agitation that they make the earâ—h to tremble and quake thereat thereby deboâ—lishing Cities and ruinating buildinges and transporting them from one place to another As the Townes of Megara Egina anciently much celebrated in the Countrey of Greece perishing by Earth-quakes can witnes vnto vs. I omit to discouer as but little seruing to our purpose how the wind inclosed in the Entrailes of the Earth maketh a noise of dâ—uers sounds very strange according to the diuers forms of the conduits and passages through the which it yssueth by euen afâ—er the manner of Musicall Instruments the which being large do giue a great and base sound and being narrow do make high and sharpe notes and being crooked or replied makâ— diuers sounds as wee see by experience in the Huntsmans horne and in Trumpets the which also being moystened with water do make a hollow gurguling sound In like manner these noises murmurings and clamors are sundry wayes diuersified according to the places whence they proceede in such sort that sometimes hath bene hard a clamorous crie representing as it seemed the assault of a Citty the cries and lowings of Buls or the neighing of Horses roaring of Lyons sound of Trumpets reports of Artillery many other dreadful things yea sometimes humane voices As it is reported by one who had heard a voice as it were of a woman a beating which made as he imagined such a wofull and greeuous lamentation whereby he became so greatly affrighted that hee had scarsely breath sufficient to make this report But when he had well vnderstoode the cause of this plaintiue voice he was presently deliuered from that fearâ— which otherwise might haue killed him But some perhappes will say that these things haue alwayes bene and no lesse ordinarie in the times past then they are at this present and therfore it is a great folly in mee to alledge them for efficient causes of the death of so many men The which imputation I should freely confesse if I should present them for such but seeing that by them I would oâ—ely paralel and compare the impetuosity of Artillery with that of Thunder and the motions of the earth which beeing so it will appear that it maketh nothing against my first intention as I hope to demonstrate cleerely that I am slandered without a cause if you please to giue care to the deduction following In the which I will plainly and briefely describe the true causes of the late mortality which happened among your Highnesse Soldiers Amongest the things necessary for our liues there is nothing that can more alter our bodyes then the Aire the which continually willing or vnwilling we inspire by those Condâ—ites which Nature hath apointed for that end as the mouth the nose and generally through all the pores of the skin and Arteries therein infixed whether we eaâ—e drinke watch or sleepe or doe any other action whether Naturall Vitall or Animal From thence it commeth that the aire inspirâ—d into the Lungs the Hart and the Braine and vniuersally in all the parts of the body to refresh and in some measure to nourish the same is the cause that a man cannot liue one minute without inspiration according to the which wonderfull benefite the excellent Physitian Hippocrates hath pronounced and that truly that the Aire hath a kinde of Diuinity in it because that in breathing and blowing ouer all parts of the world vniuersally it doth circumuolue all things therein contained nourishing them myraculously strengthning them firmly and maintaining them in an amiable Vnion altogether symbolizing with the stars Planets into the which the diuine prouidence is infused which changeth the aire at his pleasure giueth it power not onely ouer the mutation of times seasons but also of the alteration of naturall bodies And therefore the Philosophers and Physitians haue expresly commanded that wee should haue a principall regarde vnto the situation and motions of the heauenly bodies and constitutions of the aire when the preseruation of health or the curation of diseases are in question but especially the course and mutation of the Aire is of great power as we may easily iudge by the 4. seasons of the yeare For the Aire being hot and dry in Sommer our bodies in like manner doeth thereby become heated and dried and in winter the humidity and coldnesse of the aire doeth likewise fil our bodies with the samequailities in such order neuerthelesse and in so good a disposition of nature that although our temperatures seeme to be changed according to the foure seasons of the yeere wee neuerthelesse receyue no harme thereby if those times do keepe their seasons and qualities fâ—ee from excesse But to the contrarie if the seasons be so peruerted that the Sommer is cold and the Winter hot and the other seaâ—ons in the like distemperature this discord bringeth with it a great perturbation both in our bodyes and in our spirits constrained neuerthelesse to receiue the danger by reason that the causes are extreame and do on euery side encoâ—passe vs so that we are constrained to lodge it in vs by â—hose Organes and Conâ—uits appointed by nature to that end as parâ—ly to expell the superfluous excrements of our nourishment and partly to receiue the saide externall causes which is the ayre or wiâ—â—e producing in vs diuers effects according to those parts of the world from whence they do proceed For it being so that the Southerly winds are â—ot and moyst that of the North cold drie the Easterly winds for the most part are clere and pure and the Westerly cloudy and subiect vnto raiâ—e yet it is a most assured thing that the Ayre which we do inspire continually holdeth in all and through all the quality that is most predominant And therefore we should of necessity consider in all diseases and the inconueniences which happen therein the quality of the windes and the power which they haue ouer our bodies as Hippocrates hath learnedly left vs by writing in the 3. Booke of his Aphorismes Chap. 5. and 17. saying That our bodies do receiue a great alteration through the vissitude of the times and seasons of the yeere As by the South-wind our bodies are subiect to all diseases because that moisture is their primitiue cause it also weakeneth our naturall heate the which in the opposite case is much fortified through a cold and dry wind which also maketh our spirits more quicke and subtill The verity of which sentence the inhabitantes of the territory of Narbonne doe too much experiment to their dammage For being themselues between the lustiest and healthfullest people of all France yet neuerthelesse they themselues are very sickely for the most part their bodies leane their countenances sad and heauy their faces tawny or of an Oliue colour do manifestly shew the same Also among other diseases they are almost all subiect to the white Leprosie and â—he least Vlcers which they haue which wee make no
stinking Sanies whereby the part salleth into a Gangrena vnlesse it be preuented by Egyptiacum and other sharpe medicines And for this cause they haue bene very much approued by the saide Botal and Ioubert and of all good Chirurgeans yet neuertheles our Physitian maintaineth that they are venomous because saith he that being applyed in woundes by Gunne shot they haue beene the cause of the death of many persons which is a thing so absurd and against reason that I will leaue the resolution thereof to the Towne-Barbers who I am sure are of skill sufficient to confute the grossenes of that imputation or if their want of iudgement be such that they cannot yet the consideration of euerie one of the ingredients of the sayde Aegyptiacum would suffice to shew that it is so free from anie venomous quality that it doth resist is directly contrary to all sorts of poisons and putrifactions which may happen in the fleshy partes by reason of any wound or vlcer He saith moreouer that the disposition of the aire caÌ„not be the cause to infect or restore wounds more daungerous at one time then at another Herein also he is of this opinion alone But if hee had well read and vnderstood Hippocrates he had not so lightly contemned the constitution of the seasons and the infection proceeding from the aire not simple and Elementary for being simple it neuer acquireth any putrifaction but by addition and commixtionwith other corrupted vapors as I haue written in my treatise of the Pestilence For inasmuch as the aire that doth incompasse inclose vs is perpetually necessary vnto our liues it followeth therefore that according to the indisposition thereof our bodies also altered in manie and sundry manners because we do draw it continually by meanes of the Lungs and other partes seruing vnto respiration and also by the pores euery little inuisible hole throughout the bodye and by the Arteries dispersed in the skinne And this is done both for the generation of the spirite of life and also to refresh and foment our naturall heate For this cause if it be immoderately hotte cold moist or dry or otherwise distempered it altereth and changeth the temperature of our bodies vnto its owne quality This is cleerely seene for when it is infected by the putrified and Cadaueruous vapors produced from a great multitude of dead bodies that haue not bene buried soone enough as of men of hoâ—ses and other beasts As it happeneth after any battell or when many men haue perished by shipwracke and haue bene cast ashore through the violence of the waues As for example the memory is yet fâ—esh of the corruption of the aire which proceeded from deade bodies at the castle of Pene situate vpon the riuer of Lot in which place in the yeare 1562. in the moneth of September whiles the first troubles hapned about Religion there was a great number of dead bodies fell into a pit of an hundred fathome deepe or thereabouts from whence two moneths after there was eleuated such a stinking and venomous vapor which dispersed it selfe ouer all the countries of Agenois and the neighbouring places within the compasse of thirty miles round that thereby many were infected with the pestilence whereof we need not wonder for the wind blowing and driuing the exhalations and corrupted vapors from one countrey to another doeth infect them with the saide pestilence In like manner the euill constitution of the aire whether the cause be manifest or hidden may make wounds to become putrified alter the spirits and the humors and cause death This therefore ought not to be attributed vnto the woundes because that they which are hurt and those that are not are both equally infected and fall into the same inconueniences Mounsiâ—â—r d' Alechamps in his French Chirurgery speaâ—â—ng oâ— these thinges which hinder the câ—â—â—tâ—on of Vlcers hath not omitted that when either the pesâ—â—lence or any Epidemicall Disease reigneth in any Prouiâ—ce through the corruption of the Aire it maâ—â—th Vlcers become incureable or of most â—â—fficult curation The good old man Guido in his Treatise of Vlcers hath also writ â—hat the wounds of the heade were more hâ—râ—er to cure at Paris then at AuignoÌ„ and that the Vlcers of the legges were more difficult at Auignon then at Paris forsomuch as at Paris the aire is cold and moist which is a contrarie thing especially to wounds in the head Likewise in Auignon the heare of the aire doe liquefie and subtilize the humors and therefore more easilie and in greater abundance do the humors fall into the Legges whereby the curation of the Vlcers in those partes is more difficult at Auignon then at Paris But if any one alledging experience shall say the contrary that the wounds in the head are for the most part mortall in hot countreyes To him I answere that that proceedeth not from the aire as it is more hot and dry but rather because of some superfluous humidity and euil vapor communicated with the aire as in the places about Prouence and of Italy neere vnto the Mediterrenean sea Now there is not a Chirurgean of so little vnderstanding that knoweth not but if the aire be hot and moyst the wounds doe easily degenerate into a Gangrena and putrifaction As for experience I wil giue him a familiar example Wee see that in hot and moyst weather and when the Southerly winds blow that flesh doth putrifie in lesse then two houres though it were neuer so lately killed in such fort that Butchers in those times do kill no meate but euen as they sell it Also there is no doubt to be made but that humane bodies doe fall into affections against Nature when the qualities of the seasons are peruerted through the euil disposition of the aire as hath bene seene that in some yeres wounded persons haue bin most hard to cure and oftentimes dyed of very smal wounds what diligence soeuer the Physitians and Chirurgians could vse The which I noted well at the siedge which was planted before Roan for the corruption of the aire did alter and corrupt the blood and humors in such sort by the meanes of inspiration and transpiration that the wounds became so putrid and faetide that they sent forth a Cadauerueous smell and if it hapned that one day had bene omitted wherein they had not beene drest you shall finde the next day a great companie of wormes in them with a meruellous stench from whence were eleuated many putrified vapours which by their communication with the hart caused a continual Fâ—uer with the Liuer hinderance of the generation of good bloode and with the Braine they produce alienation of the spirits fainting convulsion vomitings and by consequence death and when their bodies were opened you should finde Apostumes in many partes of theyr bodies full of a greene stinking Sanies in such sort that those that were within the Town seeing these things that their wounded persons coulde not be cured saide that those
a fiery quality Pliny saith in the second Book of his History and the 51. chapter that among Thunder one kinde is composed of a meruailous dry matter dissipating all such thinges it meeteth withall neuerthelesse without any signe of burning others of a more humid nature which in like manner burneth not but blacketh and discoloureth much more then the first And others are composed of a very cleere and subtle matter the nature wherof is most meruailous forsomuch that it is not to bee doubted as Seneca hath well saide that there is therein a certaine divine vertue and it is in melting Golde or Siluer in a mans purse the purse it selfe not being so much as touched therewith Also in melting a sworde the scabberd thereof remayning whole Also in dissoluing into droppes the Iron head of a Pike without burning or so much as heating the woode In shedding the wine out of a vessell without burning or breaking of the caske According to the aforesaid testimony I can assure you and that without any preiudice that those Thunders which onely breake and dissipate without any burning and such which leaue effects ful of great admiration not to be much vnlike in substance to the Cannon shot and not those which carry immediately with them the action of fire To proue my saying this one example shall suffice A certaine souldier receiued a wound in his Thigh with a Musket shot from when I extracted a bullet the which being wrapped in the Taffatie of his breeches made a very deepe wound Neuerthelesse I drew it forth of the wound with the same Taffatie it being without any signe of burning And which is more I haue seene many men who not being shot nor any thing touched therewith vnlesse it were in their apparrell onely haue receiued such an astonishment by a Cannon shot that onely past neere them that their members thereby haue become blacke and liuid and shortly after haue falne into a Gangrene and mortification whereof in the end they haue died These effects are like vnto those of the thunder before spoken of Neuerthelesse there is not in them any fire or poison which maketh mee conclude that there is no poison in the common and ordinary pouder Seeing therefore that this disaster was common to all those which were hurt in these last warres and yet neither by fire or poyson that so many valiant men died To what cause may we impute this euill I am so confident of the true cause my Liege that I hope presently to make your Maiesty vnderstand the same to the end that your demand may be fully satisfied Those which haue consumed their age and studie in the secrets of naturall Philosophie haue left vs this among other things for authentick and approued of all times Which is that the Elements do symbolize in such sort the one with the other thâ—t they doe sometimes transforme and change themselues the one into the other in such sorte that not onely their first qualities which are heat coldnesse dâ—inesse and moisture but also theyr substances are chaunged by rarification or condensation of themselues so the fire doth conuert it selfe ordinarily into aire the aire into water the water into earth and contrarywise the earth into water the water into aire and the aiâ—e into fire The which we may dayly behold and proue it by those bellowes of Copper which the Dutchman brings vs being composed in the form of a Boll the which being filled with water and hauing but one hole in the midst of the Sphericall forme thereof receiueth the transmutation of the water within it into aire through the action of the Fire neere vnto the which the Boll must be placed and so thrusteth the aire forth of it with violence making a continuall noise or sound vntill all the ayre be gone forth of it The like may bee knowne by Egges or Chestnuts for either of them being put into the fire before they are crackt or the Rindes broken presently the watery humidity contained in them doth conuert it selfe into ayre thorough the action of the fire and the aire in making his passage bursteth the shell beecause it occupyeth more place being in the forme of aire into the which it was chaunged by rarification caused by the fire then it did vnder the forme of water and not finding passage is constrained to make one by violence according to the proposition helde for most certaine among all Physitians that is to say of that one part of Earth is made tenne of water and of one part of water is made ten of aire as of one part of aire ten of fire I do say and affirme so much of the matters contained in the saide Gun-powder which by meanes of the fire is conuerted into a great quantity of aire the which because it cannot be contained in the place where the matter was before the tranâ—mutation thereof is compelled to yssue forth with an incredible violence by meanes wherof the Bullet breaketh shiuereth and rendeth all that euer it meeteth with yet doth not the fire accompany it Euen as we see a Bow or a Sling shoote forth an arrow or stone without any aire at all But the bullet driueth before it such a subtle winde and so swiftly agitated that sometimes the very wind it selfe without the action of the bullet causeth strange and wonderfull effects For sometimes I haue known it make a fracture in the bones without any diuision of the flesh And heerein it may be compared as we saide before vnto the effect of Thunder euen so we see that if the saide powder bee inclosed in Mines and Vaults of the earth and being conuerted into aire through the action of the fire set vnto it how it doth ruinate and reuerse huge masses of earth almost as bigge as Mountaines Also in this yeare in your Maiesties Town of Paris a certaine quantity of powder bur newly maâ—e in the Arcenall by taking fire caused such a great Tempest that the whole Town shooke at it for with an horrible fury it leuelled with the Earth all the houses neere vnto that place and discouered and battered downe the windowes of all those houses that stood within the fury of it And to bee briefe euen as a â—lap of Thuâ—der it did reuerse here there many men halfe slaine taâ—ing â—way fâ—om some â—heir eyes from oâ—hers theiâ— hearing and left others no lesse torne and mangled in their members then if foure horses had drawne them in peeces and all this by the only agitation of the aire into which substance the powder was conuerted The which according to the quantity and quality of the matter thereof and according to his motion either moâ—e or lesse violent hath caused so many wonâ—erfull accidents in our Prouinces altogether like vnto those which are caused through the inclosing of winds in the bowels and cauities of the earth not beinâ— perspirable The which stâ—â—uing to haue vent bloweth with such a strong and violent
Faintings Palsie Gangrena Mortification and finally deaâ—h They oftentimes send forth a Sanies virulent very fâ—etide which proceedeth from the great abundance of humors which flow to the wounded part because of the vehement crushing contusion and dilaceration of the parts and for want of natural heat to comfort and gouerne them Also by reason of the Cacochimy of the body and the neruous partes as the ioynts also such wounds are founde for the most part greater then such which are made by the punction of a Buckes horne or the Wound made by a stone or any other such like Contusions because that the thing it selfe was round anb doth therfore require a greater and more violent impetuosity to make it penetrate into the inward parts of the body wherein it seemeth to equallize the blowes of thunder CHAP. III. The manner how to handle the aforesaide woundes at the first dressing FIrst it is conuenient that the Chirurgian shold amplifie the wound if the part offended doe permit the same for these causes that is both to giue free â—ssue vnto the Sanies as also to giue ample passage vnto all such straunge bodyes which might haue bene conueyed in with the shot and to draw them forth if any there be as any portion of the apparrell wad paper peeces of Harnesse Maile Bullets Shot Splinters of bones dilacerated flesh and other things that shall bee found therein and this to bee done at the first dressing if it be possible For the accidents of pain and sensibility are not so great in the beginning as they are afterwards Now for the better extraction of the aforesaid things you ought to place the Patient in the same situation that he was at the time when he was first shot because that the Muscles and other parts being otherwaies situate may stop and hinder the way and for the better finding of the saide Bullets and other things it is fitting that search bee made with the finger if it be possible rather then with any Instrument because that the sense of feeling is more certaine then any Probe or other insensible thing But if the bullet haue pierced farre into the body there it may be reached with a Probe round in the end thereof for feare of causing paine neuerthelesse it hapneth somtimes that the Bullet cannot be found by the Probe as it hapned in the campe of Parpignan to my Lord the Marshall of Brissac who was wounded with a Musket shot neere to the right Omoplâ—â—e or shoulder-blade where many Chirurgians because they could not finde the saide Bullet affirmed that it was entered into the capacity of the body but I â—ot hauing that opinion came to seeke for the Bullet where first without vsing any Probe I caused him to be placed in the same gesture of bodie as he was at that time when he was Wounded then I began wiâ—h my fingers gently to compresse about the neighbouring parts of the wound in doing whâ—reof I found a tumor and hardnesse in â—he flesh with the sense of paine and liuiditie of colour in the place where the Bullet was which was betwixt the lower part of the Omoplate and the seuenth and eight Vertebre or turning ioynt of the backe In which place incision was made to draw forth the shot whereby he was shortly after cured Wherefore it is very conuenient to search for the Bullet not onely with the Probe but as I saide before with the fingers by handling and feeling the part and places about the same where you may coniecture the Bullet to haue penetrated Chap. 4. A Description of such Instruments which are proper to extract Bullets and other strangâ— Bodyes AS for the strange bodies which may be infixed in the wound they may bee extracted by such Instruments heereafter described which are different both in figure and greatnesse according as neede shall require whereof some are toothed others not And it is fit the Chirurgian should haue of many and diuers fashions some greater and some sâ—aller of euery kind to accommodate them to the bodies and wounds and not the bodies and wounds to his Instruments The Crowes Bill toothed A Cranes Bill brought into the forme of an Elbow Cubite or bowed arme This following is called the Cranes bill because of the similitude it hath thereunto the which in like manner ought to bee toothed and it is proper to extract any thing from the bottom of the wound both shot maile splinters of fractured bones other things The Cranes bill straight This Instrument is called tâ—e Duckes Bill hauing a Cauity in the extreamity or end thereof large and round toothed the better to holde the Bullet and it is proper principally when the Bâ—llet hapneth in the flesâ—ty parts The Duckes Bill Another Fashion of draw-Bullet Another fashion of Draw Bullet called the Lizards head to draw the Bullet marked with the same Letters as the former A. sheweth the Pipe or the hollow body of the instrument B. The Rod which openeâ—h shutteth the head of the Instrument C. The ioynt Another Instrument called the Parrats Bill and it is proper to draw foorth any peeces of Harnesse which may be inserted into the â—ottome of the Member or also into the bones A. sheweth the stalke of the Vice B. The Scrue C. The runner which by the meanes of a Vice is scrued higher or lower DD The other part which is fixed with a Cauitie in the middest thereof wherein the Runner is placed Another Instrument which is callled the Swans biâ—l which opneth wiâ—h a Vice accompanyed with a payre of Foâ—ceps which heere before wee haue called the Cranes bill and it serueth to drawe foorth any strange body after that the wound is dilated with the saide Swans Bill If the strange bodyes especially the Bullet or shot be not very deepe they may be drawne forth by Eleuatories An Instrument called the Tire-fond Another Instrument called the Tirefond the which is turned by a Scrue within a pipe or hollow Instrument aâ—d it is very conuenient to extract forth the aforesaid Bullets when they are penetrated or are infixed in the bones for the point thereof is to be serued into the Bullet prouided that it be of Lead or Tin for it cannot enter inâ—o a harder body and by that meanes it may be easily drawne forth A Dilatorie This Instrument is named a Dilatory which may be vsed to open and dilate the wounds to the end that the strange bodyes may the easier bee found and extracted for by compressing together the two ends thereof the other two do open it may also serue in many places as the nostrils fundament and other parts The Instruments which follow are Needles for the Seton and are very conuenient when as you would passe in a Seton to keepe the wound the way of the Bullet open vntill you haue drawne forth all the straunge bodies which might yet remaine therein besides they may serue to exploraâ—e or search into deepe wounds to
is most certaine that they will heat the part and acquire to themselues an acrimony which afterwards will eate into the edges and other parts of the wound from whence insueth dolour fluxion inflammation fluxe of blood Apostume and putrifaction which are easily communicated to the noble parts and cause afterwards many pernitious accidents And therfore the Chirurgian need not to feare any thing at all of the closing or conglutinating of the aforesaide wounds because that the flesh being so greatly contused and dilacerated cannot consolidate vntill the contusion be first suppurated and mundified And therefore I aduise him not to vse any Tents or Setons but those that are very small and slender to the end that they may not hinder the issue of the matter contained and that the patient may indure them easily thereby to auoyde the aforesaid accidâ—nts The vse of Tents and Setons is to carry the medicine vnto the bottom of the wounds and to keepe them open especially in their Orifices vntill that the strange and vnnaturall things be expelled but if the wound bee sinuous and deep in such maner that the medicines cannot be conueyed vnto all the offended parts then you may make iniection with the decoction following â„ž Aquae hordei lb iiij agrimon centauris minoris Pimpinellae Absinth Plantag an m ss Rad. Aristoloch rotun Ê’ ss fiat decoctio ad lb j. in colatura expressa dissolue aloes hepaticae Ê’ iij. mellis rosat â„¥ ij bulliant modicum With this there shall be inuection made three or four times together every time that the patient is dressed And if this remedy be not sufficient to clense the matter and to consume the spongy and putrified flesh you may then mixe with the said decoction of Egyptiacum dissolued in such a quantity as necessity shall require as for a pound of the sayd decoction an ounce of the said vnguent more or lesse the which is of most great efficacy to correct the spongeous flesh from the bottome of the said wounds the like also doth the saide Egyptiacum being applyed aboue on the excresence of the spongeous flesh I haue in like manner experimented the powder of Mercury and Alom burned mixed together in equall portions to haue in that case the like vertue vnto sublimate or Arsnick but in working it is nothing so painfull and it maketh also a very great eschar whereat sometimes I haue much wondred Some practitioners doe vse oftentimes to leaue a great quantitie of their iniections in the bottome of such sinewous wounds the which I approoue not For besiâ—es the putrifaction and corruption which thereby it getâ—eth it holdeth the parts extended and doeth humid or moysten them wherâ—by it commeth to passe that Nature cannot do her duty to regenerate the flesh considering that for the curation of all Vlcers that being an Vlcer as saith Hippocrates the scope or intention ought to be to dissicate them and not moisten them Many doe erre also in the too frequent vse of Setons in this That not applying themselues to reason they do vse to renew them alwaies wherby they rub and fret away the tender flesh on the edges of the wounâ— the which rubbing and chafing doth not onely cause paiâ—e but also bringeth with it many euill accidents And therefore I doe very much commend the vse of the hollow tent which are made either of Golde Siluer or Lead such as are described in the wounds of Thorax I meane to be vsed in such places which haue lapasity sufficient and where there shal be great quantity of Sanies Also it is most needfull that there should bee applyed Compresses or Boulsters iust vpon the bottome of the sinus thereby to comprimate those parts which are distant from the Orifice to expell the Sanies To which end it is fitting that the boulster be perforated iust vpon the orifice of the sinuous vlcer and vpon the hollow tents that therein there bee placed a sponge to receiue the Sanies for by this meanes the expulsion euacuation and absumption thereof shall be much better In rolling the Ligature ought to bee first begun on the bottom of the sinus with a mean combustion to the end that the matter bee not retayned within the Cauity thereof The Rollers and Boulsters proper to this operation shall bee first moistned in Oxycrat or soure Wine or in any other astringent liquor to roborate and strengtheÌ„ the part and to hinder the defluxion But great heed ought to be taken that ther be not too great an astriction made vppon the part because that thorough the astriction or straight binding extreame paine may be produced by meanes of the exhalation of the fuliginous excrements which therby are prohibited Also it may cause the member to become Atrophied or withered thorough the too long continuation of the said Rollers CHAP. VII Of the meanes to draw foorth such strange bodyes which shall yet remaine to be extracted AND where there shall remaine any splinters of bones which at the beginning were not extracted by the aforesaid Instruments then you ought to apply this medicine which is of great power to draw them foorth and all other strange bodies â„ž Radicis ireos florent panac Cappar an Ê’ iij. aristolochiae rotundae mannae thuris an Ê’ i. in pollinem redecta concorporentur mell rosar terebinth venetae ana â„¥ ij Another remedy to take away the saide Splinters and corrupted bones â„ž Resina pini siccae â„¥ iij Pumicis combusti extincti in vin albo radic ireos aristolochiae ana Ê’ ss thuris Ê’ j. squamae aeris ss ij in pollinem rediganter diligenter incorporentur cum melle rosato fiat medicamentum Besides these remedies which haue in them from their nature such power to attract foorth strange bodies there are of others which haue the like effect and vâ—rtue by putrifaction Vt omnia stercorâ— Animalium Also Leauen and such like as Galen writeth CHAP. VIII Of the Indications which ought to bee obserued in the saide wounds THE mundification and the extraction of the saide strange bodies being done it followeth then to aide Nature both to regenerate flesh also to cicatrice it as wel by things taken inwardly as by outward Medicines hereunto conuenient and to proceede therein by certaine Indications which are taken first from the essence of the disease and from the cause thereof If it bee present although that from the primitiue cauâ—e according to Galen in the third of his Method â—here ought no Indication to bee taken no more then from the time wherein hee meaneth from the absent cause and from the time past In like manner Indication ought to be taken from the foure vniuersall times of the cureable disease that is to say from the beginning increasing state and declination according to the which times the remedies ought to be diuersied Another Indication is takeÌ„ from the temperature of the Paâ—ient which also changeth the curation For euery rationall
and Methodicke Chirurgian knoweth well that other remedies are required in a Chollericke body then in a Flegmatick and so of the other temperatures both simple and compound Vnder the which Indication of the temperature shall bee comprehended that of the Age which receyueth not all remedies alike but demaundeth some for the yong persons and others for the old Moreouer Indication is to bee taken from the custome or manner of liuing of the Patient as whether hee hath beene accustomed to eate and drink much and at all houres for then you ought not to ordaine him such an exquisite dyet as vnto him that is accustomed to eate and drinke but little and at certaine houres and therefore the diet of Panades are not so proper vnto vs as vnto the Italians because our bodies require more lenitiue things which effect it woorketh with them because of Custome which is a second Nature Vnder this accustomed manner of liuing ought to be vnderstood the condition of the life and the exercise of the Patient forasmuch as you ought to vse stronger remedies vnto the robusticke men of labour such as haue their flesh hard then you ought to vse vpon the delicate and such which labour but little and exercise lesse Some there bee that had rather comprehend this Indication vnder that of the temperature For my part I wil not dispute of it but will leaue the resolution thereof wholly to the Doctors The Indication taken from the vertue of the patient is aboue all other things to be respected because that it failing or being very weake all other things ought necessarily to bee best to come vnto it As when we are inforced through necessity to take off a member or to make any great incisions or such like things if the patient haue not vertue sufficient to indure the paine it is necessary to deferre such operations if it possible vntill that Nature be restored and hath recouered her vertues both by good nourishment and rest Another Indication may bee taken from the Ayre which doth encompasse vs vnder the which are comprehended the seasons of the yeere the region the place of our abiding and the constitution of the time For accordiâ—g to the heat coldnesse drinesse and moysture of the aire also according to the continuation of these qualâ—ties the Medicines ought to be prepared And therefore as sayth Guido the wounds in the head are more difficult to heale at Paris then at Auignon and the wounds in the legges are more tedious at Auignon then in Paris by reason that in Paris the ayre is more cold and moyst then at Auignon which is a contrary thing especially to all woundes in the head Contrarywise in Auignon the heate of the incompassing aire doeth melt and subtillize the humors whereby such humours more easily and in greater abundance do fall downe into the legs from whence it commeth that the wounds in the legges are more difficult to cure at Auignon then at Paris But if any one doe alledge experience to the contrary that the woundes in the head do more often become lethall or mortal in hotte Regions then in colde To him I answer that that proceedeth not by reason of the aire inasmuch as it is hot and dry but because of some superfluous humidity or euill vapour communicated with the aire as in those partes of Prouence and Italy which are neere to the Mediterranean sea The Indication of curation may also bee taken from the temperature of the wounded partes for the fleshy parts doe require other remedies then the Bones or the Neruous partes and so others The like ought to bee obserued concerning the sensibility of the saide parts which in like manner altereth the manner of curation for it is not sitting to apply such sharpe and violent medicines to the Nerues and Tendons as to the Ligaments and other insensible parts The dignity and action of the wounded parts hath no lesse priuiledge in the act of curation then the former For if the wound be in the Braine or in any other of the vitall or naturall parts it behooueth that their Medicines diuersified and applied according to their dignity and action because that from the contemplation of these wounds is oftentimes gathered a certain iudgement of the insuing accidents For such woundes which doe penetrate into the ventricle of the Braine the Heart or in the great vessels in the Chest in the Neruous part of Diaphragma in the Liuer in the stomack in the smal guts and in the bladder if the wound bee great they are necessarily mortall Also such which are in the ioynts or neere thereunto and in bodies Cacochymed or of an ill habitude are oftentimes mortall as hath beene sayde heere before In like manner the Indications which are taken from the position and colligance of the affected part ought not to bee forgotten neither the figure thereof as Galan hath sufficiently explained in the 7. of his Method and in the second to Glaucus CHAP. IX How Diseases become compounded MOreouer in taking the aforesaid Indication you ought to consider whether there bee a complication of the disease or not For euen as the simple disease proposeth a simple Indication so the complications of the indispositions against Nature do propose mixâ—d or compounded Indications Now the aforesaide complications are made after three manner of wayes that is to say disease with disease as a Wound with an Apostume or fracture of the bones Disease with cause as an Vlcer with defluxion Disease with symptome as a wound with paine or with a Fluxe of blood Or all things against Nature together as disease cause and symptome Now that you might know how to handle artificially all these complications you must followe the Doctrine of Galen in the 7. of his Method who exhorteth vs to consider the complicated affections as that which is the most vrgent the cause and that wâ—thout the which the disease cannot be taken away And these are things of great importâ—nce in the curation of all diseases herein the Empericke becommeth wauering and vncertaine without counsell or resolution not knowing with which of the affections hee ought first to begin withall for the cure Buâ— the iâ—dicious Physitian to the contrary is directed by those three golden wordâ— from the which depend both the order and method in all such complicated dispositions and affections The symptomes inasmuch as they are symptomes do not giue any Indication at all neyther do they charge or alter the order of the curation For in taking away the disease which is the cause of the symptome they are remooued because they depend thereon as the shadow doth the body although oftentimes we are constrained to leaue the disease in an irregular care to come vnto the accidents of the Disease the which if they are vrgent doe holde the place of the cause and not properly of the symptomes To conclude all the sayde Indications are but to attaine to two endes
of Artillery Chap. 12 Of the meanes which should be obserued â—n rectifying of the aire and corrobating the noble parts and to fortifie the whole body Chap. 13 Memorable Histories Chap. 14 An Apologie touching the woundes made by Gun-shot Chap. 15 Another Discourse vppon that question of the venenosity of wounds made by Gun-shot Chap. 16. The differences betweene wounds made by arrowes and those made by Gunshot Chap. 17. The difference betweene Arrowes and Darts 18 Of the difference of the wounded parts Chap. 19 Of the extraction of Arrowes Chap. 20 How you ought to proceede in drawing foorth broken Arrowes Chap. 21 What ought to be done then when the Arrow is infixed in the bone Chap. 22 Of venomous or empoysoned wounds Chap. 23 Intention of the Author The Venetians had the first vse of Artillery Diuers opinions touching the time when Artillery began The Author of Artillery and his name What things hath sâ—nce bin added to the Artillery Diners names of the Artillery whence they are taken From wâ—â—â—ce the word Arquebuz is tâ—ken Diuers Arâ—ifâ—cers of Fiâ— A comparison of the Engines vsed by our Ancients with those of ouâ—s The Thunâ—er is not so cruell as the Artillery How man may be preseâ—â—ed from Thunder Plin. lib. â— cap. 5â— Pliny lib. 2â— cap. 55. What things are preserued from the force of Thunder Sueto in Tib. Artillery driueth away Thunder The times which aâ—e without Thunder Lib. 2. cap. 50. Designe and end of Artillery The reason that moued the Authour to write of Gunshot The sum contained in the 1. discourse The sum contained in the 2 discourse Pas of Suze The Castle de Villane besieâ—ed taken The Author entereth into the matter A remedie found by accident Gunpouder not venomous Woundes made by guâ—shot are without combustion Historie Yea Sir by the Faith of God Histoâ—ie How the patient oughâ— to be sâ—tuate in the extraction of Bullets The cause that maketh woundes by Gunne shot hard to bee cured History Occasion of this discourse â—â—sinuation into the good acceptâ—nce of those who are of the contrary opiâ—ion The Author proposeth two points whiâ—h hâ—e wold refute viz. the poyson of the powder and the Fire of the Bullet The preseâ—t disputation is taken froÌ„ Philosophers Physitians and Chirurgians The composition of the powder Salt-peter is salt of stones Refutation of those that affirme the Bullet to be impoisoned Refutation of those that affirme that the Bullet causeth coÌ„bustion An example of a ball of wax Whence it pâ—oâ—eâ—deth that wouâ—dâ— mâ—de by Gunshot are â—â—dinarily blacke Reasons of those of contraâ—y opinioÌ„ Seneca 3. kindes of Thunders Answere to the contrary Reasons A meruailous effeâ—t of Thunder Example The effect â—f Artillerie like to the Thunder Diuers sounds yssuing out of the veins of the earth The true explicauoâ— of the questioÌ„ Hyp in the Prefaâ—e of â—is Prognest Hyp. in the beginning of his booke de Aere locis et aquis The alienatiâ—n of 〈◊〉 cause of diseases Lib. 3. Apâ—or 15. A similitude Intollerable stinke proceediâ—g froÌ„ the wounded parts of men Venomous Wounds Differencâ—s taken from the matter of Bullets Fâ—omwheÌ„ce proceedeth the malignity of woundes made by Gunshot 〈…〉 The sâ—tuation of the Patient to extâ—act vnnaâ—urall things Of what bignes the Probes ought to be â—he prinâ—ipall intention of the Chiâ—uâ—gian Why no eschaâ—aticke Medicine ought to be vsed Dâ—scription of ouâ—â—gvp â—â—aâ—um proper fâ—â— the aâ—oâ—esaide wounds The vertue of Campher Combustion ioyned to woundes made by Gunshot Time to obserue to drâ—sse the patient Puâ— is not so made by Gunshot as in all other wounds Aduertisement to the young Chirurgian A Cathâ—â—icke powder Compresses or Boulsteâ—s Indication taken fâ—om the temperature of the bodye The Indicatioâ— taken from the vertue of the patient Sentence of Guido Indication taken from the wounded part Aphâ—ris 18. Booâ—â— 1â— The Vrgent the cause the necessity The vsâ— of Indâ—â—atâ—â—n Phlâ—botomy necessary iâ— wouÌ„ds made by Gunâ—eihoâ— Caâ—ses why thâ—â—â— hâ—pnâ—th 〈◊〉 alwayâ— anâ—le moâ—thâ—gâ— Hot humors are apâ—er to slowe then cold Aphoâ— 31. Bâ—oke 2. An aduertisâ—ment Causes of petillous accidents in woundes madâ— by Gunshot Hyp. lib. de vnla Cap. Historie Aqua-vitae with a little Treaâ—le recall 〈◊〉 presenthe the spirites and comforteth the vital faculty Historie Another history Meruellous accidents God Nature effect meruailous things Galen in the 6 of the Method The Emplaster of Vigo is resolutiue The benefit of vniuersal Frications A iust occasioâ— of the Author for his Apology Basilicon liquefied into an oyle is proper in al woundsthat â—equire suppuration Hyp. in his â—â—â—ke of vlâ—eâ—s Doubles an Empirick Answerâ— tâ— th◠〈◊〉 of Igyptiaâ—um 1 Similitude 2 similitude 3 similitude 4 â—imiâ—itude 5 similitude Horâ—ible effects of gun-powder A new kind of suppuratiue A pleasant answer and to the purpose Euill pâ—actisers do open both the heaueâ—â— and the eaâ—th 1 Reason Answer 2 Reason Answer 3 Reason Answer 4 Reason Answer 5 Râ—ason Answer A great Anotation Neâ—essarie iudgâ—ment to auoyde scandall
that is to say to restore the part in its naturall temperature and that the blood offend not neyther in quantity nor quality That being done as saith Galen nothing will hinder neyther the regeneration of the flesh nor the vnion of the vlcer Buâ— sometimes it is not possible to put the aforesayde Indications in execution either because of the greatnesse of the wound or the excesse and disobedience of the Patient or because of some other indisposition which hath happened through the ignorance of the Chirurgian or from the ill or disordered application of the Medicines And therefore by meanes of these things there followeth great paines Feauers Apostumes Gangrenaes vulgarly and abusiuely called Estiomenes Mortifications and oftentimes death it selfe Moreouer those that receyue wounds by Gunshot do eyther dye or else remaine maymed and defectiue all their life after CHAP. X. How the Chirurgian shall proceede in the handling of the saide wounds IN the beginning therefore great regard ought to bee taken to mittigate the payne as much as may be by repercussing the defluxion by ordayning a dyet according to the six vnnatural things and they annexed by anoyding all hot and sharp things and by diminishing or altogether prohibiting wine lest it should heat subtillize make the humors flow to the part His maner of liuing ought in the beginning to be very slender thereby to make revulsion For when the stomacke is not filled sufficiently it attracteth from all partes vnto it by meanes whereof the externe parts hauing affinity therewith do remaine empty And this is the reason wherefore the patient ought to keepe a slender dyet in the first dayes of his hurt Venus is altogether contrary vnto them inasmuch as it enflameth the humors and spirits more then any other motion and for this cause it maketh the wound to bee much enflamed and subiect to defluxion And it wil not be amisse in the beginning if there be a sluxe of bloode to let it moderately flow thereby to discharge the body and the part and where it hath not sufficiently flowed you ought the day following to vse revulsiue Phlebotomy and to take away according to the fulnesse and vertue of the patient You neede not feare of making of auersion of the blood toward the Noble partâ— For as we haue saide there is no venomous quality thâ—rein neuerthelesse it is generally â—bserued that such wounds at that iâ—stant doe send forth bâ—t little bloode because of the great conâ—usion made by the Bulâ—et and tâ—e vehemence of the agitated aire which doth repulse and driue back the spirits into the inwâ—rd parts and into the circumiacent parts of the wound as we haue sayd before This is ordinarily knowne in those who haue had a member carried away with a great shot for at the instant of their hurts there issueâ—h but little blood forth of their wounds although that there be many great Veines and Arteries broken dilacerated But a certaine time afterwards as in the fourth fift or sixt day and sometimes later the blood will yssue foorth in great abundance by meanes of the returning of the spirits and natural heate into the affected paâ—ts As for the purgatiue Medicines I leaue them to the Doctors Neuerthelesse in their absencâ— it is necessarie to relaxe and moue the belly of the patient at the least once a day either by aâ—t or by Nature which shal be done râ—ther by Custers then Purgations especially in the fiâ—st dayes because that the agitation of the humors in that case is to be suspected least they shold maâ—e a greater defluxion to the wounded part Nâ—uerthelesse Galen in the fourth booke of his Method Cap 6. speaking of the Indications of bleeding and purging where he saith That bleeding and purging are necessary according to the greatnesse of the disease althogh that the patiâ—nt be without repletion or cacochymy or euill constitution Paine ought to be appeased according to the intention and remission thereof which to do if it happen that there is an inflammatiâ—n you may apply thereto as a locall medicine Vnguentum nutritum composed with the iâ—yce of Plantane Housleeke and Night-shade and such like Also the Emplaister Diachalciteos describâ—d by Galen in his first Booke of the Composition of Medicines according to their kinds chap. 6. dissolued vvith the oyle of Poppy of roses and a little Vinegar and it is of no little efficacy for that purpose Also vng de bolo and many others of that facultie if they be not properly anodins for all Anodins are hot in the first degree or at the least agreeing in heate with our bodies as saieth Galen in his first Booke and 19. chap. of Simples â—nd the aforesaid medicines are cold yet not so much as that thereby they should become Naucotick the which are cold in the fourth degree But to bee short the aboue-mentioned in the aforesaid case do appease the paine very commâ—diously because they are contrary vnto hot distâ—mperatures and doe prohibit the defluxions of humors which oftentimes are sharpe and chollericke which are more apte to flow then the cold and do cause a greater pain After the vsage of repercussiues I do meruellously approue this Cataplasme â„ž Micae panis infusae in lacte vaccino lb j. ss bulliant parum addendo olei violacei rosâ— an â„¥ iij vitellos ouorum numer quatuor pul rosar rubr florum chamemel melior an â„¥ ij far fabar hord ana â„¥ j. misce fiat cataplasma secundum artem Or for a Medicine sooner prepared thou must take of the crummes of bread and so let it be a little boyled with Oxycrat and the Oyle of Roses As concerning the curation of such Apostumes which happen in these Wounâ—es it is expedient that their Medicines should bee diuersied according to their times For some medicines are proper in the beginning others in the augmentation and others in other times as hath beene sufficiently declared by Galen in his thirde Booke and ninth chapter of the faculty of Medicines And by Guido in the curation of Apostumes and by those that haue written thereof And where Nature shall incline to suppuration it is most needful to attend her as sayth Hippocrates for the Physitian and Chirurgean are but the ministers and helpers of Nature to ayde her in those thinges whereunto commodiously she enclineth CHAP. XI Of such Buâ—lets which haue remained in certain parts a long time after the Curation of the wounds SOmetimes the Bullets of Lead haue remayned a long time within the members as for the space of seuen or eight yeeres and more there following neuerthelesse not any euill accident nor hinderance of the consolidation of the wound they haue continued there so long till they haue bene thrust forth by the expulsiue vertue discending downe by meanes of their grauity and heauinesse into the inferiour parts in the which they will manifest themselues and then ought to bee drawne forth by the operation of