alike Articulated vnto the legge for the oblique motion sake especially wheÌ„ the legge should be bowed to the exteriour partes to the which motion is destined the Muscle lurking vnder the haÌ„me whose originall is srom this outermost head towardes the posteriour partes eueÌ„ there whereas it is rough impressed with certain litle corners or cauities The composition of the thigh with the legge is called Ginglymon because one mutually receiueth and is receiued of an other as the vpper head of Tibia or the bone of the legge hauing ij cauities or hollowes For the ij lower heades of the thighe hath also betwene those two cauities an eminent portion protubered which is also receiued into the posteriour hollow or gutter of the thighe from whence floweth a most strong Ligament to bynde together the thighe with the legge in like sorte as is lately sayd by the knittyng of the thighe with Coxendix And for this kynde of Articulation that is to say so noted with a strong LigameÌ„t within the ioynt as is this thighe both aboue and beneth beside the outward obductions and clothynges with Ligamentes whiche is also common to other ioyntes it is odde and vnlike to all others and therfore is notable to be spoke of Furthermore in this bone of the thighe is to be noted a certaine euident and roughe lyne in the posteriour region begynnyng not farre from the innermost of the vpper Processes called Rotatores and so on the same region or side brought downe after the longitude of the thighe and beyond the middest deuidyng into two partes or courses séemeth to reach vnto both the heades but most apparauÌ„tly endeth at the outermost This noble lyne least you ouer lightly way it consider and know how firmely the eight Muscle of the thighe which is the greatest of all the Muscles in the body and by whose benefite our straight standyng is made is thereto fixed and knit There be also diuers other Asperities and rough partes not without some impressions all made for the cause of Muscles seates insertions and so forth as hcreafter shal be more fitte to say how By the thighe we both sit and stand vpright as also moue towardes euery thyng For from the Articulation therof in the hippe no maner of motion is exempted The concauitie therein for lightnes and the conteinyng of medullous nutriment is very large not vnfit for the largenes of the bone As for Heynes that perforate the substaunce thereof at either end let no man doubt of for besides that they are euident know that Nature willeth no part in the body to liue without bloud ANd thus this large bone of the thighe endeth aboue at Coxendix and beneth at Tibia whiche we call the legge wherewith alhough there by an other bone ioyned that is to the side therof all a long the length of the legge yet this beareth the name as it is in déede most notable For in the legge are two bones like as is sayd in the cubite but the one farre greater then the other and that therfore possesseth the hole name of Tibia or Crus The lesser hath sundry names as Sura Fibula and of the barbarous sort Focile minus This Tibia is clothed with an Appendance at either end but the superiour part therof is both broader and also thicker hauyng in the toppe two cauities lightly exculped betwene which riseth a prominent and rough tubercle as I touched euen now in describyng the Articulation of the thighe with the legge Those cauities admit the heades of the thighe wherin Nature well foreseyng hath prouided least for the quantitie of the heades the cauities should be to much depressed Therfore besides the common Cartilage wherewith either of them are incrusted nature alost hath layd another mouable and soft representyng the figure of the Moone or the similitude of this letter C. About the borders therof the same is thicker but the more towardes the centre or middest the thinner endyng first before it toucheth the centre thus the profuÌ„ditie of the cauities of Tibia are left sufficient great Wherefore chiefly it séemeth this Cartilage for that purpose to haue bene ordained Which as it is light soft and vnctuous or full of humiditie lo doth it serue as the turne of a Ligament and much auayle to the actiue mouing of the ioynte Likewise that bounched or proturbered part that emergeth from betwene those cauities exculped as aforesayd in the vpper extremitie of Tibia maketh not a litle to the confirmation of this ioynt by being immitted into that large cauitie of the thighe and not onely so but also bounde thereto by a strong Ligament proceding from the toppe of the same knot or tubercle and thus strongly is this ioynt armed and holden in on ech side After procéedyng downeward from the superiour part of the legge we finde the same here and there attenuated and lighted with long lynes and flatted sides in such sort as that the whole proportion betwene the ij heades or endes therof is as it were iij. square obliquely stretching and incuruated principally in iij. places easely giuyng place to the Muscles thether discendyng â—…ut on the outside towardes the hinder partes there lyeth a certaine light cauitie spread ouer with a Cartilage whereto leaneth the inner part of the head of Fibula and so in the vpper part it is ioyned with Tibia From the middle toppe of the posteriour part therof is drawne out a decliued or crooked cauitie for the transiture of a Veyne Arterie and Sinew which that way downewardes are intrenched to do as others that they owe to the lower partes And in the fore face and vpper part not farre from the end of the AppeÌ„dance whiche is sayd to be so largely plated vppon the toppe of the legge is a certaine rough eminence admittyng the insertion of Muscles such as extend and stretch forth the legge From whence all after the middle region is produced a sharpe line comparable to the ridge of any thyng wherfore of some it is so named And this inner syde of the legge is the part we call the shinne accompted to be without flesh whereas all others and chiefly the posteriour part is opplet and filled with much store of flesh The second line which licth vnder Fibula directly towardes it is made to the end that there hence might a Ligament be produced whereby Fibula iâ—… with Tibia connected and knit and like as is sayd in the cubit the auteriour from the posteriour Muscles are thereby distinguished Agayne the inferiour part of Tibia towardes the end wareth also thicker but the head therof lesse then that in the superiour part and the extreme end excised and cut into one onely large concauitie which is not frustrate of the benefite of a Cartilage whereunto is admitted the insertion of the bone Talus The inner side
describeth therein two circles which are thus the middest beyng MeÌ„braneous the outer partes which coÌ„passe that same more fleshy And as it is the nearer to the ribbes the more fleshy so the nearer to the centrée of middest so much the more meÌ„braneous In which wordes he meaneth not any dirision therein but onely speaketh of the middest and outward partes as the one more Membraneous the other more retainyng of a fleshy nature Moreouer this Muscle of the brest ministreth both to expiration and inspiration that is puttyng forth the breth and receiuyng it in Who in vsing this his propper naturall function withdraweth him selfe towardes the Vertebres and asendyng draweth to him the extreme partes of the brest and byndeth togeâ—…her all the inferiour part all which effect it worketh whilest we expire or breath forth But when we receiue in the breth it taketh a cleane contrary labour in hand for then beyng relaxed and saggyng downward it suffereth the inferiour partes of the brest to be dilated And this is the notable vtilitie of Diaphragma as the same Author reporteth to haue beholden in quicke dissections Whereby very fitly meséemeth it may be supposed that whilest in retaynyng the breth it declineth downewardes the holdyng or straying then of the breth receiued compresseth it hard vpon the subiect partes very forcibly therewithall compellyng the expulsiue facultie as when we draw together the bellye to the expulsing of excrementes we cannot sitly accomplishe the same onely by straying the lower partes but by enlargyng the brest and compressyng the midreif together with forcibly retayning of breth By whiche meanes Diaphragma thrusteth vpon the lower partes to the end that in straynyng the nether bellye by the assistaunce of the strong Muscles of Abdomen none of the intrels might séeke to haue scope or recourse vpwardes but altogether consentiuely forcyng one an other downward to make a most strong and certaine exclusion of the supersâ—…uous dregges of the thyrd digestion To the better confirmation of this my coniecture Fernel Ambian hath these wordes The midrief called also an ouerthwarte diuisioÌ„ and a girdle to the body besides that it is the first instrument of inspiratioÌ„ it helpeth also very well to the vnloadyng of the belly and driuing out dregges This Muscle is clothed both aboue and beneath as with a garment aboue with Pleura and beneth with Peritonaeum It springeth from the Vertebres Others estéeme the sinewy part to be the begynning therof Notwithstanding Collumbus ascribeth the begynnyng thereof vnto the ij litle long partes thereof which Vesalius calleth Ligamentes which litle bodies come from the side of the body of the xij Vertebre of the brest and from the vpper ioyntes of the loynes and from thence afterwardes doth the sinewy part take his beginning which is ioyned to the Cartilage called Gladialis or commonly Mucronata Which in the History of Cartilages is fully described beyng begotten as a propugnacle to this aforesayd Muscle but not to the mouth of the Uentricle as the commen crew of Phisitions do suppose And to this part also the hart lyeth Finally the midrief is fleshy on both sides and is implanted at length to the Caâ—…tilages of the false ribbes embracyng the last Uesalius hath affirmed the perforation of this noble member to be made thrée 〈◊〉 And it is certain that it yeldeth way to the transiture and course of other néedefull partes for the communion of the vitall with the naturall and the naturall with the vitall members Yet it is but twise pearsed or bored through as once by the hollow Ueyne which forthwith marcheth into the brest and the second tyme by the stomache or necke of the Uentricle called also Aesophagus wherewith likewise do descend two Nerues from the vj. payre of sinewes of the brayne But the iourney of the great Arterie perforateth not this Muscle for asmuch as whilest it amplecteth the Vertebres it embraceth it also but therefore maketh no hole To this end therfore Fuchsius sayth that the way of the great Arterie deserueth not the name of a hole but rather a halfe circle carued out of the compassing part of the midrief that is when it embraceth the inner side of the Spondiles there lying the way of the same great Arterie called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not the same hole where through Aesophagus passeth For flat agaynst that lyeth the testimony of veritie had it bene the sentence of Socrates him selfe as it was of Hipocrates and Galen though no man can say they were men of no Diuine vnderstandyng Thus Septum transuersum is accompted amoÌ„g the Muscles of the brest wherby is shewed how much and of what efficacy it is in respiration But so much as is sayd in that behalfe tendeth to the sence of naturall respiration For whatsoeuer is vehement or violent the same is contrary therto For if so the qualitie of the heate of the hart do encrease or occasion serue that for the spéech or other lyke larger breathyng is required then els could well suffice nature by by the first second thyrd fourth and fift together with the interiour muscles called Intercostales on both sides do labour with Septum transueâ—… sum But if further by bodely causes or sodaine occasion great and larger respiration be required as for example to the vse of hollowyng crying blowynges of trumpets shalmes or other vehement efflations then the exteriour Intercostales are prouoked to moue which be motions not naturall For naturall respiration is that which is brought to passe without the helpe of the Intercostall Muscles and that is it whiche this worthy member sufficiently bringeth to passe and whatsoeuer is more the same hath more helpe and is naturall but rather we may terme them necessary for seruyng at néedefull tymes As to be playne this is not naturall but a very necessary kynde of respiratioÌ„ when a man by earnest study ormuse vnto him selfe vpon any earnest or waighty matter by tossyng and turmoyling of his wittes with continuall inward cogitation of the hart accenseth and heateth more the spirit then naturall respiration is able to temper then he at a sodaine maketh a vehement inspiration and after as large efflation which with indifferent intermission proueth profitable to coole the kindlyng heate of the hart a more vehement then that is proued in trumpettors pypers hunters and such lyke exercises And therfore necessary though not accompted of Galen naturall Whiche argueth that nature hath created our bodyes so carefully that whatsoeuer is either naturall or necessary it is not wantyng Wherfore these Muscles Intercostales litle vsed in naturall breathyng yet not to be wanted in extreme efflations prouoked by néedefull causes such as are rehearsed It is not obscurely proued by this afore goyng that the noblenes and worthy nature of this Muscle may euill be spared in mans body both for the naturall vse
do shew them selues In no wise many this skinne be deuided from the second by instrument notwithstandyng the force of fire or hoate water maketh it by blisters diuisible rise from the other NExt vnder this Cuticula appeareth the true skinne called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Cutis This couereth ouer all the extreme partes of the body the eyes eares nostrels and such other places which nature for other vses most conueniently framed And the skinne not onely of all the partes of man but of his whole substaūce subiect to generation and corruption holdeth the meane betwixt hard and soft For the skinne is as it were a Nerue endewed with bloud reteinyng a certaine meane betwene the flesh and sinew as though it were constituted of both mixed together But the sinew is cold and without bloud the flesh hoate and endewed with much bloud In the middest betwene both is the skinne neither manifestly without bloud as the sinew nor playnly with bloud aboundyng as the flesh Realdus Collumbus therein reiectyng the iudgement of Aristotle for the not beyng of sense in the skinne sayth it is of white substaunce endewed with sense and filled with Ueynes Arteries and sinewy Filamentes therfore must it of force be marueilous sensible to haue iudgement of euery qualitie as in discereyng the excesse of heate cold or such exteriour iniuries it might minister alway vnto the wittes a ready knowledge therof so beyng a common meane to preuent annoyance to the extreme partes of the body As for example if any man laye his hand or other part sodainely to a hoate péece of yron or such other in a moment the sensible mixture of the skinne presenteth it to the wittes whereby he is moued immediatly to plucke away or remoue hym selfe from that present annoyance Moreouer the skinne euery where cleaueth not alike vnto the subiect partes For otherwise in the Palme of the hand and sole of the foote otherwise to the Muscullous substaunce of the forehead otherwise to the lippes eye lyddes eares nose fundament yard and otherwise throughout the whole body is it cōmitted to the partes vnder lyeng and in dissectyng must diuersly be separated Agayne among all the partes of y skinne is not alike distribution of Nerues neither alike thicknes of the skinne in all partes for to the skinne on y inside of the hand very many sinewy Fibres are reached but to y skinne of the necke few Likewise the skinne of the face is softer and thinner but of the necke soles of the féete harder That which inuesteth the inside of the hand vnlesse by labour it become harder retaineth an exquisite meane in hardnes and softnes betwene the other skinne and all the whole body very neare approchyng to the waight with equall temperature But euery where the skinne of man for the magnitude of his body is thinner then in foure footed creatures although in man in the necke backe legges and sole of the foote it chaunceth much thicker but not in all alike Also some partes of the skinne are wholly immouable and resistant to turne as of the palme of the hand and sole of the foote others apt to turne and wynde but not by any volūtary mouyng as the skinne of the whole body els that which in déede moueth excepted as that of the forehead and all the skinne of the face and which bewrappeth the forepart of the necke and sides And this of motion is participant either by proper Muscles in it seruing as of the forehead eye liddes and lippes or for the cause of the nigh partes as the skinne of the ball of the chéekes which being destitute of Muscles moueth together with the next vnto it Further more some part of the skinne is heary as of the necke armeholes priuie partes and chinne in men others without as the palme of the hand and sole of the foote Besides such like places before mentioned whereby the skinne is not left perpetuall and generally coueryng all places it is replenished with certaine pores and holes where through the sweatyng excrementes of the outer partes do passe But those in some bodyes more large in others more strete whereby it commeth to passe that some sweate lightly and with no labour others agayne by no exercise may be prouoked to sweate NExt vnder this skinne lyeth the fatte of the outer partes poured out betwene the skinne and fleshy Membran Whiche happeneth by the intercourse of Ueynes and Arteries whiche in those partes sweatyngly poure forth bloud which immediatly by coldnes of the Membran and slender heate congealeth and degenerateth into fatte It is aswell knowne vnto euery body in colour as substaunce wherefore néedeth no other description nor any such explication as other partes But as touchyng the vse therof it is by softenes a fitte propugnacle to the outer partes and a perpetuall sustenaunce vnto them which although Galen affirmed to be plentifull in women and litle or none in men yet we sée for certaintie that it is founde in men euen as in women more plentyfull in some and with lesse store but the truth is that in colder bodyes it is copious and in hoater very scarse And fore proofe laye a part the yard and purse of the testicles and in all the other partes fatte may be found and if you way the vse and mouyng of such as want fatnes you shall easely finde out the reason of the diuersitie The substaunce of fatte is not euery where alike for in the Palme and sole of the foote it is almost fleshy and hard made so for the necessary mouyng of those partes but is not the organ of sense as Aristotle imagined Also Vesalius affirmeth it a coate vnto the subiect partes to conserue and kéepe their heate in tyme of cold and to coole them in tyme of heate VNder it lyeth a Membran called fleshy in Latin Panniculus Carnosus or Membrana Carnea This is the fourth inuolucre bewrappyng all the body from the head vnto the sole of the foote It is called fleshy in respect of that in the necke and in respect of all other Pannicles in the body And the elder sorte called it fleshy as it seemeth because that in children it is fleshy and filled with many Fibres which neuerthelesse in tract of tyme do vanish away But vnder the armehole this Mēbran is not fleshy as Galen affirmeth Lib. 1. de Anat. administr Wherby appeareth he imitateth to much the bodyes of Apes and beastes but it cleaueth to the Muscles them selues betwene which and the skinne small Ueynes do runne but voyde of Arteries in all places except in the temples head yard purse of the testicles and fingers in which places certaine Arteries though fewe innumber are found runnyng betwene the skinne and the same Membran This Membran is
terme it Wherfore it is called a Mallet or Hammer not for the likenes but the office sake Euen as the other that followeth they will attribute to the similitude of a stedy or anueld for that it serueth in like turne receiuyng the motion or stroake after a certaine straunge order of the Mallet lately declared And this is the second Ossicle called by the name of a stedy or anueld beyng somewhat thicke in the vpper part which sheweth the playne part of a stedy and endeth in two slender and sharpe Processes as it were two legges of the which one is sent to the third bone which Collumbus hath added and not superstitiously inuented beyng in the sayd Membran aboue recited to the other seruing detained and placed This he compareth for the likenes of the thyng hauyng two rootes one longer and slenderer an other thicker shorter to one of the téeth called Grynders not deprauyng it of the other name for the office sake Neither rashly hath nature ordained these ij bones or rather Ossicles so in their thicker part to respect mete together For wheÌ„ by the motion of the ayre hearyng hapneth the stroke therof is brought in through the passage to these litle bones by which agayne is made a certaine repercussioÌ„ to the discerning of the second that is made by which meanes it is iudged Wherfore it is requisite that by y yelding of the Membran these bones should moue and knocke together As when the first bone percussed by the stroke of the ayre repercuteth the other in manner of a mallet Wherfore the second that suffreth this is endewed with the name and office of a stedy and where they are knit together a crustie Cartilage doth couer them The thyrd which onely Collumbus mentioneth lyeth in a certaine litle Cell somewhat round within the Auditorie cauitie Wherfore it must néedes also be appertinent to the Organ of hearyng it is both hollow and also notably perforated imitatyng the figure of a Stirrope onely in this differryng that it wanteth those holes that Stirropes haue to be bouÌ„d thereby to their saddles But in stead therof it bearcth out a certaine round head which approcheth the processe of the bone called the Stedie Wherfore when these litle Ossicles among them selues are conioyned and colligated after this manner it is no case doubtfull to deme them all seruiceable to the Organ of hearyng Neither is there any questioÌ„ to the contrary in that to be demaunded But this we must note that whereas Vesalius affirmeth them because of their likenes Solid Collumbus contrarily will haue them Concauous and hollow accordyng to their fashion in bignes and litlenes That is that they be inwardly Porie or Spongie conteinyng like their proportion a small quantitie of marey especially the first 〈◊〉 but the thyrd for the excéedyng tenuitie to be Solid he in no wise denyeth If any man be desirous to obserue 〈◊〉 administration of these Ossicles we are taught to seuere the bones of the Auditorie passage lightly and deuide or cut them by litle litle so that semblably as it were in scrapyng sort openyng the way till the cauitie be vncouered and that you come vnto the middle region almost of that Cell nigh the Membran which there couereth and filleth the litle corners of that cauitie you shall sée with small search the fourme and manner of the thyng before described And this is sufficient to certifie you of the small Ossicles or litle Bones of the Auditorie Organ NOw we will conuert our talke to the fashion makyng and construction of the vpper iawe called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which as testifieth Galen consisteth not of one onely bone but of many whereby the better it may endure not to be altogether afflicted by the annoyaunce of some one part Col. therfore sayth the vpper iawe is easie by the poynting of the finger to be demonstrated but no bone or part more difficult then it to explicate in wordes in respect of the manner and figure how many and with what bones it is made as also how it is from the other partes of the head distinguished But first note that the vpper iawe amongest all kynde of creatures is exeÌ„pt from naturall motion the Crocodile excepted whose vpper iawe is onely mouable but the neither still at rest and the Popiniaye who not onely moueth both at once but seperately also one after an other which is notable truly to be obserued if we searchyngly enquire amongest the déepest secretes of nature since that one kynde of creature varieth from all others so playnly and in such a notable poynte But onely thus as saith the aforenamed Authour we must content our selues to sée the effect although we be ignoraunt of the cause And very vayne it were to contend vpon the vpper iawe of man for want of motion or to searche the cause why like to the Crocodile it styrreth not since no commoditie but in ridiculous manner to defourme the face of man might ensue by contraction and of vgly wrinkles apparance which of necessitie must corrupt the fourme of the countenauÌ„ce beyng now to the beholders so acceptable and pleasaunt But to our matter Realdus Collumbus accoÌ„pteth not sufficient the reason I did lately extract froÌ„ Galen Which is that the vpper iawe should not onely be made of one bone but of many lest annoyauÌ„ce in one part might bryng disturbauÌ„ce to all the rest But also sayth he to the end that by beyng made of many the Ligamentes produced from his Sutures might enter the construction of the Muscles to make their begynnyng more firme and sure in like sort as in other places they also are confirmed by the Ligamentes from Appendances procéedyng Fuchsius writeth thus that it were necessarie the vpper iawe should be of many Bones constitute because it is not euery where of lyke Soliditie thicknes but here gristelly there Solid and in that place Spongie To giue you an apt number of how many Bones this superior iawe is naturally construed I am halfe astonyed For neither as I confesse could I finde at any tyme to be satisfied my selfe therin nor amongest authorities such congrueÌ„t opinioÌ„s as might incite me to subscribe vnto onely as it is sayd I will set down take and leaue at your pleasure Besides that Galen in diuers places hath diuersisied his owne opinions yet at length both he and Vesalius after him haue coÌ„sented to make the number of these Bones xij that is to say on eche side sixe But Realdus sayth xiij as he hath euer obserued that is v. on either side and one odde Which is last of all to be declared but first note how these bones by three notabâ—… Seames are seperated from the bones of the head First by the vj. which downward from the extremitie
are opened abound here and there with certaine filmentes or threedes dispersed through the ventricles made so to hold and strengthen them By which filmentes peraduenture Aristotle was deluded supposing them to be Nerues so therfore he assigned the hart to be the roote of Nerues and consequently of féelyng and mouyng But to returne to the foure vessels two of them are made to carie into the hart whilest that hart is dilated but the other ii to beare forth in the time of constriction When the hart therfore is dilated it receiueth bloud from the hollow â—…eyne into the right ventricle as also from the veniall arterie prepared bloud and spirite into the left ventricle Therfore those Membrans lye downe and yeld to goyng in For whilest the hart is coarcted these are shut left any thyng they haue receiued should returne or go backe agayne the same wayes and at the same instaunt the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne are opened and giue way to the goyng forth of the ayerie bloud which throughout the whole body is dispersed and to the naturall bloud caried forth to the lunges The matter therfore is alway so that when the hart is dilated the Membrans first mentioned are opened and the rest shut So that you shall finde the bloud which is now gone into the right ventricle not able any more to go backe agayne into the hollow veyne By which sense we gather that the hart by no meanes is that member wherein bloud is engendred as Aristotle sayth when as the bloud is from Vena caua distributed This moreouer know for a suretie that in the hart of man is no bone to be found although in Oxen Horses and such great creatures it may be shewed but in man no such thyng except it chaunce that in very aged persons the like be inuented as in the History of bones I haue protested my selfe once to haue found Onely a Cartilaginous substaunce at the roote of the great arterie towardes the arteriall veyne is sene whiche a Bone in no wise may be called although Galen him selfe would haue it so whose sentence partly I haue set forth in the place afore cited Suppose this assertioÌ„ most approued in Anathomie that all arteries procéede from the hart euen as all â—…eynes from the liuer all Nerues from the brayne From the left Uentricle of the hart therefore springeth that arterie named Aorta of all other arteries in the body the mother In quantitie it is sufficient large and in substaunce thicke and white The cause of the thicknes is first least the bloud with filled spirite should easely vanishe and wast and secondly least it in mouyng should be broken For the Arterie moueth continually yet not by it selfe but through spirites AFter that Aorta is gone forth from the hart immediately it bringeth forth a small arterie called the coronall because it compasseth about the seate of the hart to quicken and refresh his substaunce in which it is diuersly disseminated albeit you haue to note by the way that in some bodyes this coronall arterie is not onely one but ij and so Vesalius describeth it but further ascendyng it is deuided into ij trunkes or stockes one greater the other lesser the greater desceÌ„deth the lesser ascendeth that trunke is made the greater which I say doth descend for that the great portion of the body was to be reuiued therewith The trunke ascending putteth forth an arterie from the left side which is called the Axillaris arteria which stretcheth forth obliquely towardes the armehole and sendeth braunches to the superiour ribbes and goyng forth to the arme choseth his iourney after the inside to mate himselfe with the inner Basilica but sendyng a braunche vpwardes commaundeth others to all those Muscles which are about the shoulder the scapple bone and his cauitie not faylyng the anteriour partes of the brest nor the Glandules vnder the armehole But the trunke of Arteria axillaris descendeth straight through the inner region of the shoulder downe to the boughte of the cubite and before it passe this part it giueth out a litle Arterie to accompany the fourth Nerue of the arme whiche Arterie is among the Muscles distributed that serue to extend the cubite but so soone as it hath passed the bought of the cubite it is deuided into two sometyme into thrée arteries yet first it leuyeth litle arteries to those Muscâ—…es that are in the shoulder and cubite and one braunche goeth neare to that Ligament that is set betwene Cubitus and Radius and being gone forth marcheth to the externe Muscles The remnant foloweth the longitude of the cubite which after it hath flowed beyond vnder the inner transuerse Ligament of the wrest in the palme of the hand it is diuers wayes deuided and to the extremities of the fingers deuided but an other braunch tendeth towardes Radius after his conductyng and so soone as it is past the midâ—…est of the cubite it ariseth betwene two Muscles and goeth vnder the skinne by the inner part of Radius This is that braunch whose mouyng Phisitions are accustomed to féele when they lay hold of the wrest to take counsell at the pulse By the way notwithstandyng I wish thée this to note that in some persons this braunch is diuersly placed so that to be the same whiche hetherto we haue spoken of thou mayest take occasion to doubt in that it is sometyme caried on that outside So that what Phisition soeuer vnexpert in Anathomie shall in the accustomed place chiefly in a sicke body onely séeke for the pulse and can not finde it he will iudge vntruly death to be neare that person and so prognosticate falsely Albeit no man may deny but that very seldome it is otherwise situated for in déede for the most part it doth occupy the inside This moreouer so soone as it departeth from the wrest it procéedeth through the outside to the extremities of the fingers An other braunch neare to the Ligament is caried This trunke afterwardes ascendyng this Axillaris arteria beyng now dispersed it is cut into ij arteries called Carâ—…tidas or Seporarias which through the laterall partes of the necke are straight caried to the seate of the scull cleauyng to Aspera arteria fixed to the inner veynes called Iugulares But before they enter into the Scull they send ij arteries to the face beyng deuided vnder the neither iawe they impart of the smaller sort to the Muscles of the necke of the head of Larinx of Hyoides and of the toung But the two braunches which are the greater caried to the toung are caried throughout his loÌ„gitude to the extremitie therof which iourney beyng atchieued they ascend vnder the eare and both before beside the same are to the temporall Muscles eleuated so then beyng to the forehead to the skinne of the head and to the Muscles of the face distributed The other arme or bowe therof which to be caried backwardes we haue affirmed is
â—…ib de Musc. Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. xv vesal. Li. 2. cap. 26. The number of the Muscles of the shoulder blades The 4. motions of the shoulder blades The first Muscle of the shoulder blade like a Monkes hoode The diuers motions of this oblique Muscle The hoodlike mus cle in man is not deuided as in 〈◊〉 Collumbus Ibid. By the benefitte of the third Muscle the shoulder blade is lifted vp Collumbus Collumbus The Muscles of the shoulder and the manifold motions therof This Muscle is not to be deuided into 4. as Galen would What Muscles do constitute the arme hole Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 16. The descriptioÌ„ of the sides of this fourth muscle The arme turned abouâ—… by the sift sixte and seuenth Muscles of the shoulâ—…er Vesaâ—… 2. Cap. 23. What is meant by the shoulder as also in the history of bones is not omitted The Muscles of the head The head is moued with a first and secondary mouyng The propper mouâ—…nges of y head The sall of Galen Col. Lib. 5. cap. xvij The number of the Muscles to the propper mouing of the head Why nature appoynted so many Muscles to the drawing of the head backward What Muscles doe make a crosse in the head The secondary mouing of the head The Muscles of the necke Their number The Muscles lucking vnder Aesophagus vesal. li. 2. cap. 3. 8. The Muscles of the backe Col. lab 5. cap. 19. The number is viij Their vse How the body is bowed like a half circle The vse of the 4. Muscles of the backe When the whole body to turned to a side The three Muscles called 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of Muscles moâ—…ing the brest The descriptioÌ„ of the brest The brest hath both naturall and voluÌ„tary moâ—…ing When the brest moueth naturally When the brest moneth voluntarily What malteth the voluÌ„tary moâ—…ing What maketh the naturall mouing The propper Muscles of the brest are 81. the common 8. In Inspiration the inferiour partes of the brest are dilated and the superiour contringed In expiration coÌ„trarywise The 〈◊〉 muscles of the brest The Intercostall Muscles are on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 34. The outer Intercoâ—… Muscles The Intercostall 〈◊〉 on the inside 〈◊〉 The errour of other 〈◊〉 in the vse of the intercostall Muscles manifested by Collumâ—… Why the constriction of the brest ought to be stroÌ„g The cause of the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 y vie of the inâ—…costall Muscles How the ribbes are moued 〈◊〉 or Sâ—…p 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The false opinion of Aristotle Lib. 5. cap. Ri. The Muscle diaphragma how it differeth from all others in y body Siniation Figure Noblenes 〈◊〉 li. 2. cap. 21. 〈◊〉 The partes entring into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fuchs Ibid. The circles of Septum Col. lib. 5. cap. 21. Septum 〈◊〉 serueth both to inspiration and expitation Now Septum auatâ—…th to the excludyng of excrementes 〈◊〉 Ambianus Cap. 8. 〈◊〉 Partibus 〈◊〉 Col. Ibidem The beginning of Septum transuersum Mucronata Cartilago The perforations of this noble Muscle Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 21. Septum transuersum is not iij. tunes pearsed agaynst the opinion of Vesalius Lib. 2. Cap. 21. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The fall of Hipp. and Galen Galen Lib. de Mot. Muse. 〈◊〉 Septum traÌ„suâ—…sum is onely y author of naturall respiration Naturall â—…respiration Eâ—…tation The midrife wouÌ„ ded death ensueth Gal. Lib. 5. Anâ—…t ad vesal. 〈◊〉 2. cap. 3. 〈◊〉 Col 〈◊〉 5. 〈◊〉 22. The Muscles of Abdomen Number The ij fust Muscles of 〈◊〉 cal'ed the oblique 〈◊〉 Fuch Li. 2. cap. 22. The errout of Fuchsius Col. Ibidem Vesalius 〈◊〉 by Collumbus The second ij Muscles of Abdomen called the oblique ascendentes The marueilous arte of nature The vse of the ascendent and 〈◊〉 dent Muscles The third Muscles of Abdomen called straight Gal. vs part Lib. 5. Lib. 5. de Anat. ad Col. Ibidem The vse of the intersections of the straight muscles The transuerse Muscles oâ—… the 〈◊〉 The vse of the tranâ—…se Muscles The 〈◊〉 of the â—…uscles of 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…de The vessells bringing 〈◊〉 â—…ence the Rupture hapneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. de vs Part The vse of the 8. â—…uscles of Abdâ—…n 〈◊〉 Li. 2. cap. 22. Galâ—… Ibiâ—… The vse of the muscles of Abdomen according to our English writers before tyme. The authors of this history commended Galen sometyme fayled in y partes of mans body Gemini the principall in this errour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. cap. 22. The cause why y author writeth not these offices to the Muscles of Abdomen Mâ—…nus Anatomie for the most part ouergrown with 〈◊〉 Thus Render thou hast bene taught heretofore by Gemini Col. Lib. 11. Cap. 4. The confutation The Mesaicall Deines of Mesenterium Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 22. Loco citato Collumbus against the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Muscles the 8. to Abdomen The 〈◊〉 is compressed by all the 8. Muscles of Abdomen The opinion of the x. â—…uscles of Abdomen â—…o reproued Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 23. Of the Muscles of the testicles The Membran called Dartos The Muscles called Cremasteras or suspensores The vse of these Muscles Gal. lib. 2. de semine 〈◊〉 per. â—…uch Lib. 2. cap. 30. Co. lib. 5. Cap. 24. The fower Muscles of Penis Veâ—…al li. 2. cap. 50. Their vse Col. Ibid. The other ij muscles of Penis The vse of the ij last Muscles of Penis Of the bleddar The Glandules called Parastata do conteyne séede The muscle complectyng the necke of the bleddar The errour which our cunning cutters for the most part committe in taking away the stone Euch. Lib. 2. cap. 31. Lib. 5. vs part The vse of this Muscle Galen Ibid. Vâ—…sal â—…ib 2. cap. 51. The Muscles of the straight gutte Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 27. The round compassing Muscle of the strayght gutte called Sphincter The ij other muscles of y straight gutte and their vses The Muscles of the thigh The Muscles of the thigh Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 28. The Muscles mouing the thigh are teâ—… The â—…irst Muscle mouing the thigh doth constitut the buttocâ—…es The vse of these iiij Muscles The vse of the fift and 〈◊〉 â—…ib 5. Cap. 50. The maâ—…ueilous creation of this tenth Muscle 〈◊〉 vs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iij. How ambulatâ—…oÌ„ is mâ—…de Vâ—…l â—…pit Cap. 2. The legge Col. lib. 5. Cap. 29. The motions of the legge are made by ten muscles The vse of that 〈◊〉 first Muscles of the legge Col. Ibidem An vnworthy saying of Galen The tendon of the 〈◊〉 Muscle of the legge the greatest of all tendons The Muscles exteding the legge Gâ—…l vs parâ—… Iib. 8. The foote and of the necessary figure therof The defecte in such aswant their toes The want of the plant The lacke of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. câ—…p 30. The Muscles of the foote Vâ—…l Li. 2. cap. 50. The 〈◊〉 Muscle of the foote Lib. 2. Cap. 59. Lib. 5. Cap. 30. Collumbus affirmeth the first and the second both one What maketh the calfe of the legge The longest teâ—…don in the body The tendon of the fourth Muscle of the 〈◊〉 the strongest
rather prayse my beneuolence theÌ„ discourage my want at all As for those of Marius sect which euer scorne the noble courage of Curtius such Syllaes as alway deride the rare vertue of Genutius and such Cinnaes as perpetually laugh at the meruailous pietie of Aelius what should I force at all nay I am farre froÌ„ taking care for their endles malice as that it shall greatly ioy me if my vertue may shorten their liues To the which I hope all the souldiers of science will hold vp their handes For although it be so as the Poete saith Invidia vexantur opes namque optima livor Quaeque malus laedens odit foelicia semper Yet vertue is a sufficient spurre vnto vs and well it is sayd Verum age nate tuos ortus nec bella pavescas Vlla nec in coelum dubites te tollere factis There is one thing also which ought to be a great comfort vnto the godly minded that is that none do persecute vertuous proceedynges saue onely the enemies of vertue And enuy saith Cicero of force will accompany vertue Wherfore letting such go as retaine onely the figure of man since Adversus invidiam nihil prodest vera dicere especially time present caÌ„not say well as Martial saith Esse quid hoc dicam vivis quòd fama negatur Et sua quòd rarus tempora lector amat Hi sunt invidiae nimirum Regule mores Praeferat antiquos semper ut illa nobis Whereto also Ouid. Pasâ—…itur in vivis livor post fata quiescit Tunc suus ex merito quémque tuetur honos He that intendeth in deede to beare the name of a man must first consider his birth and secoÌ„dly his calling For as the horse to runne the Oxe to plough and the dogge to hunte euen so man saith Aristotle is borne to two thinges that is to vnderstaÌ„d to do or endeuour as who should say we are not borne onely to haue vnderstaÌ„ding but also to put it in vse For els in deede we shall know nothing but liuâ—… in silthy ignoraunce that the song of the Poete might be verisied who saith Denique nil sciri si quis putat id quoque nescit An scâ—…ri possit quo nil se scire fatetur Then which abhominable crime what to be more vnseemely in a man caÌ„not be declared or thought But he that detesteth that and entreth in vnto the vnderstaÌ„ding of him selfe accordingly also imploying his time his calling shal be to a higher steppe which likewise shal be required of him For therfore sayth the renowmed Athenian Oratour By how much thou hast a more excellent nature by somuch thou exspectest greater dignities and somuch the rather I iudge thou wilt make triall of thy selfe And surely Cicero supposeth it cannot be in a man to hid his vertue in him selfe Which moued him to say we are driuen to it of nature to desire to prosite many especially in teaching and reuealing the reasons of wisedome Therfore it is not easie to sinde such a one as will not be coÌ„tent to teach that vnto an other which he knoweth him selfe So that we are not onely inclined to learne but to teach also And truth it is in deede for what pietie is in him that seeth another out of his way and will not shew him of it or what humanitic hath he that carnestly vseth his tyme in gathering together the goodes of vertue and at length in one instant causeth them to perish with his body As therfore saith Demosthenes he is accompted great and mighty whom euery one do iudge to make eche thing profitable to him eueÌ„ se by the same thinges he shall be reiected when he is conuicted to haue done all for the cause of his owne vtilitie Which thinges coÌ„sidered I shall not neede to render accompt of my enterprise neither I hope to craue the further ance of the godly learned For although to discusse the secretes of nature which are so meruatlous in maÌ„s body it is the hardest point in Philosophie yet is not the difficultie therof such as ought wholly to terrisie vs from the searche therof nay rather it ought to spurre vs forward to vse more serious diligence therein Since the payne is not halfe so great that is taken in the winning therof as the vtilitie rewaraeth of that which is obtained And albeit this is so worthy a matter as needeth no authours commendation and therfore should worthely merite the labour of the learned yet as Darius denounced that to be the sweetest draught that euer he dronke which in his wearie flight he had drawne from a silthy standyng puddle because it seemeth before he had neuer drunke thirstie euen so I hope my labour shal be thankfully taken of all honest Chirurgians considering the barren draught that Chirurgerie throughout the Realme of England in this present age endureth and which can neuer be quenched by the fruitefull water that sloweth from the fountaines of Anathomie Of which I haue now endeuoured to turne one cocke Which faithfully beyng done accordyng to my might such as it is I offer before all others vnto you right worshipfull and my most bounden beseeching you to accept the dedication of these my rude labours which were they as worthy as Galens you might of duetie chalenge Notwithstandyng whatsoeuer they are good will is full in them And that is the rest of my hope and that is it which your worship neuer denied Which cherishing me I am bold to publish this History of Man vnder your name to the benesite of my Christian brethren the godlie and toward Chirurgians of England Whereupon also if your worship sometyme in Ciceroes ocium whereto you are much addicted shall chaunce to looke no doubt but you shall take great delite in the matter therof Which now also of force coÌ„mittyng to the sundry iudgementes of infinite opinions I ceasse beseechyng vnto your worship and all that godly shall vse me the sweete encrease of all slourishyng vertues and vnto the rest the obtainyng of a better mynde in Christ Iesu. Your worsh. in all I may Iohn Banister TO THE WORSHIPFVLL THE Maister Wardens Assistantes and fellowly Fraternitie of Chirurgians in London and from them to all godly true and zealous professours of Medicine throughout this Realme of England Iohn Banister wisheth the testimonie of a cleare conscience before the highest Auditor After the publication of my vnpolished Booke of vlcers most graue Patrons withdrawyng my selfe into my naked study and deuising how best to performe my promise therein but first considering and in deede more deepely waying accordyng to the state of tyme and present want whiche way I might most of all seeke the aduauncemeÌ„t of Chirurgerie in England in the which cogitatioÌ„ I confesse my zeale hath long tyme turned At last I called to remembraunce that the greatest want that raigneth in Chirurgians at this day is ignoraunce in the subiect of their
Appendances which contrary to the mynde of Galen we must needes affirme to be softer then the bones them selues since we delite ofâ—… tymes with our téeth to plucke the Appendances of small Bones to chewe of them in our mouthes for the pleasaunt iuyce that often they retaine Which contrariwise we cannot do to the bone Neither are they lightly to be losed or deuided from the bones by euery motion for that nature hath so well prouided for the turnyng of the ioyntes with such softe and slipperie Cartilages as therby in the motion of the bones no occasion can be giuen by any straigne to iniurie them The vse and chief commoditie of them is excellently recited of Collumbus or rather inuented and so as no man hath fully hitherto iudged although the thyng be worthy knowyng and excéedyng necessary And one thyng among many others hâ—… testifieth that nature hath made nothyâ—…g in vayne but euery part to good purpose and seruyng to some vse Realdus I say therfore sound that Appendances were in that order to the bones annexed to the end that from the place of their coniunction Ligamentes might be produced and made to streÌ„gthen hold and stablish firmely the composition and knittyng of the ioyntes as you sée the toppe of the thighe with the bone of the hippe and the neither part of it with the bone of the legge Likewise the bone of the shoulder with the scaple bone and that which in like sort is tyed to Radius and Vlua As for those bones that haue no Appendances how they are vnited I referre you to the History of Ligamentes to sinde And not onely where the ioynts are do these Ligamentes spryng but where no CoarticulatioÌ„ is made also as in Ilium the Scaple bones some processes of the Vertebres Thence also procéede Ligamentes necessarily chauncyng to that sramyng of the good constitution of Muscles as in their proper place is to be sought Whereby it commeth that from thence very many Muscles haue their begynnings whence also Ligamentall Cartilages procéede for so we thinke it good to call them that to strengtheÌ„ the Muscles are amongest them disseminated endyng also at their Tendans Now agayne it is manifest that Galen for all his industrious search fayled to finde the truth in affirmyng these Appendances to be added to the bones for the conseruation of the marey with in them included but then sayth Vesal How hapneth it that other bones in whiche are no cauities so notably allotted to the reteinyng of marey should notwithstanding also haue proper AppendaÌ„ces euen as those that are greatly hollowed As for example the scapple bones the Vertebres other small bones which not beyng much medullous are neuerthelesse not of Appendances destitute But pretermittyng this conuict assertion of Galen it is sufficient that the truth is touched by the aforesayd reasons of Col. prouyng how LigameÌ„tes by Appendances are most engendred and consequently the two proper gifs giuen vnto Ligamentes Which whilest they are so necessary as we haue proued that the generation of Appendances be very vtile and profitable who caÌ„ inuent to deny since their vses Sublated but a fewe places can you finde whence Ligamentes should sittly proceede And thus much you haue to vnderstand as oft as you read of Appendances in what bone or part so euer it be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latin interpretours call Processus is thus wheÌ„ a bone in any part stretcheth forth his substance in excreasing maner aâ—… a knot swellyng out from the stocke of a frée or as some Gibbous Tumor excéedyng the height of the naturall places nere vnto it so such places of bones as are apparantly to be discerned to excéede other partes are rightly called Processes sufficiently differing from the Appendances for these are right parcels and true partes of the bones them selues whereto they are fastened Also Appendances them selues haue Processes As the bone of the cubite called Vlna and the inferior part of Tibia as also other bones diuers as will appeare to you plenteously hereafter Agayn to some processes AppendaÌ„ces cleaue for the interior processe of the Scapple bone that is like the fashion of an anker and the ridge of the Scapple bone which in like manner is a processe therof haue Appendances but note that the processes of the thighe called Trochanteres or Rotatores are more iustly to be termed Appendances then thynges with Appendances munited For all that part that swelleth forth whiche therfore they call Processes holdeth the place of an Appendance so that the Processe and Appendance there is all one thyng Yet Vesalius made a difference betwene them but when as by takyng away the Appendances the Processes also are gone we must Iudge saith Columbus them in that place all one and the Processe the Appendance the same thyng one that the other is Furthermore the Processe and Appendance differ thus For it is a very small bone out of which appeareth no Processe neither may it be possible almost to finde such one as excéedeth in no place but there are many bones destitute of Appendances as those of the head of the vpper iawe of the wreste and such other Neither do the Processes not differ in them selues chusing ech one a sundry shape for some of them are small and like the fashion of a sharpe bookin wherfore the Grecians call such Processes Styloides Others also beyng sharpe but not so slender as the knagge of a hartes horne that is to say thicke and pointyng such as are to be found in the neither iawe Galena calleth such Corona Processus But besides there are some that represent the similitude of an anker as the interior Processes of the shoulder blades called Anchiroides Others end or leaue at a head and that two maner of wayes for some haue that head depressed as the bones of the middle of the hand where they ioyne to the wrest and of the insteppe meting with the Bones of Tarsus and Fibula the neither part of tibia certaine Processes haue their heades longe and prominent as the vpper head of the thighe where it is knit with the Bone of the hippe Others hauyng round heades as of the shoulder and shoulder blade likewise the bones in the middle of the hand ioyning to the first ioyntes of the fingers And of such Processes as haue long heades we call the slender part therof from the body of the bone vnto the head of the Processe a necke forasmuch as that space is like vnto the necke as it shal be playne vnto you in beholdyng the necke and head of the vpper part of the thighe where it maketh entrance into the hippe For this cause therefore are the heades of the Processes made that by touchyng with in the cauities of other bones adiacent they may the
of diuers members and partes had also this figure of the head Wherfore it séemeth Galen rightly iudged of this fourth shape and figure of the head whence reason is farre absent not séemyng to know such monstrous kyndes of shapes but is delited best in the most naturall and the further of from that the more distant also from her perfection But to our purpose and that whiche is more requisite The Bones of the Head are neither altogether Solid nor yet wholly fungie rare or like the Pumish stone for that were to light frayle subiect to manifold iniuries and the other ouer heauy and to much more then nature would oppressiue Neither would the substauÌ„ce of such be any thing so transpirable as were in that case expedient For the head is as a certaine coueryng put aboue a vessell that boyleth vnderneth it so the brayne within it is enuironed closse as a hotehouse But so as if it should not haue passage out after a certaine transpiratiue manner since to the brayne many vapors and excrementes are continually ascendent no man could endure without great discrasie of health and incoÌ„modious lyfe Wherfore prouident nature willyng that as the brayne had oft occasion so it should neuer want the meane of recrementall purgyng And for that cause was the head not made of one whole and continuall bone but of diuers for the procreation of Sutures or Seames which nature for the behoofe of the brayne decréed so coÌ„modious And this reason coÌ„pelleth vs to subscribe vnto Though to the great reproch of Cornelius Celsus who affirmeth or rather dreameth that the head altogether wanting Sutures is most safe the fewer Sutures that it hath the more coÌ„modious also to the health therof for surely he hath nothing that maketh of his side to induce this opinion except he deceiued himselfe by to much regardyng outward causes But besides that Hipocrates Lib. de homine hath testified agaynst Celsus in these wordes Saniores capitis sunt qui plures Suturas habent and that Galen in sundry places commendeth the construction of the head made with Sutures I thinke it good also to declare vnto you the AssertioÌ„s of Realdus Collumbus in this respect a man in matters Anathomicall not meanly experienced Who once hauyng brought vnto him a certaine young man whom death by continuall tormentes of the head remedilesse and in spite of Phisickes ayde had seased on found by Dissection that through out his head scarse the tract of one Suture could be obsorued but rather as the head had bene of one Solid entier Bone so that in the end by the due obseruation of the Dissected parts of that man the whole multitude that were with him as it were with him one mouth gaue seÌ„tence that his continuall cruciable payne and capitall dolour was engendred of no other cause but the streite composition of the Bones of the head through which no passage could be procured whereby those grosse and vaporous sumosities which otherwise by the seamy Commissures would transpirately euaporate being in such retentiue sorte included and findyng no passage to regurgitate the superfluities were not onely the originall causes of his perpetuall dolour and animall vexation but also in fine inferred death And this not once but often tymes he ratified by experience both in men and women as one in this poynt greatly desirous to be satisfied Wherfore it is marueilous that so great a man and learned as Celsus could so much as thinke that which he hath in this poynt playnly published whereas he onely respectyng externe dauÌ„gers we can proue that the inner ought more to be feared that is to say the fuliginous recrements inwardly ascendyng without any transpiratiue vent to procure more eminent and irrecuperable perils then outward percussions except such as were the skull all one bone would finish the lyfe So that we must néedes deny his whole reason that is to say both that the brayne is more safe by the inseparable coagmentation of the Bones or healthfull by their Soliditie For therfore the head beyng thus of bonye substaunce whiche by the violence of some stroke might be fractured or conâ—…used it behoueth to be rather construed of diuers bones to the end that when one part by some such outward iniury is broken the other parts notwithstaÌ„dyng might wholly be reserued since in the head one stroke caÌ„ not reach very far beyond the endes or borders of the part percussed which would otherwise no doubt fall forth were the head of one sole bone constituted As for familiar example strike a vessell made of earth or stone so that it be of comparable thicknes and you shall commonly see that by breakyng one place you shall commit the rest also to péeces Therfore not iniuriously or vaynly is the healthfull head distinct with Sutures or seames for of them to transmit the fumous recrementes of the brayne this is not the onely benefit but their apt construction also is the cause that outward percussions makyng breach in one part to do the like in another are aptly prohibited except the stroke as I sayd be excéedyng greuous But besides all this I hope when I haue reuealed vnto you a thyrd commoditie appertainyng to the Sutures you will metely be satisfied aswell as I. For vnto them is Appendant the Membran of the brayne called Crassa Meninx or Duramater which as shal be sayd hereafter more largely beyng effused by Fiberlike tyeng through the same seames doth engendre on the outside of the scalpe an other Membran which inuolutioÌ„ is ordained for the Extrinsecall Obduction of the capitall Bones and this coueryng is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But some perhaps will here obieâ—… and say that they haue found in aged persons the skull destitute of Sutures yet they liuyng were not vexed with paynes of the head I answere that likewise in men or women that haue liued many yeares neither will the Appendances of their Bones be separated though in persoÌ„s sufficiently young they be most manifest but maruaile not at that since extreme youth or extreme age in Anathomicall affaires are not to be obserued or at lest to excite any controuersie in Arguments For certaine partes of infantes till after a competent space of tyme are by the tendernesse likest to Cartilages yet no man is so senselesse to deny there beyng bones But let vs draw nearer to the matter By appellation of this name Head vnderstand you the vpper part and toppe of the body created for the cause of the eyes and brayne whose propper figâ—…re should be round and long after the similitude of a long Sphere on both sides depressed beyng by the name distinguished from either of the iawes that is sometyme called the Skull some tyme the Scalpe construed worthely of diuers bones and those both within and without hauyng a smoth crust and hard face but in
hurtfull But if one of them be Luxated and remoued from his fellow the case then is most pernitious and the reason is that is one Vertebre be disordered it so wresteth therewith the Spinall marey as that it vrgeth it to bowe into a sharpe corner whereby it is compelled either to breake or be brused the lest of whiche is pernitious in déede and deadly forasmuch as the nature of this marey is endewed with the nature of the brayne Whereas contrariwise many Vertebres being luxated or forced out of course forceth it not so straitly but into a more blunt bowyng and Semicircled corner which although it inciteth great distraction yet not so easely of necessity endureth death Wherefore I say to preuent and forestall all perils and daungerous euentes so much as might be for the necessarie and healthfull procrastination of lyfe the backe was construct and made of so many and so short bones to be made frée if it might be from such like Luxation as also that the bodyes of the Vertebres so effectually made might as I sayd before not swiftely but easely neither sodenly but softely be moued euery way for in déede they are mouable and that aptly to euery side Galen sayth euery thyng that is vpholden or borne by an other ought to be lesser and therfore lighter then that which vpholdeth and beareth which is the cause that euermore the vppermost Vertebres are lesser then the neithermost Wherfore Os SacruÌ„ the seate of all the rest likewise excéedeth them all in quantitie Hetherto how the Vertebres are a safe dèfense for the Spinall marey which yet beyond all that is sayd we note to haue Processes not onely to euery such partes as outwardly occupy the middle regioÌ„ of the backe which order is a principall propugnacle to the same marey therfore the Grecians do terme it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Romains Spina but also other Processes which froÌ„ the sides of them are produced for the cause of more ready and greater safetie which nature moreouer excellently willed to serue for the fixed insertion and due implantation of Muscles And as the lower bones are the greater so likewise the Processes of the higher in degrâ—… are the shortest and contrariwise the greatnes of the Vertebres and Processes beneth are wonderfull safegardes to Vena concaua and Arteria magna in their region resident But before I start from this generall description to talke of their particular proportions and partes I estéeme it not impropper to note briefly vnto you the v. partes wherinto the backe is deuided whereby you may clearely accompt the number of the Vertebres both propper and impropper These are the v. the Necke the Brest the Loynes Os Sacrum and Coccix .. In the Necke first are vij in the Brest xij to the Loynes appertaine 5. to Os Sacrum vj. the last 4. are of Coccix so that by coÌ„putation of all the rehearsed together they amount to the number of xxxiij But vnderstand that only xxiij of them are propper Vertebres by whose vertues the body is turned diuers wayes and their ende is as I sayd before at Os Sacrum And those that are appertinent or depend vpon Os SacruÌ„ are rather for the similitude and likenes of Vertebres numbred amoÌ„gest them then for any office or vse that they reteyne like Vertebres for those in déede are right called Vertebres that with one kynde of Articulation are together coÌ„pounded which is called Arthrodia where as the other therfore not propper are vnited per Symphysim as most clearely we will endeuer henceforth to handle FIrst of all we will as order requireth begyn at the Necke which is called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which was stretched and elongated froÌ„ the body for the cause of Aspera Arteria as Galen proueth saying further that the Necke alway perisheth with the Lunges wherfore euery fish that wanteth the Lunges is also destitute of a Necke and contrariwise such as haue Lunges haue also a Necke and both haue inspiration and expiration by the rough Arterie Hitherto also efflation which is the immediate matter of voyce is the action of the same Arterie without the which voyce could not be made and the vpper end of which beyng of the Latins called Laringa or Larynx is the chief and most principall fourmer of voyce Wherfore it hauyng such affinitie with the Lunges and seruyng to so notable vse it is euident that the Necke was fourmed for the cause thereof and goyng further he sayth also playnly that such creatures as want their Neckes are domme and mute And Aristotle sayth euery creature that waÌ„teth Lunges wanteth a Necke Then sith reason leadeth vs that the head is distaunsed from the body so much in man for the cause of Aspera Arteria and voyce and that the erection of the same Necke could not be made firme and stedfast without the supportable ground and frameworke of Bones neither mouable had the same bene of such solid continuitie as should haue resisted the meane of motion which nature therfore coustrued of sundrie Vertebres you shall hearâ—… what space is to be vnderstanded by the name of Necke and what bones appertaine to the construction therof The Necke is all the part stretched forth betwene the Head and Shoulders that is from the foundation of the Scull to the toppe of the Brest which in that space conteineth the number of vij Vertebres or turning Ioyntes eche one diuers and different from another that is the first from the second and those agayne differyng from all that folow but the iiij that are from the second vnto the the seuenth are aboue all the rest most likely figured and the seuenth it selfe distinct from all other as shall appeare But first is to be noted that the Necke was not onely ordained to the end to beare and susteine the Head but most especially to be auayleable to the diuerse actions mouynges therof which kyndes are not all propper nor all common but some motions propperly appertayning to the Head and others common which are obtayned by the mouynges of the Necke wherfore Collumbus sayth we iudge the propper mouyng of the Necke to be common to the Head forasmuch as the Necke cannot moue without the styrring of the Head. Galen assigneth to the Head two peculiar motions one is by the mouyng of the Head forwardes and backward and the other by turnyng it round to the sides which may be done the Necke remayning quyet or not labouryng but when the Head is greatly moued downward or vpward or vehemeÌ„tly inclined to the shoulders such caÌ„not be the propper motions of the Head seing that they are done by that labour of the whole Necke or otherwise caÌ„not be Wherfore the propper motioÌ„s of the Head are brought to passe by that meanes of
the first second Vertebre which ij of all others are most especially Colligate bound to the Head for froÌ„ many partes of Occiput floweth Ligamentes which is the cause that in Children the same is construct of many bones and therfore hath many riftes whence they are in the begynning produced but tyme weareth them fo farre forth of sight as not onely one cannot be discerned but also euery one acknowledgeth it a bone without distinction After this sort it is to be gathered the Ligamentes are in Occiput engendred that is to say in diuerse places so by theÌ„ annected to the first second Vertebres then consequeÌ„tly to the Necke as neither this way nor that way the head may sodainly or vnaduisedly slippe And to make you more clearely conceiue in your mynde the exquisite maner of motions of the head I will let you vnderstaÌ„d in what sort Occiput is Articulate vnto the ij first Vertebres as thus In that part of Occiput wherein nature hath insculped the large and ample hole for the descense as is sayd of the Spinall marey there are towardes the Anteriour part therof ij Processes or outgoyng portions that is to say on ech side of the hole one whiche are receiued in by the propper cauities of the first Vertebre made in the vpper part middle seate of the ascendent Processes thereof by meanes of which Articulation the Head is now inclined and now reclined From the middle of the second Vertebre riseth a certayne rownd and long Processe indifferently thicke called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and for the figure and shape therof likened to the kynde of tooth in maÌ„ called the dogge tooth this is likewise receiued into the cauitie of the first Vertebre prouided on that side also for the same purpose excluded larger from the side of the common hole whereby the marey is sayd to discend and because the whole body of the sayd Vertebre for the large compasse that by this meanes it is hollowed should not be wholly priuated nor the passage for the Spinall marey marred In the same place therefore nature hath in such wise lapped and fastened to the tooth a solid Ligament as that the commyng downe of the marey can neither be broken nor in mouyng compressed and yet the Articulation not left to strayte but slacke inough as it behooued for the turnyng of the head on eche side whiche is thus brought to passe by the Dentall Processe of the second Vertebre wheruppon the first easely turneth By this it is euident which are the propper and which are the common motions of the head and how with the one the other are made also although to their mouyng the coniunction of the Vertebres with the head is necessarie Wherein Galen is much reprehended for attributyng the inclinatioÌ„ and reclination of the head to the cause of the second Vertebres mouyng and of the dentiformed Processe so the side way turnyng to be brought to passe by the first Vertebres Articulation with the head but that is not so sayth Collumbus for the first ioynt maketh the noddyng vp and downe of the head and the second the circumaction to eche side for els should the Dentall Processe be depriued of his right office function which onely nature ordained for the turnyng of the head â—…o other wise theÌ„ as the hooke or hinge of a doore serueth aptly to the openyng therof and in this he excuseth Galen no maner of way but barely blameth him as in hacre parum diligens and Vesalius no lesse taketh part agaynst him openyng the window of light on the clearer side prospeaing the Sunne as manifestly appeareth by that is gone before NOw it followeth to describe orderly and particularly the Vertebres of the necke since thus much is sayd of the motions of the head The first Vertebre therfore of the necke is more solid and thicke then all the bones els of the backe longwise notwithstandyng more slender and differyng very much in fourme from the rest and not hauyng any superiour Processe In the Anteriour part therof where the body of the Vertebre should be that is to say the engrossed part the side is very thinne by meanes of the hollow excaued therein for the passage of the Spinall marey But the outer side of the same part towardes the throat Protuberating and swelling forth purchaseth asmuch firme thicknes by the round compassing therof as it was made thinner and weaker by the engrauyng on the inside of the aforesayd cauitie which receiueth the tooth aforesayd produced from the body of the second Vertebre which is tipped or headed with a rusty Cartilage to which for Articulation sake the like is to be obserued in all other Vertebres Besides this by diligent AnnotatioÌ„ you shal hiâ—…e euery Vertebre endewed with Processes both ascendent and descendent But in the first they are excaued and hollowed on eche side aloft as the Processes of Occiput are prominent to mete and ioyne with them and beneth to admitte the vpper Processes of the second Vertebre So that as it séemeth the vpper turnyng Ioynt altogether receiueth the insertion both of the superiour and inferiour Bones thereto approprimate From the sides likewise of the first Vertebre are stretched two Processes long and Perforated turnyng for wardes and greater then are fouÌ„d in other with larger holes for the transiturie of the Veyne and Arterie vnto the Scull deriuyng braunches from themselues to the refreshing of the Spinall marey There are certaine holes grauen out of either side of the Vertebres towardes the fore face of them the first Vertebre onely excepted for which therein you must looke in the hinder part the which holes or perforatioÌ„s as they are grauen through the body of the Vertebre from the hole ordained for the Spinall marey so doe the hindermost ascendent Processes giue them place which goyng forewardes forthwith by their sides directly aspectyng the laterall Processes haue through them flowyng the distinct number of coniugated Nerues from the same Spinall marey produced where these ioyntes are together committed you shall finde them in such order incised and cut as that one participateth or letteth in of the substaunce of another mutually saue that I say the first Vertebre is notable from all the rest admittyng onely but not admitted of any The holes therefore of the first and betwene the first and second ioynte representeth the fourme of a long hollow chinke and no holes but in all others exculped out one ech side round saue those in the Vertebres of the brest which are excaued in lengthwise To speake briefly therefore out of the vpper holes of the first Vertebre the first payre of Sinewes is brought and out of the neithermost which are also common to the second Vertebres doth go the second coniugatioÌ„
of indifferent excusation coateth Vesalius whilest I haue most beholden haue yet in my house Sceletons by whose transuerse Processes of the Loynes Vesalius assertions is verified Notwithstandyng that I am not ignoraunt what diuersitie may be found in diuers and that I confesse this is no great poynt to dispute vpon but in the way of discourse to dissolue the contraâ—… of Authors Chiefly I write thus much for the excuse of Vesalius because he is so apertly reproued as though so learned a labourer in the Arte of disseaing should haue by negligence set downe that which diligence neuer inueÌ„ted which might not be so much as thought of so princely Anathomist Now is it to be noted that such length in y Processes traÌ„suerse of the Loynes was ordained to be as propugnacles in stead of litle ribbes to the great vessell or spoutes deriued from the fountaines of life and naturall beyng and not to be produced after the iust length and magnitude of the ribbes for their extension ouer the region of the bellye had not bene conuenient neither would haue giuen place to the labour of the Muscles in makyng compression for the expellyng of excrementes but in women least of all expedient as in the tyme of naturall procreation reason ratifieth It was sufficient therfore that the production of the laterall Processes of the Loynes was such as might only giue defence to the great Arterie and hollow Veyne Nere vnto these Processes not farre from the holes of the Nerues ariseth on ech side one other produced portion though farre shorter then the rest Therfore in some bodyes not easely discerned whiche was the cause that Vesalius neuer inuented them Moreouer the posteriour Processes of the Vertebres of the Loynes are neither so long and sharpe nor so much declinyng downewardes as the superiour Vertebres before decyffered but though not in rising so large yet in procéedyng broader throughout their length stroÌ„ger their extremities coÌ„passed in circular sorte Also these Vertebres of the Loynes haue Appendances like vnto the rest but onely as they surmount in quantitie that is in magnitude aboue the rest so the soft Cartilage intersited betwene their bodyes is so much the greater and thicker their holes likewise exculped before the superiour and inferiour productions giue entraunce aswel to the nutrimentall vesselles as to the transporters of sense produced from the Spinall marey Notwithstandyng we finde not these holes so rouÌ„d as there superiours nor more largely excaued in the vpper side of the inferiour Vertebre then in the lower part of the superiour Spondill but much larger then the holes of the brest and necke as their bodyes we haue sayd before are larger Onely this is common to all the Uertebres the first of the necke excepted that in the hinder part of the body of euery Uertebre though in the Anteriour sydeway of the concauitie for the marey appeareth the holes ordayned for the 〈◊〉 if the Nerues and ingresse of the vessels of nourishment Finally Collumbus noteth this as a generall rule in all bodyes that the posteriour 〈◊〉 of the Uertebres which rowe is called the Spine from the second of the Necke to the last of the Loynes are all tendyng downeward Whiche assertion I could neuer in those bodyes that I haue sene or willyngly dissected finde occasion to subscribe vnto but alway either the xij of the brest or els some of the Vertebres of the Loynes did tend either vpward though very obscurely or els directly straight I meane neither vpwardes nor downewardes But to say truth you shal finde but smale certaintie in the fourme of the Processes The number of the Processes apperteinyng to the Spondilles of the Loynes are 9. that is to say to euery one ij transuerse ij sited by the sides of the holes and nere to the transuerse though obscured sene in some ij ascendents ij descendents lastly the Spine Now it remayneth to speake of the two last partes or diuisions of the backe called by the Grâ—…kes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of the Latins Sacrum and Coccix The which Sacrum beyng the higher diuision and begynnyng at the lower end of the afore described Spondilles for the bredth and largenes therof is sometime called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wherein playnly it excelleth all otherâ—… Vertebres beyng vnto them as an ample seate and foundation There are some that let not to affirme the cause why this same bone was called Sacrum to be this for that say they in women it is endewed with a speciall gift aboue all others in yeldyng on ech side from Os Ilium in tyme of bringyng forth Child and agayne forthwith closing by the secret deuise vnknowen Arte of Nature without the helpe of any Muscle but as it séemeth to me nothyng at all agréeyng with truth so Gal. Vesalius Collumbus Fuchsius accompt it a fantasticall fiction a feyned tale without the grouÌ„d of reason and quyte beside the authoritie of the truth for those kynde of persons do interprete this word Sacrum holy But as Realdus affirmeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be interpreted Sacrum so likewise Leonardus with like learned probabilitie teacheth vs in this sense to take and vnderstand Sacrum for Magnum that is great as Homer in some places writing Sacrum Mare and Sacrum Piscem for Magnum Mare and Magnum Piscem hath left vs for true testimony And Virgil for a Latin Authour hath Sacrum auri famem for Magnam auri cupiditatem Galen ascribeth to Os sacrumâ—… iij. bones which the later Anathomistes flatly deny allowing his description therin to retaine and smatche of veritie saue onely in Lyons Dogges and Apes but it consisteth of v. bones and commonly of vj. say they which in young and tender yeares in déede séeme lose and separated as it were not much differyng from the other Vertebres though afterwardes they so knit and cleaue together as that they séeme all to make but one bone were it not that in their fore partes we finde as it were the traces of Commissures They are together committed like vnto the superiour Uertebres saue that like vnto the rest they lacke the interiectur of Cartâ—…lages because their mouing was lesse néedfull Neither are acompted among the number of Uertebres for any other cause then that after a certayn maner they shew a similitude of the SpoÌ„dilles for of motion whereby they should chiefly be like them they are altogether frustrate It is concluded therfore that nature ordained this bone not onely for the vpper partes to rest vpon and stay them selues but likewise that the inferiour bones might thereto ioyntly one after another be tyed as froÌ„ their begynnyng and as it was a decrée from the law of nature that one principall
as we haue sayd before in his propper place For that is certainly retrahed in women helpyng greatly to the bringyng forth of child but to affirme the departyng asunder of these bones in such seasons is no doubt a saying so absurde as what to be more I know not since it séemeth nature was nothing forgetfull of that bringyng forth increase of young childreÌ„ in makyng the womans mould but if it were so why then in vayne did she constitute these bones in women of farre larger scope and compasse then in men A thyng notable to be marked By this therfore it is nothyng difficult to descerne these bones in women from those in men for in men they be more streit and narrow both aboue and beneth but in women much more ample and romthy wherfore let no man beleue Os pubis to be dilated or opned in child bearyng But now agayne from the same coniunction in Pubis which we haue sayd to be confirmed by a Cartilage the more downwardes they go so much more and more also one side seuereth from an other till they haue left a voyde and empty corner for the subsistyng of Penis and the Testicles And in the superiour part where these same bones of Pubis are conioyned as is aforesayd they are one ech side roughe and aboundyng with a double Tubercle or proturbered and bounched portion from the which haue sprong both the streight Muscles of the belly as also those that be deferred downe to the thighe and legge and abyde the insertion of the oblique descendentes of the bellye But from the inferiour part so armed with an Appendance are produced the Muscles susteinyng Penis whose body is situated immediately after the vnion of these bones That large hole in the middest beyng supposed rather for lightnes sake then for other cause to haue bene made two Muscles an outer and an inner do fulfil which stretching thence downwardes and implanted in the thighe minister thereto the power of circumaction or turnyng about betwene which runneth a tough Membran both shuttyng the way of the same hole and distinguishing the one Muscle from the other Then henceforth let them with more modestie aduise them selues that heretofore haue rashly affirmed the seminarie vessels by these holes to discend vnto the Testicles when as it is most euident they perforate the Muscle of Abdomen aboue these bones are caried In which on ech side is a certaine litle hollow gutter in their toppe obliquely decliued or bendyng ouer by the whiche couertly runne aswell Deferentia as Praeparantia vasa But this cauitie in women is not found which is the chiefest difference betwixt those bones in men and women And thus iudge of the bones committed to Os sacrum beyng not much different from the same in substaunce for they be fungie and light for the most part not very hard but replenished with holes or litle porie places for the receit of nourishment perpetually to cherish them THe thighe bone neither in byrdes neither almost in any foure footed beast is in length comparable to the bones of the legge exceptyng the Ape but in man it most playnly excéedeth all other in magnitude and is Articulated aboue with Coxendix Ilium and Pubis but beneth with Tibia The figure of the thighe is long and round but not euery where straight for neare vnto the middest it crooketh beyng therfore in the fore part Gibbous but in the hinder and exteriour part Sinnous and as it may be sayd backwardes bendyng the vppermost head is thicke round ouer crusted with a Cartilage hauyng the necke therof which is loÌ„g much inwardly preteÌ„ded And this same head to that necke supposed is almost wholly affourmed by an orbicular Appendaunce is admitted within the acetable or cup of Coxendix wherin as before I haue largely declared it maketh a most firme and strong Articulation beyng no lesse néedefull for the excéedyng great waight that the thighe ought to susteine Wherfore nature not accoÌ„ptyng it sufficient to make a large hole for the entraunce therof nor inwardly to cloth it with a Cartilage and in like sorte to augment the borders therof wherby sufficient roome might be offred to the same head hath prepared likewise a rounde and strong tyeng to procede almost from the middle toppe of the same head and fastened the same agayne in the botome of the acetable or cup as a stable grouÌ„d and strong firmament Which beyng so their opinions are accompted vayne which iudgyng this ioynt neuer plainly luxated do terme it oâ—…ely a bastard or false and counterfaited luxation when as in déede it is perfect and trew since it often tymes falleth out that this Ligament wherof we last made mention is relaxed slacked to the great ruine of the member difficultie of ressitution This same bone immediately after the necke descendeth with a certaine litle broad portion out of whiche are caryed two Processes like knottes whiche in infantes hold the nature of Appendances and may be taken of though in processe of tyme they cleaue so close and are so rooted in the partes wherein they are prominent that no signe of Appendance is presented by them Their seates are for the most part on the hinder partes and one higher then an other The vppermost beyng greater looketh outward but the neithermost being much lesse possesseth rather the inner seate The greater the GreciaÌ„s cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but both are to be named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Rotatores because they séeme to be ordained for the turnyng and whéelyng about of the thighe For they admit the insertion of those Muscles by whose benefite both the thighe is outward slected moued and caryed as also circumuerted or round turned yeldyng an apt bâ—…ynnyng to the viij Muscle of bowyng the legge In the posteriour part is eminent a certaine lyné caryed from the outer Processe to the inner and as it were ioyning or tyeng them together and from heÌ„ce begynneth the thighe to take on him the shape and fourme of roundenes whence forward beyng gone beyond the middle region the more it descendeth the more also it engrosseth and enlargeth being inwardly slatter and at length goeth forth in two great heades roughe on the outside altogether vneuen but their endes or extreme faces be smooth couered with a smooth crust and are constituted and finally made by the interuenture of a mighty Appendaunce In the posteriour part these heades are deuided with a great and large chinke or hollow space but before more lightly depressed with a coÌ„mon cauitie wherein lyeth the hole or rotule of the knée But as touchyng the seuerall description of these we cannot affirme one in fashion like an other for the innermost is thicker and the outmost playnly broader and more depressed least both should be
euen as we sayd lately of the earen that hardly it might be hurt of outward thyngs which is most ofteÌ„ practised For beyng pressed it yeldeth but neuer breaketh which so necessary vtilities had perished had the nostrels bene otherwise made or of the substaunce of bones fabricated Wherfore most sapiently hath the diuine artificer decrâ—…d this part as also all other that is as the lower partes of the nose were made Cartilaginous so also to be knit vnto the superiour 〈◊〉 partes whereon they depend as their seate and foundation With thrâ—… Cartilages is made the extreme partes of the nose wherof two constitute the sides called the wynges betwene which intercedeth the thyrd Cartilage whereby are formed two holes in the nose and this middle Cartilage is to the bony hedge or diuision of the nose aunswerable and very finitimate But it is onely the wynges of the nose which haue any motion beyng endewed with propper Muscles as well to plucke them outward as inward sayth Uesalius but that in no wise consenteth to Collumbus saying Outward they haue proper Muscles to leade them but inward no peculier Muscle affirmyng that they are shut by the benefite of the lippe Whose iudgement truely if with the thyng it selfe you do coÌ„ferre you shall finde it aptly consonant with veritie if my body be like to other mens or others like myne But now forward with the Cartilages WE recited in the former Historie in speakyng of the neither iaw two Cartilages which are found betwâ—…ne the superiour Processes of the same iaw and the bones of the teÌ„ples They are moueable and for no other cause ordeined then for the perpetuitie of his action for although the ArticulatioÌ„ therof is with sufficient scope slackenes yet with oft speakâ—…ng eatyâ—…g and gapyng the bones must nâ—…des weare or atleast leaue of to moue by wearynes were these not moueable Cartilages their sited by whose benefite when soeuer nâ—…de requireth the iaw readely moueth neuer almost requiryng tyme of rest NOw agayne not a litle wondryng that so many of old and sondry of late yeares haue deceaued them selues and erred in their writynges Realdus Collumbus noteth that Larinx is 〈◊〉 and made of the substaunce of Bones wholy vnles it be the Epiglot which 〈◊〉 of right to be Gristely that it might without hurt admitte continuall mouyng whiche is caused by continuall exspiryng and inspiryng besides that it was nâ—…deful for it also to moue whtlest we swallow any thyng or speake there sometymes to be lifted vp and otherwhiles depressed downe as also in vomityng contrarily pulled which motions it easily followeth the Cartilage yeldyng on either side BUt vnder Larinx all Aspera arteria is Cartilaginous distinguished with very many Gristly rynges whiche ringes notwithstandyng are not wholy Cartilaginous for backwardes toward the Vertebres where it glideth down by the stomache or Aesophagos they are intersected with a Membran there neuertheles bindyng them together Broken they cannot be yet was it expedient they were so fashioned as to giue place to Aesophagus least otherwise it should suffer compression by them in swallowyng the sustenaunce the which Membran if you take away wholy the ryngs appeare vnioyned representyng the figure of this letter C. But now they are together by the inwrappyng of this Membran which in that sharpe disease called Angina may perhaps sometyme be taken or cut away The iourney of this rough Arterie endeth vnder the canell Bone where it is cut into two partes or bowes whiche are after separated into other two and those agayne into others and so at the length dispersed throughout all the substaunce of the lunges to transport the ayre inspired and expired NExt we speake of the thicke Cartilages whereby the bodies of the Vertebres are committed together the first excepted which as it hath no body neither any Cartilage But to speake of the benefite which here these Cartilages giue we finde that by them the Articulation and knitting-together of the Vertebres is made more slacke and easie whereby they can bowe forward backward and to the sides aptly after the will of the creature Their breadth is auÌ„swerable to the bodyes of the Vertebres leueyling or makyng euen their endes where they méete Therefore as the turnyng ioyntes of the backe do still in goyng downward increase in quantitie so accordingly these Cartilages are made greater and thicker to the end they might not want wherewith to endure the greater increase and waight of bones VNder Os sacrum also where the tale bone is fastened a Cartilage lyeth and much of a Cartilage is put betwene the first and second bone therof but especially in women bicause in bringyng forth the byrth the tayle bone as we haue declared heretofore yeldeth backeward but in men it is neuer moued from his seate SO likewise the top of Sternon hath on ech side a Cartilage where it admitteth the knittyng to of the Cannell Bones and these also mouable accordyng to the vses of the Cartilage of y neither iaw before expressed although these haue nothyng so apt and often mouynges as that hath Notwithstandyng in great cryinges and swallowyng of the meate as also to expiration and inspiration those are much conducent whilest the brest is some whiles drawen together and other tymes riseth so is the expedite mouyng of the armes procured thereby AGayne betwene the first or second bone of the brest is sited a certayn Cartilage which is soft and vsurpeth the office of a Ligament wherby the superiour part becommeth more apt to moue TO the ribbes also grow Cartilages like vnto Appendaunces in so much as respectcth their anteriour partes aswell in the true ribbes where they are committed to the brest bone as in the false ribbes not adherent to the brest bone otherwise then by the Cartilages of the true ribbes Wherfore in the ribbes this more is notable that the shorter ribbes haue shorter Gristles and the longer ribbes the longer Cartilages so to the vppermost ribbes are round Cartilages but to the neithermost much broader Their vses we haue almost sufficieÌ„tly touched in the description of the ribbes For accordyng to the mouyng of the lunges they make the ribbes to yeld sithens it behoueth the brest to be often lifted vp often depressed Which mouyng although it be naturall yet should it not be so frée if all the ribbes were of the substaunce of bones neither might nature long endure the voluntary mouynges of the brest which are requisite in putting forth that voyce but that the Cartilages minister an ease to the laborious dilatatioÌ„ of the brest Besides this the false ribbes yéeld an exellent effect vnto the body and not to be neglected in giuyng scope vnto the Uentricle when it swelleth by repletioÌ„ Which gift is not small since all do know what great incommodities to the body compression at that
with the left Muscle is so conioyned as that they séeme there but one beyng also more sleshy then any where els Likewise the higher that those Muscles ascend by so much the more thinne and sclender they become yet are not the eye browes drawne vpward by the meanes of these onely but also by the helpe of ij Muscles which hereafter we will describe beyng not well knowne as I suppose of any other Anathomist saue Collumbus Also there are ij dilatyng the nose And although Galen others haue maâ—… mention of the ij Muscles that serue to dilate the nose yet haue they confusedly mingled them together with the Muscles of the vpper lippe Besides these Vesalius describeth ij that serue to shut the nose and that he imagineth them 〈◊〉 lye in the inner part of the noâ—…rels vnder the tunicle that compasseth them within Which to be so Collumbus by no meanes may acknowledge for how sayth he may that be séene which can no where be found THe ij Muscles therfore that dilate the nostrels spryng from the aforesayd seame so that the rising of them is sharpe and fleshy mixt with the end of the Muscles of the forehead and downewardes stretchyng or made broader and caried aloft on the Bones of the nose to end at the piâ—…es or wynges of the nostrels It is almost made iij. square wherof 〈◊〉 sides are long but the thyrd short These draw vpward the said wings of the nostrels haue straight Fibres therfore they dilate but those which other Anathomistes haue described are a portion of those Muscles which are placed in the vpper lippe As by by shal be sayd The nose is shut by the muscles assistauÌ„t to the vpper lippe therfore not of any proper muscles addicted to no other vse Which the more manifest to make you vnderstaÌ„d note the wheÌ„soeuer we are willing to draw any thing vnto our nostrels or vnto vs by the nostrels we are constrained immediatly to pull draw together the vpper lippe THere are besides others almost foure squared Muscles sited in the necke which beare their office to the lippes seruyng to draw them obliquely downward and of these Galen was the first inuentor The substaunce of them is a carneous or fleshy Membran begon about the region of cannell bones and posteriour part of the necke so as that their Fibres obliquely ascend and there at length do méete and touch whereas the superiour with the inferiour lippe is ioyned Wherefore since that these broad Muscles are seruiceable vnto the face yea although their chief situation be in the necke yet are they to be numbred among the Muscles of the face beyng much coherent with the chinne And therefore to the openyng of the mouth séeme much assistaunt THe nuÌ„ber of the Muscles seruyng to the lippes are iiij that is ij in the vpper and as many in the neither The originall of the superiour Muscles is foure maner of wayes rising from the extreme Suture of the iugall bone as also from the same that distinguisheth the first bone of the vpper iawe from the thyrd the other ij are brought from the bone of the chéeke and all go obliquely towardes the lippe among whiche there is one that cleaueth to the wyng of the nostrels for that cause they would haue it the Muscle that should dilate the nose But Collumbus calleth it a portion of the Muscles aforesayd mouyng the lippe Notwithstandyng sayth the same authour because I will not séeme sâ—…bburne in my one opinion for that I haue alway abhorred if any man please to separate this estéeme it to be in the place of a peculiar Muscle it shal be lawfull vnto him for me which beyng graunted then there shal be iiij Muscles of the nose whiche all shall serue to dilate the same The other ij constitutyng the neither lippe do spryng from that part of the chinne where is a certaine conspicuous asperitie or roughnes in the bone But now the Fibres of these foure Muscles are diuers myxed and enfolded within them selues and therefore as Galen rightly hath noted show diuers sortes of mouâ—…nges beyng for the most part mingled with the skinne VNto the sayd Muscles come other ij of the chéekes sited betwene both the iawes both springyng from the gummes and also endyng in the gummes Therfore where it pleaseth you it is lawfull to appoint the beginnyng that is to say whether aboue or beneath it forceth not They be sufficient sclender and in the maner of a circle intersected with diuers Fibres and therfore endewed with diuers giftes for like handes they serue to thrust the meate hether and thether not vnprofitable in tyme of speach when we will either puffe vp the chéekes or blow forth the breath A further vtilitie of these Muscles is dayly proued of theÌ„ that with trumpets and shalmes do dayly exercise their blast THere are ij Muscles yet hether to be reuoked and brought to light which negligence before my authors tyme hath passed They are to be seene in the posteriour part of the head rising aboue the Mammillar Processes at the Labdal Suture They are informe triangled or iij. square and endyng in the fleshy Membran which also admitteth the Muscles of the forehead Neither are their vses and vtilities in drawyng the forehead and skinne of the head toward the hinder partes to be neglected as I suppose it doth in euery man And Collumbus besides Iohannes Anthonius Platus his master whose skinne of the head he reporteth euery where and euidently to moue sayth likewise that in him selfe beyng bald it is most porspicuous BUt to come vnto the eyes the Muscles of the eye liddes are vj. in number that is to say iij. on either side Wherof ij are situated without the compasse of the eyes whiche most certaynly may be supposed to be the onely cause why all Anathomistes before ColluÌ„bus were so deceaued in supposing those sited within the compasse of the eyes to serve not to the eye liddes but the eyes The first therfore are râ—…d coÌ„passing hauyng also circled Fibres They spryng in the great corner of the eye in the coÌ„mon â—…uture both to the head vpper iawe Their beginnyng is sharpe but are dilated vpward toward the forhead in which place they are mixed together with the Muscles of the forehead Afterward stretchyng toward the eare the nearer they come to the lesser corner of the eye the more they are amplified and downewardes reflected about the roundell of the eye that at length neare to there beginnyng they might finish with a sharpe end And these are made strongly to shut and bynde together the eye liddes whose force we dayly proue when we winke to preuent any outward iniurie The second are ij streight Muscles broad and fleshie in the superiour region of the eyes beginnyng within the roundell at the visible Nerue like
the greatnes or litlenes of the mouth The actiuitie therof therfore sauereth rightly of the Muscles thereto seruing Of the place no man is ignoraunt the fashion therof is long and more broad then profound and thicke albeit that the toung in thrustyng directly forth becommeth almost or altogether round the roote of the toūg is thicker then the end which was prouidently done of nature because it behoued it to moue swiftly To the furtheraūce wherof are ix Muscles accordyngly bestowed besides his own peculiar substaūce which in consideration of the substaūce before rehearsed séemeth not proper to be nūbred amōgest Muscles yet by an other reason which is because it moueth volūtarily it séemeth not worthy to be seuered frō among their nūber Which if it be not ij moe must be added to the number aforesayd so that then we must accoumpt xi For it seemeth if so it must be described ij muscles the toung hauyng in the middest a white lyne to distinguish the right from the left part vnder which is a Ligament in children oft tymes requiryng to be cut because it is an impediment to their spéech and at first to suckyng These ij muscles attributed to the tongue or rather fourmyng the same rise from the ground of Hyoides and ende at the extremitie of the tongue tasting the force of euery kynde of Fibres which also are so intertexed and wouen together as that one from another as in other Muscles cannot be disioyned There bewrappeth the tongue a certaine tunicle which receiuyng of the vertue that is propper to the fourth payre of sinewes of the brayne purchaseth thereby most elegantly the facultie of 〈◊〉 Therof in like maner is stretched to the funicle of the Palate as shal be declared hereafter the which tunicle is both common to the Palate Aesophagus and Larinx The thyrd and fourth Muscle of the toung which Collumbus sayth was not knowaen to the other Anathomistes begyn at the middest of the chinne where be two Asperities or rough places directly agaynst the roote of the tounge goyng There Fibres are straight the Muscles them selues round and it appertaineth to their office to thrust out the toung beyond the téeth and lippes Neither is it any miracle as some suppose that the tounge can doe this without the helpe of any Muscle The fift and sixt are sclender begynnyng at the Processe Styloides and end in the sides of the roote of the toung These haue power whilest both labour to draw the toung towardes them selues but one onely mouyng draweth it vp to a side The vij and viij go forth from the Processes of Hyoides and are inserted to the sides of the tongue seruyng to draw it downwardes But the ix and x. rise from the iaw and are fixed to the sides therof And haue propertie now hether now thether to impell and moue the tongue when we eate or swallow The last muscle is more rightly to be called a consused muscle of flesh fat and glandulous matter together then truely a muscle It is put in the roote of the tongue and is brought from Hyoides Beyng in eatyng pleasaunt and swéete as is proued in such creatures whose tounges are vnto vs among the rest acceptable 〈◊〉 Neither shall it be here denyed the name of a muscle for description sake although as witnesseth Collumbus it be a particle of small price wherein therfore we will lose no tyme least the speach of other matters should be ouer long detracted which are more necessary Besides the xi therefore whiche we haue hetherto declared besides these Nerues Ligamentes and membran there are Ueynes Arteries and two other Nerues begotten of the vij coniugation and addicted to this part for motion sake which for as much as they be collocated worthely in the inferiour part great care must be vsed lest together with the Ligament as oft as it is requisite to be cutte those also be vnwittingly deuided By the Ligament is ment that which by openyng the mouth and reflectyng the tongue vnto the palate is to be descerned vnder the same beyng made for great vse and purpose For hereto are firmified the Fibres of the tongue beyng in vse as if a bone were giuen to the tongue and no lesse to them a stabiliment stay or ground Moreouer were it not for the Ligament the toung sometimes would be gathered to much backeward in it selfe neither beyng once put forth would it be easely drawen backe agayne Wherfore it is worthely a bridle vnto the toūg both forcyng it and temperyng the same least it should be either to much plucked together by the muscles not hauyng therein any bones or other stay or els being slaked more then méete might stray out of course Besides if in the tongue it had bene stretched but a litle way foreward or occupied but a small portion it should haue pleasured the tongue as litle as if it had not bene made at all Contrariwise agayne if further towardes the end it had bene extended then neither to the palate vpper téeth nor to diuers places in the mouth the tongue could haue bene stirred So exacte therfore is the makyng therof and with such commoderation is it measured that if you either adde a litle or diminish a litle you corrupt the action of whole instrument L Arinx beyng the head of the rough Arterie is the instrument wherein first the voyce is formed which God the worker of all thynges hath by marueilous art compounded The place therof is in the iawes vnder the tongue and bone Hyoides But since the bones therof for so Collumbus calleth them rather then Cartilages are before expressed in the History of bones there remayneth now because this so necessary instrument of inspiration and expiration as also to the restraynt of euery efflation after the will of the body stoode in néede of voluntary mouyng to speake of the muscles giuen thereto for the mainteinance of his worthy office Wherein that from these my simple labors I may clearely wipe the blotte of errour least by such meanes or infection they become odious to the hearers and to me as to the vnhappy husband men who takyng gladly great toyle with his ground and tillage in hope of the haruest recompence reapeth a sorte of blasted eares mingled with that cursed coccle in stead of the finest flaxen and whytest wheate which he trusted surely to had sowen I am forced to abstayne a while both from Vesalius and Galen Who whilest herein they dissected not the body of man I know not whether we haue more cause to shunne both their opinions in this respect or condyngly to commend Collumbus for his integritie not in findyng the fault but for hatyng the fault neither for reprouyng those authors but for his endeuour to amend the misse But of the ij it appeareth he most marueileth at Vesalius not because his opinion herein is scarce approbable for who knoweth
retainyng of the breth beyng depressed they so constraine and presse the intrels together as out of a straite place into a larger which is lower they thrust and expell the dregges wholly resistyng their returne agayne into the Uenticle And as touchyng generation of voyce great efflation restrainte of breth and propulsation of the byrth in women nature receiueth by them a large benefite BUt here perhaps some onely Englishmen will obiect that I leaue out the principall properties of these Muscles in that they retaine such worthy faculties as to attract retaine and expulse In déede I confesse that our meaner sort of Chirurgians who are not able to dispence with the Latine Author haue learned to many such phantasticall imaginations of sundry Englishe workes which heretofore haue bene Imprinted whose authors whence they drew their labours for the most part are not comparable to the founders of this buildyng and albeit their good willes were commendable â—…et this much must I needes say if all of them had sweat more in the workes of Gal. in his administration of Anathomy vse of partes their workes had not at this day remained so repreheÌ„sible although Galen we sée himselfe was in Anathomie now and theÌ„ deceiued But I much maruaile whence they tooke this fonde opinioÌ„ that the strayght Muscles made the attractiue power in the body the transuerse the retentiue sacultie and the oblique an expulsiue operation Which singulare offices euery of these should orderly baire vnto the body without any other cause of their creation And namely Gemini after he had thus fallen vpon him selfe immediatly is about to alledge Galen for his purpose otherwise whoÌ„ if he had followed in this poynt he should haue missed to commit this so great an errour Or else Auicen who in this poynt is agreable with Galen as appeareth in his Chapiter of the Muscles of the belly Wherfore I aunswere that for as much as no worthy writer would baire me out therein except Mundinus whose workes are generally arested with errour I willingly by thy patience genlte reader do abstaine from such an infamous kynde of description And if thou desirest somewhat to reason with me shouldest say why is it not likely that the straite Muscles lyâ—…g after the reâ—…tude of the body should make the power attractiue wherby the concoction made in the stomacke and put forth into the intrelles is drawne downward till it be dreined by the mesericall veynes of all y best iuyce and afterward the refuse gathered to the lower partes by beyng still drawne downeward till nature be ready to eiect them So likewise the transuerse do retayne and hold backe till nature haue done to them her kynde and office of digestion and that to euery part be geuen his dutie Agayne that the oblique haue expulsiue propertie which is to put forth and expell such thynges as nature commaundeth and prouoketh to be done I aunswere vnto thée briefly that as the Uentricle hath oblique Fibres to retaine so also transuerse Fibres to expulse the digested matter which beyng Chilus thinne and flowyng sayth Collumbus runneth easely into the spaces and emptie partes of the intrels which is by the transuerse Fibres comprehended as with handes In the meane time nature is not idle but lest it should escape by the subtlenes therof and slippernes of the intrels beside the office of Vena Chilis fetcheth it in by the notable texture of Mensenterium so that finally all the good iuyce is drawne from the drosse the ponderous waight wherof cannot stay in the slippery substauÌ„ce of the intrels though the straight Muscles of the belly had not bene As touching the retentiue faâ—…ultie whereby ech thyng should be kept till nature were otherwise willing answere me to what end the oblique Fibres both in the Uentricle and intrelles serue as also so many turnes and wyndynges of the intrelles How the expulsiue facultie is made I haue already froÌ„ Galen Vesalius and Fuchsius largely described or in a word it is mightely brought to passe by the constraynte of all the Muscles of Abdomen Diaphragma also depressed And this is inough that the Muscles of Abdomen in falsifiyng their natures be not robbed of their due 〈◊〉 But before I go forewardes with any other partes I thought good to say thus much out of Collumbus as touchyng the inuention of moe Muscles then viij vnto Abdomen There are some Anathomistes of my tyme who beyng desirous them selues to inuent some thyng do constitutex Muscles to Abdomen but certainly they are deceiued For they would haue the fleshy begynnyng of the strayght Muscles to be a distinct Muscle which by no meanes can be for if they should be Muscles as they say some office must néedes be applyed vnto them As that they are assistauÌ„t to the erection of the yard which they can not do because they cleaue not to it but are fastned to Os pubis aboue Agayne if the yard were by them to be draweÌ„ vpward so must likewise the â—…ape of women be sence in women they are séene no otherwise then in men Neither hath 〈◊〉 voluntary mouyng they therfore haue inferred that by them the strayght Muscles are ayded which beareth truth no otherwise then the rest For so strong are the strayte Muscles of Abdomen that they nâ—…de no helpe and in that they will haue their Muscles to compresse the bledder is all one thyng for the bleddar by all the viij Muscles is compressed which onely they would attribute vnto the offices of these But there followeth an other no lesse absurditie in that these fleshy begynnyngs which they call distinct Muscles are not found in all men therfore belike such persons should wat their vtilities for which they would haue the sayd Muscles be begotten Which is a playne ouerthrow of all their vayne inueÌ„tionâ—… therfore sayth he in conclusion it is a vayne saying that they hold of the x. Muscles of Abdomen and may in no wise be defended But hetherto sufficient IT followeth to speake of the testicles and yard Euery of the testicles retainyng one Muscle long and slender situated in the Membran called in Gréeke Dartos Their begynning is aboue Os pubis where the hole is apparauÌ„t through whiche the Seminarie vessels descend enwrapped with the same Membran yet do they scant imitate the true forme of Muscles but are certaine strayght fleshy Fibres put in the same Membran Dartos The auncient writers haue called these Muscles Cremasteras as it were Suspensores or hangers vp made as it séemeth that the testicles should hang by them and not sodainly slippe downe By the helpe of these Muscles the testicles of man are by litle and litle obscurly drawne vp least by ouer slacke or lose hangyng downe the Seminarie vesselles should be ouerloded But the foresayd vse of these Muscles are most notable proued in
the first bone of the litle finger whereby the same finger is able to moue from the rest The seueÌ„th beginneth at the wrest and is placed in the vpper part this Muscle is all fleshy and endeth at the second bone of the thombe The eight commeth forth neare vnto the seuenth is fleshy and placed toward the hollow in the hand and with a small Tendon is inserted to the second bone of the thombe The ninth is vnder the seuenth from the same Ligament of the wrest all fleshy and ended at the first ioynt of the thombe These thrée Muscles make that fleshy part of the thombe which Palmesters do terme the hill of Mars and they draw the thombe towardes their begynnyng that is do extend the same and lead it from the rest Thrée other follow whiche go out of the bones of Postbrachiale that support the forefinger middle finger and ring finger their situation is oblique or rather transuerse vnder the lyne of lyfe as the Palmesters terme it they end in the second ioynte of the thombe albeit their begynnyng is halfe circle lyke these thrée notwithstandyng could Collumbus be content to accompt one Muscle hauyng a broad begynnyng a sharpe end and enterweauynges of diuers Fibres sauyng that he would not séeme to much to dissent from Uesalius to shâ—…e if he may the cauelyng tauntes of straungers The vse of them is to bowe the thombe towardes the ball of the hand The seuenth Muscle of the thombe commeth from the Postbrachiall Bone that bayreth the forfinger occupying the space betwene tho forfinger and thombe so that the situation therof is ouerthwart is inserted to the bone of the thombe beyng thereby authorised to plucke the thombe towardes the same finger and lay it aloft thereon Besides these there be yet other viij Muscles springyng from the Postbrachiall bones inserted to the first ioyntes of the iiij fingers Of these ij beyng allotted to euery finger exceptyng the thombe in which none of them is settled These viâ—… Muscles are thus endued with offices that ij of them by mouyng together do bowe straight the first ioynte wherin they be implanted But when one styrreth onely theÌ„ obliquely they make their motion in bowing these ioynts And now here with myne authour how mans members moue I am come to the gole ⧠An end of the Historie of Muscles ¶ The backe part of the Muscles ¶ Of the Hihory of Man the fift booke describyng the instrumentes seruyng to nourishment which is brought to effect by meate drinke that is Of the nutritiue and naturall partes WHen as the whole masse of man for the insited heate therein must néedes haue runne in perpetuall ruine and vastation vnlesse other lyke substaunce continually in steade of that which wasteth was restored the almighty creator not onely vnto man and liuyng creatures but also vnto the very Plantes them selues hath giuen a certaine power to require that alway which is wantyng and requisite for them For neither to eate drinke or vse respiration we learne of any body at any tyme but immediatly euen from the begynnyng we haue in vs that worketh all these without any instructer To this that Diuine Hipocrates hath this elegant saying Nature her selfe hath not by reason found the instinct to euery her actions for neither is she of any taught neither hath she learned to worke those thynges which are conuenient but by meat what soeuer of dryer substaunce and by drinke what so of moâ—…er wasteth we restore And so alway to the old estate we mainteine and reduce them both No otherwise then as the commoderation of aerye and fiery substaunce we hold by respiration and pulsation of the Arteries NOw wheÌ„ that that floweth to euery part ought to be of such nature as the particle it selfe and none of all those whiche are eaten and drunken are wholly such it was necessarie vnto Nature first that those thynges were conco-cted and chaunged and so much as may be assimulated and made like to nourish and restore the body and after to expell those recrementes whose generatioÌ„ of necessitie followeth such mutations For this cause â—…hiefly sayth Galen Nature instituted thrée kyndes of instrumentes seruyng to nutrition As some for the first reason to conceiue and labour the nourishment as also to destribute the same vnto the whole body Others for the second cause to be the receptacles of excrementes The other particles for a thyrd reason seruyng to the transmittyng of these excretions vntymely exiture prohibityng and in tyme dew readely expellyng Of the first number are the Uentricle which receiueth the nourishment and the Liuer whiche maketh the greatest mutation of the nourishment passyng through hym and the Ueynes which deriue the same confected nourishment into the whole body Of the second reason are the intrels which receiue the dryer excrement as the Uessicle of Choler that whiche is thinner and lighter the Splene that which is more earthy and thicke the reynes and bleddar the watrish part Of the thyrd the Muscles for they are vnto egestion seruiceable All whiche thynges in their places shal be described and how they serue vnto nutrition we will declare begynnyng first somewhat further of with the partes of Abdomen as of them in dissection the Anathomist maketh first demonstration THe outmost skinne therfore which is in Gréeke called Epidermis in Latin Cuticula is the vppermost thinne skinne which onely most outwardly of all others enwrappeth the body beyng very thinne and of it selfe altogether insensible growyng swiftely soone lost and soone repayred agayne The insensibilitie therof is vnto the body very requisite the outward partes beyng thereby fréed from the â—…olour of ech light action which otherwise we must néedes haue endured not onely in applying our handes to the holdyng of any thyng and passing with our féete continually to goe but euen in wearyng also our garmentes vpon vs no lesse then if our Bones were likewise of sensible substance we should neither be able to go much lesse frequent such violent actions in the vse of our lyfe as dayly we do Agayne as Nature to so good end created it of insensible substaunce so likewise she framed it most thinne to the end the members sense should not thereby more then was conuenient to the aforesayd end and purpose be dulled Wher fore we may endure to handle rubbe or styrre our members to or with any thyng which hath not either the sharpnes or force to excoriate the same outer skinne which if it had bene thicker it séemeth certain our sense must néedes haue bene the duller Besides an other commoditie no lesse néedfull it oweth vnto the body For Nature hath endewed the same with an infinite number of pores or holes to expell by them such superfluites as Nature hath already driuen to the outer partes and infrication these manifestly
as it were the gate or entraunce for the Ueynes sensible Fibres of the body to passe through for sense and nourishment vnto the skinne Of force it must be very sensible not onely in respect of the Fibres that come through but principally because it selfe is most of sinewy substaunce For it may be that in children it be fleshy but in elder persons it retaineth small fleshynes haue that in respect of other Membrans it séemeth somewhat more fleshy as partly already is touched AFter this appeareth in Abdomen and as it were deuidyng it in the middest a line and round pitte called the nauell of the Latins Vmbelicus and the lyne or hollow tyeng from it for the whitenes therof Linea Alba the white lyne or of some the Vmbelicall Ueyne This Nauell Galen and Aristotle supposed to be situate in the middest of the body but Vesalius contrary thereto with many I will not say friuolous reasons repugneth which Collumbus agayne hath surely suppressed affirming that of right it occupyeth the middle part of the body since whilest we are in the wombe of our mother we are nourished thereby and by the same also put fourth our excrementes The begynnyng hereof is at the Matrice and springyng vpward to the nauell passeth in therby to the liuer and endeth in Venapâ—…rta But the Arteries for so it is the receptacle of iiij notable vessels inserted to the nauell and reached downward to the sides of the bottome of the bleddar are continuall with the braunches of the great Arterie after the principall diuision therof aboue Os sacrum For the Arteries makyng entraunce into the nauell are vnited to the stockes of the great Arterie whiche descend into the legges as hereafter shal be expressed more fitly By the benefite of the vmbelicall Ueyne the child in the wombe is nourished and by the office of the Arteries is replenished with insited heate vitall spirite There is a fourth vessell called Orrachos which begynneth at the bottome of the bleddar and serueth to draw the Urine from the byrth And this together with the other vessels the midwiues do cut of neare to the belly so that after the infant be borne saue that it remaineth as a certaine corde or bande vnto the body we finde not any notable vse therof AS for the Muscles of Abdomen which in the Hystorie of Muscles are so copiously handled I commit thée to the reading of the second booke But here because no where els we haue described the nature of fleshes which so plentifully bewrapped the frame of man ech where clad therewith it shall not be amisse to say somewhat to the end we ouerscape nothyng worthy or néedefull to be declared vnto the yonger sort Fâ—…esh therfore is a simple member neither solid nor absolutely moyste but thicker then the moyste partes and softer then the dry It is begotten of bloud meanely dryed whereby it hapneth that bodyes aboundyng with bloud be very corpulent and fleshy So necessary it is vnto the body as that nature hath left no part destitute thereof the brayne excepted but either is in them conteined or neare vnto them adioyned fulfillyng so all the partes of the body like the plaster or dawbe vnto the laâ—…ted house Of the flesh are sondry diuisions diuerfly set downe by sondry Authors heretosore as some of them affirme thrée kyndes of which that is the true and simple flesh whiche groweth in the gummes of the téeth and head of the yard The second is vniuersally mixed with the Muscles beyng euery where compounded with sinewy Fibres and diuerse substaunces according to the nature of the place The thyrd flesh is that of the Glandules or kernels which thyrd part because it is somuch different from the other I will somewhat digresse to speake of them that is the Glandules not vnueedefull nor improuidently made of nature ANd 〈◊〉 are no other then a round body somwhat long for the most part beyng rare and filled with 〈◊〉 For diuers causes in diuers places Nature hath set thenâ—… but their generall proppertie is to turne the 〈◊〉 which they receiue into their colour Notwithstandyng their vses be diuers Some are â—…wed as beddes vnto Ueynes and Arteries to deteute them froÌ„ hurt others fulfill voyde places others to receiue and conteine humidities least any place through mouyng â—…ght be dryedâ—… others to receiue excrementes And those kyndes of Glandules are to be found in diuers partes of the body The first in the Scull after this sort one in the brayne betwene the same and Cerebellum which is called Coâ—…rion Pineale described hereafter in the 〈◊〉 of the brayne and Nerues This is round but somewhat long An other in the cell of Sphenoïdes lyeng without ' Dura mater in which endeth the bason or tonnell What is ment by the Cuneall cell thou hast learned that in the Hystorie of bones And this is that Gandule whiche takyng in the excrementes of the brayne sendeth the same afterwardes to the nose and Palate In the roundell of the eyes are foure Glandules two to euery one the right and the left that is two aboue and the rest beneath Where they are placed of nature to receiue the superfluous humiditie that commeth to the eyes and therewith to moysten and refresh thâ—… lest they by often mouyng should dry vp and afterwardes giue ouer to mouae These are they which beyng by sorrow or other cause constrained do poure out teares There are other two Glandules in the iawes called Paristhimia receiuing also the humidities of the brayne to moysten those partes which is greatly néedefull when as continually in speaking eatyng inspiryng expiryng they labour Others likewise we finde vnder the roote of the toung small and possessing the same vtilitie as before is sayd Two other cleaue vnto Larinx and the rough Arterie thicker in women then in men whereby it commeth to passe that the prominent part of Larinx in fewe women is apparant the thicknes of these makyng euen with the same Under the Cannell bones also where Vena caua is deuided into two that is Axillarem and IugulareÌ„ are other Glandules slender in vs but thicker in beastes called Lactes and Thymus 〈◊〉 Agayne in the hollow of the brest are other two ioyned to the middest to Aesophagus to moysten continually the same whereby the meate may passe and slyde downe more easely But in the vale of Abdomen there are not ij but an innumerable sort found throughout Mesenterium dispersed for the diuision both of Ueyne Arteries Amongest which vnder the UeÌ„tricle is a certaine notable one there set aswel for the diuision of Vena porta as also to be vnto the Uentricle as a propugnacle lest in touchyng their backe it should happen to receiue hurt The name therof is Panchreas that is Affusio lying flat or prostrate At
vpper iawe and nether cherished neither is there wherfore to expect the description of any other peculiar braunch of a veyne to serue vnto the téeth onely CAua Vena or the hollow veyne after it hath gone forth vnder Diaphragma from the liuer his propper fountaine it cleaueth to the body of the Vertebres on the right side and after the goyng forth therof a litle beneath the liuer putteth forth a. small veyne to nourish the partes adiacent and is diuersly deuided Afterwardes the same trunke goyng downwardes putteth forth ij veynes called Emulgentes which are ended in the veynes But beware thou estéeme not these to be alwayes onely two since sometyme you shall finde them deuided into iij 〈◊〉 foure somewhiles fiue albeit not commonly so noted of other writers Galen principally and also diuers other Anathomistes haue vsed heretofore loÌ„g discourse of wordes as touchyng the puttyng forth of the Emulgent veynes auouchyng the right veyne to be higher exalted then the rest and for what cause though in déede in vayne For since truth is contrary vnto them somuch as that they would by pollicie inuent the reason of that which is not so both the proposition and argumentes of force must fall together like him that whilest he more endeuoureth to decke the toppe and sight side of his house then hath care to set firme his foundation his time and coste both perish together Wherfore Collumbus saith the reasons of Galen are more ingenious then true as touching the body of man froÌ„ which no part of these my labours by my wil shall swarue whose veynes Emulgentes thus we will describe FRom y left side of Vena caua vnder the veÌ„tricle sheddeth out a large veyne sufficient long called Emulgens which is caried aboue the body of the turnyng ioyntes and the Arterie Aorta flowyng to the middest of the left reyne which is in man somewhat higher theÌ„ the right and that for the litlenes of the splene which not resistyng romthe to it as doth the liuers greatnes on the other side to the right kidney leaueth it in the higher state the right beyng compelled to stand lower But after it is come vnto the reynes by the aforesayd meanes it entreth the body therof there beyng amplified and cut into braunches which throughout the substaunce of the reynes are distributed Neuerthelesse Collumbus would not haue vs thinke of these to be made the searse whereof Galen estéemed so much and that through it the Urine is streined and it beyng dilated bloud to be pissed Here in déede nature sayth he might haue bene able to place Membrans as to the Miseraâ—…ul veines and to the endes of the vreters but because this séemed more commodious vnto it there are certaine eminences begotteÌ„ of the same substauÌ„ce of the reynes which entring into the same braunches resist that the bloud which together with the serous matter is deduced to the reynes should naturally slippe forth agayne This notwithstandyng beyng noted since it is notable when nature endeuoreth to thrust downe any stone that commonly is done with such force as that it sendeth out great store of bloud together with the brine The vse of these Emulgent veynes is to purgethe bloud of serbuâ—… substaunce and to the reynes to yeld due nourishment From this veyne springeth a bessell called Vreter that is Vrinarius it springeth invery déede from the body of the same reyne there it taketh Urine and bringeth it to the bleddar In the right side the same Emulgent veyne is sited lower then the left and shorter farre for betwirt the hollow veyne and the right kidney is fâ—…ial diâ—…aued yet is it set to in the same order as the left THere springeth from the left Emulgent a veyne called Seminalis or a séede veyne whiche obliquely vnder Peritonaeum descendyng and caryed aboue Os Pubis is reposed in the testicle as more apertly among the generatiue partes is discussed But this marke by the way that this springyng of the Seminarie veyne is not from the Emulgent to carie the serous humour to the left testicle wherby the feast of Venus might with greater pleasure be celebrated as many of the auncieÌ„t Anathomistes heretofore haue deuised For say they nature therfore determined the begynnyng of one of these Seminall veynes to be so farre of to the end that in the acte of coiture the tricklyng downe of the humour so long a scope should onely be to purchase the greater delectation in that present tyme. But the true cause sayth Realdus Collumbus is the litlenes of the sayd veyne which if it should haue sprong out from the body of the hollow voyne as the right doth because it should then haue gone ouer the great arterie it should euer haue bene in daunger in euery great dilatation which the same Arterie must néedes make to be brokeÌ„ Which incoÌ„moditie to preuent prudeÌ„t nature deuised a néedeful meane willing therfore that from the left Emulgent veyne and not from the body of the hollow veyne the left Seminall passage should take his begynnyng Contrariwise the right Seminall veyne floweth out from the fountaine of the hollow veyne the space of ij or iij. fingers bredth vnder the right Emulgent which first descendeth obliquely then is caried vnder Peritonaeum after aboue Os pubis but lastly endeth in thé testicle And this is the race of the Seminall veynes in men with a more likely coniecture then among the aâ—…cientes was knowne or imagined who would by their assertion proue as it séemeth to me that the longer the Seminall veynes were the greater delite had the body in the act of generation Which if it be so then proue they also that mon hath more pleasure in the vse of venerie then the woman whose Seminall veynes hauyng the like beginnyng and endes yet but halfe towardes the length of those in man for that her testicles are sited within the body neuer commyng to the toppe of Os sacrum But it is marueilous vnder the right Seminall veyne to the fourth Vertebre of y loynes to be no veyne sent vnto the superiour partes but onely to the inferiour partes For from the liuer downe to this place betwene the Vertebres where the Nerues go fourth the hollow veyne profereth portioÌ„s which both nourish the Spinall marey and the body of the Vertebres NEuerthelesse immediately as Vena caua is come vnto the fourth Vertebre of the loynes 〈◊〉 is deuided into ij notable armes whiche obliquely beyng caryed aboue Os Ilium and Pubis make their iourney downewardes the one to the right the other to the left legge From the which diuision first spryng veynes sufficient great which downwardes abroad but first towardes the fundament disperse them selues For where the same diuision cleaueth to Os sacrum he traÌ„smitreth his armes through the holes thereinto the Spinall marey to the same Os sacrum and to the Muscles sited in the loynes
marey for that cause it is the harder that to all the hard sinewes of the body it might be a begynnyng for asmuch as from this hinder part of the brayne no soft sinew is produced But notwithstandyng that these be the wordes of Galen and Fernelius two famous men in Philosophicall discipline yet as men not retainyng the whole 〈◊〉 and scope of Arte to them selues for so had neuer man that lyued yet their wordes are not as Gospell in all thynges to this I say therfore with Realdus Collumbus that the substauÌ„ce of Cerebellum is not hard but with his turnyngs at length endeth downeward in two Processes the figure of whiche is like the white and short wormes found in rotten wood whose vse is to prohibite least of the fourth ventricle pressed by the waight of Cerebellum the substaunce should be stopped And whereof Galen thought that from this Cerebellum came harder sinewes theÌ„ from the brayne the truth is sayth Collumbus that there hence procedeth not one payre nor one at all Wherein to be sure he purposely marked many tymes and oft neither is the substaunce thereof any thyng harder at all then of the brayne THus farre we haue spoken of the matter and substaunce of the brayne But to speake further of the principallitie of his functions and to argue more playnly the noblenes of his nature by explication of the sundry benefites be yeldeth throughout the frame of the body behold but the organs of smellyng hearyng and seeyng with tast and féelyng as also how much he maketh to the motion of members in strewyng such an infinite number of sinewes throughout the body and partes therof without the which no other could be coniectured of the lyfe of man Then is to be descerned by trées and spredyng plantes which onely florish in growyng and frutage but voyde of sense sight hearyng tast mouyng and smellyng whiche are chiefly in the body of man most notable aboue all other creatures by so much the more by how much the brayne in man is different froÌ„ all other creatures TO go foreward therefore in the description of these aforesayd organs first you shall note that in the forcpart of the brayne about the seate or foundation therof the rising of two organs are playne to be discerned which the Grecians call Olfactilia but other Anathomistes Processus Mamillares whiche are long and small consistyng of the substaunce of the brayne it selfe onely inuolued with the thiune Membran Betwene the brayne Os Sphenoides and Os frontis these organs are caried aboue which the hard Membrans are to be discerned of which we haue spoken before Thus the organs of smellyng do cease at two litle thicke partes and those agayne in the Bone called Ethmoides at the side of a certaine eminent Processe therof So that of the breath that we draw at our nostrels part ascendyng vp by the nostrels into these sayd litle holes for so saith Fernelius part of the breath receiued passeth this way into the brayne and the rest into Trachea Arteria we distinguish and finde out the differences of good and euill sauours The which proper organ to the end it might not haue lightly default in operation but retayne his vertue more effectually Nature hath produced in places mentioned neare to the Processe lately spoken of two portions or soft sinewes not of auncient Anathomistes therefore called sinewes but we terme them so since by their rare tendernes they are the fitter for this purpose to discerne the differences of ayre brought vnto them which to bene hard no man would iudge it by reason so fit since they support a more subtill sense then any other partes in the whole body Agayne a double commoditie is found by these sayd organs For besides that they thus present all sauours good and euill vnto the brayne so do they also and in like maker receiue the filthy and â—…lymy excrementes purged from the Anteriour or vpper Uentricles of the brayne To these nostrels appertaine a certaine Cartilaginous substaunce whiche in the middest of them maketh a seuerall diuision or hedge called therfore Nartum septum or Interseptum Cartilaginosum stretched from the bottome to the top of the nose as also to the vpper partes of the palate for all that region or part is repleate with holes hollowes to receiue the sayd superfluities of the brayne THe eares beyng in like sort the organs of hearyng are sited in the extreme partes of the temples of whiche the outward partes are called Auriculae The substaunce of the eares are Cartilaginous or grissely and not rashly so ordeined for asmuch as thereby the entraunces or passages are made not onely easier but also which is notable continually open and prest to receiue the sound of euery speach or other noyse Therfore Dura Membrana or the thicker coueryng in clothyng and enwrappyng the déepest corner or wyndyng of the eares a certeine soft sinew is brought thereto on eche side from the fift coniugation of the brayne obiected to the holes transuersely or ouerthwart whiche receiuyng the ayre of any sounde caryeth and presenteth it vnto the brayne the notable common begynuyng of sense Thus haue I sayd how smellyng and hearyng take effect in the head and by what meanes the brayne hath knowledge of both So in lyke maner you shall here how the noble orgás of light which to the whole body are to be compared as the Sunne vnto the world are situated in the head and how with diuers aydes they obtaine their action THe eyes therefore are assistaunt on both sides the most delityng and prexious partes in the body which no otherwise then circumspect espialls in a forte that watche the vppermost tower to behold a farre of and giue warnyng of their enemyes so the eyes are sited in a most highe place the rather to espye and discry thynges pleasaunt or otherwise hurtfull to the body Fernelius reporteth takyng his authoritie as he sayth from Galen that for cause of the eyes the head was appointed in the highest place of the body because the brayne for the shortnes of the sinewes opticke stoode in néede to be situate so neare the eyes But such reasons are not disputed on since the brayne to haue his fastest beyng a loft and eyes there most â—…ightly seate in the head no man iudgeth rashnes or improuidence not onely because nothyng may be amisse that is wrought by the omnipotent creator but also forasmuch as the same in the weake iudgement of worldlinges séemeth so notable as the thyng which otherwise then so could not haue bene the lyke Therfore if in markyng the situation of the eyes you retayne but some seruple of diligence no doubt but as you finde how excellently Nature hath engrauen in the head and vppermost iawe two proper celles or cauities for their
discussyng the matter For me thinketh it sufficeth vs to know the braunchyng of the Nerues as also perfectly from wheÌ„ce they procéede which may be well inough without so many sundry diuisions namyng except it please the gentle Reader neither viâ—… nor nine payre onely be diligent to finde out how Nature hath made their distribution Galen in his ix booke De vsu partium fully affirmeth that the harder sort of sinewes are onely made and ordained for the cause of mouyng but other wise vnapt for sense agayne the soft sinewes in like sorte to â—…inister sense to the singular partes of the vniuersall body beyng not so able for mouing as the rest Wher fore the harder sort of nerues haue their originall from their Spinall marey but the hardest of all from the lower partes therof the sort then agayne are brought from the brayne but of those likewise the nearer to the Spinall marey so much also more harder then the other So that by this reckenyng Galen accomptcth this of the sinewes that the softest are the perfect sensible the more hard the further from perfection of sense but the hardest of all to be not farthest of onely but sayth he altogether vnapt for sense For which Realdus Collumbus no otherwise then reuerently reproueth him assuryng vs that there be no nerues in the body the visible onely excepted but carieth with him both sense with mouyng and mouyng with sense But now since we haue laboured sufficiently to prosecute the order of the vij payre of sinewes we will presently resort to the nerues of the Spinall marey called also Cerebrum elongatum AS the marey of the Spine or ridge of the backe is estéemed by the consent of all Anathomistes to be of the like substaunce that the brayne is whose originall also is the brayne stretched forth loÌ„g wise through the turnyng ioyntes to Os sacrum So is it no lesse strongly munited and armed with defensiue propugnacles called the Vertebres or turnyng ioyntes then the brayne by the inclosure of the Scull or bones of the head as I haue sayd before euen aboundauntly in the history of Bones And this is to be noted of the Spinall marey that as the brayne so this marey thence produced is couered with the like two Membrans as Pia mater and Dura Mater or Crassa Meminx which enwrappe the same and to the outmost end of this elongated body Wherof the one next the substaunce and the other on the outer side of that agayne to defend the same from the ruinous actions of the Vertebres This although it is called marey yet thereby we vnderstand not such marey as is the cauities of other bones for neither is this so fat or flowyng neither is the other couered with the MembraÌ„s of the brayne as is the Spinall marey neither is there with it any communion with the instrumentes of sense or Muscles Agayne the Spinall marey differeth from the brayne in two thynges For first the brayne hath Diastole and Sistole like the hart as before we haue sayd but so hath not the Spinall marey Secondly this marey is caryed through Bones which are moued but stedfast and stable are the Bones of the Scull compassing about the brayne The begynnyng of the Spinall marey is double or two fold the one more and the other lesse the more part springeth froÌ„ the brayne but the lesse froÌ„ Cerebellum And agayne that that is brought from the brayne is onely one maner of way or fourme but from Cerebellum two fold or deuided into the left and right part But the greater begynnyng of it procéedeth in such sort from the foundation of the brayne as iâ—… séemeth to be the very ground therof Wherfore to speake apertly it springeth from the fore part of the brayne froÌ„ thence therfore is to be taken the begynning therof as sayth Collumbus then not in the place where it first entreth into the Vertebres as it pleaseth some in which place it is endewed with no circumscription And if then the begynnyng thereof be in so high a place to be appointed are we not forced to grauÌ„t the thyrd fourth fift sixt seuenth and eight payre of sinewes not to spryng from the brayne but from the Spinall marey This marey entryng forth of the hole of Occiput into the first of the turnyng ioyntes is somewhat more thicke then in the whole progresse that it maketh besides But agayne at such tyme as it commeth to the top of the brest it is thence to the toppe of Os sacrum of equall thicknes Although some not of the nearest supposed it in the meane space to waste by the gettyng of nerues wheÌ„ as in deede in Os sacrum onely it becommeth more slender In goyng forth of the Scull it is clothed with Pia and Dura mater therfore it clotheth also those Nerues that stretch forth from it But when it must passe through the mouable Bones nature added thereto an other thinne Membran least the same marey should any way be hurt by the hardnes of the Bones In which Membrau Galen is thought to be deceiued for because he estéemed this thyrd tunicle to be a Ligament wherewith the Vertebres should be coÌ„nected and knit together Which to be true thincke how since the turnyng ioyntes besides are not destitute of the proper Ligamentes as in the History of Ligamentes appeareth For no man can surmise or iudge this thinne tunicle to be fit or apte in colligatyng and byndyng together these bones whose motions are so great The Spinall marey therfore is founde marey like or medullous onely to the extreme part of the brest but then in marchyng thence forwardes it appeareth sinewy like whereto are the sinewes thence procéedyng But this estéeme to be by meanes of the diuision therof Herehence it is easie to be discerned why some matter descendyng through the Spinall marey the greater hurt is felt in the infâ—…riour part The cause is very apparaunt for that in this place it is sinewy but in the other medullous or rather a portion of the brayne elongated as we haue sayd before For els it may séeme that we vse this word medullous improperly since that is onely marey which nourisheth the Bones To which in nothyng this is like neither yet is the Spinall marey though Galen him selfe would haue it so softer then that wherewith the bones are nourished And had not the almighty creator thus produced it of two thynges the one had come to passe For either all the partes of the body vnder the head and besides the Nerues of the vi payre and admittyng no braunches of the sinewes of the brayne should haue bene destitute of the arbitrarious mouyng and frustrated of sense whereby now so exquisitely they haue the knowledge of euery annoyaunce or els of necessitie to euery part of the body a nerue from the brayne must haue bene deriued But if they had wanted
4. Pâ—…i I b. 7. cap. 2. Hipp. â—…ib dâ—… 〈◊〉 Aquis et 〈◊〉 Lib. â—…ast cap. 15. Iac. Sil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sec. 1â—… Prâ—…b Hipp. Loc. 〈◊〉 Loc. cit â—…ig de Meâ—…n ob Iac. Sâ—…l Loc. cit Plat. Dial. 3. de Repub. Li. de caus 〈◊〉 Aph. 28. 29. 30. Lib. 2. â—…ib de coacis prae not Iac. Sil. Loc. ciâ—… Col. Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. de Var. Corp. â—…ec 〈◊〉 Botall â—…ib de catâ—…o Lâ—…c ciâ—… De Moâ—…bo 〈◊〉 Fuchs li. 1. ca. â—… Ex Vesal The reason why the Anatomy of bones occupieth the first place The â—…octrine of this History is most obscure vnlesse the bones be first learned Lib. de ossib cap. 1. We must study to know conserue that whiche is according to Nature The Bones the fouÌ„dation of the body Cap. 1. Epith. Generall diuision of the partes What are the Similar partes What are the InstrumeÌ„tall parts Fuchs li. 1. ca. 5. The nature and substaÌ„ce of bones All the bones except the teeth are insensible Col. li. 1. ca. 1. The cause why y bones are insensible The Nerue is the immediate organ of sense Note that thoroughout the History of Man we cite nature for God. The reason where fore nature 〈◊〉 not the bones sensible Some affirme the bones sensible although to their great shame The 〈◊〉 of such druieth theÌ„ to an hoâ—…ible adsurditie as will néedes make the bones to séele The experieÌ„ce of 〈◊〉 coÌ„â—…uteth this error nothyng more Periosteos The sensâ—…bility of 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 was the cause of their error Pâ—…tiousteos abraced no sence is discerned The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ce of the bones The second difference of Bones from there magnitude The third differeÌ„ce of bones taâ—…en of their vse Some great Bones haue no manifest hollownes as the bones committed to os sâ—…crum os sacrum it selfâ—… and the Scapple bones Some bones are smal but notably â—…xcaued as of the angers â—…b 1. de vs pâ—…iuÌ„ The Sesaminae the bones of that nose Ossiâ—…les of heâ—…ryng are 〈◊〉 ly Porie or Solid Col. cap. lib. praedict The Brachiall tooth to the Processe eminent froÌ„ Vina in the wrest of the hand The vse of the holes and Porositie of Bones How those that haue no holes without are noâ—…rished What an Appendance 〈◊〉 In yong persons the AppendaÌ„ce 〈◊〉 eaâ—…ly discerned but not 〈◊〉 old A playne show The substaunce of the â—…ppendance is soâ—…ter then of the Bones A proofe for wheÌ„ we eate meat we will often plucke of the Appendâ—…ces of â—…ones châ—…we them Why 〈◊〉 â—…re not worâ—…e of by coÌ„â—…nual mo â—…o 〈◊〉 â—…f that ioynts Col li. c. 1 2. The vse of AppeÌ„dances far otherwise then any before Col. euer 〈◊〉 uented How the Bones are vnited thaâ—… haue no Appendances Ligamentes noâ—… onely spryng fâ—…oÌ„ places nâ—…re the ioyntes but also where 〈◊〉 no ioynte Muscles often spryng â—…ut of Ligaâ—…tall Cartilages The Ligamental Cartilages do aâ—… last end in 〈◊〉 among the Muscles 〈◊〉 vs part li 9. Gal. supposed the Appendances seâ—…ued to hold in the marey A playne confutation Ligaments serue to the byndyng to gether of bones and to the constitutioÌ„ of tendans There are but few places beside the â—…ppeÌ„dances fitre for the production of Ligamentes What a processe called of the Greekes Apophilis 〈◊〉 The first differeÌ„ce betwene the processe and appendance The second difference Some 〈◊〉 haue processes The thyrd difference Howe processesmay haue appendances The processes Trochanteres doâ—… seme appendaces Col. loc cit The fourth difference It is scarce possible to find a bone whereon appeareth no processe What bones wat appendances How the processes differ among them selues The processes cal led Styloides The processe called Corona The processe called Anchiroides A processe with a depressed Processe loÌ„g and prominent A processe with a round head What is ment by a necke in the description of Bones Why in processes a head is made Concauâ—…ties are 〈◊〉 answerable to the heades of the processes What is the 〈◊〉 What Glene is in the cauities of Bones Some cauities in Bones are enlarged by a 〈◊〉 cartilage What maketh the 〈◊〉 of the thighe more difficulte Processes 〈◊〉 in number also The first 〈◊〉 of the processes The secoÌ„d vtilitie The third 〈◊〉 Gal. 〈◊〉 2. vs part What is to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Basis in the description of Bones If these 〈◊〉 be not learned the 〈◊〉 of bones is obscure The reader 〈◊〉 be perfect in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 w their termes before hee wade further in this History Col. li. 〈◊〉 ca. 3. Why mans body was not made 〈◊〉 one bone 〈◊〉 continuall The 〈◊〉 of the head are made for the cause of transpiration What is a ioynt What Hip. vnderstode by the name of a ioynte â—…b de art fract Col. ca. 4 li. 1. Examples of manifest mouyng Examples of obscure mouyng What is Diarthroâ—… What is Synarthrosis Enarthrosis is not the same vnder Diaâ—…throsis as vnder Synarthroâ—… Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Diarthrosis These haue most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Synâ—…throsis These haue obscure motion What is Arthrodia In Arthrodia one mouyng differeth from another accordyng to the more or lesse obsâ—…re Examples of Arthrodâ—… vnder Dyarthrosis Note The ribbes doâ—… enlarge and also draw together Examples â—…f Arthrodâ—… vnder Synarthrosis What mouyng is propper to the bones of Poâ—…chralis What is Gynglymos ExaÌ„ples of Ginglymus vnder Diarthrosis Examples of Ginglymos vnder Synarthrosis That is no meaâ—… for Caterpilers What Symphysis is The differences of Symphysis A ridiculous excuse for ridiculous iudgemeÌ„ts Colâ—… li. 1. cap. 4. Who will say the bones of the nose do moue after the motions of the nosterls or winges of the nose The seames of the skull are hardly with a chisell diuided None of Symphisis differeÌ„ces haue any motion What is Sutura The CoÌ„missures like the nayles The manner of closing assimulated to the teeth of two sawes put together is most in vse Threâ—… seameâ—… in the head in very aged persoÌ„s 〈◊〉 apparaâ—… The seame called 〈◊〉 in the fore parte of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 in the hindee part of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 or Sagittalis along the toppe of the head When the 〈◊〉 bones of the temples are vnited by a Suture the same Suture is â—…ot deepe Those 〈◊〉 bones are for the most part rather vâ—…ted by â—…mo-nia then cutura What is Harmonia Old writers haue coÌ„prehended Harmonia vnder the name of Sutura Broad bones do knit agayne in foâ—…e that participateth both with Harmonia 〈◊〉 â—…aÌ„ples of Harmonia What is Gomphâ—…sis ExaÌ„ple of Gomphosis The calloâ—…tie of the Gowines set ueth some men in â—…ead of teeth That Bones are ioyned together by the meanes of fleshe Ligament Cartilage coÌ„â—…-ry to 〈◊〉 What is Synâ—…drosis What is Synneyrosis Old writers compreheded the Ligamâ—…t vnder the name of Nerue What is Syndesâ—…osis What is 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 Examples of the Ligament spriâ—…gyng out of the head of a bone The
example of Syssarcosis Carolus Stephanus hath 〈◊〉 in the composition of Bones What man is so wise as that in anythyng hee sâ—…weth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the head begynneth first The brayne is y principall â—…bet of the body contrary to Aristotle A question whether the head be for cause of the eyes or of the brayne Galens opinioÌ„ the head to be made for the eyes Lib. 1. cap. 5. The 〈◊〉 of Galen Collumbus proueth rather the head to be made for cause of the brayne A sharpe reason in that the eyes of Caâ—…ers are hath Why for cause of the brayne y head was created Reason is the Queene of all vertues Cap. v. de ossib lib. 9. Vs. part cap. 17. 〈◊〉 Artis Medicae The naturall 〈◊〉 of the head Lib. 9. de vs part cap. 17. The first of the foure figures of the head not naturall Iliad β. Thersites Lib. 2. cap. 17. Pericles The second figure not naturall The thyrd figure not naturall The fourth figure not naturall The fourth figure not naturall is rare moÌ„strous lib. 1. ca. 5. Vesalius maketh mention of a boy that was mad va uyng this fourth figure of y head The further of from the naturall figure the further also from the perfection of reason What kynde of bones are to the head Why the Bones of the head were not Fungie Why the bones of the head were not made altogether Solid The makyng of the head to a pot compared Wherfore y head is distinguished with Sutures Lib. 8. ca. 1. Lib. 1. ca. 5. A 〈◊〉 of a young man who dying through payne of his head had no Sutures in the skull 〈◊〉 Columbus in this poynte 〈◊〉 him selfe both uâ—… men and womeÌ„ studyng in them that were much giuen to paynes in the head the Sutures to bee growen vp Here Celsus dyd most respect outward daungers when as in deede the inner are more to be feared A notable reason agaynst Celsus why the bone of head is deuided A familiar exaÌ„ple In brief the reasons why y head hath Sutures The first reason The secoÌ„d reasoÌ„ The thyrd reason Dura mater goyng forth by y seames vegetteth Pericranium to couer also the outside of the skull It is not the obiectioÌ„ of aged persons that ca 〈◊〉 this reason Extreme age or extreme youth is not to be obserued in the Anathomie As in children some partes of bones through softenes seeme Cartilages so in some aged persoÌ„s the Seames of the head are donâ—… away What signifietly the head The vses of the head The figure of the head Why the bones of the skull are pearsed with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 litle holes Why the middle part of the bones of the skull are Fungous The two walles of the 〈◊〉 The tables of the bones of y head whiche shut betwene them the Fungous substaunce What are called the Suâ—…res The knowledge of the Sytures is expediâ—… in the explication of the bones of y head The 〈◊〉 of the Sutures The 〈◊〉 Sutures are Harmoniae The number of the Sutures Loc. Citat The descriptioÌ„ of the Suture called Lamdoides The description and vse of the Co â—…onall Suture The names description and vse of the Coronall Suture The Sagittall Suture somtyme conâ—…neth downe through y middest of 〈◊〉 frontis Fuch Lib. cap. 8. That the â—…ense of the Sagittall Suture maketh no difference betwene the scalpe of man or woma The descense of y Sagittal Suture is not coâ—… either in maÌ„ or woâ—…an Col. Ibid. That a dogges head is 〈◊〉 with Sutures agaynst Aristotle The descriptioÌ„ of the Seames of y scaly bones of the temples The ioynâ—…g of y 〈◊〉 bones by 〈◊〉 examples That part which lyeth without is harder then that whiche lâ—…eth 〈◊〉 it Fuch Lib. 1. cap. 8. Where these are called temporall Sutures Why these bones are called SquaÌ„mous or scalie The descriptioÌ„ of the vj. Suture Additions of the Suture Labdoides Where the 〈◊〉 Scame is coÌ„â—… both to the head and vpper sawe The descriptioÌ„ of the vij Suture The descriptioÌ„ of the viij Suture The Sutures are without conspicuous but 〈◊〉 scarse appeare Lib. 9. vs part cap. 17. Lib. de ossib cap. â—… Lib. 1 cap. 5. The diuers â—…igures of the heaâ—… varyeth not the number of Sutures The differences of Sutures Lib. 1. de ossib ca. â—… Lib. xi de vs part Bones of the head Collumbus ibidens vt sup In the part of the head called Bâ—…gma in childrd the constriction and dilatation of the brayne called Sistole Diastole is playnly perce 〈◊〉 ued Woundes in Bregma are deadly The vpper seame of these bones of Sinciput is the Sagittall Suture The descriptioÌ„ of these two Bones of Bâ—…gma or 〈◊〉 The circumscription of Occiput â—…hy a PromineÌ„ce in Occiput is made By a Prominence vnderstand what portion soeuer doth notably 〈◊〉 the partes circumsacent in chicknes like as a hille in the playne and this I wish the reader to cary in mynde for henceforth I will exponÌ„de this word no more The 〈◊〉 industrie of nature Why the bone of the hinder part of the head is thickest Tert. de Hist anim The opinion of Aristotle is reiected who 〈◊〉 the bone of Occiput to bee thinnâ—… The weakee partes of this bone are stregthned by the Muscles of the necke Col. Lib. 1. ca. 5. Aristotle falsly imagined the hinder part of the head to be â—…ptie Occiput consisteth of fiue sides Galen sayth but three The descriptioÌ„ of the â—…des of Occiput Note Occiput in childreÌ„ doth consist some tyme of v. sometyme of vii bone The vtilitie of the deuided Occiput children Two Prominent partes in Occiput their fourme and why they were so made Os ' frontis to a simple bone When Os frontis is two The circumscription of Os frontis Where Os frontis is most thinne A large 〈◊〉 aboue the eye browes in Os froÌ„tis whiche Galen knew not The vse of that cauâ—…tie in Os frontis Cap. 6. Cap. 5. Why the bone of the forehead is towardes the Sa gittall Suture thumer The bones of the temples The figure of the temporall bones The Etymologie of the Mammillar Processe The vses of the Mamillar Processe The Mammillar Processe is hollow and why The Processe called Styloides This Processe hath diâ—…ers names as Belonoides Graphoides Styloides and Plectron The maner of the sputlike Processe The descriptioÌ„ of the thyrd Processe of the temporall bone Loco Citato The commendeth the industrie of Realdus Collumbus The fourth Procelse of the teÌ„porall bone A more plaine explication of the thyrd Processe The cauitie wheâ—… to that neither 〈◊〉 is Articulate Why that Greekes call these Bones 〈◊〉 The prouideÌ„ce of nature in creatyng the temporall Bones The seueÌ„th bone of the head called the Cuneall bone What is called Bâ—…re The descriptioÌ„ of this Cunâ—…all bone or Sphenoides The 〈◊〉 or caue of Sphenoides A new opinion of the Aâ—…mall spirites Cap. supra The Cell in Sphenoides The Glandule receiuyng flegme The Processes of the
why their iaw is long 12 Beetles why they haue no heades 〈◊〉 Belly the muscles thereof dèscribed 55 Bleddar the muscles therof 56 Bleddar of choler described 80 Bleddar of vrine the situation forme figure netues deynâ—…s fibres aâ—…teries therof 83 Bloud how it commeth to the veÌ„triclâ—… of the hart 89. how it hapneth to be made with brine 78. the originall fountâ—…ine of it 75. 44. perfected in the veynes 72 Body the motions therof 51. the fouÌ„dation and frame thereof 1. is not made of one bone continuall 3. what incommodities it suffereth if nerues should proceede from the brayne 17. how it is maintained 63. nourished by bloud 76. diâ—…erse partes thereof haue diuerse substaunce and temperatures 66 Bones their nature substaunce vse signes described 1. howe vnited without appendance 2. their convticulation at large described 3 once broken how kâ—…it agayne 4. some partes of them in children séeme Caâ—…tilages 7. how they differ froÌ„ the teeth 13. were made for the cause of other partes 14. nourished with bloud 26. why perforated 14. their vse 16. how they differ from Cartilages â—…7 â—…f they be large they moue largely and sodeÌ„ly but short bones litle and easely 18 Boatelike bone of the foote described 36 A Boye in Denice his monstrous head 6 â—…rachiall bones described 29 Brayne the principall member of the body 6. the obstriction and dilatation therof vnder Bregma 8. enâ—…ironed in y head as in an hoate house 6. nerues proceede not from it 17. how it is helped to forge animall spirites 9. how purgeth humiditie and exâ—…rement 9. 10. 11. 15. the veynes that nourishe it described 77. the primacy â—…essengers membrans therof 98. the propugnacles therof 98. 101. how nourished 99. the substauÌ„ce therof where it lyeth 99. the ventricles glasse testicle bâ—…ttockes yarde haunches and holes thereof described 100. what incoÌ„uenience it suffereth not beyng purged 6 Bregma a bone of the fore part of the head 〈◊〉 Brest the vertebres therof at large descrâ—…ed 19. 20. 21. the mansion place of the hart 23. the nature constâ—…nccion ribbes vertebres vse bones thereof described 23. 24. the Cartilages thereof 39. the muscles and motionâ—… therof 53. the Cartilages oâ—… the ribbes thâ—…rof to what vse 23. 24 Browes why it hath holes 14 Buttockes how câ—…nstituted 57 A â—…ull engeâ—…dred without testicles 87 C. CAecum the â—…ut desâ—…ribed 7â—… Canell Bones theiâ—… whole nature described 26 Cartilages their nature described 38. how they differ from nayles 40. how they differ froÌ„ bones 17. their vse 2 Caâ—…tilago mucronata described 24. 40. 54 ¶ Cartilages of Bones looke vnder thâ—… name of the bone whereto they appertayne ¶ Cauities of bones looke vnder their bones Causties of processes disfer as the pro câ—…sses 2. how enlarged 3 ¶ Câ—…lles looke Cauities Cerebellâ—… where it lyâ—…th 6. the nature substaunce and vse therof described 101 Checke bone described 11. the substaunce cauities thereof to what vse 12. 15. the muscles therof 45 Children onely haue a transuerse suture vnder the palate 1â—… haue their neither iaw bone two 12. how they become toung tyed 42 Choler what it is and how incoÌ„modious to the ventricle 80. the way of it 72. the generation of it 76 Chylus the description therof 76 Coccix the nature aetymology vse vertebres holes figure colour thereof described 22. the Cartilages therof 39 Colou the gut described 74 Collumbus muentor of the vses of Appendance 1. impugneth Galen 6. 45. his nuâ—…ber of bones of the head 8. differeth from other Anathoâ—…istes in the â—…escription of Tarsus 35. his opinion what is contained in the cauities of Os frontis 9. â—…cited the fourth processe of the â—…temporall boâ—…es 9. â—…prehendeth Vesalius 10. 44. chalengeth Vesalius 21. foâ—…d a thyrd bone of the orgaÌ„ of heatyng 10. first â—…ound the Popinâ—…ay to â—…oue eitheâ—… iawes 11. maketh 13. bones in the vpperpaâ—… 12. derideth Galens opinion that there should be a bone in the hart 25. his experieÌ„ce that teeth are engendred in the matrice 14. inuented the musâ—…les of y eye browes 46. 〈◊〉 a rare office of the 〈◊〉 veynes 76. first inuentor that veynes and atteries 〈◊〉 the substaunce of the lunges 78 Composition and coaâ—… of bones described 3. 5 Concoâ—… and alteratiue force ayded by the small guttes 72 Conuâ—…sions a cause therof 10 Concupiscible facultie the seate therof 75 Coriza the disease why it taketh away the sence of smellyng 10 Coxendix desetibed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moueth his vpper iawes 11 〈◊〉 the desctiption therof 27. the muscles therof 30 Cucularis 〈◊〉 50 Cuneall bone described 9. the processes and caâ—…ties thetof 9. the holes therof 14 〈◊〉 and Cutis the nature of it described 63 D. DEluge the cause therof 10 〈◊〉 the muscle therof described 53 〈◊〉 and Sistole what it is where and when it appeareth 8 Dogges head distinguished with 〈◊〉 7. their dogge teeth and 〈◊〉 teeth distinguished with a seame 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 bone consisteth of two bones 12 Dregges where first they begyn 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the nature therof described 72 Dura mater 7 her veynes 77. their vse to the brayne 99 〈◊〉 what it is 〈◊〉 E. Eâ—…es their Cartilages described 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 47 Eating insatiable why in some creaâ—… and not in man. 72 Effect must coÌ„tent vo where the cause is not knowne 11 Emâ—… the disease 24 Emunctory of the hart and liuer 66 Emulgent veynes described 78 〈◊〉 described what it is 3 〈◊〉 described 16. why it ought to be 〈◊〉 39 〈◊〉 in Anathomy conâ—…d as of Galen 2. 6. 8. 〈◊〉 of Vesalius r. of Celsus 6. Aristotle 8. 44. 64 of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 4. 13. 19. 32. 40. 45. 53 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 how 〈◊〉 6. 9. 10. 11 〈◊〉 of the belly excluded how 54 Experience that bones art sensible 1. that there is a bone in the hart 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 14 〈◊〉 and Inspiration how proâ—… 53. 54 Eyes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 102. their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 of what bones it consisteth 2. why placed in the head 6. their payne 〈◊〉 15 how they open shut 45. the muscles therof 46. their motion and stay 46. 47. the Cartilages of the lyddes of them 38. their browes drawne vpward 45. the muscles of their browes by whom inuented 〈◊〉 F. FAce the veynes therof 77. why it is round 12. the holes therof 15 105. the muscles therof 45 Fat the vse generation and nature of it described 64 Feaâ—…e a cause therof 10 Feelyng the sence therof described 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 looke those partes whose Fibres they are Fibula how it is ioyned to the legge 34 Fingers the bones vtilitie nature of them described 30. why composed of bones and ioyntes 31. their bones hollow 1. their Ligamentes 42. their muscles 61 Fistula lachrymalis what it is 11. 15 Flegme how it descendeth to moysten the palate 15. by what wayes purged 9. 10 Flesh the nature vse and properties therof described 65. 66 Fleshy membran described 64