uiuum uel ignis non exexpers is taken out of the veyne without any boylyng The other 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est igne incoctum that is boiled sulfur The best Sulfur uiuum ought by Dioscorides to be fattye greene not stony but bright and shyninge lyke the glowe worme Euery Sulfur sayeth Galen hath drawyng power is whotte of temperament of nature discussiue also swiftly concoctiue and of so subtile essens that it layde to resisteth the peryls of many venemous woundes and is a medicine approued to heale scabbes leprosies scuruines itche Syncope 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est animi deliquium uel praeseps uirium lapsus that is the defecte of the mynde or a sodeine slyding away of the strengthe of the body and commonly called swoundynge and is caused dyuersly Somtyme of euel sharpe iuyce or of raw humores about the mouth of the stomache of vnmesurable bledyng swetyng fluxe of the belly great peyne vehemēt mouing immoderate watche or emptines of teror also and feare and of suche lyke perturbations of the mynde and conuersation in stynkyng ayre Whose sygnes are rare and obscure pulse coldnes of the extreme partes sweat of the face the skynne of the same losynge his bewtie and almoste a resolution of the whole body which must be cured as variably as the causes efficient are dyuerse Howe be it the paroxisme presente is after the mynde of the learned led by reason and knowledge Thus to be succurred First throw into his face violently rose water with vineger or cold fountayne water wherby the astonied spirites maye be reuyued And that in Sommer a burnynge feuer or the cause whotte The extreame partes ought also in eruptions to be bounde And rubbe the legges if the eruption issue aboue the armes if beneathe But principally and with spede are the nosethrilles and the mouthe to be stopped and as some wyll also the eares That the ayer alreddy drawne in and passinge into the inwarde partes and by and by is ready to issue out So made whotte by often mouyng to fro may goe agayne vnto the harte that by heatyng the same the spirites may be quickned and reuiued And then forthwith is it expedient to reuocate the mynde with thynges odoriferous For nothyng by the testimony of Hypocrates lib. de alimento doth sooner call againe the spirites c. By the whiche and by bowyng moderatly the body I haue often brought again euen such as all men presente haue thought dead And thus much because Lanfranke appointeth thē to be reuiued by the noyses of Trūpettes tympanies Which if they were necessary yet are they instrumētes at so sodeine exigentes to vnredy to call the person loude by his owne name Whiche truly I iudge as vayne and rydiculous or worse as the strokes and buffettes that the rude multitude vse For if it be as by the authoritie of Galen aboue and as we see it is the defecte of the mynde a losse of strengthe and a generall depriuation of sense what can the eares doe more by hearyng then the eyes by seyng Or rather howe can the eares heare more then the eyes see or the handes and other partes of the boby feele But this notwithstanding I denie it not but that the sodeyne noyse of trumpettes or drummes may in the tymes of great incisions and suche like daungerous enterpryses both reteyne and quicken so the spirites not yet loste that swoundyng may therby be euited wherof also I haue had the experience Synochus THose feuers sayeth Galen that haue one only accession or fitte continuyng from the beginnynge to the ende and that many daies are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est continentes seu continuae whose cause efficient is yelowe choler and is of nature double The one hauyng a manifest putrefaction and is therfore called Synochus putrida and the other vtterly without the same called Synochus non putrida whych is a kynde of diarie feuer and are of Lanfranke and dyuers other for distinction sake called Synochae And because the remission of the fitte is wonte to chance by the transpiration or breathyng out of feruent humores for they neuer breathe out at all in vehement stipations A fytte of many dayes must nedes be made When in suche feuers there is no occasion that may rayse the begynnynge of an other accession It persisteth a feuer both of many daies and of one accession without the inuasion of an other neyther referryng quotidian tertian nor quartan For as much therfor as of these twoo a feuer may be maynteyned both that all the vapor may not passe out and that the same may heate whatsoeuer it toucheth There must nedes be three differences of Synochus For some continue from the begynnyng to the ende of one greatnes and are called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est eodem uigore permanentes Others doe augmente and still adde to somwhat called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi incrementum suscipientes And some deminishe by litle and litle whiche they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est decrescentes Tamar indus ΟΞυφονὶξ is called in Latin Syluestris palma that is the wylde or sower Date tree whose fruite is called of the Arabians Tamar indus and maye bee called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi fructus uel dactilus palmae acetosae uel syluestris Whiche last hath not withstanding some learned aduersaries But their opinion semeth moste false that thynke Tamar indum and Myrobalanon to be all one for Tamar Indus hath a curnell or stone whiche Myrabolani haue not They are sayth Mesues sharpe or sower dates like saith Syluius vnto the sede of Cassia and the fruytes of the wild Indian date tree A medicine excellent and hurtlesse Of the olde aunciēt writers eyther vnknowne or vnder these names vnmensioned colde and drie in the seconde degree After Auerois in the thirde By the whiche reason it represseth the sharpnes of humores purgeth choler and mitigateth the feruoure therof and also of the bloude healeth the iaundies and sharpe continuall feuers It stayeth vomiting quencheth thyrste and euery burnyng of the lyuer and stomache But to colde stomaches it must not be geuē alone The beste Tamar Indi should be freshe fatty syncere and tender in taste sharpe swete of colour blackyshe and shynynge myxed with heares as it weare with certeyne rootes Terebinthina 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Resma terebinthina is the liquide gūme of the tree Terebinthus among the Greekes called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and sometyme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The leaues and flowres wherof are drye and bynde and heate in the secōde degree Terebinthin sayth Galen is preferred amōg other gummes hauyng a certeyne adstriction but not so manifest as hath Mastiche But it hath a certein bytternes wherby it digesteth and scoureth
as we may say the neckes of bones whose extremes beyng blunte and rounde are called Capita Nodi Condili the headdes or knottes of bones and suche is the thighe bone wher it entreth the share bone But that which endeth in a pointed processe without a rounde head doth also cease to be called Ceruix and is called in Greke â—orone or Coronon the crown or toppe of a bone The holownes of a bone receyuing the heade of an other beyng large and depe is called in Greke Cotyle in â—atyne Acetabulum and vulgarlie Pixis in Englishe the bore or cup of the ioynte But suche a holownes as is more superficial and shalowe is called of the Grekes Glâ—ne of the lykenes it with the bosome of the eye whiche is the holowe entrance towardes the eye The number of bones in mannes bodie after Auicen are 24 8. but other whiche more preciselye number the bones in the handes feete cauled Sesamina or Sesamiaeâ—ossa with diuers other acompte them to be 370. and I fynde reasonable causes whye that the bones are so diuers and many in number namelie that one member maye moue and remoue withoute an other I meane that an other be not forced to moue with it Whiche otherwyse coulde not be yf there were not diuers bones Secondlie that some hauing their forme or figure for that vse myghte defende as the walles of a stronge defenced forte the principall members and those are the bones of the heade and the breste Thirdlye that some shoulde as foundacions beare vp and susteyne all the reste and those are the bones of the rydge called in Latyne Spina in Greke Acantha and particularly Vertebra in Englishe Spondilles or tournyng ioyntes and also those of the legges And finallye that some maye fulfylle and strengthen holowe places as doe the bones of the handes and fete Of the Cartilage or Gristle Chapi ii THe seconde of symple members is the Gristle which the Grekes call Chondron and the Latines Cartilaginem and is in hardnes nexte to the bones the Anatomie whereof is called in greke Chondrotome but they are somewhat flexyble and colde and drye of complexion and insensible as are the bones And I fynde syxe causes or commodities whye the grystles were ordayned The fyrste cause is that the continuall mouynge of the harde bones in the Junctures mighte not be done without detrimente to the lygamentes yf the grystles or Cartilages were not a meane betwene the sayde lygamentes and the bones The seconde cause is that when anye contusion or bruse happeneth in softe members the sayde delicate members are the better defended from the hard extremities of the bones The thirde cause is that in the Joynctes the endes of the bones whiche are gristlye myght more easelye and with nymblenes be foulded and freated together withoute offence or hurte of one towardes another The fowerth is that in some places that are meane betwene harde and softe it is necessarye to sette a gristle as in the throte boule or wynde pype called Arteria aspera For there it doth howlde and beare off the fleshe that the passage of the wynde or breathe be not interrupted or let And also in that place the grystllye substance helpeth muche to the sounde of the voyce Fyftlie I fynde that a gristlye substance is necessarie in the borders of the eyes Sixtlye they are behouefull in the nose and eares for there they do bothe drawe abroade and susteyne and beare vp the softe partes where as otherwyse they woulde nether be formable nor yet do theire office or naturalle operations Of the Lygamente Chapi iii. THe thirde sorte of symple members are the ligameÌ„ts called in Greke of Hyppocrates Syndesmi and in Latine Vincula or Lygamenta which are spermatyke and flexible but yet insensible and cold and dry of complexion whose anatomie is called in Greke Syndesmotome And I fynde that ligamentes in the bodie haue .iiii. necessarie vses The fyrste is they bynde the bones together The seconde is they profyte muche in adioynynge themselues to synewes to make the chordes and the muscles Thirdlye they are restynge places to diuers of the synewes And fourthlie diuers inwarde members as the matryr the renes and such lyke are by them vpholdeÌ„ and susteyned And they are made flexible because that otherwyse the ioyncte whiche by them is houlden together woulde not haue moued without an other had moued with him And they are made insensible because otherwyse they might neuer haue suffred the labour and payne in mouyng and turnynge of the ioynct And note that some lygameÌ„tes bynde the bones inwarde and some outwarde For the whiche cause some Authors Judge them to brede of the bones although they bee of the nature of the synewes And Galen saythe in the .ii. boke of the vse of partes that the couplynge of bones together is by the byndinges of stronge branched lygamentes Of the Nerue or Synewe Chapi iiii THe fowerth of simple members is the synew named in Greke Tonos or Neuros in Latyne Neruus and hys dissection Neurâ—toâ—e which is spermatike colde and drye of complexion flexible and sensyble strong tougbe meane betwene harde and soft hauynge theire begynning from the brayne and the marrowe of the backe For there come from the brayne vii payre of synewes that are called sensityue and from the marrowe of the backe procede xxx payre of synewes accordyng to the numbre of the spondils and one more whiche spryngeth alone by hym selfe from the laste spondill or loweste of all in the ende of the rydge and therefore named Neruus sine pari And these synewes that procede from the marrow of the backe ar called motyue synewes So that from the brayne from the marow of the ridge together procede or come forth .xxxvii. payre of synewes and one odde one From all the whiche doe procede diuers and manye synewes ramifying and spreadyng themselues into innumerable branches extendyng euen to the extreame partes by the which we not onely fele and perceyue in euery place as they passe bothe the comforte of healthesome and semblable thynges and the greffes of vnhelthsome and contrarye thynges whiche we cal peyne but also we haue by them onely the power of mouyng euery member namely sense of the sensityues whiche therefore are the more delicate and mouing of the motyues which for that action are more stronge after this saying of Galen Quoniam enim sensus nonsine dispositione quadam nerui motus autem in faciendo solâ— actionem obtinet merito sensorius mollior durior autem motorius neruus factus est that is Seyng that sense hath his workynge by a certeyne disposition but motion onely in doyng The sensityue sinewe is conuenientlye made the softer or more delicate and the motyue the harder And to ende with â—â—â—rolo Stephano we maye saye non esse omnino motum neque sentiri dolorem nisi ubi
for remedy for suche as are bewyched or inchanted and as they coÌ„monly terme it forspoken What stuffe this is let the wyse and learned iudge And he hath so prospered with these doynges that in shorte space he hath been able bothe to purchase and buylde as I am credibly enformed of diuers men that doe knowe and haue seen the same For there are many that reporte and they no smal fooles that he hath cured suche as al the learned Phisitiens in England could doe no good vnto beleue it who wyll Not withstanding Cardanus a learned Philosopher in his worke De Subtilitate in the tenthe booke therof intituled of spirites or diuels seemeth to proue that there are certayne griefes chaunsing sometime to mans body by enchauntement or the workyng of cursed sciences Wherof for so muche as phisicke and chirurgerie knowe no cause they are also to seeke of a remedy For in these laudable artes there is a reasonable cause founde of euery disease vpon the reason wherof ther is ordeined a remedy But when through diuilyshe and wicked sciences there is any sycknesse procured wherof the laudable arte of medicine knoweth not the cause so can it procure no helpe But only by helpe of some of those sciences most detestable must the same be taken away agayne so that it seemeth to be a common composition among them the one to tormente the bodies both of man beastes that an other may be sought vnto to remedy the same So one beyng euer a workynge instrument to an other For the sayd Cardanus beyng a learned Phisitien and great Philosopher of our tyme of Mylayne citeth for an example a merueylous historie done in the same citie whiche I wyll here wryte that the gentyll reader may by comparing the same with others the better vnderstand the great subtilties and wicked workynges of such kynde of persons the historie is as foloweth Dygressing a whyle from that whiche we haue sayde we wyll now rehearse what we this last yere haue sene A certayne wyse in the citie of Mylayne beyng come of a noble stocke was sycke of a whote or burnyng vrine with a continuall desyre to expell the same About the whiche the moste famous Phisitiens of our sayde citie beyng seuen in number besyde other strange ones with also the Chirurgiens were conuocated I my selfe beyng present and yet we all could not well agree of the cause of hir griefe For some estemed it to be a stone one called it Erysipelas coÌ„monly called sayncte Antonies fyre an other an vlcer other named it an harde tumor called Scirrbus other sayde it was a Cancer some affirmed that it was an Aposteme some that it was certayne vessikes or blisters but remedies ther could none be founde against those affectes But through whotte fomentations there were certayne vessikes or blisters made which were cutte And through the vse of those violent tormentes there folowed an inuâ—luntary emission or lettyng goe of vrine wherof ther folowed to hir at .ii. tymes a dangerous accidence namely a spasme or crampe without pulse or strengthe Thus beynge tormented by this malady seuen whole monethes without remedy she was of the Phisitiens forsaken and in vtter despeyre of helth And certainly she did not feigne hir grefe consyderynge that she drunke so many bitter medicines with sufferyng so many fomentations and perfumes permittyng also that secreate place to to be seene of so great a nuÌ„bre of Phisitiens beholding it by a glasse obseruing also the diete so longe a tyme sufferyng bloudlettyng suffering the forsayde vessickes to be cutte and the application and working of so many corrostues or burning medicins which procured escares besydes Iron instrumentes and fyre Wherfore we beyng out of comforte and vncertayne of the sycknesse at the last they condescended to my sentence whiche was not the greatest absurditie of all as hereafter shall apere whiche sentence was grounded on this argument That the disease dyd waxe worse and grewe more and more through the medycines The payne was continually in the place where the necke of the bladder dothe ioyne with the necke of the matrix with a great extenuation or fallyng away of the bodie into leanes with suche a face as is described of Hippocrates The emission of vrine was not voluntary though ther were a continual desire to doe it There were vlcers also about the place which were made partly through the heate and sharpnesse of the medicines and partly through the importune attraction of IroÌ„ Neuerthelesse the burning of vrine did not onely remaine but increase she euermore hauing a feruent desire to make water in so much that some Phisitiens did thinke that ther was a stone in the bladder albeit the serching with an vrinary instrument called in Greke Catheter tooke awaye that opinion But nowe at the laste when it was published al abrode that this woman was extremely sick there stepped forth to hir helpe one Iosephus Niger a renouined professor of the Greke letters who was of some suspected to be an inchanter or worker in the wicked sciences This woman hauing a sonne of .x. yeres olde which was scoller to the said Joseph of him instituted vnto letters This Joseph broughte with him a glasse of Cristall in forme of a triangle wherin he caused the childe to looke who said that therin he sawe three foule ougly spirites standing on their feete before his mother when he had whistered other wordes in the childes eare the childe saide that he sawe an other spirite on horseback more high and great theÌ„ the other .iii. with a sceptour threforked or of three prickes who bounde the other three spirites one after an other and beinge so bounde he did them vnder his saddel whiche done he deliuered his glasse to be kepte Why should I stand so long rehersing this history This woman hauing some perswasioÌ„ by this arte doth fall on sleape hir grefe hir burninge and hir apetite to make water doth cease the rosiall colour came again in hir face hir flesh was restored vnto a good liking so that anon after she conceiued and thus was she well perfectly healed And for the proofe herof I haue to witnes all the familiars of the woman all the phisitiens conuocated and the effect it selfe For where as before she was a dead body now may eche one see hir in health And now it must folowe seyng that there can be founde none other cause that this woman was healed by a spirite or by imagination or by hope For if the childe spake the truthe Iosephus dissembling the matter for feare of the law she was healed by a spirite If the child were taught instructed before of Iosephus to speake al that he should require of him then it was a subtiltie wrought for the health of hys mother so it should apeare that she was healed by imagination or by confidence And surely this doyng were merueilous seynge Joseph woulde take no rewarde neyther knowe I to what ende suche a
A most excellent and LEARNED VVOORKE OF CHIrurgerie called Chirurgia parua Lanfranci Lanfranke of Mylayne his briefe reduced from dyuers translations to our vulgar or vsual frase and now first published in the Englyshe prynte by Iohn Halle Chirurgien Who hath thervnto necessarily annexed A Table as wel of the names of diseases and simples with their vertues as also of all other termes of the arte opened Uery profitable for the better vnderstanding of the same or other like workes And in the ende a compendious worke of Anatomie more vtile and profitable then any here tofore in the Englyshe tongue publyshed AN HISTORIALL EXPOSTVLATION also against the beastly abusers both of Chyrurgerie and Phisicke in our tyme With a goodly doctrine and instruction necessary to be marked and folowed of all true Chirurgiēs All these faithfully gathered and diligently set forth by the sayde Iohn Halle Imprinted at London in Flete streate nyghe unto saint Dunstones churche by Thomas Marshe AN. 1565. I. H. anno aetatis suae 35 R. M. Corporis effigies quam vides graphice pictam Hauli est sic pictor fingere tibi velit At modo si quaeris vultum dignoscere verum Hos lege hij vere explicuere animum The bookes verdict AS some delighte moste to beholde Eche newe deuyse and guyse So some in workes of fathers olde Their studies exercise Perusing with All diligence Bokes written long before Wherin they learne experience To heale both sicke and sore Whiche I alowe in dede and worde In those that vnderstande For otherwyse it is a sworde Put in a mad mans hande Let Idiotes and betles blynde Therfore lay me aparte Leste contrarie myne authors mynde They rudly me peruerte For as he bée doth honie take From euery goodly flowre And spyders of the same doe make Uenim that wyll deuoure So all that learned men and wyse To good purpose can vse The rude that knowledge doe despise Will euer more abuse Wherfore all those that vse me right I shall increase their fame And vyle abusers all my mighte Shall be to doe them shame VNTO THE VVORSHIPFVL the maisters VVardens and consequently to all the whole company and brotherhod of Chirurgiens of London Iohn Halle one of the leste of them sendeth hartie and louynge salutation SYthe the almightie Creator of all thinges of his mercifull goodnes only for loue that he had to mankynd who fell by disobedience out of Paradise into miserie hath created medicine out of the earth for man his vtilitie and helpe in the tyme of his sicknes as the wyse man sayeth Eccl. 38. And hath ordeined ministers of the same medicine by a true and perfect order of arte deuided nowe into two partes as the phisicien for inwarde infirmities and the chirurgien or handeworker for outwarde griefes It shoulde seme vnto me that they which despise the sayde arte despise God his gracious giftes euen as they whiche professe either part therof abusing the same abuse God his mercifull benefites And for as muche as suche despisers and abusers are as well offenders to God as a detrimente to his creatures It should seme a thing not vaine or voyde of profite to reprehende and warne men of suche vices specially where they are so frequented that some by feling and some by vnderstanding and seyng daily crie out with greuous clamores of the incommodious successe of suche wicked factes First the despisers therof oftetymes as we se suffer them selues thorough hate that they beare to these excellēt partes and the ministers therof by negligence to runne to extreame desolation and therfore many times worthily perishe as a iuste rewarde for their contempte of God his ordeined remedies And yet truly I can not but confesse that the abusers of those thinges are the chiefe cause of these so great euels and mischiefes for the experience of their wicked doynges and the ouerthwarte successe of the same causeth the ignorant to be at defiāce with that whiche was made for their owne helpe and succoure so that they often perishe because they feare to seke remedy they are so often beaten with the painfull rodde of hatefull abusers And alas where as there is one in Englande almoste throughout al the realme that is indede a true minister of this arte there are tenne abhominable abusers of the same VVhere as there is one Chirurgien that was apprentice to his arte or one phisicien ▪ that hath trauayled in the true studie and exercise of phisique There are tenne that are presumptious smearers smaterers or abusers of the same yea Smythes Cutlers Carters Coblars Copers Coriars lether Carpenters and a great rable of women VVhich as the moste excellent Galen feared to happen forsake their handiecraftes and for filthy lucre abuse phisick and chirurgerie The cause wherof the sayde Galen wysely reciteth for he sayeth if these sciences had no coligance with other nedefull learninges that those inconueniences would therof ensue I would to God therfore my dere maisters and brethrē that there might no fault be found in vs cōcerning these thinges For truly if we weare such men of science as we ought to be those false abusers would be more fearful to medle as they doe For what a shame were it that suche an abuser in talkinge with a chirurgien in dede shall apere more perfecte in the knowledge of the anatomie and the natures of simples or the complexion of man his bodie then he that hath ben apprentice to his arte Surely me thinketh this were a great occasion not only to cause these abusers more to presume but I feare me also that suche thinges haue bene the cause that suche abusers haue ben defended of those whiche of righte shoulde haue subdued them Heare me my maisters and brethren is ther any philosopher so ignorant in philosophie that he wanteth knowledge to defende that whiche he doth professe against his contrary doth he worthily beare the name of a Platoniste that is ignorant in Plato his workes or is he worthy the name of a Musiciā that hath learned to singe or plaie a fewe songes vpon an instrument without the knowledge of the principles and rules of musicke I am sure ye will answere no. If this be true in dede as I thinke none can denie Howe can we for shame call our selues Chirurgiens if we be not able to defende the same arte to the confutation of the abusers therof And I suppose verely that Galen would not haue thought hym self a true Phisicien if he had not bene able to confute the error of Thessalus and the empirickes of his time that falsly abused the excellēt arte of medicine wherof Chirurgerie is the most aunciēt and worthy part as Cornelius Celsus witnesseth what so euer in the abusiue deuision is otherwyse pretended Seyng therfore that it lyeth not in vs to extincte put downe to silence or subuerte these abusers woulde God that we myght at the leaste throughe our excellentie cause them as they are to seme execrable So that therby
they are deceyuable But soÌ„etime it is euident inough to perceaue the breakinge of the sculle by the only sighte or touchinge of the same Therfore when thou arte certeine that the sculle is broken marke if the wounde in the skin be lesse then the fracture of the sculle If it be make it wyder if thou se no token of death But if thou se any token of death it weare not good to enterpryse any new thing And when this wouÌ„de is enlarged vncouer as behoueth al the breach of the sculle and marke whether the broken parte be entered vnder the whole bone or if there be anye broken peces or shiuers whiche mighte prycke or hurte the Dura mater for in these two cases thou muste remoue the parte of the bone vnderputte by the breache and wyth instrumentes conuenient vtterlye take awaye the lytell broken peces whiche thinge to doe folowe thys ordinance Marke where the vnder parte ioyneth wyth the sculle for there it wyll be somewhat deÌ„ted and sometime the whole circumference or cumpasse aboute wyll be depressed or putte downe Then for a daye or two poure in to all the broken sculle Oyle of Roses warme and in the wounde aboue the sculle â–ª laye small Plegetes of â—â—we or lytell peces of oulde clothe infused in Oyle of Roses and the yolke of an egge whotte In the seconde or thirde day laboure gentlye wyth Instrumentes to remove the bone remouinge all that is to be remoued by moste tender and delycate workinge that thou touche not Duram matrem or the beginninge of anye sinewe And remove in like maner the lytell shiver that greueth the Duâ—â— mater if there be 〈◊〉 When the bone is taken awaye loke that thou haue a fine linnen cloth wete in Mellis Rosati colati parte Vna Oleâ— Rosati partibibus duabus warmed conueyinge it verye tenderlye and warely betwen the bone and duram matreÌ„ and fylle all the wounde of the sculle teÌ„derlye with suche clothes wete in the same maner And in the wounde of the fleshe lay towe or lyâ—te wete in Oleo Rosato cum Vitellooui admisto and after that haue a subtyl Plegete made of Towe that maye comprehende all the wounde of the skin wete in the same medicyne And laste of all laye on greate boulsters or pressures of towe wete in the somer time in colde water and in the winter in whâ—tte water and wel wronge and spreade ouer wyth the medicyne made ex Olei Rosati Vnciis duabus aceti Vnciae dimidio Boli Armeni Vncia Vna the whiche boulsters laye ouer all Prouided that the heade be shauen before and so doe still continuallye till the wounde shewe aboundant quiture And then begin to putte vpon Duram matrem of the moste subtille poulder of Incence that may passe through a cearse and vpon that poâ—lder a fine cloth wete in Melle Rosato and Oyle of Roses whote and dresse the clothe euen and smothe and fille all the wounde in the bone there wyth fyllinge also the wounde of the skin wyth dry linte so fulle that thou suffer not the fleshe in the wounde to couer the bone vntill the reparation of the fracture be made And vpon the woundeof the skyn laye the mundificatiue aboue saide of Mel Rosarum and Barlye flower so muche as maye fylle the wounde and the bredthe of thy fynger rounde aboute the same and euermore about the same a defeÌ„siue de Bolo Armeno and in the ende administer a consolidative or a cicatrizative the whiche I wyl describe in the ende of this worcke And in all other crackes and breakynge of the sculle whereas be none of the causes aboue sayde it shall suffyce thee to adminyster to the broken bone a soueraigne medicyne of Mel Rosarum and Oyle of Roses warmed and fill all the wounde of the skinne with Oyle of Roses hotte and the yolke of an egge till quitture be ingendered and then vpon the wounde and aboute the same a defensiue of Bole Armeniake and wheÌ„ thou haste made mater lay on the scull a fine clothe wete in thy Mel Rosarum and Oile of Roses and fill the wounde of the skyn with drye linte and vpon the wounde a mundificatiue of Mel Rosarum and barlye meale and aboute the same a defensatiue of Bole Armeniake and thus doe till it be perfectlie cured and healed Of the gouernance of all woundes withoute breakinge of Cranion whether they be Apostemate Dyscrasiate Concouate or made by contution Cha. viij THe gouernance of all other woundes withoute breakinge of calâ—â—la maye bee done by stitchinge and poulder made of calx Viua as it is sayde in the thirde Chapiter and ye must not vse Melle Rosarum strained with oyle of Roses but onlye Oyle of Roses and the yolke of an egge till Sanies or quitture be dulye ingendered and after that vse a mundificatiue of Hony of Roses and barly flower and a defensatiue of Bole Armeny aboute the wounde for truelye a defensiue of Bole Armeny is excedinge profitable in all woundes of the body to preuente and eschue Apostemations For nothinge is more profitable to the patiente nor more to the worshyp of the Chirurgien then to kepe the wounded members from swellinge and Apostemation c. for an Aposteme comminge vpon the wounde of the heade is cause of alienation and of deathe And if it happen vnto some sinewie member it causeth the Spasme of repletion mortification or corruption of the meÌ„ber and of death And the waye to preuente or eschewe suche Apostemations standeth in good diete and gouernance of life Wherfore in thys place I wil set a diete as a common doctryne for all wounded persones bothe in the heade and Sinewys members First let this be as a speciall diete the croomes of bread washed in winter .v. times in warme water and after the laste washinge put theron white suger Roset and in the Sommer lette it be washed only in colde water and nowe and then make the potage with barlye but let the Barlye firste be soked and after beaten and hulled then sodden and seasoned with Penidies or Sugar Roset or wyth Almonde milke in all manner of woundes saue onlye of the heade Wherin I approue not Almondes for they haue a manner of fumous propertye noisome to the heade and if the patiente be verye weake or haue naturallye a feble stomacke he may take small chickens sauced with Agresta and the fleshe of a yonge Kidde the fete of Hogges all seasoned with Agresta or with wine of soure Pomgranates and lette their drincke be wine of Pomgranates and especially for men wouÌ„ded in the head and sinewye members geuinge .x. partes of water wyth one parte of wine or Agresta with cleare cold water and one parte of wine Or this excellente drinke folowinge whyche comforteth the stomacke and defendeth the vapoures to assende it quencheth heate and maketh not costiue Rec. Hordeimundi Vncias duas micarum panis Sacchari Rosati Granoriam Granatorum
as I will here in order expresse beginninge firste at a Sanguin Aposteme and so after of the reaste Of sanguin Apostemes Cap. ii IF bloude abounde ouer all the bodye inflaminge and heatinge the harte and so the bodye and yet not defyled there is ingendred a continuall Feuer called Sinocha but if it be defyled then is the Feuer a continuall Sinochus but if it occupye not all the bodye but onlye some particular member the bloude beinge moste thinne in substance and flowynge in quality it maketh a redde inflaÌ„mation dispersed abrode in all the outwarde face of the member whiche is called Herisipila notha because it is made of bloude reduced like to the nature of choler But if the bloude be grosâ—er naturally in substance and hotte in quality then it maketh Carbunculum Whiche is swarte in colours and hard in felinge in the vppermost parte of coloure lyke ashes whyche commeth of adustion But if the bloude be to muche in quantitye and yet naturall then it maketh Flegmonem The sygnes wherof is redishnesse in sighte because of the similitude of the humore hardnesse for the lightnesse a depe swellinge caused by the matter in the depenesse of the member that is conteyned in the flesh pulsatyon or beatinge by flowinges whiche are caused by heate working in the matter inflaÌ„mation by the presence of heate multiplied and sumtime is made the feuer Effimera speciallye aboute the brâ—dinge of the matter or quytture At which time all the forsayd accidentes are more grenous then when the matter is corrupted and fullye ryped Of Cholericke Apostemes Cha. iii. IF choler beare rule or haue domination in the bodye as sometime it hath either it is putrefied and defiled or not If that whiche is not putrefied be in all the body it maketh Icteritiam If it be in one onely place it maketh Serpiginem or Thiriam And when it is defiled being amonge the veines and continuinge in all the veynes it maketh a continuall tertian But if it be speciallye about the harte or the mouthe of the stomache it maketh a Causon If wythoute the veines It causeth a tertian interpolate But if any suche Choler not putrefied destytute of nature be gathered in anye outewarde member â— it maketh Herisipilam Veram the signes wherof are these A red coloure myxed wyth yelownesse accordynge to the similitude of the matter a swellinge whiche is caused of the fiery lightnesse of the matter whiche ascendeth hardnes it hath caused by the drinesse thereof with a prickynge heate greuynge the hand that toucheth it whyche commeth by the reason of the sharpnesse of the matter Of Phlegmaticke Apostemes Cha iiii PHlegmâ— hauinge domination in the body either it is defiled or vndefiled If it be defiled it is eyther wythin the vessels of the bodye and maketh Anfimerinam continuam sinâ— rigore or else wythoute the vesselles and maketh an interpolate quotidian with rigor Also if it be not putrefied it iâ— either ouer all the bodye and maketh 〈◊〉 whyche is one of the kyndes of Hydropsye or else in one onelye place and maketh in Aposteme called 〈◊〉 or Vndâ—nia The signes whereof are these whitnesse of the likenesse of the matter softnesse as when a man thrusteth in his finger there remaineth a pitto whiche is caused of mouistnesse colde in the feling because the 〈◊〉 wherof it procedeth is colds wyth lytell ache or none because there is no assaulte of heate Neuerthelesse this aposteâ—e is muche more painfulle when it is fully putrefied then it was before because euery aposteme though it come of cold mater after the fulle putrefaction receaueth a straÌ„ge heat â–ª and by this reason is euery exiture that is euery famous apostâ—me iudged to be whotte althoughe it come of a colde cause As the quotidian and quartane feuers are iudged hotte sicknesses and yet they come of a colde matter Of Melancholike Apostemes Chap. v. NOw melancholy superabounding either it is putrefied or not putrefied and beinge putrefied either it 〈◊〉 all the body or one place If it occupye all the bodye either it is externallye and maketh Lepran or else inwardlye And then either the mater is wythin the veines maketh a continual quartane or else wythoute the veines and maketh a quartane interpolate or else in one place onlye and maketh Cancrmâ—â—â— But if it be not putrefied either it is ouer all the bodye and maketh Melanchiron that is the blacke Jaundies or else in one place and maketh a harde Aposteme called Sclirosin Wherof these are the signes hardnes because of the drinesse and grosenesse of the humor without paine because heate is absente for that an insensible comparion of matter occupieth the place and the coloure is like the colourâ— of the bodye or inclininge somewhat to leadinesse for although Melancholy be blacke yet because it is ponderous or heauye the coloure thereof is not presented to the vtter parte of the bodye or skin and in these signes it differeth from the Cancer for a CaÌ„cer which commeth of putrefied Melancholy because it hath gotten vnto it a heate doth ake and burne by reason before shewed and the veines that are about it are diuers for thoughe the humor be melancholike whereof it procedeth yet in the putrefaction thereof it receyueth a straunge lightnesse and heate Whereof the veines comprehendinge the Cancer be of diuers coloures so that they doe assimulate or shewe the likenesse of the disease and for this cause was it called Cancer for that it representeth the forme and shape of a sea Crabbe whyche is rounde and hathe manye feete Of watery Apostemes Cha. vi THe watery Aposteme commeth of aboundance of colde vpon the liuer ingenderinge muche waterinesse and is of the nature of Yposarca Neuerthelesse this waterinesse is somtime gathered together in one onlye place of the bodye and that chieflye aboute the navell the signes and tokens wherof are these The coloure is like the coloure of all the bodye in so muche that if thou felest it with the .ii. fingers of thy .ii. handes puttinge the one finger a good distance from the other thou shalt fele a a floude vnder thy fingers so that thy one finger shall put awaye the water vnder the other and it is ponderous and heauy withoute any akinge I haue healed suche an Aposteme with incision and dryinge of the water in a womaÌ„ that had it about the nauell â–ª which was as greate as two pound weight of breade Of wyndye Apostemes Cha. vii THe wyndy Aposteme is ingendered of a vapor or wynde resolued by the working of feble disoluing heate not of power to consume it whiche vapor is sette betwene the coates of the members and especially in the region of the mouthe of the stomacke and in the gryndes so that many beleue it to be a Rupture that signes
make thus Rec. Florum vncias quatuor Olei libram vnam Boyle them together a longe tyme in duplice Vase then straine them throughe a clothe and putte your Oyle in a glasse addinge therto newe flowers as manye as before Then set it in the Sunne the space of .xl. daies And farther if you woulde haue youre oyle coulde oyle you must put to it a litle water of a stronge springe and so lette it stande a longe time in the Sunne Oleum de fructibus vel de Baccis Maye be made sunderye wayes wherof thys is one Take a good quantitye of berryes and bruse them wel puttinge them in Aqua Tepida and make them softe wyth your handes put then your water and beries together in a Caulderne and boyle them a longe time after straine all throughe a cloth into a broade vessel and flete that cleane off whiche swimmeth aboue kepinge it for your vse Oleum de Seminibus Is otherwyse made thus Rec. Seminis Sinapii or of some other sedes a good quantitye Bruse them smalle layinge them in a vessell betwene ii clothes the space of .ix. daies then putte them in a little bagge and lette the Oyle be strained oute Of the manner of making specialle Oyles take these fewe examples Oleum Laurinum Is good for the vehemente coulde of Feuers if you annoynte the patiente therwyth on the reynes of the backe and other exteriore partes of the bodye againste a fyer whether it be the Oyle of it selfe or of the beryes whyche is otherwyse made as thus Gather first your beryes boyle them in Tribus libris Vini then strayne oute your liquore of beryes and wyne and put therto Olei libras tres lettyng it boyle together agayne tyll the wyne be consumed Oleum Sabinae Rec. Sabinae librastres Bruse it small and boyle it in libris Tribus Olei till a third parte be wasted and that the Oyle waxe grene Then strayne it throughe a clothe and reserue it Oleum de Absinthio Is a soueraigne Oyle as well for feuers as all other doloures and paynes Rec. Absinthii mundissimi optimi libraÌ„ vnam Bruse it and put it into as muche Oyle as by reason you thinke sufficient make it vp as in Oleo Sabinae is said Oleum ex Ruta Whiche is good for peynes of the eares also for peine and ache of the heade and is made as is Oleum Sabinae Oleum Sinapis Is good ad Paralisn and suche other maladyes Rec. Sinapii libram vnam Bruse it and infuse it .iii. daies in libris duabus Olei after boyle it well and straine it c. Oleum Hederae Whiche is profitable ad Phrenitidem and for the hedache Take the beries therof bruse them boyle them in sufficiente quantity of oyle effectuallye and straine it c. Oleum ex ouis Formicarum An oyle verye profytable againste deafnesse and payne in the eares Rec. Ouorum Formicarum ad libitum Put them in a glasse cum Oleo ad quantitatem sufficientem lettinge it so stande the space of .ix. daies After that set an other vessell ouer the fyre wyth water into whiche water when it is whot put in your glasse of oile that by the boilynge of the water in the greater vessell the Oyle in the glasse maye also boyle and this is called Diploma id est Vas duplex and of some Balneum Mariae When they haue thus boyled a sufficient space strayne your oyle from the egges throughe a clothe Thus endeth the Antidotary The Conclusion WIth good will therfore take in good parte this litle worke and by the doctrine therin wryten doe thou surelye worke For in it are conteined allthough it be short many good sure proffitable and aproued thinges But if thou desire to obteine the perfection of this science learne the principles of Phisike as the knowledge of thinges naturalle thinges not naturall and thinges againste nature Learne also the Anatomy which teacheth the formes and natures of compositions In all the body of all the members of the same and also of theyr helpes namelye the offices whiche they haue in the bodye and to what vtilitye almighty God created them such and so And moreouer frequent the multitude of sicke persons and of their diseases and meditate diligentlie the exquisite workes of men learned and experte Note also the causes and the endes of diseases with also their accidentes in the beginnynge state and declination And so by good reason and longe experimente thou mayste at the laste become a worthy Chirurgien otherwise not excepte allmightye God worke it by pouringe on thee hys speciall grace Whome I beseche to geue thee hys grace and me the forgeuenesse of my synnes to whome be all honor and glory eternally Amen Here endeth Lanfrankes briefe A necessarye Table leadinge redilye by the number of the Page to any thinge that thou shalt desyre to fynde in thys presente booke of Lanfranke A. AGgregatiue medicins 61 Albula 42 Algebra 36 Almondes to be refused in woundes of the heade 13 Amphemerina continua 19 Antecedente cause 17 Anthrax 22. 29. 58 Antidotarie 48 Apostemate woundes 14 Apostemes and the cause of them 17 Apostemes cholericke 18 Apostemes colde 27. 31 Apostemes the cure of them 25. 26 Apostemes made of an outeward cause 25 Apostemes melancholike 19 Apostemes of choler and melancholy aduste 24 Apostemes of compound humores 22 Apostemes Phlegmatike 19 Apostemes sanguine 17 Apostemes watery 20 Apostemes whotte 26 Apostemes windy 21 Aschachilos 24 B. Botium 21. 31 Bothor 42. 44 Bubones 59 Bloud fluxe of bloud 8 Broken bones 38 C. Cancer 19 20. 33 Cancrena 24 Carbunculus 18. 29. 58 Caro Poroides 8 Catarecta 46 Cause antecedente 17 Cause materialle 17 Cause Procatarctike 17 Cause of apostemes 17 Causon 18 Cauteries 67 Cholerike apostemes 18 Ciâ—atrizatiues 61. 64 Colde apostemes 27. 31 Collyrium Album 43 Collyrium Corrosiuum 45 Collyrium de fellibus 46 Collyrium de Mirobalanis 44. 45 Collyrium de stercore lacerti 45 Collyrium de Thure 43 Complexio elementalis 30 Composition of the eyes 40 Confectio Helesir 44 Conglutinatyues 61 Connexions of bones 36 Consolidation 3. 4 CoÌ„solidatiue medicins 61. 64 Consolidatiues for luxations and broken bones 65 Contusion 15 Corrosiues 67 Cure of apostemes 25. 26 D. Desensiues 5. 12. 26 Diachilon 54 Diazingiber 51 Diete general for the wounded 13 Diminution 9 Diseases of the eies 40 Dislocation 36 Dyscrasia 4. 15 E. Emplastrum resolutiuum 53 Ephemera 18 Erysipelas nothum 18 Erysipelas phlegmoâ—odes 22 Erysipelas Verum 18 Exiture what it is 19 Experimentes of a fracture in the sculle 9 Experymentes to knowe a venemous wound by 16 Eyes theyr composition and diseases 40 F. Fermentum 58 Fistula 35 Fleshe a sangu in member 4 Fluxe of bloud in wounds 8 Formica 25 Fractura 38 G. Gangrena 24 Generall diete for the wounded 13 Glandulae 23 Gouernance of the wounded in the head 12 Grosse and whot meates 34 H. Herisipula 18 Herpes 24 Hidropsies 19.
for an other euen as the Apothecaries also for lacke of knowledge do ofteÌ„ sell one thing for an other as by occasion in this table ye shall fynde the same by the truthe confuted For thoughe some may note it a kinde of presumption to vary from the common opinion yet may I answer with Aristotle that Plato is my frend and so is Socrates but the truthe before them bothe And as mine opinion agreeth wyth the truthe I wishe it onlye accepted and where it will not stand wyth reason and truthe to be reiected as an vntruthe and a thing not worthy of credite For as Plato that diuine Philosopher saythe if men in resoning as muche desired the truthe of the thinge it selfe as they do the maintenance of their own opinions glory of their wittes there should not brede so muche hatred as ther dothe nor halfe so many matters be left vnconcluded And as semeth to me this worthy sentence of good Doctor Recorde in the .iiii. boke of his castell of knowledge in the 129. page may serue well in the lyke sence Often haue I redde in Galen saithe he and more often haue I sene it by experience that better it is for men to want all arte of reasoninge cleane then to haue suche confidence in a meane knowledge thereof as maye cause them to deceaue them selues and to seduce other As truthe therfore wyth reason will approue these iudgementes I only wish them to be credited of the studious reader and otherwyse not For as I woulde gladlye my selfe embrace the moste truthe so wold I desire my doinges to be considered wyth moste true authores without partialitye But seinge I haue moued here the studye concernynge the knowledge of herbes I thinke it good to remember the scornynge ignorance of some whiche because they are not experte in the knowledge of symples scorne the dilygence of all other that trauell therin as thoughe it were a thynge wythoute frute or profyte thinkinge therby to couer their neglygence whyle they vpbraide with opprobry the diligence of other men For as in the yeare of oure Lord a thousande fyue hundred fifty and seuen I came throughe Bucklersbury loe a certaine woman came to sell hearbes to the Apothecaryes and asked if they woulde buye mayden heare And they desieringe to see it she shewed to them an herbe Nothinge agreinge with that whiche she named But only that it had rounde leaues standinge in good order on eche syde the stalke as maiden heare hathe but it had little floures like belles somwhat redishe mixed with whyte with a grene stalke and thicke leues full of iuse and in all poyntes moste agreinge in likenesse to Nummularia otherwise called Centum Morbia and in Englishe two peny grasse sauing that it was manye partes lesse and almoste as small in deede as Trichomanes whiche we call in Englishe mayden heare Because I neuer saw it before I toke a small part therof bare it wyth me if haply I might meete with anye that knewe it and so to attaine the name therof And truly before that houre were fullye at an ende I fortuned through the societye of my reuerende frende master Gale Chirurgien of London to come into the company of a Phisicien a stranger borne whome after diuers communications I desired to shew me his opinion of that herbe which when he had well vewed and also tasted he answered that he knew it not And because he estemed it a dishonor vnto him withoute some excuse or cauilation he sayde it made no matter to be so precise in the knowledge of herbes for said he what nede I occupye manye herbes in a medicine whereas one wil serue or what nede I confecte together Solanum Papauer Hiosiamus Mandragora and Lactuca when only Hiosiamus or onlye Papauer wil serue my turne vnto whome I thus answered Sir vnder your correction I graunt it to be true that manye symples nede not be put together where one wyll serue the turne and affirme farthermore that it ought not for as muche as Galen hym selfe geueth counsell neuer to vse compoundes where symples wyll serue But how shall I knowe that Mandragora will serue the turne of Papauer or Lactuca of Solanum or Hiosiamus of any of them if I first know them not all dothe not diuers regions bringe forthe diuers herbes accordinge to the diuersities of soyles and natures of heauenly climates some place bringeth forthe Hiosiamum and none of the other that ye named and an other place an other without the rest If nowe I know not the natures of all I shall sometime thinke that it is vnpossible to doe a thinge because I lacke there mine olde practise As for example I would doe it with Malua and none groweth there wheras yet the earthe bringeth forth herbes of the same nature in an other forme whiche neuerthelesse serueth not my want and that because I know them not Wherfore I conclude that althoughe diseases may be cured with neuer so few yet is it necessary to know them all And though he coulde not denye this yet he fell in rebukinge of Uigo because in his medicines he vseth suche greate composityons and saide plainlye that Uigo in that poynt was a foole so grossly master doctor termed him But I perceiue what procured master Phissicien to be offended wyth Uigo he playeth the Phisicien so muche in all his workes for in the moste parte of diseases that he wryteth of he describeth an order of life and also purgation to take away the originall cause Happye was he that he dwelte amongst the Phisitiens of Rome and Italye for if he had dwelte in this region he must not haue put his owne knowledge in vse but haue lefte that to oure doctores Well the time woulde not then serue vs anye more to reson but here will I saye somewhat in Uigo his defence Whereas ye call Uigo foole because of his greate compositions costlye medicynes I answer Then was Galen also a foole so was Auicen and Mesues with diuers other who deuised the greate compositions of Theriaca and Mithridatium which for all your wisdome in your moste weighty affaires ye are constreigned to vse for your gaine and worship Or whye maye not any man put in wrytinge a greate composition wherin he hath founde vtility that other after him maye doe the like by his example But if anye man can â—oe the like with anye one or two the symples chosen out of so many what hinderaÌ„ce is the composition to the symple medicine But I saye that in the moste parte of medicines ye muste of necessitye vse compositions for otherwise trulye the wisest maye fortune to erre and worke folishly and that specially in inward medicines namelye purgations for as Mesues saith ther is no symple purginge medicine that can be taken that leaueth not behinde it some hurte in the body For the which cause it is necessarye to compose wyth them such thinges as haue power to defende the body from the
Tertiana continua caused of yelowe choler putrefied in the veines none otherwise then Quotidiana cōtinua commeth of putrefied phlegme and Quartana cōtinua of corrupted melancholy and differeth from Tertiani intermittente for that therin the cholericke humor is caried ouer all the body But in Ardente febre it is together with the bloud conteined in the vessels causyng muche payne burnyng Whervnto saith Galen if rigor at any tyme chaunce the Feuer is therby disolued Yet some neuerthelesse make a certain obscure differēs betwene Causon Tertianam continuam affirming the cause therof to be conteined nigher about the hart And hys accession to haue no rest or at the most very lytle in the morning as in Synocho and that rather of the colde tēperature of that tyme then of hys owne nature Casia CAsia Fistularis or Cassia Syringa is by the testimony of Auicen and Mesues meane betwene whotte and colde But inclining rather to heat and moisture in the first degre It is the frute of a tre brought forth in hard blacke coddes Whose inwarde pulpe is resolutiue and lenityue clenseth the bloud and purgeth gētly Choler Phlegme And thys out of the Arabians for amonge the old Greciās it is not found who yet haue their Cassiam fistularem whych is of some taken for oure Cinamome Cataplasma 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi figmētum Crassum Is that grosse kinde of Plaster forme that is made of sodden hearbes Oyles Meales poulders c. Cepa CAlled in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of diuers kindes as this oure common Onion called Cepa Escalonia and wynter onion called Holekes in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est Cepa fissilis Siues also are thought to be a kinde of Omons c. Onyons are of grosse substance whot and drye in the fourthe degre They doe maturate attract inflame beinge layde to they open the Hemorrhoides and sharpen the syghte made dulle by grosse humores Cera WEre wherof Galen prayseth that for the best whiche is called Tyrhenica or Pōtica is of it self amonges thinges concoctine but weake Yet hathe it a certayne whotte and digestiue power leanynge to the nature of Hony And beinge put wyth other medicynes bothe liquide and dry it is to them as a body or common receptory substance Cerussa IS of coolinge dryinge and astringente faculty called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is made of Leade by hanginge plates of the same ouer the bapor of vineger close couered It is vsed wyth profitte and good effect agaynst whot inflamed vlcers Cerussa burned til it become in colour lyke Sandaracha is therof called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is therby the more subtill but heateth not so 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 kepeth the coldnes of Cerussae but lacketh the subtiltye therof Chamaemelum CAmomille is called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There be sher of three kindes That is to saye 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est Chamaemelum Album 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est Chamaemelum Luteum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Chamaemelum Purpurcum The first hauing whyte floures The seconde yelow◠The thirde Purple They are whotte and dry in the firste degree consisting of tender partes and haue tenuatyng losing and digesting facultye Chelidonium CAlled in Englishe Salendine or Swallow Wurte in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est Hirundinaria so called either because it bloweth aboute the returne of swallowes in the spring and wythereth agayne at their departure or else as Plinius wryteth because the Swallowes did fyrste fynde and vse the same to restore again their birdes to syghte beinge made blinde is of heatinge and scouringe propertyes His roote is geuen in Vino albo cum aniso to the Jaundies that come of the liuer obstructed and beinge chawed helpeth the tothake The iuyce of the herbe is vsed in the eye to sharpen the syght And thus muche of Chelidonium Maius For ther is also Chelidonium Minus which as it is sharper then the greater doth swiftly exulcerate And the iuyce therof purgeth the head by the nosethrilles It heateth and dryeth in the beginninge of the fourthe degree the greater onlye in the thirde Wherfore that the herbe called of the Latin wryters and apothecaries Ficaria Scrofularia minor in Englishe Pyle worte whose Picture is vsually put and that not of the worste Herbal wryters for this is not Chelidonium Minus it is euident Whose temperamentes thoughe the description of Chelidonium in Diosecoride will suffer it in forme to agree are one to an other cleane contraries Chirurgery 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is sayd of euery arte whose function consisteth in manualle action or handye operation But here is it to saye Curatio manualis that is manualle or handy curinge Cicatrizatiua med CIcatrix is the scarre or token where a wounde vlcer c. hathe bene Wherof commeth Cicatrizo id est ad Cicatricem perduco to heale or brynge to askarre And therof riseth Medicamina cicatrizatius Cicatrisinge consounding or skin bringing medicynes Cicer. IS a flatuous pulse of greate nurishment mouynge the wombe apte to ingender mylke and to prouoke vrine Menses Called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and is after Dioscorides of .iii. kyndes namelye Satiuum wherof afore Aretinum whose decoction breaketh the stone in the reines which is also of .iii. sortes and Syluestre They are all whotte moderatlye drye and partners of bitternesse Wherby they purge the splene the liuer and the reines They mundifye scabbes and lepryes They also discusse the hardnesse of the stones and Apostemes vnder the eares and doe heale in composition maligne vlcers Thoughe Cicer agreste be so muche the whotter and the dryer then Domestico as it is then it sharper and bitterer Cichorium IT is playne by Dioscorides and others that thys Greke worde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a name common and indifferente bothe to Cichorium whyche is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and to Intubum wyth also al theyr kindes They are cold somwhat bitter and moderatly astringente and therfore moste comodious for the stomache and conueniente in chiefe for the heat of the liuer Beinge eaten wyth vineger they stay the belly Intubum domesticum is colder then Agreste whiche is cold and drye in the seconde degre and bitterer then the tame and is surelye the righte Cichorium and therefore not at eache poynte so commodious to the stomache They are in Cataplasmatibus good medicynes for the gowte of the feete and the inflaminations of the eyes Theyr iuyces cum Cerussa aceto are for all griefes profitable that nede coling And yet that dothe it so moderatly that euen to colde distemperatures it hurteth not Colla de corio LAnfranke meaneth heare by Colla de Corio that glewe that some saythe Dioscorides caule 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
layde to draweth out all prickes or stynges fixed in the flesh taketh away spottes and the wartes called Formicas and Acrochordonas The lyuer of the same put into holowe teethe taketh away their peynes The Lizarde broken and layde to the stroke of a Scorpion easeth the same Lac muliebre MYlke called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whose substance primitiue is bloude is of temperament meane betweene bloud and phlegme consisting of three substances dyuerse and in effectes contrary Namely whayey whiche is colde and moiste and loseth the bely Curdie whiche is tough and byndeth the same and fatty wherof butter is made and vsed sayeth Galen Lib. 3. De alimentis in colde contreis for oyle Of qualities as variable as the bodies are dyuers wherin it is made As cowe mylke is most grosse and fatte whiche healeth the Dysenteria Camels mylke leane and moste liquyde But of all the thynnest and most whayey is asses mylke And therfore to drye affectes is moste conuenient The meane betwene these holdeth goates mylke whiche taken without hony is perylous because if it congeyle in the stomache it suffocateth Galenus De Euchymia Cacochymia Thicker then whiche is shepes mylke c. Mylke generally nurysheth maketh good iuyce purgeth the bely moderatly is profitable for the breste and healeth the vlcers of the lunges but to the head that is not very fyrme it is vnprofitable and the vse therof to the teethe very hurtfull But of all other womans mylke as of the same nature is to vs most famyliar and to phthisick persons an excellent medicine conuenient also for sharpe and bytyng fluxions of the eyes and inflammations of the same and to the vlcers of the panicle Cornea It mitigateth the inflammations of the mouthe throte and Vuula and easeth the squincie and is geuen as a helpe to them that haue taken corrodyng venyms The best mylke is very whyte and without sensible temperament that is hauing no odor or little and the same pleasant but hauing in taste some swetenes lyke holsome bloude As that which is in any wyse thervnto contrari is alwayes euell Lactuca 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of kynde firste double as Lactuca satiua or Hortensis that is gardin letuce And Lactuca syluestris called grene Endyue Of the first there are dyuerse kyndes as there is also of this as Crispa so called of his wryncled or curled leaues Rotunda takyng his name of the rounde leaues and Capitata that is cabbege letuce of his headlike rouÌ„dnes or Cabbeginge Letuce cooleth and moisteth by the testimony of Galen according to the temperament of fountaine water and therfore is commodious to whotte inflammatioÌ„s and Erysipelata of the worste kyndes It cooleth the stomache â–ª and stayeth thyrste and therfore sayeth Galen that he vsed it in his youth to coole with When choler infested his stomache And in age as a helpe against wakfulnes For the seade prouoketh sleape and stayeth Geniturae profluuium The iuice therof neyther resisteth concoction nor â—yndeth the belly But the large drynkyng therof is very dangerous Laudanum LApdanum as we barbarously vse to call it is called of Dioscorides in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Ladanum but more commonly of the Apothecaries Laudanum Galen affirmeth Ladanum to be whotte beyonde the first degree of a subtyle substance and hathe vertue to mollifie resolue moderatly to digeste and concocte harde thynges to amende the deformitie of scarres to disolue the duration of the matrixe and to amende other vices therof It stayeth the faulyng of heare but yet is not able to heale Alopâ—â—ias or Opthalmia which require stronger medicines Being drunke with wyne it stoppeth the belly and prouoketh vryne It is the Gumme of a certeyne shrubbe or bushe called Cistus or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche maister Turner called therfore Cistus ladanifera and is gathered by drawynge ropes or suche like thyngs through the bushes or els as saith Galen from the beardes of gotes which they haue gathered by feding among the same Laurus THe Laurell or Bay tree is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Laurus The leaues wherof doe vehemently heate drye but the beries more vehemently and therfore doe helpe the diseases of the lunges caused of colde and reumatyke matter paynes of the eares also and deafnes The rynde of the roote is neyther so sharpe nor so whotte but more bitter and hath also some adstriction and therfore is with swete wyne profitable to the breste and breaketh the stone The leaues doe sensibly bynde offende the stomache and prouoke vomite Brused and aplyed they helpe the stingyng of waspes or bees And Cum polenta pane asswage inflammations Other kyndes of this there are as Nerium Laurus Alexandrina and Daphnoides whiche we call laurialle but because they are for the more parte rare vnto vs and not seruyng to any thyng wrytten in this boke I here omitte to speake any more of them Lenticula 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Latine Lens Lenticula and in Englyshe Lentilles Is a kynde of pulse whose grayne sayeth Fuchsius is of all other the leaste of temperamente meane betwene whotte and colde but drie in the seconde degree Of substance grosse earthly austere and myghtly adstringeÌ„t Wherfore both their substance and seconde decoction suppresseth the fluxe of the belly and comforteth the stomache though the iuice yet be losing the first decoction doe purge the same It is of lytle iuice and of nurishment grosse and melancholyke to melancholyke persones dangerous and bredeth on them Elephantiasim Cancrum and dulleth the syghte Lepra LEpra sayeth Auicen is as it weare Cancer comâ—tâ—â—is toto corpori that is a Cancer common to al the body wherin he sheweth him him selfe to meane that lothly affecte whiche the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the greatnes of the disease makyng the skinne lose rugged and of diuerse colours lyke the skynne of the Elephante and is of Galen thus described Elephas sayeth he is a melancholicke affecte hauing his beginnyng of melancholicke bloud but in processe of tyme blacke choler superaboundeth that bloud in quantitie and then doth the body stynke and semeth filthie deformed and the fleshe blacke and sometymes is exulcerate Of the same kynde also is Lepra graecorum and commeth of a lyke cause but is more common to the skynne is not alwayes so vniuersall Whiche some of the lykenes and communitie of the one with the other haue called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est scabiem but not without confusion Guido de Cauliaco and others of that age haue rekoned foure kyndes of Lepra for the which resorte to Serpigo Leucophlegmatia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that kynde of the Hydropsie that
to drye vp bruses kepynge therby the places from putrefaction and apostemations The Mirte tree is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Mirtus The frutes or beries wherof doe the Apothecaries calle Myrcillos Nodi NOdus signifieth a knotte and is here to be vnderstanded of certeine kyndes of tumores whiche in roundnes and somtyme hardnes resemble a knotte comming principally of phlegme and are chiefly referred to the three speciall tumores called of Galen 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called of the substances like a whyte potagie confection called Puls fatte or hony conteined in them And somtime the nerues become knotty but that differeth from Nodo sayeth Auicen in that it is not euery waye mobyle or seperable Obtalmia Is shewed at Ophthalmia â–ª Oedema ΟΙδημα is one of the foure chiefe and principall symple tumores agaynst nature softe lose and without payne spryngyng of thynne phlegme or vaporous spirites is the same that in the tyme of Lanfranke as well as before and since was called Vndimia which when it hath adioyned partly therwith any of the other three is called eyther 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Oedema phlegmonosum uel Oedema inflammationis particeps of bloud 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Oedema erysipelatosum aut sacri ignis particeps if choler be his partener or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est oedema induratum siue duritiei particeps when melancholic is adioyned More at Vndimia Oleum OYle which the Grecians cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is the iuice of Olyues named Oliuae whiche are the frutes of the tree Olea in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 coÌ„sisting of .iii. substaÌ„ces as doth mylke as of grosse dregges called Amurca of an aery essence of a whayey substance Oyle is of temperameÌ„t meane as it weare betwene whotte and colde drye and moyste yet doth it rather inclyne to heate and moisture But from this meane may it three wayes varie as firste Omphacinum made of vnripe Oliues is somwhat colde and adstringent as the oyle of through rype olyues whiche they cal Drupas doth moderatly heate and moyste Secondly newe oyle is by comparation colde so swete oyle kept vntyl it be olde is whotte and euaporatyue Thirdly it doth moste aptly or redely receyue the qualities of what so euer by arte 〈…〉 with composed be they whotte or colde c. And therfore sayeth Galen is it worthily accompted the matter of all other medicines It moueth the belly and the reddyshe wheye beyng taken away as by washynge or els howsoeuer the reste is made whyter and without byting The vnctioÌ„s therwith are rather to be vsed to whole bodies theÌ„ vnto plethorikes or to men possessed with rawe humores Olibanum OLibanum sayeth Platearius is whotte and drie in the seconde degree and is none other thyng but Thus. Whiche Galen sayeth dryeth but in the first It is thought of dyuers men not without great reason to bee that rounde whyte droplyke gumme and within fatty whiche Dioscorides preferreth for the beste calleth Thus masculinum and in Greke Stagonias Not farre from this is Lanfranke his mynde who by Cortice olibani meaneth Corticem Thuris optimi Ophthalmia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Lippitudo Is the inflammation of that panicle that couereth all the other panicles partes of the eye called Tunica adnata of Galen Agnata and Coherens and is of twoo sortes Vera comminge of a cause antecedent or interiore as of fulnes in all the body of the influxion of sharpe humores or of grosse and flatulente spirites non uera whiche commeth of a cause procaâ—arctyke or exterior as of a stroke duste smoke c. Suche a difference of Obtalmia for so he calleth it maketh Lanfrancus as thou seest calling it Parua magna or maxima Opium 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est lacrima papaueris whiche is the iuice of Papaueris nigri brought by arte into a masse muste nedes be lyke in temperament to the popye wherof it is made and is sayeth Galen the myghtiest among narcotike medicines and causeth dead sleape but ought rarly in great extremities and then warly to be vsed For it strangleth and vehement paynes are often eased therby beynge vsed alone for some small tyme after the whiche it returneth more violently then before But in euery doubte of this and his vse let maister Turner be to you a sufficient satisfier Opopanax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Succus panace that is the iuice of the herbe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or Panax heracleum for of Panax there are other two kyndes Asclepium Cheironium It is an herbe sayeth Dioscorides growyng in Boeotia and Arcadia with rough her bycoloured leaues liyng on the grounde indented with fyue diuisions muche lyke to fygge leaues a high stalke as hath Ferula whiche is white throughe a certeine mosines and also beset with little leaues hauynge moreouer a toppe lyke dylle a yellowe flowre and a sede feruent and odoriferous with many rootes also springing froÌ„ one beginnyng beyng whyte of heauy sauoure thyck rynded and bytter tasted Opopanax sayeth Galen doth both digeste and mollyfie and therin excelleth Chalbanum It heateth in the thyrde degree and drieth in the seconde as dothe also the rynde of the roote though lesse then the iuice and that without adstringencie and therfore is vsed to stuberne vlcers and as an incarnatiue to broken bones Orificium ORificium is the orifice mouthe or entrance of anye thynge that is holowe Wherfore Orificium sinus uel fistulae is the orifice or entrance of a fistule or holow vlcer c. Orobus SO called of the Apothecaries folowynge the Greeke which is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Latine Eruum is englyshed of D. Turner a bitter fitche who treateth therof at large It is a certein pulse and a foode for his vnpleasantnes meter for bullockes then for men but are vsed in medicines that purge grosse humores from the lunges and the breste The whyte bitter fitches are lesse medicinable then the yelowe or the pale Eruum dryeth in the thyrde degree fully and heateth in the first and farther howe bitter so euer it be in the same measure doth it cutte insonder scowre and open obstructions beynge twyse sodden it loseth his vnsauorines and also his scowring and incisiue power and so dryeth without great bytternesse It is diuretike and copiously taken causeth pyssyng of bloud Dioscorides sayeth that of them by parchyng and gryndinge is made a meale whiche with hony mundifieth vlcers kepyng dyuers angrye sortes of them from crepyng and corrodyng being made into paste with wyne it healeth venemous bytinges and scowreth the skynne of freckles and spottes Ossa combusta OF burned bones thus sayeth Galen They drye and digeste and chiefly as some saye the bones of a man
name suche as the mixture requireth as choler therwith coÌ„current maketh the name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi inflammatio ignis srcrae seu ignitae rubedinis particeps Phlegme coupled therwith nameth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est inflammatio laxa uel Oedmatis particeps But melancholy therwith is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin inflammatio dura siue duritiei consors as of the reste Pili leporis Seyng that heares whose cause efficient as Galen witnesseth is of grosse and slymy superfluities is colder drier then any other parte of the bodie yea then the bones By the mindes of Aristotle CoÌ„stantinus Galenus and Albertus Magnus nedes must the heares of the Hare be moste colde and drie and therfore restraining and bynding whiche is of all other a beaste moste melancholike and timorous For the whiche cause sayeth Galen is he and the Harte indued with swifte bodies Pinguedo PInguedo is with vs the grease or oylye fatte of bodies of men or beastes for the whiche looke more at Adeps Pini Cortex THe rynde of the Pine tree called in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Pinus brused and layde to is profitable by the testimonie of Dioscorides for chafinges and vlcers that are ouer all the body aud also for burnynges cum Manna Spuma argenti Beyng vsed cum Serato myrtino it healeth suche vlcers of delicate persons as refuse sharpnes Brused cum atrimento sutorio it restrayneth crepyng vlcers and in suffitu partus secundas eiicit The leaues of the same brused and applied doe mitigate and represse inflammatioÌ„s They ease with vineger the totheake and a dragme weighte of the same druncke in Mulsa is profitable for me diseased in the liuer The ryndes of the appuls or nuttes of the Pine tree dooe in drinke as doe the leaues Wherfore Lanfrancus by Cortice pini must be vnderstanded to meane the rynde of the tree whose properties doe beste agree with his intente Piper OF the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is of thre kyndes beside Piper siluestre as Longum Album Nigrum Which all sayth Galen doe heate and drye and are vsed as in Diâ—trion peperon to digeste rawe humores and drunke Cum Vino doe helpe the stomache cooled by colde alimentes Black pepper is to be chosen that is neyther sclender rugged nor hauing a grosse rynde whiche twoo notes doe also commende the whyte The long pepper ought to be sound without holes and that neither by brusing nor steping wyl be resolued but will kepe still the nature of pepper And where as the olde wryters ledde thervnto as it should seme rather by heresaye then experience Esteme them al the frutes of one tree gathered at seuerall seasons The opinion of the later wryters for dyuerse considerations thervnto repugning I referre you to Matthiolus and to maister D. Turner his worthy worke wherin he hath not only made hereof out of eche sorte large demonstrations but also moste learnedly hath he explicated manye doubtes whiche vnknowne myghte through ignorance haue wrought many euels as no doubte long tyme here tofore they haue done Pira Of Pira I haue wrytten benethe at Pyrum Pistacia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so named bothe in Greeke and Latine and vulgarly Fistici are the frutes of a tree growyng as sayeth Dioscorides in Syria lyke to Pine nuttes whiche Doctor Turner describeth also at large They are after Galen frendly to the stomache subtill bitteryshe aromatike and somwhat adstryngente And therfore of small nuryshment mete for a sclender diete good to comforte the liuer and to open the obstructions of the same Pisum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sayeth Galen doth in his whole substance resemble the beane if I may so englyshe Faba and are in lyke maner taken They are not so wyndy and doe in al things excelle beanes saue that they haue not so muche stowring power and therfore doe tary longer in the belly But to knowe howe Pisum wherof neyther Dioscorides nor Galen haue made description may be our peason or no haue recourse as before to maister D. Turner For to repete that here whiche an other hathe already so commodiously sayde would but make my booke vnneâ—efully to swelle and with knowne thynges satigate the reader Pix NAmed in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is after Dioscorides of three sortes Liquida Viscosa and Arida Pix liquida sayeth he is gathered out of the fattest portions of the trees Picea and Pinus whiche of some was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latine Teda affirming it to be a vice or Canker of the trees afore saide confoundyng the vanitie of some that haue counted Teda a tree speciall Hereof the beste is sincere lyghte and shining whiche by boylynge waxeth thycke and is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Idest Spissa pix uel Pix bis cocta wherof one parte waxeth clammy and is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi pix Viscosa the other is drye and named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the citie Colophon of Libia or Graecia from whence it was wonte to be brought In Latine Pix Arida and commonly Pix Graeca whiche oughte to bee pure fatte odoriferous resinous of reddyshe coloure and heateth and drieth by the sentence of Galen in the seconde degree but doth more drie then heate The liquid contrarily doth more heate then drie hauynge also subtill partes and therfore helpeth asthmatike persons They haue abstersiue concoctiue and digestiue powre as in taste a lyght sharpnes and bitternes so beyng mixed with wexe they take away leprosy nayles and scoure Lichenas They also beyng put in Cataplasmatis doe concocte harde tumores and to all these is Pix liquida the better and filleth vp the holownes of vlcers but the drye is more apte to glewe together woundes But Peter Martyr in his Decades of the Spanyardes their voyages and gestes in the west Indies sheweth of a harder and stronger kynde of pyche and therfore better for shippes flowyng out of a roche in Hispaniola Whiche or the lyke thynge myght be the cause of the name in that whiche we commonly call stone pyche In the whiche Isle sayeth he there is also pyche made of twoo seuerall trees the one is the Pyne tree commonly knowne the other is called in that countrey language Copeia The leaues wherof is a spanne broade almoste rounde thicker then double parchment merueylous tough and is apte to be wrytten on with wyers of metall or woode and that on both sydes And whyle the leafe is fresh and newe it sheweth the letters whyte vpon grene but when it is olde and drye it becommeth harde and whyte like writing tables of woodde and the letters yelowe for it wyll neuer lose them by washyng or any other wayes saue only by fyre Plaga PLaga is taken as wel for euery vlcer or sore generally but chiefly for suche as hadde their
woundes Which to doe the wylde peares called Pyra syluestria in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because they are moste adstringente are moste mete Quartana febris THe quartane feuer is either interpolate and named Quartana intermittens uel exquisita or continuall therof called Onartana continens or continua The first is ingendred of a melancholike humore putrefied or a splenatyke affecte whose rigor is in the begynning not vehement but lyke the colde that men commonly fele in moste vehement frostes Whiche yet in processe of tyme augmenteth euen to the state with colde so vehement as if the bones would breake but not pungitiue as in the tertian The pulse is slowe and rare The augmentation vigor and mouyng of of heate are contrary to the tertian The humore kyndleth slowly lyke to a stone or other lyke colde and drye thynge whiche is the cause of so muche longer intermission therin then in the Quotidiane Quartana continua whiche is rarly sene is ingendred of melancholy putrefied in the vesselles euen as is Qnotidiana continens or continua caused of phlegme in like maner putrefied wherin they both differ from the lyke named intermittent feuers and in that they are neuer without a feuerous habite vntyl they cease for all though yet they haue some remission betwene euery fitte and therin differ they from the feuers Synochis wherin there is no remission but continuall burnyng Quotidiana febris Quotidiana uera siue exquisita is described in the title Amphemerina febre and Quotidiana continua immediatly aboue at Quartana Rapa RApa or Rapum is of the round forme that the roote â—iath called of the Grekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—uasi bolus rotundus in Englishe a Rape or Turnep and is of temperament whotte in the seconde degree and moyste in the firste and therfore may Lanfranke well place it with his maturatiues The roote of the same sodde doth nuryshe but is harde to coÌ„cocte and ingendreth wynde and sede troubleth the stomache somtyme byteth the same and the more if it be rawe The decoction therof is somtime applyed to the goute The roote rosted vnder ashes cum cerato rosacco is good for vlcerated kybes The tender stalkes eaten doe moue drine The seade is put amonge anodyne medicines and is drunke as a helthfull medicine against venim Condite in brine they nurishe the lesse but increase apetite the more Realgar A Most vehement corrosiue medicine and is made as is sayde In opere pandactarum ex sulphure Calce uiua auripigmento whiche mortifieth fistules corrodeth deplie And is also called Soricoria because it killeth rattes as it doth also the wormes of horses But Brasauolus in examine suo symplicium sayeth that they are deceiued that thinke the true Risagallum for so is it more fitly named a thing artificiall for it is founde sayeth he in the same myne with Auripigmento and is of the same kynde beyng in dede a medicine hurtfull and venemous Regeneratiuae medicinae REgeneratiue medicines are of nature lyke to intarnatiues as in restoring or renewing of flesh bone c. and commeth of Regigno to regender or brede againe Repercussiua medicamina CAlled also Repellentia are after Galen thinges sharp tarte and adstringent hauyng by the same power to put away or driue backe the fluxions of humores and ryseth of Repercutio or Repello to constreygne or dryue backe Resina REsina whiche the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth the oyly teares of trees whiche wyll burne with fyre and easily be commired with oyle and moste hardly with water As Gummi signifieth the watery teares of the same for in the fyre it wyll crackell and wyll in water be easily disolued but not so in oyle Resines doe al heate and drye Wherof Resina terebinthina is of Dioscorides called the beste whiche also Galen approueth begynnyng with Resina lentiscina and geueth to it the firste place saiyng Besyde the litle adstriction that is therin wherby it is so commodious to the weaknes and inflammations of the stomache the liuer and the belly it also dryeth without bytinge for it is verye subtyle without sharpnes Of Terebinthinae resinae he sayeth that it is preferred to the reste hauyng a manifest adstriction but not lyke to mastyke Howe be it it hath adioyned a certeyne bitternes and therfore digesteth more then mastike c. of dyuers other But this worde Resina so written alone is alwayes taken for our common Rosin Resolutiua medicamina MEdicynes resolutyues are called also Discutientia a Discutiendo aut resoluendo That is of discussynge dysoluynge vnlosynge dischargynge or wastynge awaye Restauratio REstauration vnition or reparation is the first and principall intention of the Chirurgien in euery dyuorse of vnitie Rigor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that swifte and frequent motion contrary to Palpitationi whose motion is litle softe rare whiche Galen calleth compounde as of a cause against nature and of a facultie animall as of the vertue expulsiue procurynge a sensible coldnes and an vnequall and inuoluntary mouing of the whole body wherin it differeth from Horore whiche is an vniuersal affecte of the skynne only and from Tremore whiche possesseth somme one member and may by the wil be resisted But that rigor that is wonte to come on sicke persons and called Rigor morbosus is by the opinion of Hippocrates a certeyne peynfull coldnes with an vnequall mouinge or shakyng of all the body This may dyuersly chaunce euen to whole bodyes as of heate or of colde or of a viscouse humore to the first coolyng is a remedy to the second heate to the thirde concoction or euacuation or both Somtyme of the heryng or seyng of horryble and fearfull syghtes or noyses phlegme also bredde without a feuer by idlenes ill order of diete and entryng the bathe after dynner to the olde auncientes vnknowne And though it be euident it to come of a natiue heate yet commeth it also dyuersly as well of colde viscous phlegme as of whotte and sharpe humores and sometyme of a iuyce myxed of heate and colde as in quartanes but in mixed compounde feuers the rigor is neuer vehement It to chaunce to a weake body in a coÌ„tinuall feuer is an euyl signe and also when it wyl not at all or hardly be put away Rosa. IS named in greke of the pleasant sauour therof 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi bene olens is deuyded into kyndes diuers wherof the auncientes haue lefte no memory The powre of roses consisteth sayeth Galen of a whotte a watery substance together And also of two other qualities as bitternes and byndyng The flowerwhereof is more adstringent then it selfe is and therfore desiccatyue Mesues appoynteth them the faculties of coolyng in the first degree and driynge in the seconde The iuyce of Roses sayeth he whiche is seuered from
holownes whiche is taken in vessells and dryde The scāmonie is praised that is light cleare thinne of coloure most lyke to glewe of lether called Glutinum taurnium Like a musherum with fine pores or fistules suche as is brought frō Mysia a region of Asia And trust not it that will only ware white being touched with the tongue for so will that doe that is adulterate with the iuyce of Tithymali wherof the greatest token is that it burneth not the tongue vehemētly as the right Scāmonie doth One drachme of the iuyce drunke ex aqua pura uel muls◠purgeth downwards choler phlegme Mesues writing of fiue kindes of Volubilis or Conuoluulus describeth the fifth kynde therof whiche groweth in Antiochia Armenia Arabia Turchia to haue a roote like to Bryonia or bigger like a great gourde a stalke .ii. cubites lōg with little narowe leaues formed like a fethered arowe and falling of at euery light occasion hauyng more plentie of mylky iuyce then the reste wherof scāmonie is made and therfore is called the mistres of mylke geuing herbes It is hotte and drye in the seconde degree or rather with Galen in the begynning of the thyrde c. In the chapiter of Scammonium he sayeth that Scāmonie is of purgynge medicines the strongest And after he hath shewed diuers maners of gathering driyng workyng it in paste and sealyng it he sayeth that it should be cleare lyke gummes or whityshe or of dyuers colours chiefly that which floweth first The same touched or rubbed with spittell or water geueth mylke It ought also to be tender brittle and easye to be pouldered lyght and referring the propre odoure of the herbe but that good not stynkyng From the which notes howe muche the more it differeth so much the worse it is It may be kept twenty yeares but the older it is the weaker It is hotte and drye in the thyrde degree bytter and sharpe but not so sharpe as the herbe It cutteth scoureth and purgeth yelowe choler by attraction frō out the bloud euen from the extreme partes so muche is his furious vehemencie It hurteth the harte the stomache the liuer and the guttes and troubleth the other bowelles subuerteth the stomache taketh away appetyte moueth abhorfulnes stirreth thyrste and ought not to be geuē to cholerick persons and such as are apte to take feuers When it is taken heate colde colde frutes colde water long sleape exercise wrath and other vehement affections of the mynde ought to be aduoyded and so goeth he forth to the corrections of the same But nowe whether Scammonia Dioscoridis and Volubilis quinta Mesuae be one herbe vnder two names or not whose descriptions though beyng precysely examined they doe not exactly agree yet are they as you see of no small affinitie And may haue the more for that Mesues dispraiseth for nought both the herbe and the iuyce of his coūtry Wherof belyke he made his description or els perhaps of suche a one as he knewe not otherwyse then by reporte of others For so are ryghte well approued authores some tymes founde to doe I leaue it to the wise and learned to discusse rather then rashly to affirme any thyng wherof I haue neyther sensible knowledge nor iust assurance and that the rather because ryght worthy wryters doe leaue it in doubte But that Scammonium Dioscoridis is as vtterly out of vse as vnknowne there is no doubte For we haue none that maye in any wyse bee compared therto for our best may rather be adiudged Scammonium Iudaicum uel Syriacum whiche Dioscorides estemeth moste vile And farther .xv. graynes of the common Scammonium hath ben sene to purge the belly often or with dyuers stooles whiche by the testimonie of Dioscorides a whole drachme shoulde scarsly doe Wherfore Andreas Marinus wysheth vs diligently to serche out and prudently to vse our owne natiue medicines For we haue in our regions sayeth he medicines that if they were ryghtly knowne and prepared would purge muche more luckily then Scammonium or vnknowne Turbith For if the best beare with it so many nociue qualities as aboue is shewed what then doth the worste wherof we haue the vse Whiche truly moued Brasauolus to wyshe that it had neuer come to the handes of men as a thyng more hurtful then profitable Scarificatio SCarificatio uel cutis Sculptura englishly Scarfication is called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hoc est Sculpo Rado uel Scarifico to rase garse or scarifie the skynne Schoenanthum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi Schoeni uel Schini flos It is the floure of the swete rushe called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est iuncus odo ratus This rushe sayeth Dioscorides must be chosen redde and newe bearyng fyne flowres with redde fragmentes whiche beyng rubbed in the hande smelleth lyke the rose and byndeth the tongue with a fyery byting The flowres the stalkes and the rootes wherof are in vse The flowre sayeth Galen which we handle doth heate and bynde moderatly neyther lacketh it a subtill nature and therfore Vrinam menses mouet geuen in drinke or in fomentations and profiteth also the inflammations of the lyuer the stomache and the belly But the roote is more adstringente though the flowre also doe bynde with all his partes and therfore is myxed with medicines that are geuen for spytting of bloud Hitherto Galen And for as muche as these flowres are not now brought vnto vs yea and in Uenice rarely sene wherat our merueile may be the lesse synce Galen noteth thē in his time to be very rare The learned phisitiēs haue therfore councelled to vse The tenderest or vppermost partes of the herbe or rushe But our Apothecaries saye they goynge to Uenise are deceyued in Iunco odorato buye eyther in the steade therof or mixed therwith certeyne tender strigges of Iunci◠palustris that is the marshe rushe or rushe of the fennes It is commonly called Pastum uel palca Camellorum or Camelles strawe Scilla 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 called also of some Scylla Cepe muris Cepa marina of the Apothecaries Squilla in englyshe squille or sea onyon hath sharpe feruent and cutting power and heateth in the second degree It mollifieth the belly moueth vrine is good for the hydropsie for the iaundis for the paynes of the belly and the olde cough Whervnto it helpeth much by the minde of Galen to be rosted or sodde rather then rawe for so is his vehemencie diminished Hereof see more in D. Turners herball Scirrhus ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Id est durities writen of old Sclirosis is as I gat her of Galen in diuers places a tumore against nature and an affecte of harde and thicke partes Whiche yet to take the lyuer the splene are moste readye harde without peyne and sometyme without sense Whos 's fyrste cause sayeth he in his booke of tumores against nature is double as of grosse toughe phlegme and of the
grosser partes then Thure hauing litle sharpnes and therfore is vsed for the griefes of the stomache spitting of bloud fluxe of the belly and Dysenteria Thus mollifieth swageth peyne coÌ„cocteth and bredeth quitture But that in temperate natures for in moyste bodies it ingendreth fleshe It putteth away the dymnesse of syghte purgeth filleth and healeth the vlcers of the eyes and all other hollowe vlcers gâ—ueth bloudy woundes and stayeth all eruptions of bloud Thiria 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a disease of the head and hath sayeth Fuchsius in his first boke De medendis morbis no latin name but is called of the Arabians and barbarous phisiciens Tyria By the whiche worde they vnderstande all serpentes but chiefly the Uiper whiche therfore I thynke to come of this greke worde 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so of that kynde of leprosie whiche is among that sorte called Theriasis as aboue at Serpigo Euen as plantes sayeth Galen are of twoo causes vitiate namely some by the vtter lacke of nuryshyng iuyce dried withered other by the same coÌ„trarie to their own natures are infected so are the heares through the vtter defecte of their slymie nutritiue iuyce and also by the same vitiate corrupted For through the vtter lacke therof commeth Caluities but of the same corrupted riseth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And as in Alopecia the falling of the heare is circulare changing into a golden colour or like the foxe wherof it hath that name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quideÌ„ uulpes est so in Ophiasi that affected parte of the head is pilde after the maner of Serpentes receyuing therof also his name Ophis enim serpens est Tragacantha 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is a bright shyning gumme leane lyght sincere and swetishe whiche runneth out of the roote of a pricky shrubbe called also Tragacantha whose roote is broad wooddy stiffe in the toppe of the turfe From the which doe strong lowe branches spreade very broade wheron do growe many smale thinne leaues hydinge vnder them selues whyte stiffe and streight thornes The gumme whiche we call commonly Dragagantum stoppeth the poores of the skinne as gumme doth whose most vse hath been in medicines for the eies for the cough for horsenes roughnes of the pypes and yawes and other distillations against peyne of the reines and corrosions of the bladder Triticum WHeate called in Greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is after Galen of fyrme nurishment and bredeth a iuyce grosse and tough and therfore is Alica whiche also nurisheth strongly forbidden in them that are apte to breede the stone or to haue obstructions in the liuer exterially vsed it heateth in the first degree but neither can it drie nor moiste manifestly Whatsoeuer is made of Amylum is then it both colder and drier The Cataplasma that is made with bread digesteth more theÌ„ with wheate by reason of the salte and leuen whiche hath power to drawe vp and digeste thinges that lye depe Turbith TVrbith is estemed a barbarous name geueÌ„ to a roote whiche is called Turpetum wherof among all menne there is no small ambiguitie nor a fewe opinions For Syluius and Manardus doe make therof a destinction in .iiii. sortes whiche I thoughte good thus to gather Turbith siue Turpetum The one whiche some call Turbith Dioscoridis Radix pityusae whiche hath the leaues of Pinus Serapionis i. Radix Tripolii Dioscoridis Vulgare i. Radix Tithymali foeminae siue myrtites so called because it hath leaues like to Myrtus Or Radix Alipi after Matthiolus vnder the autorities of Actuarius who calleth it Turpetum album Mesuae Is the roote of an herbe whose leaues are like Ferula wherof thei dare not geue sentence Howbeit Brasauolus iudgeth it the roote of Tithymali myrsâ—â—ites but that would Matthiolus refute who semeth by reasons to proue that Turbith Mesuae Actuarii is none other thynge then the roote of Alipiae And so of our common Turpetum Wherfore knowyng that there are at this daie not a fewe diligent men in this kinde of studie namely in the serching out of suche vnknowne symples the certeintie of thinges so vncerteyne and doubtful least they should wante a iust occasion to examine suche conditions of plantes or rootes as shall in anywyse be lyke to any of these I haue set here for the sakes chiefly of the meanly learned the seuerall descriptions of the kindes of Turbith here meÌ„cioned Namly suche as haue not before in the Englyshe tongue been publyshed For Pytiusa and Tithymalus myrtites are of D. Turner right well described Whiche therfore I touche not Turbith Scrapionis siue Tripolium Graece 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 groweth by the sea sides in places that are by the tydes washed and by the ebbes left againe so that it groweth neither in the sea nor on the drie grounde with a lefe like to Glastum but thicker and a stalke lyke the Date tree deuided in the toppe whose floures as men saye doe thrice in one daye change their colours beynge whyte in the morninge purple at noone and crimson at nyght whose rote is whyte odoriferous and whotte in taste Of the whiche two dragmes drunke in wyne draweth out water and vrine by the belly and is put into medicines that resiste venym 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Alypum or Alypia is a bushie and reddish herbe with sclender stalkes and thinne leaues hauinge a softe thinne flowre and of them plentie a sclender roote lyke the roote of Beta full of sharpe iuyce with seede lyke the sedes of Epithymi whiche purgeth blacke choler if it be taken with an equall portion of Epithymum with salte and vineger but it doth a litle exulcerate the intraelles It groweth in places nighe the sea chiefly and most pleÌ„tifully in Libya though much of it doe also growels where Turbith sayeth Mesues is a mylky herbe hauynge leaues lyke Ferula but lesse wherof there is Hortense and Syluestre of the whiche also some is great and some little whyte also yelowe ashe coloured or blacke Praysinge that whiche is Gummie white empty and like a reede with a plaine and ashy rynde or as it weare baked vnder ashes beyng meanly newe and easy to be broken but that saieth he whiche is not gummie is weake and troubleth the belly dyspraysing also the yelowe and the blacke the grosse and the leane The curled or wrynkled rynded also whiche is as it were sinewy within when it is broken which is the wilde The olde is weake The newe dothe lesse trouble and ouerturne the bowelles Some doe adulterate it by anoynting the rynde outwardly with melted oyle but being broken it is not gummy within And where as the roote of Thapsia is numbered amonge the sortes of Turbith whiche the Apothecaries thinke to be theyrs Andreas Marinus calleth it Turbith apulum affirming it to be that whiche mesues calleth Crassum The fraude wherof beynge at the laste discouered it
therfore iudge the same to haue a certeyne lykenes with the heauenly nature And as the world hath two notable lyghtes to gouerne the same namely the Sonne and the Moone so hath the body of man planred lykewyse in the hyghest place twoo lyghtes called eyes whiche are the lyghtes of the body as the Sonne and the Moone are the lyghtes of the worlde And it is also wrytten of some doctors that the brayne hath .vii. concauites being instrumentes of the wyttes which answere vnto the .vii. spheres of the planetes And to be briefe it is a worlde â—o beholde and a wonderful wonder to thynke that as great merueyles maye bee seene wrought by God in nature in this litle worlde man his body as ther is to be considered in any thyng in the vnyuersall great worlde aboue or benethe at any tyme. Secondly it is called a common weale for as muche as there is therin conseyned as it were a ryghteous regiment betwene a prynce and this subiectes as for example Let vs call the harte of maÌ„ a king the brayne and the lyuer the chiefe gouernours vnder hym the stomache and the guttes with other aperteinyng to nutrymente the officers of his courte and all the members vniuersally his subiectes And then let vs see if any man can deuyse any necessary instrument of a common weale nedefull for the wealth of the same from the hyghest to the lowest that the lyke shall not be founde in the body of man as it is so well knowne to all those that trauel in the knowledge of Anatomie that I nede not here muche therof to wryte Can it be perceyued that the hande or the fote or any part of them or such lyke which we may lyken to the labourers or as some call them vyle meÌ„bers of a common weale at any tyme to resiste or rebel against the harte their soueraigne lorde or any other officer vnder hym their superiors no truly The body of man is a common weale without rebellion the kyng so louyng his subiectes and the subiectes so louyng their kyng that the one is euer redy to mynister vnto the other all thynges nedefull as if the harte by any occasion susteyne damage as we may see in the disease called Sincope or swoundyng At suche a tyme I saye the face the handes and the fete are founde colde and without felynge strengthe or lyfe and what proueth it but that as louynge and obedient subiectes they thynke nothyng theyr own wherof the harte hath nede whiche is their lorde and gouernor yea they vtterly depryue theÌ„ selues of altogether to serue and please theyr lord Immediatly as the swoundyng ceaseth the bloude resorteth to the face she handes and the feete are warme agayne as it were benefites done rendered agayne with thankes and ioye And is not suche a lorde and kyng worthye of good subiectes that for the helpe of one of the leaste of them wyl spend all that he hath so long as lyte endureth as if a meÌ„ber be hurte wherby any veyne or artery is cutte the bloud or spirite will issue in suche wyse that it wyll not cease commyng thyther so longe as any is lette if it be not in tyme preuented Oh kynd and gentyll gouernour oh wel wyllyng and obedient subiectes Thirdly the body of man is called in greeke Anthropos in latin by interpretation Arbor euersa as we myght saye in Englysh a tree turned vpside downe For as a tree hath his roote in the earth growyng with his body and branches from the earth vp towardes the heauens so contrariwyse man hath his roote whiche is the head vpwarde towardes the heauens all other partes descendyng downwards to the earth which standeth by good reason that for this cause man of al otherthinges vnder heauen should be most excellent by the vse of reason receiued of the soule and of the same immortalitie most like vnto god Consideryng therfore that the body of man is so precious it shoulde seme that the science that serueth to kepe the same in healthe or to restore health beyng loste to the same should be a thyng of no smal value but rather of great regarde Therfore as I iudge they erre not that esteme the medicinall arte next vnto diuinitie for as muche as diuynitie is the meane wherby the soule is saued chirurgery the meane to saue the body whiche is next in value vnto the soule Wherfore as they which lytle esteme that arte wherof the office is so precious seme very vnwyse and to wante vtterly the vse of reason so is it a great enormitie for any to enterpryse to vse that arte not able to coÌ„prehende the knowledge of the same For the which cause that I myght partly helpe younge studentes as I am one my selfe to the ataynyng of some perfectioÌ„ I haue here gathered a lytle worke conteynyng three shorte treatyses of the Anatomy or dissection of the partes of man his body Wherin I wyl not he so curious as to take vpon me the precise numberyng of euery smal and difficulte parte nor to be exquisite in the dyuersitie of names but only shewyng suche number and names briefly as serue moste to the commodities of the chyrurgiens intelection with an order of conducible notes howe to vse our handy worke of medicine called in greke Chirurgia vpon the body of man or any parte therof whether it be â—ncisions cauterizations bloudlettyng called phlebotomy or ventosing called also cuppyng or boxyng scarification or openyng of apostemes on what parte of the body so euer it be that none error be committed in the same For of the contrary as of the vncunnyng doynges of any of these commeth dyuers dangers as the depriuation and losse both of members and lyfe And as it may euidently apeare for that cause was the cutting out of dead bodies first put in vse and the large volumes wrytten therof by auncient authors declare their intent to be chiefly for that thing So that as Guido affirmeth Anatomy is .ij. wayes to be learned The first and beste by cuttyng of dead bodyes The seconde by doctrine wrytten in bookes Of this later maner we shall by the grace of God in this short treatyse saye a lytle as occasion serueth and as the smalnes of the volume wyll geue me leaue Beyng therto somwhat encouraged by the example of good maister Uâ—carie late sargeante chyrurgien to the queâ—nes highnes Who was the firste that euer wrote a treatyse of Anatomie in Englyshe to the profite of his brethren chirurgiens and the helpe of younge studentes as farre as I can learne Wherin I haue omytted narracion by tables or payntyng out of pyctures thinkyng it more profitable for learners to exercyse the cuttyng out of bodyes them selues then to beholde the grauyng or paynting of others For Galen sayeth in his seconde boke of the vse of partes that whosoeuer wyll be a dyligent beholder of the workes of nature It behoueth hym not to beleue only bokes of Anatomie but rather his owne
scratch the bodye when it itcheth wherby muche noyous and fylthys humores are the better auoided For the skin wherof we laste spake beynge full of pores or smalle holes ordeyned of nature to expel such moistures and vapores as are noifull to the body hathe often times the saide pores opilated or stopped throughe the which stopping not only itche but diuers other euels happen to the members Wherfore the clawing or scratchinge of the nayles is in suche case vtyle and profitable for as muche as the sayde scratchynge is a meane to open the pores And the heares are also necessary for diuers vses the fyrste is it defendeth the brayne from to muche heate or to muche cold and from other incommodities Also it maketh the figure or forme of the face the more comelye and decentr and by the heare of the face man and womaÌ„ differ much by the colour of the hear we know the complexion of the brain and the other principal members Grosse vapores also and â—umosities in places nedefull are by the heares the more easilye expelled as experience proueth the swette and grosse vapores come soner forth where there is muche heare growynge then where there is lytle heare perceiued or sene Of the difference betwene the symple members and the compounde Cha. xiii IT is mere nowe sythe I haue called these members symple that I shewe wherefore I call them so and to shewe the difference betwene those that are symple and them that are not symple For howe maye they be called symple if there be not also compounde members wherby the symple maye be knowne as eche thynge is knowen by his contrarye I saye that the symple members are two wayes to be knowne from those that are compound by two notable dyfferences Firste a symple member if it he deuided in neuer so manye partes the least parte beareth the name of the whole as thoughe it were the whole thynge As for example the least parte of a bone is called bone the leaste parte of a synewe is synewe and the leaste parte of the fleshe is fleshe and so forthe oâ— all the reaste that are called symple For Totum similare praedicatur de suis partibus For the whyche cause as I sayde in the begynninge they are also called in greke Homocomres in latin Similiaria or coÌ„similaria membra that is to saye lyke for the leaste part is like it selfe in the whole Contrariwise it is nor so of the compound members For if a pece of a hand an arme a legge a foote a face or a heade be seperated from the whole it can not beare the name of the whole thinge from whyche it is separate therfore are they not called CoÌ„similaria as are the symple members but rather Dissimilaria and in Greke Anomocomeres that is to saye vnlyke because a parte of them beinge separated from the whole is not lyke but vnlyke it selfe in the whole for I can not call a pere of a hand a hand nor a pece of a heade a heade c. Secondlye the compounde members are so called because they are composed together of dyuers of those that are called symple As for example my hande is a compounde member for it is composed of bones gristels pannicles ligamentes muscles cortes synewes arteryes veynes fatte and skyn c. Contrariwyse the symple members wherof we haue spoken in all this lytell treatise as a bone a gristle c. are alone symple of them selues wythoute anye other to be named in them And thus haue I proued sufficientlye the difference betwene the symple members and those that are compounde And haue shewed howe that euerye member that is called compounde hathe hys composition of dyuers of them that are called symple Of the difference betwene the Spermatike and the Sanguine members The .xiiii. Chapter ANd nowe also since I haue called some of those symple members spermatike and other some sanguyne I thincke it good also that I shewe you howe I vnderstande for what cause they are so called I saye therfore that spermatike members are so called because they haue theyr bredynge and beginning of spermatike matter And are once ingendred and made by the sperme or seede of the parentes and neuer after For the which cause we saye in chirurgerye that spermatike members neuer receyue true regeneration nor true consolidation when anye solution of continuitye as a wounde vlcer Fistule c. happeneth in them But are fayne an other way to be holpen through the greate prouidence of nature whyche as I sayde before leaueth nothynge destitute of succoure in necessitye for a certeyne substance resemblynge fleshe called therfore Poros Sarcodes or as Lanfranke termeth it Caro Poroides is gathered together fulfyllinge the place and seruinge in the stede of that whiche was loste or separate And this is the helpe of spermatike members whiche of complexion are cold and drye wantinge all other matter of perfection wherby they myghte be truelye consolidate or regenerate But contrariwise the Sanguine members so named because their bredynge and beginning is of bloude called in Greke Haema and Phlegmos are daily regenerate and made in the bodye Because their sayde firste matter whych is bloude is euermore renewed and made agayn in the body So that when suche solution of continuitye as is sayde before happeneth in them there is made againe perfecte restauration or true consolidation For bloude theyâ— verye substance and fyrste matter is euer redye at hande to make perfecte agayne the same thynge so wasted or separated And truelye thys seemeth to me a necessarye thinge for the chirurgien to knew that when he seeth a wounde or anye disease in the members that maketh solution of vnitye that is to say that separateth that whyche before was whole and grewe together he maye Prognosticate and iudge truelye whether there maye be made true consolidation or not For suche true and certeine Prognostication bringeth the Chirurgien to estimation and worshippe And thus I vnderstande the difference betwene the spermatike and the Sanguine members and what vtilitye it bringeth to the Chirurgien to haue the true knowledge of them The Conclusion PEraduenture it will nowe be thoughte meete that I shoulde have defined what a member is For why shoulde suche wordes be multiplyed wythout perfecte knowledge vppon what grounde they are spoken I saye therfore by the authoritye of Galen in the firste boke of the vse of partes A member is a body that is not wholy separate nor wholye conioyned to an other And after Auicenn in the plurall number Members are bodies that are ingendred of the firste commixtion of humores And finallye I fynde â–ª that in the Anatomye there ought .ix. thynges to be soughte for the furtherance of knowledge that is to wite the composition the complexion the substance the quantitye the number the figure the operatioÌ„ the vtility or vse of members and what diseases maye
woorke in the bones as apperteyneth to the Fleshe and in the Fleshe as apperteineth to the bones Who can doubte but that of necessitye I muste make a greate confusion and thys as it semeth to me maketh a sufficient profe that it is necessary in members to knowe their substance Of the quantitye of members The .iiii. Chapiter FOurthlye the quantity is nedefulle to be consydered in members That is to saye muche or little greate or smalle for howe can we exactlye knowe anye veyne arterye or synewe c of other members in the bodye â—s if we shall vse Phlebotomye or anye other handye woorke in the bodye if we lacke this principall consideration of quantitye For euerye veine is knowne and named muche what by his quantitye in respecte of others And as thysis an easye thynge to doe in conspicuous large and greate veines so is it a thynge of more cunninge and difficultye to take a veine that is tender smalle and obscure And also in the aforsayde worke and all other operations of Chirurgery the consyderation of quantity shall muche farther knowledge in auoidynge of daungers For if we knowe what quantity euery member beareth in his place by mesuring and consideringe the quantitye we shall auoid the more easely all dangers that maye hurte or offend them And euery member beareth quantitye according to the place For al veines arteries synewes muscles bear diuers quantities according to their diuers places as veines and arteries at their first beginning of theyr procedinges from their originalle places are great and waxe euer smaller as they approche to the extreme partes The bones also throughe the wonderful prouidence of nature are muche or lyttle in quantitye accordynge to the necessytyes of the places where they are For where the members be greate and muche nourishmente required there are the veynes also greate to supplye and serue that nede And where there is muche nede of lyuelye spirite there be greate arteries Where muche neade of mouynge is greate sinewes and Chordes and where greate neade of strengthe is there are great bones as in other places that are lesse lesse members serue in euerye degre And thys is the mesuringe of quantitye throughe out all the whole bodye euen as necessitye requireth The quantitye of eche member particularlye is to be shewed when they be particularlye treated oâ— as I haue done sufficientlye of the symple meÌ„bers in my first treatise But note that there is an other consideration of quantitye of members for diuers members haue diuers quantities in muche or lyttle accordyng to the complexions of the body For the phâ—egmatike haue muche fatte and the cholâ—rickâ— little fat or none The Sanguine haue muche flesh and the melancholike haue verye little fleshe And that it is necessarye for the chirurgien to knowe these thynges no resonable man doubteth as I thinke Of number in members to be obserued The fyfthe Chapiter FIftlye the number of all sortes of members are to be hadde in minde as I sayde in my first treatise of the number bothe of the veines and sinewes and also of the bones and muscles For as it was exactlye consydered of auncient authors what quantity members were of so is it noted what number there be of them For as it is a wonderfull plesante consyderation of natures workes so is it muche commodious in the handye woorke Chirurgerye to vnderstande howe number and store of euery sorte of members is geuen to eache parte of the bodye to serue turne accordinge to nede Who can but wonder at natures prouidence whye saye I not rather the God of nature to ordeyne the order of number so wel in the bodye of man There bene ordeined two eares that if one be interrupted of hys offyce by any meane or chaunce the other may serue the office of hearinge Like wise there are two eyes that if one be hurte the other maye serue that the body be not left wythout that helpe Haue we not also two legges and two armes for like consideration so are there also payers of synewes going forthe through all the body bothe sensityue and motyue That by the reason of store when hurt happeneth to one the other maye serue Whiche is necessary for the Chirurgien to consider that he maye Prognosticate in euerye wounde the danger that muste of necessity folowe For if he knowe the number of sinewes and how many of that number are offended he maye easilye iudge bothe the qualitye and quantitye of the offence and also what defecte may therof ensus And likewise is to be vnderstanded of the number of veines arteries and all other members Of Figure to be considered in members The .vi. Chapiter SIxtlye the figure forme or proportion of euery meÌ„ber is much to be regarded For there was no member formed in the body wythout a special cause why the same fygure or proportion was geuen to it The bones of the heade are knytte together wyth the comissures or seames makinge by that ioyning a rounde shape or figure For as the Philosopher sayeth that forme of all other is most certain from danger and harme For all stripes and all chances that happen to a round proportion are forced to slippe slide or glaunce but on all playne and flatte formes the force or violence of all hurtes tarye staye and pearce to the greater detrymente of the partes so hurte or striken Therfore it is ordeined as I sayde in my firste treatyse that all bones that are sette to defende from hurtes the principalle members haue theyr figure or forme for that vse moste coÌ„ueniente and sure that is to saye rounde For as well the bowt forme of the ribbes in their knittying together make a rounde figure for the surer defence of the hearte and the members wythin the brest as the bones of the head for the defence of the brayne The veynes are formed rounde and holowe to carye the bloude throughe the bodye as water pypes carye water from the conduict head to serue a whole citye The arteries haue like proportion to carye lykewise the liuelye spirite whereby all the members of the bodye liue The muscles or braunes are formed lyke a mouse as I sayde in my firste treatise bigge in the middest and smallest alwayes towardes the endes that the bodye in no place lacke a comely figure The brawnes of the armes the caulfe of the legge the fyllets of the backe the comelye fygure of the face and all the other partes are made in suche comely decente and beautifull forme throughe the variable figures of the muscles The ligamentes are made in the forme of bandes to binde the ioynctes together And to conclude brieflye eche thinge in the world as well as the body of man is of smal regarde if it lacke the decente fygure or proportion that it oughte to haue And finally no chirurgien can worke assuredly or cunningly in the body of man if he knowe not the figure of
passeth by the yarde and afterwardes the nauell hathe no office that we reade of in Anatomye Nexte vnder the skin of the belly is ordeined fatnesse and also vnder that fatnesse viii muscles whych accorde to the necessitye of that place the makynge and office wherof we wil anon declare And note that all this whole substance of muscles fatnesse and the skin together vpon the regyon of the bellye is called of the Arabians Myrach of the Grekes Epigastrion and of the Latines Abdomen de Abdendo that is of coueringe because it couereth and closelye hideth all the entraels Wherin by the waye their errore is to be noted that take Myrach to be a symple and particulare pannicle wheras in dede noe suche pannicle as they imagine can be founde by Anatomye And farther Galen councelleth that in all woundes of the bellye wherin Siphach is cutte that in stitchinge of the wounde we shoulde sewe or take holde in the stitchynge of Syphach wyth Myrach whiche councell can stande wyth no reason if Myrach be anye other wyse to be vnderstanded then as I haue sayde before And vnderâ—â—â—ese muscles in the forepart is ordeyned an other skyn or paÌ„nycle vnder the whych is the calle which is called in Greke Epiploon in latine Omentum or barbarouslye zirbus adipinus and also the guttes vnto the testycles coddes And this pannicle or skin is called Siphach or Peritonaeum of the breakinge of which Siphac it happeneth that zirbus and the guttes fall out into the codde But sometyme of the sayde goynge oute of zirbus and the guttes there falleth onlye a swellynge in the flanke and then may the chirurgien knowe that the rupture or breakinge of Siphac is not great Which may lightly be holpen wyth emplasters conuenyente and restynge by lyinge vpon the backe wyth vnder shorynge and proppyng of the body as for that cause and place shall seme conuenyente And vnder this Siphac is ordeyned the bones of the share called Ossa pectinis or Coxendices whyche bones are made after the forme of a halfe circle or compasse sauynge in the vpper parte towarde the nauell they haue some going out And in the share the endes of them are bound and knytte wyth the hanche and there they become sundrye that they maye susteyne those partes wyth their hardnesse The. ii Chapiter ⧠Of the yarde and the coddes and of the matrix VNder or betwene the lower partes of these bones is placed the yarde or instrument of generation which the grecians call Caulon the latines Caulem Virgam penem and consysteth in substance partlye of ligamentes namely ii and they holowe eche waye as it were all one thinge suche as else where are not founde These being replete wyth spirites doe erecte the yarde wyth the helpe of two muscles lyinge to the sides of the same Partlye of notable veynes and arteryes commynge from the greate vesselles aboute Os amplum and of synewes that sprynge from the common stocke of suche as descend to the mouing of the inferior partes The head or extreme ende wherof is thoughte to be pure and symple fleshe and is called in greke Balams in latine Glans beinge couered wyth a double skin named Posthe Praeputium To the end that the sayd fleshye heade maye be preserued from hurte and also that by rubbynge vp and downe or forewarde and backward of the skin vpon the heade of the yarde there be prouoked and styrred the greater and more aboundante appetite in the acte of generation And that by suche rubbynge and mouynge of the skyn vppon the heade of the yarde the seede by the swellynge of the same maye be the more aptlye and better cast out into the vesselles of generation in women in tyme of the sayde acte Farthermore from the Syphach goe downe two pipes the lower partes wherof be made and becommeth there a double bagged pannicle or skin in the codde conteyninge the stones and is therfore called Didymos Whych stones or testicies called in Greeke Orchees in Latine Testes are of substance saythe Galen holowe lose fleshy and softe Whos 's firste coueryng is white and bloudlesse called Dartos Under the whyche as some wryte is an other tender whyte tunicle or couering whiche they call Erythroeida Whervnto belonge sundry vessels of substance for the most parte harde thicke and stronge As some to bring bloude and spirit from Venacaua Arteria maxima to the testicles and called therfore Vasa semen adferentia and also Praeparantia because they doe not a little alter suche bloude as they brynge and prepare the same But yet worke they it not to perfectyon for so shoulde the testicles be depriued of theyr office of in genderinge sperme for the whiche errore Galen reproueth Aristotle Whiche vesselles as they enter the substance of the stones doe passe throughe a manifest glandule cleuing to the vpper parte of eche stone whyche helpeth muche the preparatiue facultye and is called Epididymis and of some also Didymos Other vesselles also there are to the stones belongynge called Vasasemen deferentia or rather Eiaculatoria that carry the sede nowe labored to the yarde and there and thence throughe the vrine passage out of the same c. Leaste anye man shoulde iudge two passages to belonge to the same one for sperme and an other for vrine Yet are there notwithstandyng two holowe ligamentes and they not with oute deuisyons whyche by receiuinge spirite into them selues doe erecte the yarde as before Ouer those pipes or conduictes comminge from Peritonio and also the stones is appoynted the vttermoste skyn or purse of the testicles called in Greeke Oscheon in Latyne Mentula Scrotum And in women in steade of the yarde is the necke of the Matrix called Ceruig Vteri whose porte or entrance is called Vulua Whyche is made of a stretchyng synewye substance That it maye conuententlye stretche in the tyme of childe bearinge as nede requireth And it hathe inwardlye therewyth as a manne hathe outwardlye two testicles or stones Neuerthelesse they be smaller flatte and rounde in forme of an Almonde and the necke of it in comparison to the testicles or coddes is of the forme and shape of a mannes yarde as it were turned inwarde And the heade of thys necke in the tyme of castynge forthe of the seede toucheth theese testicles moueth them to cast forth theyr seede the better into the holownesse of the matrix And next after this necke inwardly is the matrix it selfe or the wombe called in greke Metra and in Latine Vterus whyche is the fielde of generation of mankinde and is placed betwene the gutte Longaon and the bladder and is much lyke the bladder in forme and inwardlye as some will lyke a paynted hearte Of compounde substance as sinewye veinye and of arteries The rest of the makynge wyth the offices and propreties wherof as in Coitu and conception
and the hele are planted in them And they are called the .ii. focils of the legges that is to say the greater focill and the lesse The biggest is that which is vppermoste on the shin called in greke Perone and in latine Sura Focile maius And the least is that which they commoÌ„ly call the splint bone in the calfe of the legge called in Greke Cneme and in latine Tibia Focile minus And in the lower endes these ii bones haue .ii. additioÌ„s called Malleoli whyche are the ancle bones vnto whyche is knytte nexte forwarde vnder them a bone called in greke Astragalos and in latine Talus Nerte vnto these behynde is ioyned the hele bone called of the Grecians Pternan of the latines Os Calcis or Calcaneum Then nexte before is the insteppe bone called of hys forme the shiplike bone therefore in greke Scaphoeides and in latine Nauiforme Then followe the .iiii. bones called Rasseta pedis and with theÌ„ together Tarsus Of the which one in the innersyde of the fote is called in greke Cyboeides in latine Cubiforme and in Englyshe the cube bone or the dye bone because it is euerye waye square lyke a cube or dye and the other .iii. are called Chalcoidea Unto this Rasseta are immediatlye ioyned the .v. bones of the plante of the foote called in Greke Pedion in latine Pecten or Planta pedis whiche answereth nighlye to that parte of the hande called Metacarpium Immediatlye vnto theese endlonge ioyne the bones of the two toes as in the hande of the fingers called therfore Digiti pedis whych are .xiiii. in number for in euery toe of the foote are .iii. bones saue onlye in the greate toe in the whiche is but .ii. bones because that toe nedeth no greate mouynge neither is it necessarye to hys forme and shape And thus it apeareth that in the legge and foote from the hyp to the toes are conteined .xxxi. bones The .iii. Chapiter ⧠Of the synewes veynes arteryes and muscles of the whâ—le leg of theyr beginninges procedynges formes and offyces and howe incisyon or other lyke handye worke ought there to be done wyth also the veynes of section for Phlebotomye FRom the holes of the .v. spondilles of the reynes and from the holes of the last bone of the ridge as Galen saythe in the .xiii and .xvi. boke of the vse of partes Come synewes whyche procede by the hynder parte of the hanches or hippes after the lengthe therof and these synewes geue vnto these places feling mouyng wilful stirring They are there also medled with flesh making muscles wherby not only those meÌ„bers are seuerallye moued but also such formes fashioÌ„s as they haue are thereby so institute and made For from the endes of the muscles thus made procede chordes whiche moue the nether and the vpper end and especially the knee the shin the legges And there appere vnder the knees or hammes .ii great chordes the which moue draw the legge bothe in and oute and all these synewes muscles bondes and tendones of the thigh and legge procede longwise After the lengthe of those meÌ„bers there come also braÌ„ches from the sayd sinewes which come from the holes of the spondilles of the reines into the greate and small muscles of the legges From the nether endes wherof come the mouynges of the fete and the meÌ„bers therof as the hele and the toes c. And from the sydes of the knee and also from the bone called Patella genu in the calfe of the legge procedeth a certen knitlynge together of synewes and muscles which are noble and delicate Of the woundinge and prickinge of whyche procedeth greate payne accidens and disease vnto the rootes of them in suche maner that oftentimes the chirurgien can by no wisedome cunnyng brynge remedy to the patient or saue hym froÌ„ death wherfor the wounds of those places are dangerons and dredfull and many times vncurable as some authores haue wrytten And from the greate holowe veyne called Vena Coele or Vena Caua whyche hathe hys begynninge in the liuer as as it was aforesayde and from the greate arterye whyche commeth from the ryghte eare of the hearte as it was also sayde From this veine and arterye I saye commeth branches of veines and arteries downe to the gryndes or shares from whence they procede branchinge downe with the synewes and muscles of the thighes legges and feete and procede still after the lengthe as doe the synewes and muscles euen vnto the endes of the toes geuing nourishmeÌ„t and life vnto those meÌ„bers And of these together is made and wouen the vttermoste sensible skyn of those partes And therfore it manifestlye appeareth how the openinges of apostemes oughte to be done in these places That is to say in the thyghes the legges and the feete that the cuttinges and cauterizations ought to be done according to the length of the spondilles and of the bodye And from the greate branches of Vena concaua that come into eche thighe there are certain branches procedinge the which are veines necessary to Phlebotomy for diuers causes as in phisike also in chirurgery it is to be red wherof the first appeareth in the hamme called Vena popletica The second in the inside of the ancle called Saphena and of some Malleolaris The third in the outsyde of the ancle called Ischiatica The fourth is betwene the litle toe and the next adiacent called Renalis And this semeth sufficient in respect of the rest of the worke to be spoken of the veines of the legges and fete namely suche as serue to Phlebotomye THE SIXTE PARTE VVHICH brieflie in one Chapiter sheweth the names as well in Latine as in Englishe of all the exterior or outwarde partes of man his body from the heade to the feete FIrste the crowne or vpper parte of the heade where the heare groweth or turneth euerye waye is called in latine Vertex the fore parte wherof is called Sinciput and the hinder parte Câ—ciput Then the face whiche is called in Latine Facies the vpper parte wherof whyche we call in Englishe the forhead is called in Latine Frons the browes of the eyes are called Supercilia the eye lyddes Palpebrae the corners of the eyes Anguli Oculorum and the eyes Oculi The nose is called in latine Nasus the cheekes Genae the nosethrilles Nares the lippes Labra the mouthe Os the tunge Lingua and the rouffe of the mouthe Palatum the iawes are called Maxillae as the vpper iawe Maxilla superior and the nather iawe Maxilla inferior Dentes the teethe and the chynne Mentum The partes aboue the eyes and eares whiche we call in Englysh the temples are called in latine Tempora the eares are called Aures the heare Capilli and Barba the bearde The parte of the necke behynde reachinge from the nodle to the nether spondill
or turnynge ioynte of the necke is called in latine Ceruix and the foreparte of the necke whych reacheth from the face to the beginnyng of the breast or canell bones is called Collum the throte is called Gula the shoulders are called Humeri the vpper parte of the shoulder is lugulum and the shoulder blades Scapulae The vpper parte of the arme continuinge the lengthe of the adiutorye bone from the shoulder to the elbow is called Brachlum the boughte of the arme Gibber the elbowe Cubitus â–ª The part betwene the elbow the wrest which we call in English the cubite is called in latine Vlna the wrest Carpus the hands Martus the palme of the hand Palma the thumbe is called in latine Pollex the forefinger Index the middle finger Medius the ring fynger whych is also called the wedding finger is called Medicus the litle finger or ear fiÌ„ger is called â—uricularis The arme holes are called in latine Axillae the breast Pectus the sides Latera the pappes or dugges MaÌ„mae the nepples or tetes Papillae the back Dorsum the nether parts wher of next vnto the hippes are called in latine Lumbi in greke Lagone in Englishe the loynes The bellye is called Venter the nether parte thereof Imus Venter the nauell Vmbilicus and the side betwene the bellye and the back vnder the ribbes is called Hypochondria which we may call in Englishe the waste The grinde or share is called Pubes betwene the whyche are sette the priuye members vnder the bothome of the bely whiche some call the genitales wherof that part which we call the yarde is called in latine Virga â–ª or Caulis the fleshye head wherof is called Glans and the skin couerynge the same Praeputium the coddes or balock purs Scrotum and the stones Testiculi The buttockes are called Nates the fundament Anus the hippes Coxendices the thighe Femur the knee Genu the hammes Poplites the shinnes Tibiae and the caulfe of the legge Sura Then folowe the feete whyche are set vnder the legges as the handes are vnder the armes and they are called in latine Pedes the sides wherof which we call in English ancles are called in latine Malleoli and the hinder part whych we cal the hele is named Calx or Calcaneus The holow of the foote is called Planta the treading place is named VestigiuÌ„ then procede there forth the toes as in the handes there do fingers which bothe are called in latine Digiti the toes being called Digiti Pedis And as wel on the toes as on the fingers are nailes growing which are called in latin Vngues Thus to the honor and glory of God that so wonderfully hath wroughte in natnre I haue shewed suche thinges as in the bodye of man is to be considered in order of Anatomye as farre as my simple knowledge was then able to collecte partly as I haue obserued by experience and partly as I could gather of good authores euen suche auncient wryters as in this worke I haue by occasion aleaged and also some newe wryters of Anatomy of oure time as Vesalius Carolus Stephanus c. as wel of the inwarde as of the outwarde partes that yong studentes maye haue therof some profite as I my self haue learned and profited in gathering of the same Desiering all those to whoÌ„e any thing herein wrytten shall seme vnperfect grosse or vntrue that of their gentlenesse they wil bestowe their laboure and sette forthe the frutes of their good and laudable studies in amendyng that to them shal seme amysse euen as I haue bene to shew my good wil in doing of this briefe and symple thyng and wil also be most glad at their handes to receaue wyth condinge thankes and laud suche learning as may amend my fault or redresse mine error that the truthe maye also in these thinges be published to the contentation of all geÌ„tle wel willing mindes wherat some mighte seme astoned through the variety of opinion in wryters whych neuerthelesse shot al at one marke for the most part and vtter their seÌ„tences the seme so variable to one end purpose if they be in differentlye wayed and vnderstande though yet euery one sawe not all no not the moste autentike That is to saye that by the knowledge of the situation of all members in the bodye there maye be a safe and cunning workynge in Chirurgery vpon the bodye of man to auoyde error and offence For the whyche cause I haue in thys worke rather vsed that order then to be precise in numbers or curiouse in names The Conclusyon of the whole worke NOw to conclude this general and third treatise and so of thys whole worke confessynge mine imbesility and want of perfection thus muche I saye that the bodye of man wherof we haue brieflye treated is as all other creatures are made and compacte of the foure Elementes That is to saye Fyre Aire Water and Earthe As their verye properties maye be perceiued in the foure humores in manne namelye bloude Phlegme Choler and melancholye For the whyche cause the sayde .iiii. humores are called of the learned sort the sonnes of elementes For as the fire is hot and drye so is choler and as the ayre is hotte and moyste so is bloude as the water is colde and moyste so is Phlegme and as the earthe is colde and drye so is melancholye And of those foure humores are the foure complexions named as Sanguine Cholericke Phlegmatike and Melancholike Yet not wythstanding we call no man so because he is made of one onlye elemente or that he is indued wyth one onlye humore But contrarye as I sayde before euerye person is made of foure elementes and hathe in hym foure humores but not euerye man in a lyke temperature And that is the cause that one man is named of one humore and an other of an other As when bloude excedeth or surmounteth in anye bodye the rest of the humores that person is called a Sanguine man not because he is all of bloude but because bloude beareth in the bodye moste domination And so likewyse it is to be vnderstand of all the other three to be called of choler cholerike of Phlegme Phlegmatike of Melancholye Melancholike And also I vnderstande that in the complexions is a deuision of nyne temperamentes of the whyche fyrste there be .iiii. symple That is to saye hotte colde drye and moyste whereof there are two actiues that is to say workers and the other two bene passiues that is to saye sufferers And brieflye to saye hotnesse and coldnesse be actiues drinesse and moystnesse be passiues And by the combination or bindinge together of two of the aforesayde foure the one alwayes beinge actiue the other passiue are the other foure made that is to saye the compounde complexions as hot and moyste colde and moyste hotte and drye colde and dry The ninthe whyche differeth from all these is the verye true temperamente