particular Species is very improbable The heat of the Sun is no more apt to breed a Nettle than a Dock Brimstone than Salt c. For it cannot give the essence to any thing heat being only a quality which can breed no substance and such a quality as can only segregate heterogeneral substances and thereby congregate homogeneal Whereas in all generations there must be a further power and virtue to proportion the Elements fit for every Species if they will have all things made of the Elements and to bring the Species form a potential being to an actual giving to every thing his proper shape quantity colour smell taste c. and to unite them which before were of different natures It must be an internal and domestical agent and efficient cause which must perform this and such a one as is not common to all Species alike but proper to that which it produceth otherwise there would be no distinction of Species And therefore Moses saith of Plants that they have their seeds in themselves according to their seyeral kinds Neither can any external cause give an essential form to any thing which form must be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 inbred in the thing it self and not adventitious And therefore Scaliger saith Formae non Solis est quantitatem terminare and Aristotle Calore natura utitur tanquam ministro aut instrumento non tanquam opifice aut legislatore Wherefore we will grant the Sun to be an adjuvant cause and by his heat to foster and cherish inferiour generations but not to be a principal and begetting cause And so Zabarella doth mollisie the harshness of the former opinion and doth acknowledge that the Sun doth further generations only as an instrument of another superiour power whereby in minerals it may make the matter more apt to receive the form but it makes no minerals no more then it makes blood in our bodies Others make the Elements to be the principal causes of all species by their qualities For the matter of the Elements being a passive matter cannot be an efficient cause of generations These qualities must be heat or cold for the other two are passive and attend rather upon the matter of generations then upon the efficient Fire therefore by his heat is thought of all the Elements to have the greatest hand in all generations being most active and superiour to all the rest of the Elements together for the generation of every Species and rank them in due order proportion weight measure c. This is he than must reconcile the differences which are in their natures and bring them to union This must attract nourishment and prescribe the quantities dimensions parts figures colours tastes savours c. of every thing A large Province he hath to govern with one naked and simple quality which can have but one simple motion Simplicibus corporibus simplices tantum motus congruunt Heat can but heat and the effects of this heat are by separation of different substances 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to congregate those that are alike 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But in this work we make heat to unite differing substances for all generation is of differing substances united into one Again fire having but one quality to work withall whereby he must unite the other three Elements what shall bring and unite fire unto them This must be another power superiour to them all for we must not imagine that they meet by chance as travellers do And therefore Aristotle explodes this efficient of fire and attributes it to the forms of natural things As for cold in the other Elements it is far more unlikely then heat to perform these offices being rather a distructive then a generative quality and is not called in by any Author to this work before the species have received his form by heat and then it is admitted only for consolidation but how justly it is doubtfull for heat doth consolidate as well as cold by drying up moisture But we will not grant this to either of them as principal Agents but as they are instruments attending the forms of natural things The Alchymists make Sulphur to be the principal efficient of all minerals especially of metals and Mercury the matter If they mean common Sulphur and Mercury which are perfect Species in their kinds they are much deceived and this opinion is sufficiently confuted by all that oppugne them But it seems they understand some parts in the seminary of metals which have some analogy with these and so their opinion may be allowed For the spirit which is the efficient in these generations doth reside in a material substance which may be resembled to Sulphur or Oyle as some other part may be resembled to Mercury For all generations are framed of different parts united by this Spirit Thus much of the different opinions concerning the efficient of all generations and in particular of minerals The matter whereof minerals are bred is attributed chiefly to the Elements as the general matter of all animate and inanimate bodies insomuch as both the heavens and the very souls of men are made to proceed from the Elements Concerning the Heavens it hath been the ancient opinion of the Platonicks Pythagoreans and Epicureans that not only these inferiour bodies but also the coelestial have been framed out of the Elements Plato speaking of the heavens saith Divini decoris ratio postulabat talem fieri mundum qui visum pateretur tactum Sine igne videri nil potest fine sulido nil tangi solidum sine terra nibil Wherefore holding the heavees to be visible and solid they must be made of the Elements The Pythagoreans and the Brachmanni of India held the same opinion of the Heavens where Apollonius Tyanaeus was instructed in all the Pythagorean Doctrine as Philostratus reports The Epicureans also were of the same opinion as appears in Virgil where he brings in Silâ—nus one of the sect and one of Bacchus his crew singing in this manner Namque canebat uti magnum perinane coacta Semina terrarumque animaeque marisque fuissent Et liquidi simul ignis ut his exordia primis Omnia ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis Silenus sung how through the Chaos vast The seeds were set of Earth of Air of Seas Of purest fire how out of these at last All things have sprung and also out of these The infant world was moulded Of this opinion also was Lucretius Philo Jidoens Valesius c. although Valesius doth make more pure Elements for the Heavens then ours Aristotle forsook his Master Plato in this point and frames the Heavens of a quintessential substance But howsoever the Heavens may participate with elementary qualities and be subject to generation and corruption in their parts yet me thinks they should exempt our soals from this original and not make them out of the fragment of the Elements Scaliger inveys against
quality to be imparted to water Again this mineral quality either gives the water or the vapour of it the effence of the mineral and then it is not the effect of water but of the mineral quality or the potential facâ—â—lty to breed it If the effence then this metall 〈◊〉 water or vapour must have the form of the metal and so be fusible and malleable If it have only the power and potential faculty then the generation is not perfected but must expect further concoction This concoction is said to be partly by heat and partly by cold if by heat it must be in the passages of the exhalation as it is carried in the bowels of the earth for afterwards when the exhalation is setled in the stones the heat is gone Now if the concoction be perfected before the exhalation be insinuated into the Stones as it must be if it be like dew then it is perfect metal and neither is able to penetrate the Stones nor hath any need of the cold of them to perfect the generation If by cold it is strange that cold should be made the principal agent in the generation of metals which generates nothing neither can heat be the efficient of these generations Simple qualities can have but simple effects as heat can but make hot cold can but cool c. But they say cold doth congeal metals because heat doth dissolve them I answer that the rule is true if it be rightly applyed as we see ice which is congealed by cold is readily dissolved by heat But the fusion of metals cannot properly be called a dissolution by heat because it is neither reduced to water or vapour as it was before the congelation by cold nor is it permanent in that kind of dissolution although after fusion it should be kept in a greater heat than the cold could be which congealed it For the cold in the bowels of the earth cannot be so great as it is upon the superficies of the earth seeing it was never observed that 〈◊〉 was any ice bred there Also this dissolution which is by fusion tends not to the destruction of the metal but doth rather make it more perfect as it should do according to the former rule rightly applyed And therefore this dissolution by fusion doth not argue a congelation by cold which being in the passive elements doth rather attend the matter than the efficient of generations for it is apt to dull and hebetate all faculties and motions in nature and so to hinder generations rather than to further any It is heat and moysture that further generations as Ovid faith Quippe ubi temperieâ—â— sumpsere humorque calorque Concipiunt When heat with moysture's temper'd well Then 't is their bellies 'gin to swell And thus much for Aristotles generation of minerals where his vapours or exhalations do rather serve for the collection or congregation of matter in the Mines than for the generation of them as Libavius doth rightly judge Agricola makes the matter of minerals to be Succus Lapidescens Metallificus c. and with more reason because they are found liquid in the earth Gilgill would have it Ashes Democritus Lime but these two being artificial matters are no where found in the earth The Alchymists make Sulphur and Mercurie the matter of metals Libavius Sulphur and Vitriol But I will not stand upon discoursing of these materials because it makes little to my purpose It is enough for my purpose to shew the manner of these generations which I take to be this There is a Seminarie Spirit of all minerals in the bowels of the earth which meeting with convenient matter and adjuvant causes is not idle but doth proceed to produce minerals according to the nature of it and the matter which it meets withal which matter it works upon like a ferment and by his motion procures an actual heat as an instrument to further his work which actual heat is increased by the fermentation of the matter The like we see in making of Malt where the grains of Barley being moistned with water the generative Spirit in them is dilated and put in action and the superfluity of water being removed which might choak it and the Barley laid up in heaps the seeds gather heat which is increased by the contiguity of many grains lying one upon another In this work natures intent is to produce more individuals according to the nature of the Seed and therefore it shoots forth in spires but the Artist abuses the intention of Nature and converts it to his end that is to increase the spirits of his Malt. The like we find in mineral substances where this spirit or ferment is resident as in Allum and Copperas Mines which being broken exposed and moistened will gather an actual heat and produce much more of those minerals then else the mine would yield as Agricola and Thurneiser do affirm and is proved by common experience The like is generally observed in Mines as Agricola Erastus Libavius c. do avouch out of the daily experience of mineral men who affirm that in many places they find their Mines so hot as they can hardly touch them although it is likely that where they work for perfect Minerals the heat which was in fermentation whilst they were yet breeding is now much abated the Minerals being now grown to their perfection And for this heat we need not call for the help of the Sun which a little could will take away from us much more the body of the earth and rocks not for subterranean fire this inbred heat is sufficient as may appear also by the Mines of Tinglass which being digged and laid in the moist air will become very hot So Antimony and Sublimat being mixed together will grow so hot as they are not able to be touched If this be so in little quantities it is likely to be much more in great quantities and huge rocks Heat of it self differs not in kind but only in degree and therefore is inclined no more to one Species then to another but as it doth attend and serve a more worthy and superiour power such as this generative spirit is And this spirit doth convert any apt matter it meets withall to his own species by the help of heat and the earth is full of such matter which attends upon the species of things and oftentimes for want of fit opportunity and adiuvant causes lies idle without producing any species but is apt to be transmuted by any mechanical and generative spirit into them And this matter is not the Elements themselves but subterranean seeds placed in the Elements which not being able to live to themselves do live to others Sic Roma crescit Albae ruinis the Death of one is the life of another From this confluence of seeds arise all the varieties and differences and alterations which are observed in the generation or nutrition of natural things as in their colours
the true cause of it let us collect our arguments together the principal whereof are here and there dispersed in this Treatise Quem nos stramineum pro tempore fecimus Which for the present I have made of Straw Hoping that hereafter some worthy pen may handle this argument more accurately and give it a better flourish Et dare perpetuo caelestia fila metallo And on firm metal lasting threads bestow We must not imagine that the government and ordering of the world and nature in a constant course is performed by miracle but that natural effects have natural causes and must be both under the same genus Wherefore following the ordinary distribution seeing it comprehends all and not questioning the celestial bodies whether they be elementary or no that is subject to alterations as intention and remission generation and corruption c. We say that this heat must proceed either from the superiour and celestial bodies as the Spheres and Starrs or from the inferiour or sublunary From the superiour Spheres or Globes it cannot proceed seeing as is shewed before they are neither indowed with such a degree of native heat nor can acquire it accidentally by their motion being thin and liquid bodies neither if they had it can they convey it unto the earth but by their beams which are not able to retain it as they pass thorow the cold region of the air nor able to warm that although it be nearer to their fountain of heat Wherefore if these beams can any way do it it must be by their motion and reflection upon the earth and this is no constant heat but varieth according as the beams are perpendicular or oblique and according as the air is cleer or cloudy c.. And as they are not able to give this constant heat so the earth in her bowels is not capable to receive it being hindered by the density of the earth and rocks and the heat of reflection taken away before it can come three foot deep From the inferiour parts of the world if it proceed it must be either from the Elements or from mixt bodies From the Elements it cannot come but from fire for all the other Elements are cold as I have shewed especially the earth where this heat is ingendred And as for the Element of Fire seeing we know not where to find it neither if it be any where doth it perform the office of an Element in production and nutrition of creatures as Aristotle faith Ignis nil generat and therefore nil nutrit nam nutritio fit ex iisdem ex quibus constat therefore as it begets nothing so it nourisheth nothing and so cannot be an Element nor as an Element maintain this heat of Bathes But contrariwise if it have no power of begetting or nourishing any thing it must have a power of destroying or hindering nature in her proceedings for nature will admit of no vacuum or idle thing Also seeing Nature useth no violent means to maintain her self this elementary fire cannot be pen'd in the center of the earth being of a thin subtilnature and naturally aspiring upwards and if it have any place assigned unto it it must be above the other Elements and then it cannot be drawn downwards against his nature and that continually without breach of the order and course of nature And whereas they place the Element of Fire under the concave of the Moon being in it self lucid and resplendent it is strange that it is not seen by us neither makes our nights light For although by reason of his transparency it doth not terminate our sight yet it should remove the obscurity of our nights much better then the Via lactea Moreover if it were there we must see the Starrs through a double Diaphanum one of air and another of fire and so would make a double refraction which is elegantly confuted by John Pena and Conrâ—dus Aslacus But there is another thing substituted in the place of this element of fire and maintained by air and by mineral substances in the earth which is neither an Element nor a mixt body nor any substance at all but a meer quality and this is preferred by most to be the cause of the heat of our Bathes And this is our common kitchin-fire which is kindled by violent motion maintained by servel without which it cannot subsist and extinguished by his contrary And although it may be derived by communication or coition as one candle lights another yet originally it is kindled by violent motion and what violent motion can there be in the bowels of the earth to strike fire or who shall be the fueller Exhalations and lightnings cannot do it being aereal meteors and no more penetrable then the beams of the Sun And therefore although they may kindle a Vulcano upon the surface of the earth yet they cannot pierce deep and their very reflection upon the superficies of the earth takes away their strength so as they can neither kindle new fire nor commucate that which is kindled to any other fuel For if it be by communication or coition that must be by touch per contactum and then in the earth it can make but one fire and not many being not distinct in place and must increase in heat and then it will not keep a constant tenor as our Bathes do Secondly for the nourishment of it being a quality it must have a subject that is fuel and it must have means to vent the fuliginous vapours which it breeds in the dissolution of the fuel lest they recoyle and quench the fire as also there must be conveyance for the ashes which will fall down continually upon the fire and quench it Moreover by consuming such great quantities of Sulphur and Bitumen and by mollifying and breaking of Rocks it would cause a great sinking of the earth in those places as we see in our Vulcanoes where whole mountains have been consumed and brought to even ground Thirdly this fire being a quality is subject to intention and remission and to utter extinguishment not only by want of fuel which cannot be regenerated where this actual fire is nor for want of vent or choaking of ashes c. but also by reason of the abundance of water which the earth receiveth for the generations of Minerals which being opposite to fire would quench it Wherefore we cannot rely upon any subterranean fire for the maintenance of our hot Bathes From the air this heat of Bathes cannot proceed seeing it is neither hot in it self as hath been proved nor can get any heat by motion being of a thin liquid substance which no attrition or collision can make hot And as for aereal meteors bred from exhalations and kindled as is imagined by an Antiperistasis if they be bred in the air they are not able to penetrate into the bowels of the earth as hath been said before if in the earth besides the difficulty of finding room enough for such
place is not to be neglected many very significant things to be known and studied by a Physitian as after the praeliminary helps of the Tongues and Natural Philosophy the structure and uses of the parts of the body the virtues of Plants the compositions of Medicines the Nature Causes and Signs of Diseases not to mention the knowledge at least if not the practice of Manual Operations with some Pyrotechnical Endeavours All these vast dominions in themselves a Son of Art to make bold with one of their expressions should in some measure command So that I have in my thoughts sometimes resembled a Compleat Physitian to the draught of a Man standing on the two Legs of Anatomy Herbary Operating if need be with the hands of Chyrurgery and Pharmacy having a Chymical Head and the bulk of his body made up of the Nature Kind and Cures of Diseases which we may not improperly term a Body of Physick But these Agytrae and Quacksalvers are as far from these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They for the most part know no other tongue then their Mothers and are as destitute of Philosophy as a rational method Every Plant to them is All-heal and every trite Medicine a Panpharmacon The Body of Man they think contains no other parts then what they see in a Harselet and the fire is as dreadfull to them as to the burnt Child Yet they will sometimes make bold to use the Lancet and dextrously wound the Heart through the Arm. In brief they meddle with what they do not understand and are the spots and stains of the Faculty to which they most injuriously pretend but to resign those Juglers to their Ignorance and Self-Conceit and those that are willing to die at a cheaper rate to their cruel mercies and confident Undertakings I shall give what account I can of the Author of this Book a man of a temper quite different from the former what alterations have been made in it As to the Author whom I had not the happiness to know otherwise then by this his Picture being at the time of his death and some years after in an incapacity of knowing any thing unless only a knowledge of Praexistence yet I understand he was a Gentleman of a good Family◠and being a younger Brother was by his Father designed for a Profession for which when he had accomplish'd himself by a convenient Course of Studies in his own Country I think at Oxford travelled abroad to see the manners and customs of the Universities beyond Sea and having spent some time there especially at Padua where he took his Degree of Doctor in Physick returned home became an eminently solid and rational Philosopher and Physitian and one of that famous and learned Society The Kings Colledge of Physitians there In his Travels undertaking in the company of some zealous Jesuites the defence of the Protestant Religion he so much troubled their patience that they resolved to terminate that dispute of his in a perpetual Silence which they had effected had not his Countryman one of the number but more mercifull then the rest by awaking him out of his natural sleep preventing the sleep of death informed him of their design to be put in execution that night whereupon he presently withdrew and left not only the House but the Place and escaped the cruelty of these blood-thirsty Religioso's who shortly after his departure brake open his door entred his Chamber and approached his Bed with a full resolution to have acted their execrable Tragedy He had a great natural inclination to Mineral Works and was at very great Charges about the ordering of Allum which succeeding not according to expectation he was thereby much prejudiced in his Estate of which he complains in the 4◠page of the following Discourse He was much respected by King James who committed the Queen to his Care when she used to Bathe and gave him a Grant of the Profit of his Allum Works but upon the importunity of a Courtier as I am informed afterwards revoked it whereupon the Doctor made his application to the King but could not prevail though the King séemed to be more then ordinarily sensible of his Condition Whilst he practised in London there was one Anne Gunter troubled with such strange and unusual Symptomes that she was generally thought and reported by all that saw her to be bewitch'd King James hearing of it sent for her to London and pretending great pitty to her told her he would take care for her relief in which thing he employed Doctor Jorden who upon examination reported to the King that he thought it was a Cheat and tincturing all she took with harmless things made her believe that she had taken Physick by the use of which she said she had found great benefit The Doctor acquainting his Majesty that he had given her nothing of a medicinal nature but only what did so appear to the Maid and also that though when he repeated the Lords Prayer and Creed in English she was much out of order yet at the rehearsal of the same in Latine she was not concern'd the King was confirmed in what he had suspected before and the Doctor had suggested Whereupon the King dealing very plainly with her and commanding her to discover the Truth unto him the maid though at first very unwilling to disclose the Juggle yet upon the Kings importunity and promise to her of making up what damage should accrue from the discovery confessed all and his Majesty received from her own mouth this Account That sometime before there happened a difference between a Female Neighbour of her Fathers and himself and having in his own apprehension no better way to be avenged of her then this impiously caused his Daughter on the receiving of the Sacrament to engage to imitate one bewitch'd and ascribe it to that woman which she did and acted this part in so exact and wonderfull a manner that she deceived all the Countrey where she lived who thought it to be a truth After Which Confession she was very quiet the King giving her a Portion she was afterwards married being by this subtle artifice perfectly cured of her mimical Witchery His Wife was a Gentlewoman of a Name differing but in one letter from his own Daughter to one Mr. Jordan a Wiltshire Gentleman which came to pass after this manner The Doctor being on a Journey benighted on Salisbury Plain and knowing not which way to ride happened to meet a Shepherd of whom he made enquiry what places were near where he might have entertainment for that night the Shepherd telling him there was no place near enough for him conveniently to reach in any seasonable time the Doctor asked what Gentleman lived thereabouts the Shepherd replyed there was one Mr. Jordan not far off a man of good quality and a great estate Presently the Doctor looking on this as a good Omen resolved on his house where he was so kindly entertained and so well
it will kindle by reason tâ— fire extends further then it is visible being a pâ— lucide and transparent body and thinner then 〈◊〉 air it self And this is held to be the cause wâ— it is not visible under the Moon And where without air fire goes out and is extinguished 〈◊〉 reason is because the fuliginous vapours wantâ— evaporation do recoyle upon the fireand choâ— it This is evident in cupping-glasses and making of Char-coal where if the air be altog ther excluded the fire goes out if but in pâ— then although the flaming be hindred yet 〈◊〉 fire doth penetrate the fewel and so converâ— to coals which by reason of the fuliginous pours are commonly black Bellonius sâ— that Char-coals made of the wood of the Oâ— cedar tree are white which must be ascrib as I think to the small quantity of fuliginâ— vapours which that wood doth yield or 〈◊〉 that those vapours are rather sulphurous then any other combustible substance As wee that Tinby Coals will not black linnen be hanged in the smoak of them but rather whiten it by reason of the drying and penetrating quality of Sulphur which will make red Roses white But what shall we judge of those Lamps which have been found burning in old Sepulchres some of them if we may believe Histories having continued 1500 years together as that which was found in Paulus the third his time of Tullia Ciceroes Daughter and another of Maximus Olibius near unto Padua as Bernardinus Scardco reports It seems here was no air to maintain the Lamps being closely shut up in glasses and therefore they burnt without air and were not extinguished by reason they bred no fuliginous vapours to choak them Now whether these Oyles which fed the Lamps were made by Art out of Gold as some think and I hardly believe or rather out of some pure kind of Naphtha which is most probable I leave to others to judge only I judge it to be the purity of that Oyle which yielded no fuliginous vapours to choak the fire If air had maintained the flame it had not continued two minutes for it would have been spent and wasted by the fire Wheresore ignis non est aer accensus If other concrete juice be mixed with Stone as Salt Allum Vitriol c. it makes them to relent in water or moist air and these Stones are never good to build withal But let us take Stone as it is in it self without the admixture of other Minerals and we shall find it to be indissoluble and invincible either by fire or water Metallurgians Refiners and Assay Masters may make use of this for their Shribs Tiegles Muffels Copels Tests Hearths Crucibles Furnaces c. where they desire a defensible substance against fire But it requires a preparation to cleer it from all combustible and dissoluble admixture as they may easily do after they have powdred their Stone to calcyne 〈◊〉 and wash it well This work being often repeated will make it fit for their purpose anâ— they may use it either alone in the same manneâ— as they do bone-ashes or they may mix it with their lome brick-dust gestube c. Also theâ— may make Bricks of it for their Furnaces which will hardly receive any injury from fire Talcuâ— also is a Stone invincible of it self by fire andâ— Bricks made of Clay that is full of it as thâ— Guendern Clay in Cornwall will hardly melâ— with any heat Stones are naturally dry anâ— cold and astringent like a concrete earth Simple Stones which have no other Mineral mixed with them and are come to their perfection being indissoluble either by fire or water can yield no quality or virtue to Bathes anâ— therefore he that seeks to draw any virtue froâ— stone into water doth lapidem lavare that is labour in vain But by reason of admixtures they may or whilest they are in succo lapidescerte before they are concreted For if it be certain that Metals may yield virtue to Bathes being alike indissoluble by water there is no reason but Stones also may Fallopius is againâ— it in both but contradicted by Julius Caesar Clandinus and divers others yet he confesseâ— that Balncum montis Grotti hath Gyps 〈◊〉 and Gesner affirms the same of the Bathes of Eugesta Also he finds ramentdâ—mdrmoris in Balneo Corsenae Agnatio blit he judgeth that they receive no quality but from the juice and I doubt not but he is in the right And for succus lapidescens we have many examples in Agro Pisano Lucensi in Italy in Avernia in France where this juice is so plentifully brought by a clear Spring that after it is congealed the people dig the stones and have made a great Bridge of them Also neer Vienna in Savoy in a Village called Giret is a clear Fountain which turns to stones as hard as flints Pliny makes Tnention of the like Springs in Eubea which are hot and Vitruvius of the like at Hieropolis in Phrygia Also Josophus Acosta of the like hot Springs in Guaniavilica in Pern which turns to stone whereof they build their houses Anthonio de Herreza cap. 20. tells of the same Spring at Guainia at Velica which turns to stone as it riseth and kills those that drink of it Also this Succus lapidescens is observed in the Bathes of Apono where it is converted into stone upon the sides of the Bath Also in the Bath of Rancolani where this juice is not confused but perfectly mixed with the water and being imbybed by Plants it hardens them like stone Baccius tells us of a Cave by Fileg in Transilvania which turns water into stone The like is found at Glainstayns in Scotland as Hector Boetius reports In England also we have many Fountains which turn wood into stone which must be by reason of this Succus lapidescens mixed with the water Coral also being a Plant and nourished with this juice turns to stone so doth the seed of Lithospermon or Gromel Thus much of Stone CHAP. VI Of Bitumen His kinds qualities Of Campliâ— in particular That Bitumen is predominanâ— in the waters of Bathe NExt I come to those Minerals which we cal Bitumina which are mineral substance that burn and waste in the fire without metallinâ— fusion or ingression The greatest affinity they have is with Sulphur but this hath ingression into metal and therefore I rank it among the Spirits and Bitumen hath none Of this kind some are solid and some liquid Solid as Succinum Gagates Ambra Camphora Terra Ampellâ— Lithanthrax sive Carbofossilis c. Liquid 〈◊〉 Petroleum and Naphta All these are great fuel to fire especially those that are liquid which are thought to draw fire unto them if it be within their effluvium So Pliny reports that Medlâ— burnt Creusa by anointing her Garland with Naphtha and Strabo tells how Alexander Bath-master Athenophanes had almost burnâ— Stephanus a Boy in the Bath by sprinkling Naptha upon him
former and more rare Qnick silver was not well known to Galen for he confesseth that he had no experience of it and did think it to be meerly artificial and not naturally bred in the earth Dioscorides makes no mention of the temperature of it but holds it to be a pernitious venome and to fret the entrails although Matthiolus affirms that it is safely given to women to further their deliverance and we find it so by often expcrience both in that cause and in Worms and in the French Disease and Leprosies if it be skilfully prepared and with judgement administred Fallopius holds it to be one of the miracles of nature Those that take upon them to determine of the qualities of it are much distracted fome reckoning it to be hot and dry and some cold and moist and both in a high degree But in this account they consider not the qualities of the ingredients in the preparation whether it be sublim'd or precipitated For my part I know not how to reduce 〈◊〉 to the Elementary qualities neither am I ashtmed of mine ignorance in it seeing no man hitherto hath given true satisfaction herein And if it be true that the elements do not concur to the generation of mixt bodies as I shall shew cap. 11. we need not marvail if we find theâ— not where they be not But for our own use where reason fails us let us be guided by experience We find by experience that it cuts attenuates penetrates melts resolves purges both ad centrum a centro heats cools c. and is a transcendent beyond our rules of Philosophy and 〈◊〉 monster in nature as Renodaus faith For our purpose it is enough to know whether it will imprâ— any quality to water which Fallopius Baceiâ—â— Solinander Banbinus and Felix Platerus do acknowledge But it gives no taste to it neither have we many examples of Baths which continâ—â— it In Serra Morena in Spain near the Village Almedien is a Cave where are many Wells iâ—fected as is thought with Quick-silver because much of that mineral is extracted from thence out of a red stone called Minium nativum About fifty miles from thence in V alentiola then is another fountain called La Nava of a shaâ— taste and held to proceed from Quick-silver and these waters are found wholsome So are 〈◊〉 waters at Almagra and Toletum and others by the River Minius which are hot There are man venomous springs attributed to Quick-silver 〈◊〉 the red fountain in Aâ—thiopia others in Boetia Caa in Trigloditis Stix in Arcadia Stix in Thessalia Licus in Sicilia c. which perhaps are from other minerals feeing we find some from Quick-silver to be wholsome For Mines of Quick-silver we read of many in Baetica Attica Ionia out of a stone which Pliny calls Vomica liquoris aterni In Germany at Landsberg at Creucenacbum Schenbach Baraum above Prage Kunningstien c. In Scotland three miles beyond Barwick I found a red stone which I took to be minium nativum seeing Agricola makes mention of it in Scotland but by a mischance could not try it Sulphur attracts contracts resolves mollifies discusses whereby it shews a manifest heat though not intense yet the sume of it is very sour and therefore must cool and dry and I perswade my self that there is no better sume to correct venomous and infectious air than this of Sulphur or to remove infections out of rooms clothes bedding vessels c. We must acknowledge differing parts in all compounded bodies as Rhubarb hath a purgative quality in the infusion and an astrictive in the Terrestrial substance where the salt hath been by infusion extracted The substance of Sulphur is very fat Sulphure nihil pinguius faith Felix Platerus and this is the cause of his easie taking of fire and nor any propinquity it hath with fire in the quality of heat for if it were very hot Dioscorides would not comment it purulenta extussientibus the next door to a Hectick Also Galen faith that fat things are moderately hot and are rather nutriments than medicaments Now for Sulphurous Baths they are very frequent and if we should believe some there are no hot Baths but participate with Sulphur but they are deceived as shall appear hereafter when we come to shew the true causes of the heat of Baths Neither are all sulphurous Baths hot Gesner reports of a Bath by Zurich very cold and yet sulphurous Agricola of another by Buda in Pannonia In Campania by the Leucogaean Hills are cold Springs full of Brimstone Also there are hot Baths without any shew of sulphur that can be discerned as the Baths of Petriolum in Italy the Baths Caldanelloe and de Avinione in agro Senensi de Gratta in Viterbiensi de aquis in pisanis collibus Divi Johannis in agro Lucensi in Alsatia another not far from Gebersallerum c. All which are very hot and yet give no sign of Sulphur either by taste or smell or effects And yet no doubt there are many Baths having a sulphurous smell from other minerals as from Bitumen Vitriol Sandaracha Allum c. which are hardly to be discerned if at all from Sulphur So we commonly say if a house or a tree be fet on fire by lightning that it smells of Brimstone when there was no Brimstone there Mans things combusted will yield a nidorous smell not discernable after burning what the things were But there are divers truly sulphurous Baths which contain Sulphur although not perfectly mixt with the water without some medium but only confused for perfect Sulphur will not dissolve in water no more than Bitumen The spirit of Sulphur may be communicated to water and so may the matter of Sulphur before it hath attained his perfect form and consistente otherwise it is only confufed with water and alters it into a milky colour Sulphurca Nar albus aqua Nar with Sulphurous water white At Baia are divers hot fulphurous Baths and every where in Hetrnria in Sicily in Diocesi Panormitana the Baths of Apono as Savanarola Muntagna and Fallopius avevs although John de dondis denieth it the Bath of Astrunum of Callatura S. Euphemie Aquisgran Brigenses thernmae in V alesiis Helvetiorum Aqua sancta in Picenis and an infinite number every where Baccius reckons our Baths of Bath among fulphurous Baths from the relation of Edward Carne when he was Embassador to Jnlius tertius and Panlus quartus I will not deny some touch of Sulphur in them seeing we sind among bituminous coals some which are called metal coals with certain yellow vains which are Sulphur But the proportion of Sulphur to Bitumen is very little and therefore I do not hold them Sul-phurous pradominio This is enough for Sulphur Concerning Arsenick it is a venomous mineral and therefore I need speak noth ng of the Baths which proceed from it but that we take heed of them It is likely that those venomous waters and vapours which
dissolved as Aristotle Hypocrates and Galen do affirm So that if the Elements enter into the composition of natural things especially as the principal materials whereof they consist they must needs appear in the dissolution of them This dissolution is either natural or artificial In the natural dissolution of all things Hypocrates observes three distinct substances calidum humidum sive fluidum siccum five solidum according to the three Elements or principles where of they are framed His instance is principally man but he â—ffirms it to hold in other animate and inanimate bodies These Elements he termeth continenâ—â—a contenta impetum facientia as Galen exbounds it Those which he calls continentia 〈◊〉 bones nerves veins arteries and from â—hence muscles c. Contenta are humida or humores blood flegme choller melancholy which after death are cold and congeal being beated as Galen saith from the heart in living bodies Impetum facientia are spirits animal vital and natural These three Elements Galen acknowledgeth to be the nearest but the other which are more remote to be most universal Bat Hypocratesâ—aith â—aith that heat and cold c. are very powerless Elements and that sharp bitter sweet c. are more powerfull 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 So that these are the three Elements whereof â—ll things do consist and into which they are â—aturally resolved and these do seem to reâ—emble the four Elements but are not the same For heat may resemble fire although this heat be â—â—ocured by motion in every thing whilest it liveth and not extrinsecally Moisture may resemble water and air Driness may resemble earth cold appears in them all after the heat or spirit is departed In the artificial Analysis of natural bodies the Alchymists tells us that they find three Elements and no more whereof every thing doth consist and whereinto it is resolved namely Vaporosum inflammabile fixum which they call Mercury Sulphur and Salt and they seem to agree with Hypocrates For their Mercury may well resemble Hypocrates his spirits or impetâ—â— facientia Sulphur his humour or flu dum or â—â—tenta and Salt his siccum or densum or coninentia These they say are found in every thing animal vegetable or mineral and no other And as for the four common Elements seeing they are distinct in place and scituation and therefore cannot concurre and meet to the generation of every animal Plant and Mineral c but by violence the earth being sometiâ—â— carried upwards and the fire downwards coâ—trary to their natural motions and this not one for all but daily and hourly it is not likely tâ—â— these substances can be bred of the Elements 〈◊〉 be maintained in a perpetual succession by a viâ—lent cause And therefore it is no marvel these Elements be not found in the dissolutions natural bodies Thus much in general conceting all generations that hereby we may the â—â—ter judge of the particular generations of Mnerals which differ not from the rest but 〈◊〉 in this that their seeds are not in every indiâ—â—dual as the others are but are contained â—â— matricibus in their wombs and there they are furnished with matter to produce their Species not out of the Elements no otherwise than ex matricibus as the child in the mothers womb but have their matter and nourishment from the seeds of things which are agreeable to their species which seeds wanting means to produce their own species do serve others and yield matter and substance unto them Now let us come more particularly to the generation of minerals wherein we will first examine Aristotles opinion as most generally received then I will presume to set down mine own CHAP. XII The generation of Minerals examined the Authors opinion herein A Ristotle makes the humidity of water and the dryness of earth to be the matter of all minerals the dryness of earth to participate with fire and the humidity of water with air as Zabareila interprets it so that to make a perfect mixt body the four Elements do concur and to make the mixture more perfect these must be resolved into vapour or exhalation by the heat of fire or influence from the Sun and other Planets as the efficient cause of their generation but the cause of their congelation to be cold in such bodies as heat will resolve This vapour consisting partly of moysture and partly of dryness if all the moysture be spent turns to earth or salt or concrete juyces which dissolve in moysture if some moysture remain before congelation then it turns to stone if this dry exhalation be unctuous and fat and combustible then Bitumen and Sulphur and Orpiment are bred of it if it be dry and incombustible then concrete juyces c. But if moysture do abound in this vapour then metals are generated which are fusible and malleable And for the perfecting of these generations this exhalation is not sufficient but to give them their due consistence there must be the help of cold from Rocks in the earth to congeal this exhalation So that here must be two efficients heat and cold And for the better effecting of this these exhalations do insinuate themselves into stones in the form of dew oâ— frost that is in little grains but differing from dew and frost in this that these are generated after that the vapour is converted to water whereas Minerals are generated before this conversiâ—â— into water But there is doubt to be made of frost because that is bred before the conversioâ— of the exhalation into water as may appear Mâ—teor 1. According to this assertion there must be two places for the generation of minerals the one a matrix where they receive their effence by heat in form of an exhalation and from thence they are sent to a second place to receive theâ— congelation by the coldness of Rocks and froâ— this matrix come our mineral waters and noâ— from the place of congelation This is the generation of minerals according to Aristotle but it is not so clear but that leaves many scruples both concerning the matter and the efficients For the matter it seems not probable that water and earth should make any thing but mud and dirt for you can expect no more from any thing than is in it the one is cold and dry the other cold and moyst and therefore as fit to be the matter of any other thing as of particular minerals And water whereof principally metals are made to consist is very unfit to make a malleable and extensible substance especially being congealed by cold as we may see in ice But some do add a mineral quality to these materials and that simple water is not the chief matter of metals but such as hath imbibed some mineral quality and so is altered from the nature of pure water This assertion doth presuppose minerals in the earth before they were bred otherwise what should breed them at the first when there was no mineral
tastes numbers proportions distempers c. Also from hence proceed the Transplantations which we find in animals vegetables and minerals In animils these Transplantations are not very frequent yet all our monsters may be referred hereunto as also the issue which comes from Dogs and Wolves Horses and Asses Partriges and Hens c. Some do think that the destruction of Sexes is a Transplantation and that all seeds in themselves are hermophroditical and neither masculine nor feminine but as they meet with strong and weak impressions from supervenient causes From hence come our Androgyni or masculine women such as Horace speaks of Sabellis docta ligonibus versare glebas That dig the ground themselves stout Jades Managing well Sabean Spades Among those Animals which we call Insecta these Transplantations are more frequent because their seeds are more equivocal and easily transmuted from one species to another as we may see in Worms and Flies and most evidently in Silk-worms called Cavallieri In Vegetables these Transplantations are very frequent when one species is grafted upon another as Virgil faith Et steriles platani malos gessere valentes Castaneae fagos ornusque incanuit albo Flore pyri glandemque sues fregere sub ulmis The barren Planes did Apples bear The Beeches Chesnuts th' Ash a Pear And Hogs did under Elm-trees Acorns tear Thus by commixtion of several species the first seeds do oftentimes being forth other fruits then their own Miranturque novas frondes non sua poma And stand admiring double mute To see new leaves and stranger fruit But all as Hypocrates saith by divine necessity both that which they would and that which they would not So likewise Wheat is changed into Lolium Basil into Thyme Masterwort into Angelica c. In Minerals we find the like transplantations as Salt into Nitre Copperass into Allum Lead into Tin Iron into Copper Copper into Iron c. And this is the transplantation whereupon the Alchymists ground their Philosophers stone This Seminary Spirit is acknowledged by Aristotle Continent inquit semen in se cujusque faecundit atis suae causam and by most of his Interpreters and Morisinus calls it Elphesteria not knowing how to attribute these generations to the Elements And this is the cause why some places yield some one vegetable or mineral species above another Quippe solo natura subest Non owsnis fert omnia tellus It is the nature of the ground Not in all Soils are all things found This seminary spirit of minerals hath its proper wombs where it resides and is like a Prince or Emperour whose prescripts both the Elements and matter must obey and it is never idle but alwayes in action producing and maintaining natural substances untill they have fulfilled their destiny donec fatum expleverint as Hypocrates saith So as there is a necessity in this depending upon the first benediction crescite multiplicamini and this necessity or fatum is inherent in the seeds and not adventitious from the Planets or any other natural cause And this is the cause of uniformity in every species that they have all their proper figures dimensions numbers of parts colours tastes c. most convenient and agreeable to each nature as Moses saith that God saw that every thing was very good and Galen saith Deus in omnibus optimum eligit And this I take to be the meaning of his Lex Adrastia which he alledgeth against Asclepiades For it he should mean it as commonly it is understood of punishment which alwayes follows sin nemâ— crimen in pectore gestaet qui non idem Nemesiâ— in tergo No man though privately commits a fault but is degg'd by revenge in this sense he could not apply it to the confuting of Asciepiades There are also other laws in nature which cannot be altered both Mathematical in Arithmetick and Geometry and Logical in the consecuting of arguments c. But these serve not for Galens purpose in this place He must mean it of a natural necessity or fatum or predestination that frames every member part of the body to the best use for the creature And therefore where Asclepiades propounds an inconvenient frame of parts he confutes him by this inbred law of nature which he saith no man can alter or avoid nor any subtility elude as also Aristotle saith Thus much for the generation of Minerals and other natural substances CHAP. XIII Of the causes of actual heat and medicinal virtue in Mineral Waters divers opinions of others rejected NOW I come to shew how our mineral waters receive both their actual heat and their virtues I joyn them together because they depend upon one and the same cause unless they be juices which will readily dissolve in water without the help of heat other minerals will not or very hardly This actual heat of waters hath troubled all those that have written of them and many opinions have been held of the causes of them Some attribute it to wind or air or exhalations included in the bowels of the earth which either by their own nature or by their violent motion and agitation and attrition upon rocks and narrow passages do gather heat and impart it to our waters Of their own nature these exhalations cannot be so hot as to make our water hot especially seeing in their passage among cold rocks it would be much allaied having no supply of heat to maintain it Moreover where water hath passage to get forth to the superficies of the earth there these exhalations and winds will easily pass and so their heat gone withall and so our waters left to their natural coldness whereas we see they do continue in the same degree and tenor many generations together If by their agitation and violent motion they get this heat because no violent thing is perpetual or constant this cannot be the cause of the perpetual and constant heat of water Besides this would rather cause earthquakes and storms and noyses in the earth then heat our springs Moreover we daily observe that exhalations and water are never heated by motion or agitation as in the Cataracts of the Rhine by Splug the agitation and fall of water upon rocks is most violent and makes a hideous noyse yet it heats not the water though it be very deep in the earth Neither can any attrition heat either air or water or any soft and liquid thing but rather make it more cold Others attribute this actual heat of Bathes unto the Sun whose beams piercing thorow the pores of the earth do heat our waters If this heat which heats our Bathes be caused by the beams of the Sun then either they bring it intirely from the Sun as a quality proceeding from thence or they make it by their own motion If it come from the nature of the Sun the Sun must be extream hot that can heat these inferiour parts at such a distance especially the
beams which must carry it passing thorow the middle region of the air which is alwayes extream cold and cannot but cool those beams before they come to us And if they were able to pass that region without losing their heat yet they cannot but warm that region being nearer to their fountain of heat as well or better then they can warm our waters in despite of any Antiperistasis But it is doubtfull whether the Sun be hot of his own nature or no. The Peripateticks hold it to be hot and dry moderately yet it must be extream hot if in this manner it do heat our Bathes And if the Sun be capable of heat they must also make it capable of cold elementary qualities and then they make celestial bodies obnoxious to generation and corruption which they are not willing to grant Although in this respect they need not fear the decay of the Sun no more then of the globe of the earth which though it suffer in his parts many alterations yet the whole remains firm and perpetual as Mr. Doctor Hakwell proves in his learned work upon that argument and will so do untill it be dissolved by that omnipotent power which framed it If they make this heat to come from the motion of the Sun we must consider how the Sun by motion may get such a heat The Sun is either moved by his own motion or as he is carried in his Sphear wherein he is fixed If by his own motion it must be either by volutation upon his axis which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or by circumgyration which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 round about the globe of the earth and this is the common opinion which if it be so he must be carried more swiftly then a bullet out of a peece of Ordnance I read in the Turkish History at the siege of Scodra of a bullet of twelve hundred weight called the Prince and it seems a great matter But to have such a bullet as the globe of the Sun which is held to be 166 times bigger then the globe of the earth to be carried in a swifter course and that perpetually is a monstrous furious and mad agitation insaâ—â—motus as one termeth it The like may be said of the motion of the Sphears but I will leave the confutation of this to others But admit it to be so and that this violent agitation is not repugnant to the perpetuity of the Heavens and that it is able to breed an extream heat in the Sun and celestial Spheres notwithstanding their tenuity c. which is unapt to breed heat by motion or collision for that is proper to solid substances yet this heat must be conveyed to us by the same beams of the Sun and must be subject to the former impediments Wherefore the beams of the Sun by their motion must make this heat by the collection a many beams together For if they be dispersed no fire will be kindled but only some moderate heat as we see in a burning-glass which will heat a white paper or cloth but not burn it Other things it will burn which are apt fewels but the whiteness of the paper or cloth it seem disperseth the beams But no doubt the Sun by his light and beams do warm these inferiour parts especially where they have free passage and reflection withall and it is to be judged that the heat not being essentially in the Sun is an effect of the light by whose beams it is imparted to us So that where light is excluded heat is also excluded And if we can exclude the heat of the beams of the Sun by the inâ—rposition of a mud wall or by making a Celâ—r fix foot under the ground how is it likely that these beams can pierce so deep into the earth as to heat the water there as Lucretiusâ—aith â—aith Qui queat hic subter tam crass corpore terram Percoquere humorem calido sociare vapori Prasertim cum vix possit per septa domorum lâ—sinuare suum radiâ—s ardentibus aestum Under this massie bulk of earth how shall The Sun boil water and there raise a steam Whereas we see it scarce can pierce a wall And through't into a Chamber dart a beam And if the beams of the Sun be not able to heat a standing Pool in the midst of Summer how should they heat a subterranean water which is alwaies in motion especially in the winter time Again if this heat come from the Sun then in the Summer when the Sun is hottest the waters should be so also and in winter cold because of the absence of the Sun but we find them always alike Also why should the Sun heat some few Fountains and pass over an infinite number of others which are left cold And why should there be hot Fountains in cold Climates where the Sun hath little power to heat either by reason of his oblique beams or by reason of his long absence and yet in hot Climats they should be so â—re wherefore it is very improbable that our Springs are heated by the Sun Others have devised another cause of this actual heat of Bathes more vain then the former which they call Antiperistasis where by reciprocation or compression any quality is intended and exalted to a higher degree As where heat or cold are compassed by their contrary quality so as the vapours or effluvium of it is reflected back again the quality thereof is increased Hypocrates gives us an example of it in our own bodies where he saith ventres hiâ—calidiores our stomachs are hotter in Winter then in Summer by reason the ambient air being then cold doth stop the pores of the skin and repell those fuliginous vapours which nature would breathe forth and so our inward heat is increased whereas in the Summer by reasoned too much eventilation our natural heat is diminished and therefore we concoct better iâ— Winter then in Summer And although it be not simple heat which concocts and makes ebylus in the Stomach Blood in the Liver Seed is the Spermatick Vessels or Milk in the Breast c. as Joubertus saith yet heat attending upon the faculties of those parts doth quicken them as cold doth benumb them But if we examine this example aright we shall find a great difference between this and our hot Bathes For the heat in our bodies is continually fed and maintained from the Heart by his motion that a Bathes hath no such supply according to their doctrine from any cause to make or continue this heat And therefore the repelling of vapours cannot make water hotter then it is and being naturally cold and without any heat where heat is not how can it be pend in or repelled Again in Hypocrates his example there is an interstitium our skin between the fuliginous vapours and the external air which keep them from uniting but in our Bathes there is nothing to hinder the
plentiful exhalations as those must be which procure lightning and thunder and the vanity of their Antiperistasis to kindle these exhalations as hath been she wed before it is a sufficient refutation to take away the subject of the question that is all subterranean fire as I hope I have done and then we need not dispute about the means of kindling it c. these momentary meteors being produced only to kindle and not to maintain this fire From the water no man will derive this fire being a cold and moist Element and apt to quench it unless it be by dilating the seminary spirits of natural species and then they concur with us and renouncing the actual fire do confirm our heat of fermentation From the earth some have imagined an inbred heat ingenitum terrae calorem whereby it seems they had some glimmering of this light which we have given but have left it in as great obscurity as the Antipenstasis or Antipathy and earth being a cold and dry Element cannot be the cause of this heat as it is earth So as it is manifest that naturally the Elements cannot procure this heat of Bathes and by violent motion they can do as little For the earth being immovable cannot be stirred by any violent motion and the other three Elements as Fire Air and Water being thin and liquid substances can procure no heat by any motion or collision either upon themselves or upon the earth especially in the bowels of the earth where all is quiet and no room or scope for any such motion as this must be So that neither the other three Elements nor the earth either in the whole or in the parts can be the cause hereof by any violent motion From mixt bodies if this heat come it must be from animals vegetables or minerals Animals are not so plentiful in the earth as to cause this heat of Bathes either alive or dead We read of subterranean animals which have both motion and sense and understanding in Vincentius in speculo naturali in Lactantius in Agricola de animantibus subterraneis in Bellonius Ortelius Paracelsus c. who calls them Gnomi the Germanes Bergmaenlin the French Rabat the Cornish-men Fairies The Danes are generally perswaded that there are such creatures But if any such living creatures be able to procure this heat it cannot be by their hot complexions but it must be by violence and striking of fire Perhaps Democritus hath hired them to make his lyme there or some other to erect forges for thunder lightning and such like fire-works Brontesque Steropesque nudus membra Pyracmon But these opinions deserve no confutation From dead animals in their putrefaction some heat may appear but such as neither for the degree nor for the continuance can be answerable to our Bathes For vegetables there is the same reason as for dead animals neither doth the earth breed such plenty of these in her bowels as to procure a months heat to a tun of water in one place Wherefore we have nothing to ground upon but mineral substances whereof the earth affords enough For there is no part of the earth but is replenished with mineral seeds And although some may think that because minerals are not found or not wrought in all places and that some waters are also found which do not participate of the virtues of minerals that therefore our hot Bathes proceed not from the fermentation of minerals but from some other cause they are mistaken For although metals are not frequent in some places or at the least not discovered yet a man shall hardly dig ten foot deep in any place but he shall find rocks of stone which have their generation as well as other minerals or some of the Salts or Bitumina or Spirits or mean metals c. And how can Bathes receive mineral qualities but from minerals Therefore where Bathes are there must be Minerals although where Minerals are there are not always Bathes But perhaps they are not so accumulated as by their contiguity they are able to yield any manifest heat their matter being dispersed as grains of corn sown in a field which by reason of their lying single do not shew a sensible heat in their fermentation or most metals breeding between a Hanger and a Lieger which Agricola calls pendens and jacens are seldome above a foot thick and therefore cannot yield much heat to our waters And this is the cause why we have so few Bathes from Gold Silver Tin Lead c. But where much matter is accumulated together the very contiguity one part lying upon another will make a manifest heat untill it grow to a corpus continuum when the generation is perfected and then the heat is extinguished Or perhaps they have not water so plentifull as may yield a living spring although they may have sufficient for the use of their generation Or perhaps where they break forth they meet with desart sands as in Arabia China Africa c. Which drink up the water and hinder the eruption of it And whereas there are some hot springs found which do not shew any mineral quality in them the reason of this may be the want of concrete juice which as I have said before is the medium of communicating mineral qualities and substances with water For without them water is as unapt to imbibe minerals as it is to unite with oyle So as water may of it self receive actual heat from the fermentation of minerals but not their qualities without the mediation of some of the concrete juices as contrariwise we find some Fouutains that receive mineral qualities and yet are cold whereof I have given many examples The reason whereof is either for that they have passed a long way and by many Meanders from the place of generation to the place of their eruption and so have lost their heat or else the concrete juices which will dissolve in water without any heat being impregnated with other minerals do impart them to water and yet without heat But to say that there is any earth without mineral seeds is to make a vacuum in rerum natura and to destroy the use of the Elements It is true that the seeds do do not alwaies meet with opportunity to display themselves and sometimes they are fain to serve under other colours which are more predominant but there is no part of the earth without some seeds or other And from hence we must derive the original of the actual heat of Bathes for nothing else in the world will serve our turn to procure so lasting and so uniform a heat unto them and that not by kindling any actual fire about them for most of our minerals whereof our Bathes consist and from whence they receive both their actual heat and virtues will not burn neither have any actual heat in themselves being all cold to the touch but receive it by a fermenting heat which they have in their generation without which there
lib. 3. cap. 7. 2 Meteorol 1. 3. Deortu causissubt l. 1. â— 6. De orig font cap. 1. a. From the Earth Metam 15. Aristotel 4 meteor cap. 10. ultimo Valesius de sacra Philosoph passim 3 From the Sea 〈…〉 ortu causissâ—â—ter lib. 1. cap. â— 9. Ecclesiastes 1. Arist metroyol cap. ultimo lib. 3 * This way of arguing is questioned by Dr. French who supposeth the many great Rivers terminated in the Sea to be a sufficient moisture for the taking away the termination of the water made by the dryness of the earth and so to make the globous Sea sink to an evenness vid. French Yorksh Spaw p.10 11 12. Minerals reduced to seven heads Earth Agric. de nat fossil lib. 1. cap. 4. Baccius lib. 5 Cap. 1. De metallis cap. 6 Verulamius de vita morte pag. 418. 453. Do neglecta stirpium culturâ problem 13. Erastus disput part 2. p. 105. In ingressu ad infirmos p. 373 Venustus in consilio pro Petro Picardo Baccius â—tym Lib. 6. â— 14. Machab. 2. 1. De sympath antipath Câ—. 10 De nat â—â—y q. efslu è teâ—â—a l. 4. â— 22. Metcor 2. Lib. 2. â— II. De Thermis c.5 Of Camphir Seyaphio de â—imp m. d.c. 344. Avicen lib I. tract 1 c.z. Item l.2 tract 2 cap 133. Item de med cordial tract z. cap. 3. In Dioscoridem cap. de mastich Lib. I. cap. 9. De nat fossil lib. 4. cap. 2 Thesaur aqu lib. I. cap. z. Co 〈…〉 Divs 1.3 Tha. Nemico De simpl med facult l.4.c.22 Lib. I. tract c. 2 Bellonius de Naphtha c. 7. Agric. de nat cor quoe cfflu è terra l. 2.c.7 Bitumen predominant in the Bathes of Bath De thermis Boll L. 3.c.6 1. Libavius in Syntagm p. 221 In lib. de plantis Aristoteli ascriptum lib. 2. passim Caesalpinus de metallisc 3.l.1 Salt Diosc l. 5.c.84 De simpl med saâ—ult l.4.c.20 l. 11.c.50 Three wayes to make Vegetable Salts to retain the taste of the herbs from whence they are drawn 1. Three wayes to make Vegetable Salts to retain the taste of the herbs from whence they are drawn 2. Three wayes to make Vegetable Salts to retain the taste of the herbs from whence they are drawn 3. Nitre Sal Ammoniack In pestis Alexic Dariot de praparat med Tract 2. cap. 23 24. lib. de Humiâ—orum usu Salt Springs Lib. 3. The true cause of the saltness of the Sea Aliquid aquae admixtum Arist 2. Meteorol cap. 3. Meteor 2 c.3 Nitrous Wateys Observat l. 3. c. 76 77. Lib. 5 c.7 Lib. 31. c. 10. Martial Allum Springâ— Pyrotech l. 2. c. 6. Vitrioline waters Simp. med.facul l. 9. c. 61. Libav in Symag 3. part l. 7 Item singularium part 1. Lib. 3. Von Kupffer ertz 10. Baubinus de thâ—r nis l. 2.c.2 De judicio aqu niner p.26.36 Simpl. med facult 1. 5. 0. 59. Vidus Vidius turat generat p. 2. sect 2.1.3 C. 13. Fallopius de petallis 6. 37. Quick-silver not reducible to the Elementary Qualities Sulphur Arsenick Cadmia Bismutum or Tin-glass Part 3 pag.72 Fallop de metallis cap. 10. Libav de nat metall part 3. cap. 5. Gold Silver Copper Iron Tin Lead Nature and qualities of Gold Bascius lib. 6. cap. 8. Basilica chimia Pag. 204. De Thermis cap. 8. In ingressu ad infermo pap 373 Of Silver Theod Tabernomontaâ—us p. 2. cap. 8. Of Iron and Steel AEnead 12. Simpl. lib. 9. Libs 16. Epist 5. De motallis cap. 20. Simpl. l. 7.c.4 Two distinct qualities in Steel Solinander pag. 193. Veâ—ustus pag. 159. Bâ—â—cius lib. 6. cap. 3. S 〈…〉 rola Rea 〈…〉 eus pag. 305. Quality of Copper Libav de nat metall c. 10. Of Tin Of Lead Pag. 90. Fallop de metallis cap. 11. Libav de nat metal cap. 12. Agricola de ortu causis Subâ— lib 5 c.1 Lib. 3 c.19 〈◊〉 lib 10. In Sarept coâ—â—â— 3. II. c. In Alchimia magna De metallis pag. 17. 19. Von probierâ—ng der crtze In Sareptâ—â— Sebast Forâ—â—â— l. 3.c.6 Scverinus c. 8. P. 125. Caesalpinus de metal lib. 1. C. 2. Cap. 2. Erast disput part 2. p. 261. The principal Efficient Cause of the Generation of Minerals not the Sun Dorn phisica Geresis Gal. de Maraes De catore Neither the Elements 1 De anima Item 2. cap. 4. Trismegistus in Asclepio cap. 1. Plato In Timco in Dialogo de natura In vita Apolloâ—ci Elcoga 6. Desacra Philosoph cap. 51. Cap. de mixtieâ—â— 1 Mâ—teoâ—ol 4. Item de mundo ubi dicit aerens comparatum esse ad aliam aliam â—â—turam inducedam In som Scipionis cap. 6. De nat hominis 2 De gen cap. 8. Item libde sâ—â—su sensibile 3 De gen animal cap. ultimo Ifagoge cap. 8. 1 de Elementis cap. 15. De veteri mediâ—ina Erastus Carerius Casalâ—inus Martiâ—uâ— Moâ—istaâ— Foxias Magyrus Libaâ—ius 3 Metâ—or c.ult. Caesalp l.3.0.1 Libav de nat metall c 14. carerius 178. Septal. in Hipp. de aëre aqu c. Valcsius sacra Philosophâ—â— 49. Singularium lib. 1. part 1. De nat metall Cap. 10. The Authors opinion concerning the manner of the Generation of Minerals Mussetus in dialogo apologetics Carm. lib. 3. od 6. Georg. 2. De Dieta 1. De gen animal lib. 2. Foxius Mâ—rtinus Morisâ—aus Magyrus Libavius Velâ—uriâ— Valesius Carerists Erastus c. De Dieta lib. 1. 6 De usu partium â— 12. 13. Erasmus in Adagiâ—s De mundâ— c. ult Causes of heat in mineral waters not Wind Air Exhalations in the Earth Agitation and violent motion Valeseus centre lib. 4. cap. 3. Solinand l. 1. cap. 4. The Sun †It may be so in former times but few I think do doubt it now I am sure not those who hold the Sun to be a Flame His Apology Gilbertus de magnete lib. 6. Taurellus de primis rerum principiis Conrad Aslacus de triplici coelo Lib. 6. Antiperistasis In Paradoxis 3 Simpl. medic facult cap. 7. Valesius contro lib. 1. cap. 5. Magyrus lib. 3. cap. 3. Quick Lyme Subterraneaâ— Fire D ditca lib. 1. Comets probably not kâ—ndled substances Metamorph. 15. AEntaâ— 6. Agricola Bacciusl 1. cap. 19. Douatus de aquis Lucensibus lib. 1. cap. 18. Gesaer Epist lib. 3. pag. 90. Lib. 1. cap. ult * What Dr. French hath said against this opinion may be seen if the 19 20 21. pages of his Yorkshire Spaw Thurneiser Alchimia magna lib. 4 c.8 * The cause of the heat in Bath assigned by Dr. Rouzee is their motion and agitation in the bowels of the Earth falling from Cataracts and broken Concavities in the same But afterwards lighting on this opinion of Dr. Jordens he is so far from disliking that he apdeservedly plauds it and callls this work learned and elaborate Vid. Lud. Rouz Tr. of Tunbr water p. 20 21. 22. in margine Martin de prima generations Lib. 2 cap. 98. Georg. 3. A brief