_o be_v call_v emanative_n which_o word_n though_o feign_v with_o repugnance_n to_o the_o analogy_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n yet_o be_v it_o to_o be_v use_v upon_o this_o occasion_n till_o a_o more_o convenient_a can_v be_v find_v out_o for_o example_n the_o fire_n be_v the_o emanative_a cause_n of_o its_o own_o heat_n but_o the_o active_a of_o another_o ax._n 5._o second_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o immanent_a and_o transient_a ax._n 6._o immanent_a be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n in_o its_o self_n ax._n 7._o transient_a out_o of_o itself_o 1._o §_o for_o example_n when_o a_o workman_n build_v a_o house_n or_o any_o one_o throw_v a_o stone_n both_o these_o be_v say_v to_o be_v transient_a but_o when_o our_o mind_n understand_v or_o desire_v any_o thing_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o immanent_a cause_n of_o those_o conception_n or_o affection_n which_o in_o understanding_n or_o desire_v it_o form_n ax._n 8._o the_o condition_n of_o the_o transient_a cause_n be_v two_o one_a
that_o it_o be_v conjoin_v with_o the_o patient_n and_o two_o unlike_a unto_o it_o 1._o §_o the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v precept_v book_n 7._o physics_n cap._n 3._o and_o the_o other_o book_n 1._o of_o gener._n and_o corrup_n cap._n 7._o a_o efficient_a be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n join_v to_o the_o patient_n to_o wit_n either_o by_o existence_n vulgar_o call_v suppositum_fw-la or_o virtue_n for_o example_n when_o fire_n burn_v wood_n it_o be_v conjoin_v to_o the_o wood_n by_o its_o existence_n when_o heat_n the_o sitter_n by_o it_o be_v not_o join_v to_o they_o by_o its_o existence_n but_o power_n or_o virtue_n 2._o §_o a_o agent_n likewise_o be_v say_v to_o be_v two_o way_n unlike_o the_o patient_n either_o as_o to_o species_n or_o degree_n in_o the_o first_o manner_n hot_a to_o cold_a in_o the_o last_o that_o which_o be_v more_o hot_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o hot_a or_o that_o which_o be_v more_o cold_a to_o that_o which_o be_v less_o cold_a those_o which_o neither_o the_o one_o can_v act_v upon_o the_o other_o or_o suffer_v from_o it_o any_o manner_n of_o way_n ax._n 9_o three_o the_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o free_a and_o necessary_a ax._n 10._o a_o free_a be_v that_o which_o cause_n consult_o or_o with_o design_n ax._n 11._o a_o necessary_a not_o but_o by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n 1._o §_o liberty_n in_o general_n be_v a_o faculty_n of_o do_v what_o one_o please_v and_o therefore_o he_o who_o be_v absolute_o free_a be_v free_a from_o all_o servitude_n law_n impose_v upon_o he_o by_o other_o coaction_n and_o necessity_n of_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o will_n be_v say_v to_o be_v free_a and_o a_o free_a cause_n oppose_v to_o a_o necessary_a nothing_o far_o be_v understand_v by_o the_o name_n of_o liberty_n but_o a_o immunity_n from_o coaction_n necessity_n and_o natural_a determination_n for_o he_o who_o be_v a_o servant_n or_o subject_a to_o another_o law_n enjoy_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o own_o will_n when_o he_o judge_n that_o he_o be_v to_o live_v according_a to_o the_o law_n or_o beck_n of_o he_o with_o who_o he_o live_v but_o natural_a necessity_n and_o coaction_n evert_v liberty_n why_o therefore_o be_v not_o co-act_a cause_n contain_v in_o this_o division_n because_o he_o who_o be_v compel_v be_v so_o compel_v by_o another_o as_o that_o he_o conduce_v nothing_o to_o the_o effect_n himself_o and_o therefore_o can_v be_v number_v among_o the_o efficient_n 2._o §_o by_o natural_a necessity_n we_o understand_v not_o only_o that_o by_o which_o inanimate_a thing_n act_v as_o plant_n but_o that_o also_o by_o which_o brute_n and_o infant_n before_o the_o use_v of_o reason_n for_o the_o action_n of_o brute_n and_o infant_n proceed_v almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n from_o natural_a instinct_n and_o sense_n as_o do_v the_o action_n of_o plant_n from_o nature_n itself_o in_o this_o sense_n be_v the_o part_n of_o the_o division_n immediate_o oppose_v and_o in_o this_o be_v contain_v all_o the_o species_n of_o cause_n which_o follow_v ax._n 12._o a_o free_a cause_n can_v act_v and_o not_o act_n what_o how_o and_o when_o it_o please_v ax._n 13._o a_o necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o certain_a thing_n and_o act_n both_o when_o and_o as_o much_o as_o it_o can_v 1._o §_o for_o example_n for_o this_o cause_n be_v one_o say_v free_o to_o dispute_v or_o write_v because_o voluntary_o and_o of_o one_o own_o accord_n one_o dispute_n or_o write_v and_o also_o because_o one_o can_v dispute_v or_o not_o dispute_v and_o the_o disputation_n begin_v can_v at_o will_v interrupt_v or_o do_v any_o of_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o our_o own_o power_n for_o to_o these_o only_o do_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o will_v extend_v cause_n necessary_a be_v determine_v to_o one_o thing_n that_o be_v they_o can_v but_o can_v but_o act_v and_o that_o only_a which_o they_o do_v and_o nothing_o else_o and_o as_o much_o as_o they_o can_v so_o fire_n can_v but_o heat_v fit_a matter_n and_o heat_v every_o thing_n so_o much_o as_o that_o it_o can_v heat_v it_o any_o more_o ax._n 14._o four_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o cause_n by_o it_o self_n and_o cause_n by_o accident_n ax._n 15._o cause_o by_o itself_o be_v that_o which_o as_o it_o be_v such_o produces_z a_o effect_n of_o its_o own_o council_n and_o agreeable_a to_o its_o natural_a disposition_n ax._n 16._o by_o accident_n which_o not_o as_o such_o or_o else_o beside_o its_o own_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n 1._o §_o that_o a_o cause_n efficient_a be_v a_o cause_n of_o itself_o two_o condition_n thus_o be_v require_v first_o that_o the_o effect_v answer_v to_o its_o council_n or_o natural_a propension_n to_o its_o council_n if_o a_o free_a propension_n if_o a_o necessary_a the_o other_o that_o it_o produce_v it_o as_o such_o if_o either_o of_o these_o be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o accident_n if_o the_o first_o because_o some_o event_n or_o effect_v by_o accident_n coheres_fw-la with_o the_o effect_n which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o cause_n efficient_a by_o itself_o as_o when_o one_o dig_v up_o the_o earth_n find_v a_o treasure_n for_o to_o dig_v the_o earth_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o dig_a by_o itself_o with_o which_o effect_n the_o find_n of_o the_o treasure_n by_o accident_n that_o be_v beside_o the_o council_n of_o the_o dig_a and_o nature_n of_o the_o digging_z be_v join_v so_o when_o a_o animal_n beget_v a_o monster_n it_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o monster_n by_o accident_n because_o the_o generation_n of_o the_o monster_n be_v join_v with_o that_o of_o nature_n by_o accident_n and_o beside_o its_o scope_n and_o intention_n if_o the_o latter_a that_o be_v if_o the_o latter_a qualification_n be_v want_v the_o cause_n be_v say_v by_o accident_n because_o the_o effect_n be_v not_o ascribe_v to_o the_o cause_n but_o that_o which_o happen_v to_o it_o as_o when_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o statue_n for_o neither_o do_v polyclete_n make_v the_o statue_n as_o he_o be_v polyclete_n or_o musician_n as_o he_o be_v musician_n but_o a_o statuary_n for_o it_o be_v accidental_a to_o the_o statuary_n that_o he_o be_v either_o polyclete_n or_o a_o musician_n see_v book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 2._o ax._n 17._o to_o cause_v by_o accident_n be_v reduce_v fortune_n and_o chance_n 1._o §_o videlicet_fw-la to_o the_o first_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o its_o effect_n fortune_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v define_v by_o aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o the_o physics_n cap._n 5._o thus_o it_o be_v therefore_o manifest_a that_o fortune_n be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n in_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v do_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o and_o consult_o undertake_v by_o themistius_n in_o his_o periphrase_n upon_o this_o place_n more_o full_o to_o be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o neither_o necessary_o nor_o often_o but_o rare_o happen_v and_o in_o those_o alone_o which_o for_o the_o sake_n of_o something_o be_v consult_o undertake_v 2._o §_o now_o chance_n in_o creek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o cause_n by_o accident_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o rare_o happen_v and_o that_o in_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v undertake_v for_o the_o sake_n of_o another_o and_o not_o only_o consult_o for_o chance_n extend_v far_a than_o fortune_n for_o whereas_o both_o be_v cause_n by_o accident_n which_o act_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o some_o end_n and_o be_v conversant_a in_o thing_n rare_o happen_v fortune_n only_o be_v place_v in_o those_o thing_n which_o act_v consult_o chance_v also_o in_o those_o which_o act_n by_o necessity_n of_o nature_n as_o in_o infant_n brute_n plant_n and_o also_o inanimate_a thing_n in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o place_n for_o fortune_n as_o for_o instance_n when_o any_o one_o dig_v find_v a_o treasure_n we_o may_v say_v that_o it_o be_v by_o chance_n or_o fortune_n do_v but_o when_o a_o tile_n fall_v from_o a_o house_n shall_v wound_v a_o passer_n by_o that_o be_v we_o say_v by_o chance_n not_o fortune_n do_v all_o fortune_n therefore_o be_v chance_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_a as_o be_v say_v book_n the_o same_o cap._n 6._o although_o '_o these_o word_n be_v often_o confound_v ax._n 18._o five_o cause_o efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o principal_a and_o less_o principal_a ax._n 19_o a_o principal_n be_v that_o which_o produce_v the_o effect_n by_o its_o own_o virtue_n ax._n 20._o a_o less_o which_o inserve_n the_o principal_a towards_o its_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 21._o the_o principal_a cause_n be_v either_o equal_a to_o or_o noble_a never_o worse_o than_o
the_o effect_n the_o less_o principal_a as_o far_o as_o it_o cause_v be_v always_o worse_o then_o or_o inferior_a to_o the_o effect_n 1._o §_o when_o we_o compare_v the_o effect_n with_o the_o cause_n we_o be_v to_o consider_v the_o cause_n as_o it_o be_v such_o that_o be_v according_a to_o that_o virtue_n by_o which_o it_o cause_v when_o the_o virtue_n of_o the_o cause_n be_v such_o as_o that_o it_o contain_v in_o it_o whatever_o be_v in_o the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o principal_a cause_n the_o effect_n be_v say_v to_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o cause_n either_o formal_o or_o eminent_o when_o formal_o or_o the_o effect_n be_v of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o the_o cause_n the_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v univocal_a and_o be_v equal_a to_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o heat_n beget_v heat_n or_o a_o mouse_n a_o mouse_n when_o eminent_o or_o the_o cause_n by_o a_o noble_a sort_n of_o virtue_n produce_v the_o effect_n it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v aequivocal_a and_o be_v better_a than_o its_o effect_n as_o when_o light_n produce_v heat_n or_o the_o architect_n a_o house_n when_o neither_o formal_o nor_o eminent_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v less_o principal_a and_o that_o not_o so_o much_o effect_n as_o subserve_v the_o principal_a in_o produce_v the_o effect_n ax._n 22._o the_o less_o principal_a be_v subdivide_v into_o procatarctical_a proëgumenal_a and_o instrumental_a ax._n 23._o procatarctical_a be_v that_o which_o extrinsical_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n ax._n 24._o the_o proëgumenal_a which_o inward_o dispose_v or_o also_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n 1._o the_o cause_n in_o greek_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o procatarctical_a in_o latin_a may_v be_v call_v incipiens_fw-la or_o inchoans_fw-la that_o be_v beginning_n or_o inchoat_v and_o be_v either_o object_n occasion_n author_n or_o merit_n so_o far_o it_o may_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o object_n as_o it_o move_v or_o excite_v the_o principal_a cause_n to_o action_n occasion_n be_v the_o conveniency_n of_o time_n and_o place_n to_o act_v in_o which_o itself_o also_o have_v some_o force_n of_o move_v to_o action_n in_o as_o much_o as_o it_o remove_v impediment_n to_o action_n author_n here_o be_v say_v to_o be_v he_o who_o propose_v reason_n persuade_v the_o principal_a cause_n either_o to_o or_o from_o action_n he_o be_v also_o call_v the_o moral_a cause_n merit_n or_o meritorious_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o move_v the_o agent_n to_o a_o requital_n and_o that_o either_o in_o good_a or_o evil_a thing_n and_o even_o all_o these_o be_v without_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o which_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o proegumenal_a which_o consist_v in_o the_o principal_a cause_n itself_o for_o example_n if_o any_o one_o walk_v about_o in_o the_o night_n shall_v see_v many_o precious_a thing_n in_o the_o open_a house_n of_o his_o enemy_n from_o who_o just_o before_o he_o have_v receive_v a_o injury_n to_o be_v negligent_o keep_v and_o at_o the_o instigation_n of_o another_o shall_v take_v they_o away_o the_o objective_a cause_n of_o of_o this_o will_v be_v the_o precious_a thing_n themselves_o exciting_a the_o covetousness_n of_o the_o thief_n the_o occasion_n the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n and_o open_a house_n which_o in_o no_o little_a measure_n further_o he_o in_o his_o purpose_n the_o author_n or_o moral_a cause_n he_o who_o instigate_v he_o the_o meritorious_a the_o injury_n receive_v for_o which_o the_o thief_n come_v to_o be_v more_o prone_a to_o steal_v the_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v the_o proper_a avarice_n of_o the_o thief_n farthermore_o author_n or_o cause_n moral_a have_v place_n only_o in_o voluntary_a cause_n object_n occasion_n meritorious_a and_o proëgumental_a also_o in_o other_o occasion_n be_v sometime_o take_v for_o cause_n meritorious_a as_o when_o a_o injury_n commit_v or_o do_v be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o a_o fight_n or_o war_n or_o slaughter_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n if_o feign_v be_v call_v by_o the_o greek_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o the_o latin_n pretext_n the_o proëgumenal_a either_o dispose_v only_o the_o principal_a cause_n as_o when_o the_o temperament_n of_o the_o body_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o manner_n or_o also_o move_v it_o and_o spur_n it_o on_o as_o when_o anger_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o revenge_n or_o avarice_n of_o theft_n 2._o §_o the_o procatarctical_a and_o proëgumenal_a cause_n be_v of_o great_a use_n in_o physic_n for_o physician_n reduce_v almost_o all_o disease_n to_o three_o cause_n procatarctical_a proegumenal_a and_o synectical_a or_o contain_v the_o procatarctical_a with_o they_o be_v the_o external_n and_o evident_a cause_n the_o other_o two_o the_o internal_a and_o hide_a cause_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o antecedent_n the_o contain_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o that_o which_o be_v connate_a with_o and_o also_o exist_v together_o with_o the_o disease_n and_o coheres_fw-la immediate_o with_o it_o and_o this_o with_o we_o be_v the_o next_o cause_n for_o example_n the_o procatarctical_a cause_n of_o the_o fever_n be_v either_o cold_a or_o the_o astringent_a bath_n the_o proëgumenal_a the_o skin_n bind_v up_o and_o evaporation_n hinder_v the_o contain_v the_o humour_n putrescent_fw-la and_o accend_v ax._n 25._o the_o instrumental_a cause_n be_v that_o which_o subserve_v the_o principal_a cause_n in_o its_o effect_v 1._o §_o all_o instrument_n subserve_v not_o the_o principal_a in_o the_o like_a manner_n for_o there_o be_v some_o instrument_n join_v to_o the_o principal_a cause_n in_o act_v and_o there_o be_v some_o in_o act_v separate_a from_o they_o those_o be_v instrument_n conjoin_v of_o which_o the_o principal_a cause_n make_v use_v in_o the_o effection_n of_o the_o thing_n and_o these_o be_v either_o active_a as_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o fire_n or_o passive_a as_o a_o knife_n a_o sword_n etc._n etc._n separate_a instrument_n be_v those_o which_o act_n in_o the_o place_n and_o stead_n of_o the_o principal_a cause_n so_o the_o ambassador_n be_v the_o instrument_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o the_o seed_n seem_v to_o many_o the_o instrument_n of_o generation_n but_o mistaken_o for_o separate_v instrument_n have_v no_o place_n in_o natural_n but_o moral_n and_o this_o bring_v we_o to_o the_o next_o maxim_n viz._n ax._n 26._o the_o essence_n of_o instrument_n consist_v in_o their_o fitness_n for_o use_v 1._o §_o instrument_n say_v aristotle_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 4._o in_o office_n and_o uses_n be_v distinguish_v or_o convene_v among_o themselves_o for_o every_o instrument_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v because_o and_o so_o far_o as_o it_o be_v fit_a for_o some_o certain_a use_n so_o a_o axe_n be_v so_o far_o a_o axe_n as_o that_o in_o the_o quality_n of_o its_o matter_n and_o form_n it_o be_v fit_a to_o cut_v and_o the_o eye_n so_o far_o a_o eye_n as_o it_o be_v fit_a to_o see_v with_o for_o the_o eye_n the_o hand_n and_o other_o organical_a part_n of_o man_n or_o beast_n when_o dead_a be_v not_o eye_n or_o hand_n unless_o homonymous_o or_o ambiguous_o that_o be_v doubtful_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o meteor_n cap._n 17._o ax._n 27._o six_o cause_v efficient_a be_v divide_v into_o first_o and_o second_o ax._n 28._o the_o first_o be_v that_o which_o depend_v upon_o none_o ax._n 29._o the_o second_o which_o depend_v upon_o the_o first_o 1._o §_o a_o cause_n be_v two_o way_n say_v to_o be_v first_o to_o wit_n absolute_o or_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v absolute_o on_o which_o all_o thing_n depend_v both_o when_o they_o be_v make_v exist_v and_o operate_v or_o as_o they_o say_v in_o fieri_fw-la esse_fw-la and_o operation_n the_o cause_n absolute_o first_o be_v only_o one_o to_o wit_n god_n for_o all_o thing_n depend_v on_o god_n both_o as_o to_o their_o make_v be_v and_o operate_n according_a to_o that_o of_o the_o apostle_n st._n paul_n act_v 17._o in_o he_o we_o live_v and_o move_v and_o have_v our_o be_v furthermore_o all_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o depend_v upon_o god_n as_o they_o be_v make_v or_o in_o fieri_fw-la as_o they_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o creation_n and_o that_o either_o proximate_o or_o remote_o as_o they_o be_v or_o in_o be_v by_o reason_n of_o conservation_n as_o they_o operate_v of_o his_o providence_n either_o ordinary_o or_o extraordinary_o etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o that_o cause_n be_v say_v to_o be_v first_o in_o its_o own_o genus_fw-la on_o which_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la depend_v such_o a_o first_o cause_n be_v not_o only_o give_v in_o every_o genus_fw-la of_o cause_n but_o also_o in_o every_o subordination_n so_o adam_n be_v the_o first_o cause_n of_o man_n in_o his_o species_n
14._o that_o by_o accident_n which_o not_o to_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o or_o about_o which_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o be_v not_o employ_v etc._n etc._n 1._o §_o a_o object_n by_o itself_o require_v two_o condition_n the_o one_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o itself_o the_o other_o its_o subject_a to_o which_o it_o be_v subject_v upon_o the_o account_n of_o itself_o it_o be_v require_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v subject_v to_o the_o thing_n as_o such_o so_o good_a be_v the_o object_n of_o the_o will_n of_o its_o self_n evil_a by_o accident_n for_o the_o will_n desire_v good_a in_o its_o own_o nature_n evil_a not_o nay_o evil_a be_v not_o desire_v as_o evil_a but_o seem_v to_o be_v good_a book_n 3._o of_o the_o ethic_n cap._n 4._o so_o the_o object_n of_o the_o sight_n by_o itself_o be_v colour_n by_o accident_n dias_n his_o son_n book_n 2._o of_o an._n cap._n 6._o for_o dias_n son_n be_v not_o see_v as_o dias_n son_n but_o as_o colour_a for_o it_o be_v accidental_a only_o that_o that_o which_o be_v colour_a be_v dias_n son_n the_o other_o condition_n we_o say_v to_o be_v require_v in_o the_o object_n itself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o subject_n be_v that_o the_o thing_n shall_v be_v conversant_a about_o it_o as_o itself_o such_o for_o example_n when_o the_o architect_n build_v a_o house_n the_o matter_n out_o of_o which_o it_o be_v make_v be_v the_o architect_n object_n by_o it_o self_n because_o as_o such_o he_o be_v conversant_a about_o it_o but_o the_o same_o matter_n will_v be_v the_o object_n of_o the_o musician_n by_o accident_n if_o a_o musician_n shall_v be_v say_v to_o build_v because_o he_o build_v not_o as_o a_o musician_n but_o architect_n ax._n 15._o object_n by_o itself_o be_v either_o proper_a or_o common_a ax._n 16._o a_o object_n proper_a be_v that_o which_o be_v object_v only_o to_o one_o thing_n ax._n 17._o common_a to_o many_o 1._o §_o so_o colour_n be_v the_o proper_a object_n of_o the_o sight_n sound_v of_o the_o hear_v savour_n of_o the_o taste_v etc._n etc._n magnitude_n number_n figure_n motion_n rest_v the_o common_a object_n of_o the_o sense_n because_o every_o one_o of_o they_o be_v perceive_v by_o many_o sense_n ax._n 18._o both_o be_v either_o mediate_v or_o immediate_a ax._n 19_o a_o mediate_v be_v that_o which_o be_v object_v to_o any_o one_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o another_o az._n 20._o immediate_a by_o the_o mediation_n of_o none_o 1._o §_o so_o the_o sensible_a quality_n be_v the_o immediate_a object_n of_o the_o sense_n a_o substance_n invest_v with_o those_o quality_n the_o mediate_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o object_n ax._n 21._o a_o sign_n be_v that_o which_o offer_v it_o self_n to_o the_o sense_n and_o that_o of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o sign_n to_o the_o understanding_n 1._o §_o the_o sign_n be_v the_o adjunct_n the_o thing_n signify_v the_o subject_a a_o sign_n do_v these_o two_o thing_n first_o offer_v itself_o to_o the_o sense_n and_o then_o move_v the_o mind_n that_o it_o may_v consider_v of_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v signify_v ax._n 22._o sign_n be_v divide_v many_o way_n and_o first_o into_o natural_a and_o arbitrary_a ax._n 23._o sign_n natural_a be_v that_o which_o signify_v of_o its_o own_o nature_n 1._o §_o so_o the_o morning_n be_v the_o sign_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v be_v about_o the_o rise_n the_o footstep_n of_o the_o foot_n the_o image_n in_o the_o glass_n of_o the_o countenance_n the_o sign_n natural_a belong_v almost_o to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o cause_n for_o every_o natural_a sign_n be_v either_o the_o cause_n of_o the_o thing_n signify_v or_o the_o effect_n or_o else_o both_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o same_o cause_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 24._o a_o sign_n arbitrary_a be_v that_o which_o signify_v according_a to_o institution_n 1._o §_o either_o humane_a as_o when_o the_o suspend_v ivy_n be_v a_o sign_n of_o wine_n to_o be_v sell_v or_o divine_a as_o when_o the_o sacrament_n be_v say_v to_o be_v sign_n of_o divine_a grace_n ax._n 25._o second_o sign_n be_v divide_v into_o formal_a and_o material_a ax._n 26._o the_o formal_a be_v that_o which_o represent_v the_o thing_n 1._o §_o so_o a_o picture_n be_v a_o sign_n of_o the_o thing_n paint_v the_o footstep_n of_o the_o foot_n conception_n of_o thing_n etc._n etc._n it_o be_v call_v by_o aristotle_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v resemblance_n cap._n 2._o of_o the_o interp._n ax._n 27._o a_o material_a be_v that_o which_o do_v indicate_v the_o thing_n indeed_o but_o do_v not_o represent_v it_o 1._o §_o so_o the_o rainbow_n be_v a_o sign_n of_o rain_n smoak_n of_o flame_n pale_a moon_n of_o wind_n red_a of_o fair_a wether_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 28._o three_o sign_n eat_v divide_v into_o antecedent_n consequent_a and_o conjoin_v 1._o §_o antecedent_n such_o as_o the_o morning_n of_o the_o rise_a sun_n the_o coaction_n of_o the_o cloud_n of_o rain_n consequent_a as_o float_v plank_n of_o a_o tempest_n paleness_n of_o a_o distemper_n conjoin_v as_o a_o unequal_a pulse_n of_o a_o fever_n a_o hairy_a skin_n of_o salacity_n etc._n etc._n hitherto_o do_v also_o appertain_v sign_n meteorological_a and_o physiognunical_a ax._n 29._o four_o and_o last_o sign_n be_v divide_v into_o necessary_a and_o contingent_a of_o which_o those_o make_v a_o certain_a and_o these_o a_o uncertain_a indication_n of_o a_o thing_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n the_o morning_n certain_o foreshow_v the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o unequal_a pulse_n of_o the_o artery_n certain_o show_v a_o fever_n but_o paleness_n be_v a_o sign_n of_o love_n and_o the_o coaction_n of_o the_o cloud_n of_o rain_n but_o fallacious_a for_o a_o sign_n be_v fallacious_a when_o it_o do_v not_o necessary_o cohere_v with_o the_o thing_n or_o be_v common_a to_o many_o thing_n necessary_a sign_n the_o greek_n call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o rest_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v verisimilous_a or_o probable_a although_o they_o seem_v then_o last_o to_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o probable_a when_o probable_a proposition_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o they_o as_o when_o the_o cloud_n be_v gather_v together_o it_o will_v sudden_o rain_v he_o who_o be_v pale_a be_v in_o love_n etc._n etc._n ax._n 30._o a_o circumstance_n be_v that_o which_o be_v about_o the_o thing_n adjacent_a or_o apposite_a to_o it_o 1._o §_o hitherto_o appertain_v time_n place_n vestiture_n armature_n and_o other_o thing_n of_o that_o nature_n and_o thus_o far_o of_o simple_a affection_n chap._n xx._n of_o conveniency_n of_o thing_n ax._n 1_o now_o follow_v convenience_n diversity_n opposition_n and_o order_n which_o we_o say_v be_v affection_n conjoin_v ax._n 2._o convenience_n be_v that_o by_o which_o many_o or_o as_o many_o be_v unite_v among_o themselves_o ax._n 3_o and_o be_v either_o real_a or_o of_o reason_n ax._n 4._o real_a convenience_n be_v the_o convenience_n of_o on-thing_n with_o itself_o ax._n 5._o reason_n of_o many_o thing_n in_o one_o conception_n 1._o §_o this_o distribution_n be_v by_o the_o philosopher_n mention_v book_n 4._o of_o the_o metaph._n cap._n 7._o ax._n 6._o convenience_n be_v also_o divide_v into_o simple_a and_o analogical_a ax._n 7._o simple_n the_o convenience_n of_o one_o thing_n with_o another_o in_o the_o same_o three_o ax._n 8._o analogical_a or_o analogy_n of_o many_o with_o many_o in_o the_o same_o habitude_n 1._o §_o analogy_n in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n proportio_fw-la be_v design_v by_o euclid_n book_n 5._o prop._n 4._o to_o be_v a_o similitude_n of_o ratio_n a_o ratio_fw-la according_a to_o the_o same_o author_n be_v a_o certain_a mutual_a habitude_n of_o two_o magnitude_n of_o the_o same_o genus_fw-la with_o respect_n to_o quantity_n and_o therefore_o since_o a_o ratio_fw-la have_v two_o term_n and_o analogy_n two_o ratio_n at_o the_o least_o it_o follow_v analogy_n consist_v in_o four_o term_n at_o the_o least_o of_o which_o the_o first_o have_v the_o same_o respect_n to_o the_o second_o as_o the_o three_o have_v to_o the_o four_o as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o these_o number_n 4_o 8.6_o 12._o for_o as_o 4_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o 8_o so_o 6_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o 12._o 2._o §_o and_o although_o mathematician_n do_v usual_o constitute_v analogy_n in_o quantity_n only_o and_o in_o the_o habitude_n of_o the_o whole_a to_o the_o part_n or_o on_o the_o contrary_a there_o be_v no_o cause_n yet_o why_o analogy_n may_v not_o be_v attribute_v to_o all_o thing_n in_o general_a which_o by_o a_o mutual_a habitude_n convene_v among_o themselves_o whether_o it_o be_v that_o of_o whole_a to_o part_n cause_v to_o cause_v or_o subject_a to_o adjunct_n or_o on_o the_o contrary_a etc._n etc._n for_o as_o 4_o and_o 6_o be_v analogical_a part_n have_v the_o ratio_fw-la of_o half_a to_o
some_o condition_n suppose_v indeed_o or_o respect_n be_v necessary_a but_o that_o condition_n or_o respect_n be_v take_v away_o or_o alter_v without_o such_o contradiction_n may_v be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v or_o to_o be_v otherwise_o than_o it_o be_v both_o these_o together_o with_o contingency_n be_v consider_v either_o in_o existence_n cause_n or_o enunciation_n and_o that_o alone_o be_v of_o this_o place_n which_o be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o indissoluble_a connection_n of_o part_n whilst_o contingency_n be_v a_o dissoluble_a and_o mutable_a for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v a_o animal_n be_v a_o necessary_a because_o it_o can_v be_v otherwise_o but_o that_o a_o man_n must_v be_v a_o animal_n and_o this_o necessity_n be_v absolute_a this_o enunciation_n also_o a_o crow_n be_v black_a be_v necessary_a but_o not_o absolute_o but_o according_a to_o some_o respect_n because_o although_o natural_o a_o crow_n can_v be_v otherwise_o than_o black_a yet_o by_o the_o supernatural_a power_n of_o god_n it_o may_v but_o this_o enunciation_n crassus_n be_v rich_a be_v contingent_a because_o it_o may_v so_o be_v that_o crassus_n may_v not_o be_v rich_a ax._n 6._o necessity_n of_o enunciation_n be_v distinguish_v by_o three_o degree_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v of_o every_o one_o the_o second_o by_o itself_o the_o three_o universal_o first_o ax._n 7._o that_o of_o every_o one_o be_v that_o in_o which_o the_o predicate_a agree_v with_o every_o subject_a and_o always_o 1._o §_o these_o two_o condition_n be_v always_o necessary_a for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v just_a be_v not_o of_o every_o one_o because_o to_o be_v just_a do_v not_o agree_v with_o every_o man_n neither_o this_o a_o live_a creature_n grow_v because_o it_o do_v not_o always_o grow_v but_o this_o a_o crow_n be_v black_a be_v of_o every_o one_o because_o every_o crow_n be_v black_a and_o that_o always_o ax._n 8._o a_o enunciation_n by_o itself_o be_v only_o that_o who_o subject_a and_o predicate_v be_v cohere_v together_o by_o a_o essential_a tye._n ax._n 9_o and_o be_v either_o of_o the_o first_o or_o second_o mood_n ax._n 10._o and_o the_o first_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_a axe_n 11._o the_o other_o when_o the_o subject_a in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a ax._n 12._o to_o which_o be_v oppose_v enunciation_n by_o accident_n ax._n 13._o that_o be_v that_o in_o which_o neither_o the_o predicate_v be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_a nor_o the_o subject_a in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a 1._o §_o to_o the_o first_o mood_n viz._n that_o by_o itself_o belong_v five_o genus_n of_o enunciation_n first_o when_o the_o next_o genus_fw-la be_v predicate_v of_o the_o species_n as_o man_n be_v a_o animal_n second_o the_o remote_a as_o man_n be_v a_o substance_n three_o the_o next_o difference_n as_o man_n be_v rational_a four_o the_o remote_a as_o man_n have_v the_o faculty_n of_o feel_v five_o and_o last_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o define_v as_o man_n be_v a_o rational_a animal_n to_o the_o second_o belong_v those_o enunciation_n in_o which_o the_o propriety_n be_v predicate_v of_o their_o subject_n and_o that_o either_o single_o and_z separately_z as_o man_n be_v risible_a or_o two_o disjunctive_o as_o number_n be_v either_o even_a or_o odd_a but_o this_o enunciation_n a_o crow_n be_v black_a although_o nec_fw-la ssary_n yet_o be_v it_o by_o accident_n because_o neither_o the_o crow_n in_o the_o mention_n of_o blackness_n nor_o blackness_n in_o the_o mention_n of_o the_o crow_n be_v define_v ax._n 14._o the_o enunciation_n universal_o first_o be_v only_o that_o in_o which_o the_o predicate_a agree_v or_o convene_v with_o the_o subject_a as_o it_o be_v its_o self_n that_o which_o it_o be_v ax._n 15._o and_o therefore_o consist_v of_o reciprocal_a term_n 1._o §_o for_o example_n this_o enunciation_n man_n be_v risible_a be_v from_o hence_o know_v to_o be_v universal_o first_o because_o it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o man_n as_o man_n be_v risible_a and_o also_o that_o all_o man_n and_o only_a man_n be_v risible_a etc._n etc._n ax._n 16._o of_o these_o degree_n the_o second_o include_v the_o first_o and_z the_o third_z the_o second_o viz._n of_o those_o have_v a_o universal_a subject_n but_o not_o on_o the_o contrary_n ax._n 17._o of_o enunciation_n contingent_a some_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n true_a some_o seldom_o some_o of_o a_o doubtful_a nature_n that_o be_v now_o true_a now_o false_a 1._o §_o as_o for_o example_n for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v true_a that_o parent_n love_v their_o child_n seldom_o that_o a_o man_n be_v bear_v with_o two_o head_n of_o a_o doubtful_a nature_n viz._n now_o true_a now_o false_a that_o a_o player_n at_o dice_n win_v etc._n etc._n now_o ax._n 18._o a_o false_a enunciation_n be_v either_o possible_a or_o impossible_a ax._n 19_o possible_a that_o when_o false_a may_v be_v true_a ax._n 20._o impossible_a which_o when_o false_a can_v be_v true_a 1._o §_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v impossible_a also_o two_o way_n to_o wit_n either_o absolute_o or_o according_a to_o something_o a_o absolute_a be_v that_o which_o imply_v a_o contradiction_n as_o that_o a_o man_n shall_v be_v a_o stone_n according_a to_o something_o which_o when_o not_o may_v be_v do_v indeed_o by_o god_n but_o not_o natural_a cause_n as_o for_o the_o sun_n to_o stand_v still_o the_o fire_n not_o to_o burn_v a_o virgin_n to_o bring_v forth_o so_o likewise_o a_o thing_n may_v be_v say_v possible_a two_o way_n for_o one_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o be_v possible_a to_o god_n another_o to_o natural_a cause_n and_o this_o in_o reality_n differ_v not_o from_o that_o which_o be_v contingent_a but_o only_o in_o reason_n for_o that_o be_v say_v to_o be_v possible_a which_o be_v not_o but_o can_v be_v contingent_a which_o be_v and_o yet_o may_v not_o be_v and_o this_o of_o absolute_a affection_n note_n and_o observation_n extract_v from_o the_o learned_a heereboord_n and_o apply_v as_o proper_a to_o the_o end_n of_o this_o chapter_n 1._o a_o predicate_a be_v say_v to_o agree_v with_o the_o subject_a as_o the_o subject_n be_v that_o which_o it_o be_v when_o there_o be_v nothing_o else_o in_o the_o subject_a to_o which_o it_o can_v first_o be_v attribute_v as_o of_o these_o two_o enunciation_n man_n be_v sensible_a man_n be_v risible_a the_o former_a be_v not_o universal_o first_o because_o to_o be_v sensible_a do_v not_o convene_v to_o man_n as_o he_o be_v man_n but_o as_o he_o be_v a_o animal_n to_o which_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v but_o to_o be_v risible_a convenes_n to_o he_o as_o man_n because_o to_o none_o it_o be_v to_o be_v attribute_v before_o man._n 2._o term_n be_v say_v to_o be_v reciprocal_a when_o there_o may_v be_v a_o conversion_n of_o the_o predicate_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o subject_a and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a that_o be_v when_o one_o may_v be_v put_v into_o the_o place_n of_o the_o other_o as_o for_o instance_n as_o one_o may_v say_v every_o man_n be_v risible_a so_o one_o may_v say_v that_o every_o risible_a be_v man._n but_o although_o one_o may_v say_v every_o man_n be_v sensible_a yet_o can_v one_o say_v that_o every_o sensible_a be_v man_n and_o so_o in_o other_o instance_n and_o that_o we_o may_v full_o know_v when_o a_o enunciation_n be_v universal_o first_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o when_o the_o predicate_v may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o subject_a with_o these_o particle_n viz._n quà _fw-la quatenus_fw-la quia_fw-la that_o be_v as_o so_o as_o because_o etc._n etc._n that_o be_v when_o with_o the_o predicate_v either_o any_o causal_n or_o reduplicative_a particle_n may_v be_v use_v the_o enunciation_n be_v always_o universal_o first_o as_o man_z as_o and_o because_o he_o be_v man_n be_v risible_a etc._n etc._n when_o otherwise_o the_o enunciation_n must_v be_v of_o some_o other_o degree_n 3._o of_o the_o degree_n of_o necessity_n the_o second_o include_v the_o first_o and_z the_o third_z the_o second_o not_o reciprocal_o for_o instance_n every_o man_n be_v risible_a be_v a_o enunciation_n universal_o first_o because_o consist_v of_o reciprocal_a term_n of_o itself_o and_o of_o the_o second_o mood_n because_o the_o subject_a and_o the_o predicate_v cohere_v together_o in_o a_o reciprocal_a tie_n and_o the_o subject_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o predicate_a also_o of_o every_o one_o because_o every_o man_n be_v risible_a and_o always_o but_o when_o i_o say_v a_o man_n be_v two-footed_n it_o be_v also_o of_o every_o one_o but_o not_o of_o itself_o because_o neither_o man_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o two-footed_n nor_o two-footed_n in_o the_o definition_n of_o man_n much_o
repair_v and_o this_o be_v from_o the_o final_a etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o demonstration_n why_o be_v not_o only_o affirm_v but_o also_o deny_v for_o as_o we_o may_v demonstrate_v that_o a_o man_n be_v capable_a of_o science_n because_o endue_v with_o reason_n so_o also_o that_o a_o beast_n be_v not_o because_o not_o etc._n etc._n for_o as_o a_o affirmation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o affirmation_n so_o must_v a_o negation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o a_o negation_n etc._n etc._n see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 13._o and_o so_o we_o proceed_v to_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n in_o which_o we_o be_v teach_v what_o they_o ought_v to_o to_o be_v chap._n xxiii_o of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n of_o demonstration_n ax._n 1_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o principle_n or_o proposition_n of_o demonstration_n why_o be_v either_o absolute_a or_o relate_v ax._n 2._o absolute_a be_v those_o which_o agree_v to_o the_o proposition_n in_o themselves_o consider_v and_o relate_v as_o compare_v with_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 3_o the_o absolute_a be_v these_o and_o first_o that_o the_o proposition_n be_v necessary_o true_a and_o reciprocal_a second_o immediate_a and_o first_o commentary_n true_a because_o a_o false_a can_v be_v know_v and_o also_o necessary_o because_o from_o proposition_n not_o necessary_a a_o necessary_a conclusion_n can_v be_v draw_v unless_o by_o chance_n or_o accident_n 2._o §_o immediate_a because_o if_o not_o there_o will_v be_v a_o progress_n to_o infinite_a which_o be_v inconsistent_a with_o the_o nature_n of_o rnowledge_n ax._n 4._o these_o two_o in_o the_o major_n be_v require_v necessary_o but_o that_o the_o minor_a suppose_n it_o be_v true_a shall_v be_v also_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a be_v not_o absolute_o necessary_a 1._o §_o for_o the_o major_n be_v to_o consist_v of_o the_o affection_n and_o its_o next_o cause_n which_o be_v not_o only_o reciprocate_v among_o themselves_o but_o also_o necessary_o and_o immediate_o cohere_v but_o the_o minor_a of_o the_o affection_n cause_n and_o subject_n which_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a shall_v so_o close_o cohere_v as_o that_o they_o shall_v constitute_v a_o necessary_a immediate_a and_o reciprocal_a proposition_n since_o of_o the_o affection_n not_o subject_a the_o knowledge_n be_v require_v etc._n etc._n 2._o §_o now_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o necessary_a much_o less_o reciprocal_a and_o universal_o first_o when_o the_o medium_fw-la of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a external_n of_o the_o predicate_a for_o example_n that_o which_o with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v that_o suffer_v a_o defect_n of_o light_n receive_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o moon_n with_o the_o ray_n of_o the_o sun_n the_o earth_n be_v object_v can_v be_v illustrate_v and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n in_o this_o demonstration_n the_o minor_a have_v no_o degree_n of_o necessity_n because_o it_o be_v not_o perpetual_a in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a internal_a or_o final_a indeed_o the_o minor_a be_v always_o necessary_a but_o not_o reciprocal_a because_o often_o the_o next_o and_o reciprocal_a subject_n want_v a_o name_n for_o example_n every_o plant_n who_o humour_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n but_o the_o humour_n of_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o congeal_v at_o the_o foot_n or_o stalk_v of_o its_o leaf_n and_o therefore_o the_o vine_n be_v apt_a to_o shed_v its_o leave_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o reciprocal_a because_o it_o happen_v not_o only_o to_o the_o vine_n to_o have_v its_o humour_n congeal_v but_o to_o all_o other_o plant_n to_o who_o it_o happen_v to_o shed_v their_o leave_n but_o this_o happen_v because_o there_o be_v not_o a_o proper_a name_n by_o which_o shall_v be_v signify_v all_o and_o only_o those_o plant_n to_o which_o the_o congelation_n of_o the_o humour_n and_o fall_v of_o the_o leaf_n evene_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n be_v it_o also_o that_o the_o conclusion_n be_v not_o reciprocal_a see_v book_n 1._o post_n cap._n 5._o and_o book_n 2._o cap._n 66._o 3._o §_o the_o minor_a be_v not_o immediate_a also_o when_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o the_o predicate_v have_v any_o former_a cause_n by_o which_o it_o may_v be_v demonstrate_v for_o in_o all_o cause_n which_o enter_v demonstration_n there_o be_v a_o certain_a series_n and_o subordination_n so_o that_o every_o posterior_n be_v the_o effect_n of_o the_o precedent_n as_o often_o therefore_o as_o any_o effect_n be_v demonstrate_v by_o such_o a_o cause_n as_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o a_o former_a cause_n that_o minor_n must_v necessary_o be_v mediate_v and_o than_o that_o minor_n be_v to_o be_v resolve_v into_o that_o former_a cause_n and_o so_o on_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o of_o that_o series_n which_o constitute_v a_o demonstration_n of_o both_o proposition_n immediate_a and_o this_o demonstration_n be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n which_o be_v of_o the_o same_o series_n and_o therefore_o in_o search_v of_o science_n we_o be_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o demonstration_n to_o the_o follow_v in_o synthetic_a order_n and_o then_o the_o minor_a mediate_v be_v esteem_v as_o it_o be_v immediate_a because_o now_o before_o demonstrate_v for_o a_o demonstrate_v proposition_n be_v no_o less_o apt_a to_o beget_v knowledge_n than_o a_o proposition_n immediate_n and_o indemonstrable_a but_o yet_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v happen_v upon_o a_o demonstration_n who_o minor_a be_v mediate_v he_o must_v proceed_v in_o analytic_a order_n towards_o the_o first_o and_o fundamental_a demonstration_n nor_o will_v he_o first_o have_v attain_v science_n before_o he_o shall_v have_v arrive_v at_o the_o first_o cause_n for_o in_o this_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o let_v we_o add_v example_n that_o the_o thing_n may_v be_v so_o much_o the_o better_o understand_v that_o which_o be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n admit_v not_o another_o body_n to_o be_v with_o it_o at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o same_o place_n all_o body_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n and_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v demonstrate_v in_o this_o manner_n that_o which_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v endue_v with_o a_o threefold_a dimension_n every_o body_n consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n and_o therefore_o every_o body_n etc._n etc._n now_o the_o minor_a of_o this_o syllogism_n be_v immediate_a as_o well_o as_o the_o major_a because_o to_o consist_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v the_o definition_n of_o body_n etc._n etc._n 4._o §_o the_o same_o series_n there_o be_v in_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a in_o which_o the_o subordinate_a be_v demonstrate_v by_o the_o far_a end_n until_o you_o shall_v come_v to_o the_o last_o in_o every_o genus_fw-la in_o which_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la for_o example_n a_o animal_n have_v lung_n that_o it_o may_v breath_n breathe_v that_o it_o may_v refresh_v the_o heart_n the_o heart_n be_v to_o be_v refresh_v to_o preserve_v a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n a_o temperature_n of_o heat_n be_v to_o be_v keep_v that_o the_o life_n of_o the_o animal_n may_v be_v preserve_v etc._n etc._n if_o these_o demonstration_n be_v propose_v in_o form_n all_o except_v the_o last_o will_v have_v a_o mediate_v minor_a and_o the_o last_o be_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n 5._o §_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a can_v be_v resolve_v into_o proposition_n mediate_v unless_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n final_a be_v commix_v with_o the_o demonstration_n from_o cause_n efficient_a for_o example_n a_o man_n be_v of_o a_o most_o acute_a touch_n because_o he_o be_v of_o a_o very_a thin_a skin_n a_o thin_a skin_n because_o have_v abundance_n of_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n abundance_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n because_o have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n the_o shop_n or_o office_n of_o those_o elaborate_v animal_n spirit_n hitherto_o be_v they_o all_o cause_n efficient_a that_o a_o man_n have_v a_o very_a large_a brain_n be_v to_o be_v demonstrate_v from_o the_o end_n to_o wit_n because_o he_o shall_v reason_v that_o man_n shall_v reason_v again_o from_o cause_o efficient_a to_o wit_n because_o he_o be_v a_o rational_a animal_n here_o now_o we_o acquiesce_v because_o the_o minor_a be_v the_o definition_n of_o man_n and_o therefore_o immediate_a and_o indemonstrable_a axe_n 5._o the_o condition_n of_o principle_n relate_v to_o the_o conclusion_n be_v three_o and_o first_o that_o they_o be_v the_o cause_n second_o prior_n to_o and_o three_o more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n ax._n 6._o and_o these_o condition_n be_v require_v in_o both_o proposition_n 1._o §_o for_o as_o be_v the_o
method_n be_v either_o natural_a or_o arbitrary_a ax._n 4._o natural_a in_o which_o the_o order_n of_o nature_n and_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n be_v observe_v ax._n 5._o in_o which_o we_o must_v observe_v in_o the_o first_o place_n that_o all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v homogeneous_a that_o be_v not_o impertinent_a or_o foreign_a to_o the_o subject_a 1._o §_o by_o which_o mean_n we_o not_o only_o confirm_v that_o rule_n that_o discipline_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v mix_v so_o as_o in_o mathematics_n we_o be_v not_o to_o use_v ethical_a demonstration_n or_o in_o ethic_n mathematical_a etc._n etc._n but_o this_o also_o viz._n that_o every_o thing_n ought_v to_o be_v set_v in_o its_o proper_a place_n and_o so_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v reciprocate_v with_o the_o genus_fw-la to_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o with_o the_o species_n to_o the_o species_n shall_v be_v attribute_v and_o that_o all_o thing_n be_v reciprocal_a as_o much_o as_o may_v be_v 2._o §_o and_o indeed_o this_o rule_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o very_a precept_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o essence_n of_o discipline_n but_o yet_o in_o the_o comment_n where_o the_o precept_n of_o they_o be_v explain_v and_o confirm_v the_o observation_n of_o it_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a for_o it_o often_o happen_v to_o the_o master_n teach_v physic_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v from_o logic_n and_o ethic_n physic_n moreover_o in_o divinity_n and_o all_o other_o discipline_n how_o much_o of_o necessity_n must_v they_o fetch_v from_o philosophy_n for_o the_o explain_v their_o controversy_n which_o yet_o become_v no_o part_n at_o all_o of_o those_o discipline_n which_o if_o that_o censurer_n of_o aristotle_n have_v better_o consider_v he_o will_v without_o all_o question_n have_v judge_v more_o impartial_o of_o the_o write_n and_o method_n of_o that_o admirable_a philosopher_n in_o which_o he_o distinguish_v not_o the_o precept_n from_o the_o comment_n that_o be_v make_v upon_o they_o which_o in_o in_o the_o first_o place_n he_o ought_v to_o have_v do_v ax._n 6._o now_o in_o natural_a method_n we_o be_v always_o to_o proceed_v from_o universals_z to_z particular_n and_o in_o that_o progress_n all_o the_o part_n be_v to_o be_v connect_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n 1._o §_o which_o progress_n be_v to_o be_v institute_v by_o division_n who_o part_n be_v to_o be_v join_v together_o by_o apt_a bond_n of_o transition_n which_o form_n how_o much_o they_o help_v the_o memory_n of_o the_o reader_n be_v almost_o incredible_a ax._n 7._o method_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o next_o place_n be_v either_o total_a or_o partial_a ax._n 8._o total_a that_o in_o which_o some_o whole_a science_n be_v dispose_v ax._n 9_o and_o this_o be_v either_o synthetic_a or_o analytic_a ax._n 10._o synthetic_a be_v that_o which_o proceed_v from_o the_o most_o simple_a principle_n to_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v compound_v of_o those_o principle_n ax._n 11._o and_o so_o the_o speculative_a discipline_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v ax._n 12._o analytie_n that_o which_o beginning_n from_o the_o end_n proceed_v to_o the_o next_o mean_n and_o so_o from_o these_o to_o the_o more_o remote_a till_o at_o last_o it_o arrive_v to_o the_o first_o and_o mosi_fw-la simplo_n ax._n 13._o and_o thus_o be_v art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a to_o be_v entreat_v of_o 1._o §_o the_o discipline_n speculative_a have_v no_o end_n which_o be_v diverse_a from_o themselves_o but_o the_o very_a knowledge_n of_o the_o thing_n propose_v be_v their_o end_n for_o in_o that_o the_o mind_n acquiesces_fw-la but_o art_n and_o discipline_n practical_a rest_v not_o there_o viz._n in_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o thingt_fw-fr propose_v but_o have_v some_o far_a end_n viz._n work_v practice_n or_o operation_n that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o that_o knowledge_n whence_o be_v it_o that_o the_o science_n theoretical_a such_o as_o physics_n metaphysic_n mathematics_n etc._n etc._n be_v dispose_v in_o synthetick_a method_n proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n to_o those_o which_o be_v form_v or_o make_v of_o they_o and_o that_o first_o in_o the_o genus_fw-la and_o then_o in_o the_o species_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v come_v to_o the_o low_a species_n of_o all_o but_o in_o art_n such_o as_o grammar_n rhetoric_n logic_n medicine_n architecture_n and_o in_o practical_a discipline_n such_o as_o ethic_n politic_n economic_n etc._n etc._n we_o contrariwise_o proceed_v from_o the_o end_n to_o the_o mean_n for_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o the_o do_n of_o thing_n be_v always_o last_o in_o the_o design_n or_o intention_n of_o they_o and_o so_o on_o the_o contrary_a wherefore_o since_o the_o say_a discipline_n proceed_v from_o the_o mean_n to_o the_o end_n in_o act_v for_o the_o architect_n first_o lay_v his_o foundation_n then_o prepare_v his_o timber_n rafter_n beam_n &c_n &c_n and_o of_o these_o make_v the_o house_n itt_n follow_v in_o the_o design_n that_o the_o end_n have_v the_o first_o place_n and_o of_o the_o mean_n those_o the_o next_o which_o be_v last_o bring_v to_o pass_v for_o these_o discipline_n keep_v not_o the_o order_n of_o action_n but_o design_n for_o the_o design_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o very_a practical_a knowledge_n of_o thing_n which_o be_v propose_v and_o certain_o the_o end_n in_o practical_a discipline_n have_v itself_o not_o otherwise_o i._n e._n be_v not_o otherwise_o to_o the_o mean_n than_o be_v the_o hypothesis_n or_o principle_n in_o the_o mathematics_n to_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v gather_v from_o they_o as_o aristotle_n say_v book_n 7._o eth._n c._n 8._o 2._o in_o both_o these_o we_o be_v to_o observe_v the_o order_n of_o nature_n in_o the_o synthetic_a that_o of_o nature_n generate_a or_o effect_v analytick_a that_o of_o intend_v or_o design_v piccolomini_n therefore_o must_v be_v under_o a_o mistake_n cap._n 21_o introd_a and_o part_v 7._o com._n pot._n where_o although_o he_o confess_v that_o synthetic_a method_n be_v fit_a for_o speculative_a and_o the_o other_o for_o art_n and_o practical_a discipline_n yet_o he_o will_v needs_o have_v it_o that_o all_o discipline_n will_v admit_v both_o of_o one_o and_o the_o other_o and_o according_o in_o his_o 10_o degree_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n he_o have_v observe_v the_o synthetic_a but_o not_o the_o most_o to_o his_o purpose_n as_o zabarella_n solid_o prove_v book_n 2._o of_o his_o apol._n cap._n 4._o &_o seq_fw-la 3._o galen_n set_v down_o three_o sort_n of_o method_n and_o explain_v two_o of_o they_o add_v a_o three_o viz._n definition_n but_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a nay_o indeed_o it_o can_v be_v that_o any_o other_o shall_v be_v observe_v in_o science_n but_o the_o synthetic_a and_o analytick_a for_o definition_n be_v not_o so_o much_o method_n as_o a_o instrument_n or_o part_n of_o it_o for_o all_o method_n take_v its_o beginning_n from_o the_o definition_n of_o some_o whole_a and_o divide_v go_v on_o to_o the_o part_n and_o species_n of_o it_o which_o be_v contain_v under_o that_o whole_a more_o against_o galen_n concern_v this_o definitive_a method_n you_o may_v see_v in_o zabarella_n book_n 2._o meth._n cap._n 4._o ax._n 14._o a_o partial_a method_n be_v then_o when_o some_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n be_v dispose_v or_o particular_a theme_n several_o handle_v 1._o §_o for_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_n use_v or_o consideration_n of_o method_n partial_a for_o either_o it_o may_v be_v consider_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o total_a method_n or_o as_o it_o be_v a_o method_n of_o some_o theme_n separately_z and_o apart_o by_o itself_o to_o be_v handle_v as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a this_o one_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v precept_v more_o than_o what_o we_o have_v already_o say_v in_o the_o general_a to_o wit_n that_o it_o often_o happen_v in_o a_o part_n of_o a_o discipline_n who_o whole_a be_v in_o method_n synthetical_a that_o the_o analytick_a order_n may_v be_v keep_v and_o so_o on_o 〈◊〉_d other_o hand_n in_o the_o part_n of_o analytick_n that_o 〈◊〉_d synthetick_a as_o for_o instance_n physic_n be_v compose_v in_o synthetick_a order_n if_o the_o whole_a be_v consider_v and_o yet_o in_o that_o part_n where_o we_o entreat_v of_o animate_v body_n a_o resolutive_a may_v well_o enough_o be_v keep_v viz._n begin_v from_o the_o operation_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o the_o animate_v body_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o cause_n and_o principle_n which_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o temperament_n and_o organical_a part_n of_o that_o body_n etc._n etc._n in_o like_a manner_n the_o art_n of_o medicine_n grammar_n logic_n if_o look_v upon_o in_o the_o whole_a be_v lay_v down_o in_o a_o analytick_a method_n but_o in_o the_o part_n of_o they_o the_o synthetick_a be_v observe_v physiology_n which_o be_v a_o part_n of_o medicine_n be_v deliver_v in_o a_o synthetick_a order_n and_o in_o grammar_n we_o first_o entreat_v of_o letter_n sylable_n than_o word_n and_o last_o speech_n and_o its_o construction_n and_o so_o in_o logic_n first_o we_o treat_v of_o theme_n simple_a and_o then_o complex_n which_o certain_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o be_v to_o compose_v or_o proceed_v in_o compose_a order_n in_o so_o much_o yet_o as_o these_o art_n be_v begin_v from_o the_o notion_n of_o the_o end_n and_o so_o go_v on_o to_o the_o mean_v they_o be_v say_v in_o the_o whole_a to_o be_v dispose_v in_o a_o analytical_a order_n as_o zabarella_n have_v well_o observe_v lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr math._n cap._n 20._o etc._n etc._n the_o rest_n may_v be_v seek_v for_o out_o of_o the_o institution_n note_v the_o chapter_n of_o sophism_n and_o method_n be_v principal_o turn_v by_o another_o hand_n finis_fw-la libri_fw-la secundi_fw-la