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such_o cause_n be_v sometime_o principal_a as_o virtue_n be_v a_o principal_a cause_n of_o bless_a life_n and_o sometime_o not_o principal_a as_o the_o gift_n of_o the_o body_n and_o of_o fortune_n be_v helper_n to_o the_o happy_a life_n but_o not_o principal_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v of_o necessity_n without_o which_o the_o thing_n can_v be_v make_v as_o the_o instrument_n or_o matter_n and_o some_o be_v say_v not_o to_o be_v of_o necessity_n as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o speak_n of_o truth_n cause_v hatred_n and_o yet_o not_o of_o necessity_n also_o of_o cause_n efficient_a some_o be_v universal_a and_o some_o particular_a as_o the_o eclipse_n or_o evil_a conjunction_n of_o certain_a planet_n be_v the_o universal_a cause_n of_o pestilence_n but_o the_o corruption_n of_o humour_n in_o man_n body_n be_v the_o particular_a cause_n thereof_o again_o of_o cause_n some_o be_v call_v of_o the_o latin_n propinquae_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o unto_o the_o 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sun_n be_v not_o up_o when_o troy_n be_v destroy_v ergo_fw-la troy_n be_v not_o destroy_v in_o the_o day_n time_n but_o from_o the_o efficient_a not_o necessary_a you_o can_v reason_v but_o only_o affirmative_o thus_o he_o be_v slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v dead_a but_o you_o can_v say_v he_o be_v not_o slay_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o dead_a what_o be_v the_o maxim_n of_o this_o place_n the_o necessary_a cause_n efficient_a not_o let_v the_o effect_n must_v needs_o follow_v as_o if_o he_o have_v drunken_a poison_n he_o must_v needs_o die_v but_o if_o such_o cause_n fail_v the_o effect_n also_o must_v needs_o fail_v as_o the_o sun_n be_v not_o up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v not_o day_n he_o never_o study_v ergo_fw-la he_o be_v not_o learned_a to_o which_o place_n may_v be_v refer_v the_o place_n of_o occasion_n instrument_n mean_v and_o generation_n how_o may_v we_o reason_n
not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n for_o the_o mayor_n of_o this_o syllogism_n may_v be_v prove_v by_o a_o former_a and_o more_o know_a proposition_n for_o that_o which_o be_v more_o general_a be_v more_o know_v then_o that_o which_o be_v less_o general_a as_o thus_o every_o live_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v a_o live_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a again_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v unperfect_a when_o we_o proceed_v from_o the_o effect_n to_o the_o cause_n as_o when_o we_o say_v it_o be_v day_n ergo_fw-la the_o sun_n be_v up_o but_o that_o demonstration_n which_o proceed_v from_o the_o cause_n to_o the_o effect_n be_v the_o more_o worthy_a because_o we_o use_v therein_o discourse_n of_o reason_n and_o understanding_n and_o in_o the_o other_o we_o only_o judge_v by_o the_o outward_a sense_n whereof_o spring_v two_o principal_a kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v compendious_a or_o short_a order_n or_o way_n of_o teach_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o science_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v call_v composition_n proceed_v forward_o from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o last_o and_o the_o other_o be_v call_v resolution_n proceed_v backward_o from_o the_o last_o to_o the_o first_o as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o in_o the_o 〈◊〉_d method_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 5._o chap._n xx._n of_o science_n opinion_n ignorance_n wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o sciencial_a question_n what_o other_o thing_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v treat_v of_o by_o the_o schoolman_n in_o demonstration_n diverse_a thing_n as_o what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n also_o they_o treat_v of_o the_o diverse_a kind_n of_o ignorance_n of_o prompt_a wit_n and_o of_o the_o four_o scienciall_a question_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o science_n and_o opinion_n science_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o be_v that_o which_o consist_v of_o necessary_a certain_a and_o infallible_a proposition_n and_o of_o such_o thing_n as_o can_v be_v otherwise_o opinion_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o thing_n casual_a which_o may_v be_v sometime_o false_a and_o sometime_o true_a how_o many_o kind_n of_o ignorance_n do_v the_o schoolman_n make_v two_o that_o be_v to_o say_v absolute_a which_o of_o the_o schoolman_n be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la negationis_fw-la and_o ignorance_n by_o false_a conception_n which_o they_o call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la the_o first_o be_v when_o we_o utter_o deny_v to_o have_v any_o knowledge_n of_o a_o thing_n at_o all_o the_o other_o be_v when_o we_o think_v to_o know_v that_o which_o we_o know_v not_o be_v deceive_v by_o some_o false_a persuasion_n whereunto_o we_o be_v affect_v whereof_o it_o be_v call_v ignorantia_fw-la affectionis_fw-la how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v prompt_a wit_n call_v of_o the_o latin_n solertia_fw-la he_o define_v it_o to_o be_v a_o promptness_n or_o readiness_n in_o quick_o find_v out_o the_o proof_n or_o cause_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o question_n without_o any_o study_n which_o be_v the_o four_o sciential_a question_n these_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v how_o it_o be_v and_o wherefore_o it_o be_v whereof_o the_o first_o enquire_v of_o the_o subject_n whether_o it_o be_v the_o second_o of_o the_o predicate_v as_o what_o it_o be_v the_o three_o how_o it_o be_v that_o be_v to_o say_v how_o the_o predicate_a be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o four_o ask_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a now_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a or_o probable_a chap._n xxi_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a what_o be_v a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o probable_a and_o credible_a proposition_n what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a thing_n probable_a according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v these_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o man_n or_o to_o all_o wise_a man_n or_o to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o wise_a man_n or_o else_o to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o thing_n probable_a may_v be_v say_v five_o manner_n of_o way_n show_v how_o first_o those_o thing_n be_v probable_a which_o unto_o all_o man_n aswell_o learned_a as_o unlearned_a be_v in_o their_o right_a wit_n do_v seem_v to_o be_v true_a as_o these_o every_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n we_o love_v they_o that_o love_v we_o we_o must_v do_v good_a to_o they_o that_o do_v good_a to_o us._n second_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o most_o man_n as_o these_o it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o communality_n to_o be_v rule_v by_o one_o prince_n then_o by_o many_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o serve_v many_o master_n at_o once_o three_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o all_o wise_a man_n as_o these_o what_o thing_n soever_o be_v honest_a the_o same_o be_v also_o profitable_a virtue_n be_v better_a than_o riches_n four_o those_o that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o part_n of_o the_o wise_a and_o learned_a as_o thus_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n be_v immortal_a the_o sun_n be_v great_a than_o the_o earth_n five_o those_o thing_n that_o seem_v true_a to_o the_o most_o approve_a wise_a man_n as_o these_o the_o world_n have_v a_o beginning_n it_o be_v better_a for_o a_o prince_n to_o be_v love_v then_o fear_v of_o his_o subject_n and_o general_o under_o thing_n probable_a be_v contain_v all_o true_a proposition_n that_o be_v casual_a and_o not_o imply_v any_o necessity_n i_o say_v here_o true_a proposition_n to_o exclude_v false_a proposition_n whereof_o sophistical_a syllogism_n be_v make_v and_o not_o those_o which_o we_o call_v probable_a or_o logical_a syllogism_n and_o yet_o such_o proposition_n be_v not_o so_o true_a in_o deed_n as_o those_o that_o be_v require_v in_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a but_o only_o do_v seem_v true_a engender_v a_o certain_a opinion_n in_o man_n mind_n doubt_v notwithstanding_o the_o contrary_a for_o it_o breed_v not_o a_o perfect_a knowledge_n as_o science_n do_v whereby_o the_o mind_n be_v of_o all_o doubt_n thorough_o resolve_v and_o note_v here_o that_o the_o schoolman_n do_v make_v the_o matter_n whereof_o a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n do_v consist_v to_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la in_o english_a far_o off_o and_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v nigh_o or_o near_o at_o hand_n what_o do_v materia_fw-la remota_fw-la contain_v these_o four_o dialecticall_a predicate_v that_o be_v definition_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n terminus_n property_n general_a kind_n and_o accident_n all_o which_o predicate_v be_v before_o define_v and_o be_v call_v predicate_v because_o they_o be_v common_a word_n speak_v of_o other_o but_o true_o i_o see_v no_o cause_n why_o these_o four_o predicate_v shall_v be_v attribute_v to_o a_o dialectical_a syllogism_n more_o than_o to_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a for_o sure_a i_o be_o that_o as_o good_a demonstration_n may_v be_v make_v of_o these_o as_o of_o any_o other_o predicat_o what_o be_v contain_v under_o materia_fw-la propanqua_fw-la these_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n what_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o these_o three_o word_n dialecticall_a proposition_n problem_n and_o position_n a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n be_v a_o probable_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o simple_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o mother_n love_v her_o child_n which_o be_v no_o question_n in_o deed_n but_o to_o he_o that_o ask_v a_o problem_n be_v a_o doubtful_a question_n utter_v with_o a_o double_a interrogatory_n as_o whether_o the_o least_o fix_a star_n in_o the_o firmament_n be_v great_a than_o the_o moon_n or_o not_o or_o whether_o that_o the_o sun_n be_v big_a than_o the_o earth_n or_o not_o position_n be_v a_o wonderful_a opinion_n maintain_v by_o some_o excellent_a clerk_n as_o to_o say_v that_o all_o thing_n be_v but_o one_o essence_n or_o be_v as_o melissus_n affirm_v or_o that_o all_o thing_n do_v continual_o flow_v and_o change_v as_o heraclitus_n hold_v or_o that_o the_o earth_n move_v and_o not_o the_o heaven_n as_o copernicus_n suppose_v only_o to_o find_v out_o thereby_o the_o true_a motion_n of_o the_o planet_n and_o not_o for_o that_o he_o think_v so_o in_o deed_n chap._n xxii_o of_o a_o sophistical_a syllogism_n what_o be_v a_o sophistical_a or_o false_a syllogism_n a_o false_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v either_o make_v of_o false_a proposition_n or_o else_o of_o such_o as_o seem_v probable_a and_o be_v not_o in_o deed_n or_o else_o of_o probable_a premise_n not_o right_o conclude_v and_o of_o such_o syllogism_n there_o be_v three_o sort_n the_o one_o fail_v in_o matter_n the_o other_o in_o form_n the_o three_o in_o both_o when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o fail_v in_o
not_o of_o the_o matter_n what_o be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a that_o which_o make_v or_o work_v any_o thing_n and_o be_v the_o author_n thereof_o as_o the_o carpenter_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a of_o the_o house_n and_o shipwright_n of_o the_o ship_n what_o be_v the_o end_n or_o final_a cause_n it_o be_v that_o for_o who_o sake_n any_o thing_n be_v do_v as_o the_o end_n of_o war_n be_v to_o have_v peace_n the_o end_n of_o study_n be_v to_o get_v learning_n and_o knowledge_n give_v example_n of_o definition_n make_v of_o every_o one_o of_o these_o cause_n of_o matter_n let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n beer_n be_v a_o drink_n make_v of_o malt_n water_n and_o hop_n of_o form_n thus_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o a_o soul_n intellective_a or_o reasonable_a which_o be_v the_o true_a shape_n of_o man_n of_o the_o cause_n efficient_a thus_o that_o be_v a_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n which_o the_o senate_n command_v and_o ordain_v for_o the_o senate_n be_v the_o cause_n efficient_a of_o the_o decree_n anger_n or_o wrath_n be_v the_o boil_a of_o the_o blood_n about_o the_o heart_n through_o the_o stir_v up_o of_o choler_n of_o the_o end_n thus_o a_o house_n be_v a_o building_n make_v to_o defend_v our_o body_n from_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o air_n and_o weather_n may_v not_o a_o good_a definition_n be_v make_v of_o many_o of_o these_o cause_n join_v together_o yes_o indeed_o give_v example_n loe_o here_o the_o example_n of_o demosthenes_n in_o define_v what_o law_n be_v law_n say_v he_o be_v the_o invention_n and_o gift_n of_o god_n and_o the_o decree_n of_o wise_a man_n the_o correction_n of_o crime_n either_o rash_o or_o advise_o commit_v and_o a_o common_a covenant_n or_o consent_n of_o the_o city_n according_a to_o the_o which_o all_o man_n ought_v to_o live_v in_o this_o definition_n the_o first_o and_o chief_a cause_n efficient_a be_v god_n the_o second_o cause_n efficient_a be_v the_o common_a covenant_n or_o consent_n of_o the_o city_n the_o matter_n be_v the_o decree_n of_o the_o wise_a the_o end_n be_v the_o correction_n of_o crime_n and_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o citizen_n in_o good_a order_n of_o life_n when_o be_v a_o definition_n say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o relative_n when_o one_o relative_n be_v interpret_v by_o another_o as_o thus_o he_o be_v a_o father_n which_o have_v a_o son_n and_o he_o be_v a_o master_n which_o have_v a_o servant_n when_o be_v a_o definition_n say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o effect_n virtue_n or_o office_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v when_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n be_v plain_o declare_v by_o show_v the_o say_a effect_n or_o office_n as_o thus_o a_o adamant_n stone_n be_v that_o which_o be_v lay_v nigh_o to_o iron_n or_o steel_n draw_v the_o steel_n unto_o he_o justice_n be_v a_o virtue_n which_o give_v every_o man_n his_o right_n when_o be_v a_o definition_n say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o number_v up_o of_o the_o part_n when_o it_o contain_v either_o the_o chief_a or_o all_o the_o part_n of_o some_o whole_a thing_n or_o else_o all_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o some_o general_a kind_n give_v example_n of_o both_o these_o way_n of_o the_o first_o thus_o a_o house_n be_v a_o building_n have_v a_o foundation_n wall_n and_o cover_v of_o the_o second_o way_n thus_o a_o sensible_a body_n be_v that_o which_o comprehend_v both_o man_n and_o bruit_n beast_n when_o be_v a_o definition_n say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o heap_v up_o of_o accident_n when_o a_o thing_n be_v rather_o describe_v then_o define_v by_o such_o common_a and_o proper_a accident_n as_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o same_o as_o fire_n be_v a_o element_n that_o be_v hot_a and_o dry_a and_o exceed_v all_o other_o element_n in_o lightness_n and_o therefore_o this_o last_o kind_n of_o definition_n ought_v rather_o to_o be_v call_v a_o description_n then_o a_o definition_n which_o be_v usual_a to_o the_o poet_n orator_n and_o historiographer_n in_o describe_v either_o person_n fact_n or_o thing_n also_o to_o the_o physician_n in_o describe_v their_o simple_n as_o root_n plant_n herb_n and_o such_o like_a chap._n ii_o of_o the_o precept_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o definition_n how_o many_o precept_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v a_o true_a definition_n these_o three_o first_o that_o it_o brief_o express_v the_o whole_a power_n and_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v second_o that_o there_o be_v nothing_o therein_o superfluous_a nor_o any_o thing_n want_v three_o that_o the_o definition_n be_v not_o common_a to_o many_o thing_n but_o proper_a to_o that_o thing_n only_o which_o be_v define_v so_o as_o it_o may_v make_v it_o to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o thing_n what_o order_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v a_o dialecticall_a definition_n first_o you_o must_v know_v in_o what_o predicament_n the_o thing_n be_v contain_v which_o you_o will_v define_v to_o the_o intent_n that_o in_o descend_v from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n down_o towards_o the_o most_o spâ—…ciall_a kind_n of_o the_o same_o predicament_n you_o may_v find_v out_o by_o the_o way_n that_o which_o be_v next_o general_a kind_n to_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v define_v which_o next_o general_n kind_n be_v find_v out_o you_o must_v then_o seek_v out_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n the_o proper_a cause_n effect_n or_o common_a accident_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v define_v what_o virtue_n be_v you_o must_v resort_v to_o the_o predicament_n of_o quality_n wherein_o virtue_n be_v contain_v then_o in_o descend_v from_o quality_n proceed_v to_o habit_n from_o habit_n to_o habit_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v to_o say_v intellectual_a and_o moral_a and_o not_o find_v it_o under_o habit_n intellectual_a proceed_v to_o habit_n moral_a for_o that_o be_v the_o next_o general_a kind_n to_o virtue_n that_o do_v seek_v out_o the_o difference_n or_o property_n true_a cause_n or_o effect_v the_o difference_n be_v to_o be_v good_a wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o vice_n for_o vice_n be_v also_o a_o moral_a habit_n as_o well_o as_o virtue_n the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v to_o incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o right_a reason_n or_o true_a judgement_n so_o shall_v you_o make_v a_o true_a definition_n of_o virtue_n in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o good_a moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o true_a judgement_n and_o after_o this_o sort_n you_o may_v learn_v to_o define_v any_o other_o thing_n chap._n iii_o of_o division_n what_o be_v division_n division_n be_v the_o part_n or_o divide_v of_o a_o word_n or_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o general_a unto_o other_o word_n or_o thing_n less_o general_a for_o division_n be_v twofold_a that_o be_v of_o a_o name_n and_o of_o a_o thing_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v the_o division_n of_o a_o name_n when_o some_o equinoke_n or_o doubtful_a word_n be_v divide_v into_o his_o manifold_a signification_n as_o this_o word_n wolf_n into_o a_o man_n have_v that_o name_n into_o a_o fourfooted_a beast_n into_o a_o ulcerous_a sore_n and_o into_o a_o certain_a fish_n each_o one_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o wolf_n which_o kind_n of_o distinction_n or_o division_n be_v very_a necessarâ—…e_n to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n of_o speech_n which_o ambiguity_n cause_v many_o time_n great_a error_n how_o manifold_a be_v the_o division_n of_o a_o thing_n it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v substantial_a partible_a and_o accidental_a when_o be_v it_o proper_o say_v to_o be_v substantial_a when_o any_o general_a kind_n be_v divide_v by_o his_o special_a difference_n into_o his_o proper_a special_a kind_n as_o thus_o of_o sensible_a body_n one_o be_v reasonable_a as_o man_n and_o another_o be_v unreasonable_a as_o a_o bruit_n beast_n when_o be_v this_o kind_n of_o division_n to_o be_v use_v when_o the_o special_a kind_n lack_v proper_a name_n as_o most_o common_o the_o special_a kind_n subalternate_a do_v which_o may_v be_v divide_v again_o as_o general_a kind_n into_o more_o special_a kind_n as_o for_o example_n of_o unreasonable_a beast_n some_o be_v terrestrial_a some_o be_v aquaticall_a and_o some_o airy_n again_o every_o one_o of_o these_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o their_o special_a kind_n even_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o and_o unto_o the_o individuum_n comprehend_v under_o the_o same_o and_o that_o not_o only_o of_o thing_n contain_v in_o the_o predicament_n of_o substance_n but_o also_o in_o any_o other_o predicament_n of_o accident_n as_o of_o magnitude_n one_o be_v long_o as_o a_o line_n another_o be_v broad_a as_o a_o superficies_n and_o another_o be_v thick_a as_o a_o body_n this_o division_n though_o it_o â—…e_v of_o accident_n contain_v
be_v mingle_v with_o concupiscence_n whereof_o it_o be_v a_o part_n for_o concupiscence_n be_v the_o general_a kind_n of_o all_o lust_n or_o desire_n but_o this_o precept_n seem_v rather_o to_o appertain_v to_o a_o rhetorical_a partition_n than_o a_o dialecticall_a division_n to_o what_o end_n serve_v division_n to_o diverse_a good_a end_n first_o as_o cicero_n say_v it_o help_v greatâ—…y_a to_o teach_v plain_o to_o define_v and_o to_o make_v thing_n that_o be_v compound_v intricate_a or_o confuse_a to_o appear_v simple_a plain_a and_o certain_a second_o by_o divide_v thing_n orderly_o into_o their_o part_n it_o great_o help_v memory_n and_o three_o it_o help_v to_o amplify_v any_o kind_n of_o speech_n and_o to_o make_v it_o more_o copious_a chap._n v._n of_o method_n have_v hitherto_o sufficient_o speak_v of_o word_n both_o singular_a and_o universal_a and_o also_o of_o definition_n and_o division_n which_o be_v the_o two_o chief_a instrument_n whereby_o all_o simple_a question_n be_v discuss_v i_o mind_n here_o to_o show_v with_o what_o order_n or_o method_n every_o such_o question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v what_o be_v method_n method_n be_v a_o compendious_a way_n of_o learning_n or_o teach_v any_o thing_n and_o it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v to_o say_v compositive_a resolutive_a and_o divisive_a or_o definitive_a what_o be_v method_n compositive_a it_o be_v that_o whereby_o we_o compound_v the_o whole_a of_o his_o part_n begin_v at_o the_o small_a and_o so_o proceed_v from_o great_a to_o great_a until_o we_o come_v to_o the_o chief_a end_n whereto_o we_o tend_v which_o kind_n of_o order_n or_o method_n we_o observe_v here_o in_o write_v this_o logic_n for_o first_o we_o treat_v of_o word_n or_o term_n then_o of_o a_o proposition_n and_o last_o of_o all_o of_o a_o syllogism_n so_o likewise_o he_o that_o will_v teach_v the_o nigh_a way_n from_o norwich_n to_o london_n by_o order_n compositive_a will_v bid_v he_o first_o go_v to_o windham_n from_o windham_n to_o atleborough_n from_o atleborough_n to_o thetford_n from_o thetford_n to_o newmarket_n from_o newmarket_n to_o barkway_n from_o barkway_n to_o ware_n from_o ware_n to_o london_n what_o be_v method_n resolutive_a it_o be_v that_o whereby_o any_o whole_a thing_n be_v resolve_v into_o his_o part_n or_o when_o we_o proceed_v from_o the_o end_n to_o the_o next_o and_o immediate_a cause_n thereof_o and_o from_o that_o to_o the_o next_o cause_n of_o that_o and_o so_o from_o one_o to_o another_o until_o we_o come_v to_o the_o first_o cause_n of_o all_o and_o most_o remote_a and_o further_a off_o as_o when_o we_o resolve_v a_o syllogism_n into_o his_o proposition_n and_o a_o proposition_n into_o his_o uttermost_a bound_n or_o term_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o predicate_v and_o this_o way_n be_v unlike_a to_o the_o other_o before_o recite_v because_o it_o go_v backward_o as_o in_o the_o former_a example_n if_o you_o will_v teach_v the_o way_n from_o norwich_n to_o london_n by_o method_n resolutive_a you_o must_v say_v that_o there_o be_v a_o town_n call_v ware_n twenty_o mile_n from_o london_n next_o to_o that_o be_v a_o town_n call_v barkway_n and_o so_o till_o you_o come_v to_o that_o which_o be_v first_o in_o method_n compositive_a to_o these_o two_o method_n galen_n add_v the_o three_o method_n that_o be_v method_n divisive_a or_o definitive_a what_o be_v that_o method_n it_o be_v when_o in_o define_v and_o divide_v we_o descend_v orderly_o from_o a_o most_o general_a kind_n to_o all_o the_o special_a kind_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o and_o so_o to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o as_o have_v to_o speak_v of_o quality_n we_o define_v it_o and_o divide_v it_o into_o his_o four_o special_a kind_n and_o every_o such_o special_a kind_n into_o his_o part_n and_o member_n even_o till_o we_o come_v to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o as_o you_o see_v in_o the_o table_n of_o quality_n before_o describe_v which_o kind_n of_o method_n be_v more_o full_o handle_v by_o my_o friend_n accontio_n in_o his_o little_a treatise_n which_o he_o write_v in_o latin_a de_fw-fr methodo_fw-la the_o effect_n of_o which_o book_n i_o think_v it_o not_o out_o of_o purpose_n to_o set_v down_o even_o here_o the_o effect_n of_o accontius_n his_o book_n de_fw-fr methodo_fw-la which_o he_o affirm_v to_o be_v the_o second_o part_n or_o office_n of_o logic_n for_o the_o first_o office_n of_o logic_n teach_v how_o to_o find_v out_o the_o truth_n in_o any_o speech_n but_o method_n teach_v how_o to_o attain_v to_o the_o art_n or_o knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n in_o which_o method_n three_o thing_n as_o he_o say_v be_v to_o be_v consider_v first_o what_o method_n be_v second_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n or_o uttermost_a end_n thereof_o three_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o end_n or_o effect_n method_n be_v a_o certain_a right_a way_n whereby_o we_o may_v search_v out_o the_o knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n and_o have_v attain_v it_o how_o to_o teach_v the_o same_o commodious_o to_o any_o other_o without_o examine_v whether_o it_o be_v true_a or_o false_a for_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o first_o part_n of_o logic_n the_o effect_n or_o uttermost_a end_n of_o method_n be_v the_o knowledge_n of_o anything_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o end_n be_v these_o three_o form_n matter_n and_o cause_v efficient_a form_n here_o seem_v to_o be_v that_o which_o be_v know_v by_o all_o the_o part_n of_o such_o knowledge_n be_v gather_v together_o as_o it_o be_v into_o oneself_o body_n which_o part_n be_v these_o first_o what_o the_o thing_n be_v second_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n thereof_o and_o also_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o those_o cause_n even_o to_o the_o last_o or_o uttermost_a cause_n three_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n and_o also_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n of_o those_o effect_n as_o well_o when_o the_o thing_n be_v take_v general_o as_o for_o some_o whole_a thing_n or_o as_o when_o the_o whole_a be_v divide_v into_o all_o his_o part_n even_o unto_o 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two_o part_n for_o first_o we_o must_v proceed_v always_o from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n to_o the_o next_o general_a kind_n as_o have_v to_o begin_v with_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o thing_n which_o you_o seek_v to_o know_v when_o need_n require_v you_o must_v proceed_v from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n of_o all_o that_o be_v to_o say_v from_o the_o high_a general_a kind_n and_o so_o descend_v downward_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v define_v but_o if_o you_o have_v to_o begin_v from_o the_o uttermost_a end_n of_o the_o thing_n than_o next_o of_o all_o consider_v that_o from_o whence_o the_o end_n do_v immediate_o spring_n and_o what_o do_v follow_v next_o to_o that_o and_o so_o proceed_v from_o one_o to_o another_o till_o you_o come_v to_o the_o first_o cause_n of_o all_o final_o if_o you_o have_v to_o begin_v from_o the_o first_o cause_n than_o you_o must_v orderly_o proceed_v from_o that_o which_o be_v first_o unto_o the_o second_o and_o so_o to_o the_o three_o and_o so_o forth_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o uttermost_a effect_n or_o last_o end_n now_o as_o touch_v the_o second_o part_n of_o apply_v or_o order_v the_o more_o know_v thing_n you_o must_v have_v consideration_n of_o every_o whole_a thing_n and_o of_o all_o his_o part_n wherefore_o if_o you_o have_v to_o define_v any_o thing_n art_n or_o science_n whereof_o you_o treat_v you_o must_v define_v the_o whole_a and_o then_o every_o part_n thereof_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o low_a part_n thereof_o and_o yet_o every_o one_o in_o his_o proper_a place_n and_o if_o you_o can_v comprehend_v in_o one_o definition_n all_o those_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o one_o head_n then_o use_v division_n in_o divide_v the_o whole_a into_o his_o part_n and_o define_v every_o
division_n either_o perfect_a or_o unperfect_a and_o according_a to_o the_o four_o division_n either_o demonstrative_a dialecticall_a or_o sophistical_a whereof_o we_o come_v now_o to_o speak_v and_o first_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a what_o be_v a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o necessary_a immediate_a true_a certain_a and_o infallible_a proposition_n be_v first_o and_o so_o know_v as_o they_o need_v none_o other_o proof_n what_o mean_v you_o by_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a proposition_n necessary_a proposition_n be_v those_o which_o can_v be_v otherwise_o as_o those_o which_o do_v consist_v of_o the_o general_a kind_n of_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o the_o difference_n or_o of_o the_o property_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o and_o therefore_o aristotle_n make_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o a_o demonstrative_a and_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n for_o a_o demonstrative_a proposition_n consist_v of_o matter_n natural_a be_v necessary_o true_a and_o can_v be_v otherwise_o but_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n consist_v of_o matter_n contingent_a or_o casual_a be_v only_o probable_a and_o may_v be_v otherwise_o what_o be_v immediate_a proposition_n immediate_a proposition_n be_v those_o which_o be_v first_o and_o have_v none_o before_o they_o whereby_o they_o can_v be_v pron_v as_o every_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v aristotle_n also_o set_v down_o three_o property_n or_o condition_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o a_o demonstrative_a proposition_n which_o be_v those_o property_n these_o to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o by_o itself_o and_o universal_o what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o it_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v know_v to_o be_v altogether_o and_o always_o in_o the_o subject_n either_o as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o substance_n thereof_o as_o when_o it_o be_v a_o general_a kind_n the_o special_a kind_n the_o difference_n or_o the_o property_n as_o some_o inseparable_a accident_n always_o incident_a to_o the_o say_a subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n or_o every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n or_o every_o man_n be_v apt_a to_o speak_v or_o every_o swan_n be_v white_a or_o every_o fire_n be_v hot_a what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v by_o itself_o that_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v either_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n or_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v universal_o it_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n and_o in_o every_o such_o subject_n by_o itself_o and_o first_o as_o when_o i_o say_v a_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n here_o this_o predicate_v sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v not_o only_o speak_v of_o man_n but_o of_o every_o man_n in_o general_a by_o itself_o and_o first_o for_o if_o you_o shall_v say_v peter_n or_o socrates_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n here_o the_o predicate_a be_v not_o speak_v of_o any_o of_o these_o as_o first_o but_o in_o the_o second_o place_n because_o they_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n man_n for_o general_a kind_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o special_a kind_n and_o special_a kind_n before_o individuum_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v demonstration_n in_o this_o sort_n demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n make_v of_o such_o proposition_n as_o be_v true_a first_o immediate_a and_o manifest_o know_v and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n first_o and_o immediate_a here_o be_v all_o one_o signify_v such_o proposition_n as_o need_v not_o to_o be_v prove_v or_o make_v more_o evident_a by_o any_o other_o former_a proposition_n again_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n for_o otherwise_o it_o shall_v neither_o be_v demonstration_n nor_o yet_o good_a syllogism_n final_o the_o premise_n must_v render_v the_o very_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o therefore_o aristotle_n in_o another_o place_n say_v that_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n cause_v knowledge_n and_o science_n what_o be_v science_n it_o be_v a_o firm_a and_o assure_a knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n what_o be_v to_o know_v we_o be_v say_v to_o know_v a_o thing_n when_o we_o know_v the_o true_a cause_n thereof_o and_o that_o it_o can_v be_v otherwise_o for_o to_o make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n we_o must_v not_o only_o show_v that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o we_o go_v about_o to_o prove_v but_o also_o we_o must_v show_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v so_o for_o as_o aristotle_n say_v every_o discipline_n and_o doctrine_n intellective_a depend_v upon_o a_o former_a knowledge_n which_o be_v twofold_a whereof_o the_o one_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o principle_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o premise_n of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v true_a and_o the_o other_o be_v to_o know_v the_o true_a signification_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n for_o unless_o a_o man_n know_v what_o the_o name_n of_o the_o subject_n signify_v whereof_o the_o question_n rise_v and_o also_o the_o proper_a quality_n of_o the_o same_o how_o shall_v he_o be_v able_a to_o judge_v whether_o the_o proof_n which_o be_v bring_v in_o to_o prove_v the_o question_n withal_o be_v to_o the_o purpose_n or_o not_o again_o unless_o he_o know_v the_o premise_n to_o be_v true_a the_o demonstration_n shall_v breed_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n in_o he_o give_v example_n of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v here_o you_o see_v that_o in_o this_o syllogism_n the_o premise_n be_v true_a and_o first_o do_v render_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o thereby_o do_v imply_v a_o most_o true_a consequent_a for_o whoso_o will_v go_v about_o to_o demonstrate_v any_o of_o the_o premise_n by_o some_o other_o former_a or_o more_o know_a proposition_n shall_v lose_v his_o labour_n since_o there_o be_v none_o before_o they_o more_o certain_a nor_o more_o know_v to_o prove_v this_o conclusion_n withal_o then_o they_o for_o to_o understand_v the_o truth_n of_o these_o premise_n it_o suffice_v only_o to_o know_v the_o signification_n of_o the_o term_n and_o to_o have_v some_o experience_n of_o the_o thing_n call_v man_n and_o therefore_o this_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n syllogismus_fw-la scientificus_fw-la because_o it_o yield_v the_o perfect_a knowledge_n and_o science_n of_o the_o thing_n in_o question_n chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n whereof_o depend_v the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n of_o three_o thing_n that_o be_v of_o universal_a experience_n of_o principle_n and_o of_o natural_a knowledge_n that_o a_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n for_o these_o be_v three_o infallible_a rule_n of_o certitude_n or_o truth_n in_o all_o kind_n of_o doctrine_n what_o be_v universal_a experience_n universal_a experience_n be_v the_o common_a judgement_n of_o man_n in_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v to_o be_v perceive_v and_o know_v by_o the_o outward_a sense_n as_o fire_n to_o be_v hot_a the_o heaven_n to_o turn_v round_o about_o wine_n and_o pepper_n to_o be_v hot_a in_o operation_n woman_n to_o bring_v forth_o child_n and_o not_o man_n which_o thing_n all_o man_n unless_o they_o be_v mad_a and_o out_o of_o their_o wit_n must_v needs_o confess_v to_o be_v true_a what_o be_v principle_n principle_n be_v certain_a general_a conception_n and_o natural_a knowledge_n graft_v in_o man_n mind_n of_o god_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o by_o the_o help_n thereof_o he_o may_v invent_v such_o art_n as_o be_v necessary_a in_o this_o life_n for_o man_n behoof_n for_o by_o the_o natural_a knowledge_n of_o the_o mind_n we_o understand_v number_n order_n proportion_n and_o all_o other_o necessary_a art_n and_o science_n how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v principle_n in_o this_o manner_n principle_n be_v true_a proposition_n have_v credit_n of_o themselves_o and_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n how_o many_o division_n do_v the_o schoolman_n make_v principle_n diverse_a rehearse_v those_o division_n the_o first_o be_v of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v speculative_a and_o some_o practive_a the_o speculative_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n or_o proposition_n whereof_o natural_a philosophy_n or_o the_o mathematical_a science_n be_v ground_v as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o his_o part_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v equal_a to_o a_o three_o be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o of_o one_o simple_a body_n
true_a signification_n thereof_o as_o this_o latin_a word_n hara_n signify_v a_o swine_n cote_n be_v pronounce_v without_o h_n do_v signify_v a_o altar_n in_o english_a let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n every_o hare_n be_v swift_a on_o foot_n but_o this_o be_v a_o hair_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o cloth_n to_o dry_a malt_n therefore_o it_o be_v swift_a on_o foot_n of_o like_a sort_n be_v this_o old_a jest_n of_o a_o master_n that_o say_v to_o his_o servant_n go_v heat_n this_o capon_n leg_n who_o immediate_o do_v eat_v it_o then_o his_o master_n be_v angry_a say_v i_o bid_v thou_o heat_n it_o with_o a_o h_z no_o sir_n say_v the_o servant_n i_o do_v eat_v it_o with_o bread_n likewise_o this_o fallax_fw-la may_v chance_v by_o not_o observe_v the_o right_a quantity_n of_o syllable_n in_o any_o word_n as_o populus_fw-la have_v o_fw-la long_o be_v a_o popple_n tree_n but_o have_v o_o short_a it_o signify_v a_o people_n or_o when_o a_o word_n use_v interrogative_o be_v make_v to_o have_v a_o affirmative_a signification_n as_o for_o example_n caiphas_n say_v to_o christ_n be_v thou_o a_o king_n ergo_fw-la he_o confess_v christ_n to_o be_v a_o king_n or_o when_o a_o word_n pronounce_v ironious_o be_v turn_v to_o good_a earnest_n in_o speak_v one_o thing_n and_o mean_v another_o as_o thus_o my_o master_n say_v come_v hither_o you_o honest_a man_n ergo_fw-la he_o say_v that_o i_o be_v a_o honest_a man_n when_o indeed_o he_o call_v he_o knave_n the_o fallax_fw-la of_o form_n or_o manner_n of_o speech_n may_v be_v diverse_a orationis_fw-la way_n as_o first_o when_o word_n be_v false_o suppose_v to_o be_v like_o either_o in_o signification_n in_o case_n or_o in_o gender_n or_o to_o be_v of_o ownself_o predicament_n because_o they_o be_v like_a in_o termination_n as_o poeta_fw-la in_o english_a a_o poet_n and_o poema_n in_o english_a a_o poesy_n or_o poetical_a work_n these_o two_o word_n because_o they_o end_v both_o in_o a_o ergo_fw-la they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o masculine_a gender_n also_o colour_v and_o number_v be_v like_a in_o termination_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v of_o oneself_o predicament_n and_o yet_o the_o first_o belong_v to_o the_o predicament_n of_o quality_n and_o the_o other_o to_o quantity_n second_o when_o a_o word_n be_v use_v in_o oneself_o argument_n sometime_o according_a to_o his_o proper_a signification_n and_o sometime_o as_o a_o term_n of_o art_n as_o for_o example_n god_n be_v every_o where_o every_o where_o be_v a_o aduerbe_n therefore_o god_n be_v a_o aduerbe_n a_o mouse_n eat_v cheese_n but_o a_o mouse_n be_v a_o syllable_n ergo_fw-la a_o syllable_n eat_v cheese_n here_o mouse_n in_o the_o mayor_n have_v his_o proper_a signification_n and_o in_o the_o minor_a be_v use_v as_o a_o term_n of_o art_n and_o the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o the_o word_n every_o where_o in_o the_o first_o example_n three_o when_o a_o word_n have_v not_o his_o proper_a signification_n or_o be_v not_o use_v according_a to_o the_o true_a phrase_n of_o speech_n wherein_o it_o be_v utter_v as_o thus_o whatsoever_o thou_o have_v not_o lose_v thou_o have_v still_o but_o thou_o have_v lose_v no_o horn_n ergo_fw-la thou_o have_v horn_n here_o this_o word_n to_o lose_v have_v not_o his_o proper_a signification_n for_o we_o be_v say_v to_o lose_v proper_o that_o which_o we_o have_v and_o not_o that_o which_o we_o never_o have_v and_o final_o this_o fallax_fw-la be_v call_v the_o common_a refuge_n and_o receptacle_n of_o all_o such_o kind_n of_o sophistry_n hitherto_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o word_n now_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o thing_n chap._n vi_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o thing_n of_o these_o fallax_n there_o be_v seven_o kind_n that_o be_v to_o say_v fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la à _fw-la dicto_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la ad_fw-la dictum_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la ignoratio_fw-la elenchi_fw-la petitio_fw-la principij_fw-la fallacia_fw-la consequentis_fw-la cansa_n pro_fw-la nâ—…n_fw-la cansa_fw-la plura_fw-la interrogata_fw-la pro_fw-la uno_fw-la responsu_fw-la which_o may_v be_v english_v thus_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o accident_n the_o fallax_fw-la of_o speech_n respective_a in_o stead_n of_o speech_n absolute_a ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v petition_v of_o the_o principle_n a_o cause_n that_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n indeed_o and_o many_o question_n comprehend_v in_o one_o define_v what_o these_o be_v and_o give_v example_n fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la may_v be_v diverse_a way_n as_o first_o when_o any_o accidentis_fw-la thing_n belong_v only_o to_o the_o substance_n of_o some_o thing_n be_v attribute_v also_o to_o some_o accident_n of_o the_o say_a substance_n and_o contrariwise_o as_o thus_o whatsoever_o thou_o have_v buy_v thou_o have_v eat_v but_o thou_o have_v buy_v raw_a flesh_n ergo_fw-la thou_o have_v eat_v raw_a flesh_n here_o the_o consequent_a be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o the_o mayor_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o substance_n and_o the_o conclusion_n to_o the_o quality_n another_o example_n what_o i_o be_o thou_o be_v not_o but_o i_o be_o a_o man_n ergo_fw-la thou_o be_v none_o here_o in_o this_o the_o mayor_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o quality_n and_o the_o conclusion_n to_o the_o substance_n second_o when_o accident_n be_v not_o right_o join_v together_o as_o when_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o body_n be_v join_v with_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o homer_n be_v a_o poet_n and_o homer_n be_v blind_a ergo_fw-la homer_n be_v a_o blind_a poet_n here_o the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o to_o be_v blind_a and_o to_o be_v a_o poet_n be_v diverse_a quality_n whereof_o the_o one_o belong_v to_o the_o mind_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o right_o join_v together_o three_o as_o melancthon_n say_v when_o a_o accidental_a cause_n be_v be_v make_v a_o principal_a cause_n as_o thus_o elias_n be_v a_o holy_a prophet_n but_o elias_n be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n ergo_fw-la i_o be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n be_o a_o holy_a prophet_n here_o the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o to_o be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o elias_n holiness_n but_o i_o think_v that_o this_o and_o such_o like_a example_n do_v belong_v rather_o to_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o causa_fw-la pro_fw-la non_fw-la causa_fw-la whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o then_o to_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o accident_n the_o fallax_fw-la a_o dicto_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la ad_fw-la dictum_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la quid_fw-la chance_v when_o we_o go_v about_o to_o make_v a_o thing_n to_o seem_v absolute_a that_o be_v speak_v in_o some_o respect_n or_o to_o be_v in_o all_o when_o it_o be_v but_o in_o part_n as_o a_o moor_n have_v white_a tooth_n ergo_fw-la a_o moor_n be_v white_a again_o it_o may_v be_v in_o respect_n by_o reason_n of_o time_n place_n person_n comparison_n and_o such_o like_a of_o time_n as_o thus_o i_o see_v john_n yesterday_o but_o i_o see_v he_o not_o to_o day_n ergo_fw-la i_o do_v see_v he_o and_o not_o see_v he_o of_o place_n thus_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o church_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o buy_v and_o sell._n of_o person_n thus_o a_o magistrate_n may_v kill_v a_o thief_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n may_v kill_v a_o thief_n of_o comparison_n thus_o riches_n be_v not_o good_a to_o he_o that_o can_v use_v they_o ergo_fw-la riches_n be_v not_o good_a have_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o fallax_fw-la call_v the_o ignorance_n elenchi_fw-la of_o the_o elench_v i_o think_v good_a to_o call_v again_o to_o your_o remembrance_n the_o definition_n of_o a_o elench_v before_o brief_o set_v down_o which_o be_v a_o syllogism_n right_o gather_v a_o conclusion_n contrary_n to_o the_o assertion_n of_o the_o respondent_fw-la which_o contrariety_n consist_v of_o four_o principal_a point_n or_o respect_n whereof_o if_o any_o be_v want_v than_o the_o contrariety_n be_v not_o perfect_a which_o 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you_o to_o give_v example_n of_o the_o four_o chief_a point_n before_o mention_v of_o the_o first_o let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n four_o be_v double_a to_o two_o but_o not_o to_o three_o ergo_fw-la four_o be_v double_a and_o not_o double_a this_o be_v not_o to_o oneself_o thing_n of_o the_o second_o thus_o this_o piece_n of_o timber_n be_v double_a in_o length_n to_o that_o piece_n but_o it_o be_v not_o double_a to_o the_o same_o in_o breadth_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v to_o oneself_o thing_n both_o double_a and_o not_o double_a to_o oneself_o thing_n but_o not_o in_o oneself_o respect_n of_o the_o three_o thus_o this_o prince_n rule_v mighty_o but_o not_o merciful_o ergo_fw-la he_o rule_v and_o not_o rule_v this_o be_v not_o in_o like_a manner_n of_o the_o four_o thus_o i_o see_v john_n yesterday_o but_o not_o this_o day_n ergo_fw-la i_o see_v he_o and_o see_v he_o not_o this_o be_v not_o in_o oneself_o time_n and_o all_o these_o four_o way_n in_o my_o opinion_n be_v comprehend_v in_o 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live_v ever_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v immortal_a the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o consequent_a chance_v two_o manner_n of_o consequentis_fw-la way_n that_o be_v either_o when_o we_o think_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v convertible_a with_o the_o antecedent_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o in_o deed_n or_o else_o when_o we_o think_v that_o upon_o the_o contrary_a of_o the_o antecedent_n the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a must_v needs_o also_o follow_v give_v example_n of_o both_o these_o way_n this_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n now_o if_o i_o will_v hereof_o by_o conversion_n conclude_v thus_o it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o man_n this_o be_v no_o good_a consequent_a for_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v not_o a_o man_n likewise_o when_o it_o rain_v the_o ground_n be_v wet_a ergo_fw-la when_o the_o ground_n be_v wet_a it_o rain_v for_o these_o speech_n be_v not_o convertible_a of_o the_o second_o way_n thus_o it_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n it_o be_v no_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v no_o sensible_a body_n here_o you_o see_v that_o this_o proposition_n it_o be_v no_o man_n be_v the_o contrary_a of_o the_o first_o antecedent_n which_o say_v it_o be_v a_o man_n of_o which_o contrary_a the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a do_v not_o necessary_o sollowe_v for_o though_o it_o be_v no_o man_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v some_o other_o sensible_a body_n this_o fallax_fw-la comprehend_v all_o such_o false_a argument_n as_o do_v not_o observe_v the_o rule_n of_o right_a and_o true_a consequent_n before_o give_v the_o fallax_fw-la of_o non_fw-la causa_fw-la pro_fw-la causa_fw-la be_v when_o that_o thing_n be_v causa_fw-la make_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n in_o deed_n as_o wine_n be_v naught_o because_o it_o will_v make_v a_o man_n drink_v of_o which_o drunkenness_n wine_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o intemperance_n of_o the_o man_n and_o his_o immoderate_a use_n thereof_o for_o many_o thing_n that_o be_v good_a of_o themselves_o may_v be_v abuse_v yea_o even_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o yet_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o gospel_n be_v not_o cause_n thereof_o but_o the_o malice_n of_o responsu_fw-la man_n abuse_v the_o same_o the_o seven_o and_o last_o fallax_fw-la be_v when_o unaduised_o and_o without_o use_v any_o distinction_n you_o make_v a_o answer_n to_o many_o question_n as_o though_o they_o be_v but_o one_o as_o for_o example_n the_o sophister_n see_v two_o man_n stand_v together_o whereof_o the_o one_o be_v blind_a and_o the_o other_o have_v his_o fight_n will_v ask_v you_o perhaps_o whether_o they_o see_v or_o not_o whereunto_o if_o you_o answer_v direct_o either_o yea_o or_o no_o you_o be_v by_o and_o by_o take_v for_o if_o you_o say_v that_o they_o see_v than_o you_o grant_v that_o the_o blind_a man_n also_o see_v and_o if_o you_o say_v that_o they_o do_v not_o see_v than_o you_o grant_v that_o he_o which_o see_v be_v blind_a but_o if_o you_o answer_v that_o the_o one_o see_v and_o the_o other_o not_o you_o shall_v by_o such_o distinction_n easy_o avoid_v the_o sophister_n cavillation_n for_o diverse_a question_n huddle_v up_o in_o one_o do_v always_o require_v diverse_a answer_n and_o thus_o i_o end_v with_o the_o order_n of_o confute_v all_o false_a elenche_n and_o fallax_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o truth_n which_o god_n love_v who_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o all_o truth_n yea_o and_o very_a truth_n itself_o to_o who_o be_v all_o honour_n glory_n and_o praise_n world_n without_o end_n amen_n finis_fw-la b_o a_o c_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 1._o 1_o equivocatio_fw-la 2_o amphibologia_fw-la 3_o compositio_fw-la 4_o divisio_fw-la 5_o accentus_fw-la 6_o forma_fw-la orationis_fw-la 1_o fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la 2_o dictum_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la 3_o ignoratio_fw-la elenchi_fw-la 4_o petitio_fw-la principij_fw-la 5_o fallacia_fw-la consequentis_fw-la 6_o causa_fw-la pro_fw-la non_fw-la causa_fw-la 7_o plura_fw-la interrogata_fw-la pro_fw-la uno_fw-la responsu_fw-la
there_o be_v but_o one_o natural_a move_a and_o such_o like_a the_o principle_n practive_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n whereby_o man_n manner_n be_v govern_v for_o by_o this_o natural_a light_n we_o know_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o good_a and_o evil_n as_o for_o example_n these_o be_v principle_n practive_a god_n be_v to_o be_v honour_v and_o obey_v justice_n be_v to_o be_v embrace_v civil_a society_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v and_o the_o disturber_n thereof_o to_o be_v punish_v these_o and_o such_o like_a proposition_n be_v natural_o receive_v of_o all_o man_n as_o infallible_a verity_n again_o of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v general_n and_o some_o proper_a the_o general_n be_v those_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o many_o science_n as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n if_o equal_a be_v take_v from_o equal_a equal_a do_v remain_v and_o such_o like_a the_o proper_a principle_n be_v those_o that_o be_v proper_o belong_v to_o some_o one_o certain_a science_n as_o a_o line_n to_o be_v a_o length_n without_o breadth_n be_v a_o principle_n of_o geometry_n again_o this_o proposition_n every_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o be_v a_o principle_n of_o logic_n and_o to_o be_v short_a every_o science_n have_v his_o proper_a principle_n of_o which_o some_o be_v call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n and_o some_o position_n wherefore_o be_v they_o call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n for_o that_o they_o be_v worthy_a to_o be_v credit_v for_o their selfe_o sake_n for_o so_o soon_o as_o we_o hear_v they_o in_o such_o speech_n as_o we_o understand_v we_o natural_o know_v they_o to_o be_v true_a without_o any_o further_a proof_n as_o these_o take_v equal_a from_o equal_a and_o equal_a will_v remain_v the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v position_n position_n be_v those_o principle_n which_o although_o they_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o understand_v of_o all_o man_n at_o the_o first_o utter_v as_o maxim_n be_v for_o in_o these_o beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o term_n it_o be_v needful_a to_o have_v also_o some_o experience_n as_o in_o these_o principle_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v compound_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v movable_a whatsoever_o be_v heavy_a tend_v natural_o downward_o and_o whatsoever_o be_v light_n tend_v upward_o again_o of_o position_n some_o be_v call_v definition_n and_o some_o supposition_n and_o of_o supposition_n some_o be_v call_v petition_n call_v in_o latin_a postulata_fw-la and_o some_o supposition_n assumpt_v define_v these_o kind_n 1_o definition_n show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v 2_o supposition_n be_v that_o which_o suppose_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v or_o not_o to_o be_v as_o the_o geometrician_n do_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v punctum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o prick_n or_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a have_v neither_o length_n breadth_n nor_o depth_n 3_o petition_n be_v a_o proposition_n ask_v and_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a as_o this_o be_v a_o petition_n in_o geometry_n that_o a_o man_n may_v draw_v a_o right_a line_n from_o one_o point_n to_o another_o 4_o supposition_n assumpt_v be_v when_o a_o manifest_a supposition_n be_v assumpt_v to_o prove_v another_o thing_n withal_o as_o to_o prove_v that_o demonstration_n consist_v of_o true_a proposition_n the_o disputer_n will_v assumpt_v this_o assertion_n which_o say_v that_o of_o false_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n and_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v but_o of_o true_a thing_n what_o be_v the_o three_o thing_n whereof_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n depend_v it_o be_v the_o knowledge_n that_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n which_o be_v not_o altogether_o artificial_a but_o partly_o natural_a for_o god_n think_v it_o not_o sufficient_a for_o man_n behoof_n to_o know_v simple_a proposition_n as_o principle_n or_o common_a conception_n get_v by_o experience_n unless_o he_o can_v also_o compare_v they_o together_o and_o join_v thing_n like_a and_o agreeable_a together_o and_o sever_z thing_n unlike_a and_o disagree_v one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o such_o comparison_n and_o composition_n to_o find_v out_o thing_n before_o not_o know_v and_o to_o the_o intent_n we_o shall_v not_o err_v or_o wander_v out_o of_o the_o right_a way_n god_n have_v show_v we_o a_o order_n and_o prescribe_v certain_a bound_n and_o limit_n of_o necessity_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o such_o composition_n which_o bound_n be_v syllogism_n right_o make_v for_o so_o do_v the_o consequent_n plain_o appear_v and_o because_o that_o proportion_n be_v know_v by_o nature_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v you_o a_o example_n in_o number_n for_o three_o know_a number_n be_v place_v in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o four_o number_n unknown_a of_o necessity_n do_v follow_v as_o in_o this_o question_n if_o one_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n what_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n worth_n marry_o ten_o groat_n which_o be_v prove_v by_o a_o syllogism_n in_o this_o manner_n every_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n but_o here_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v worth_a ten_o groat_n and_o like_o as_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n arithmetical_a the_o proportion_n which_o be_v to_o be_v judge_v by_o man_n natural_a knowledge_n do_v show_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v infallible_a even_o so_o the_o consequent_n in_o other_o syllogism_n be_v show_v to_o be_v infallible_a by_o such_o demonstration_n as_o be_v not_o far_o fetch_v or_o doubtful_a but_o be_v manifest_a plain_a and_o evident_a chap._n xix_o of_o the_o two_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n how_o do_v the_o schoolman_n divide_v demonstration_n into_o two_o that_o be_v perfect_a and_o unperfect_a and_o they_o call_v the_o perfect_a demonstratio_fw-la propter_fw-la quid_fw-la and_o the_o unperfect_a demonstratio_fw-la quia_fw-la est_fw-la it_o be_v perfect_a when_o it_o proceed_v from_o the_o proper_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n à _fw-la priore_fw-la for_o in_o that_o demonstration_n the_o antecedent_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o sun_n be_v up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v day_n what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n that_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v also_o predicate_v in_o the_o mayor_n be_v first_o properly_z always_o and_o that_o real_o and_o accidental_o incident_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o to_o every_o thing_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o which_o subject_n must_v be_v some_o general_a kind_n and_o the_o very_a mean_a or_o proof_n of_o your_o conclusion_n as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v prove_v a_o cock_n to_o be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n it_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a demonstration_n to_o say_v that_o every_o fly_a beast_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n for_o some_o beast_n fly_v that_o have_v no_o feather_n as_o back_n that_o fly_v in_o the_o night_n season_n but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o every_o bird_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n &_o every_o cock_n be_v a_o bird_n ergo_fw-la every_o cock_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n you_o shall_v make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n because_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o mayor_n have_v such_o condition_n as_o be_v before_o require_v for_o this_o mayor_n show_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v and_o also_o wherefore_o it_o be_v which_o be_v do_v so_o often_o as_o the_o predicate_a be_v the_o true_a definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o for_o every_o good_a demonstration_n be_v either_o make_v of_o a_o true_a definition_n or_o take_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n special_a kind_n or_o else_o from_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n yea_o and_o sometime_o they_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proper_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o perpetual_a adiacent_n otherwise_o call_v common_a accident_n of_o proper_a act_n of_o contrariety_n and_o of_o divine_a authority_n whereof_o you_o have_v have_v example_n before_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o place_n and_o seat_n of_o argument_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o unperfect_a demonstration_n when_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a imply_v a_o true_a consequent_a but_o yet_o be_v not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v nourishable_a here_o though_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a proposition_n yet_o they_o be_v