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cause_n	body_n	heat_n	hot_a	2,056	5	7.8780	4	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54597	Fleta minor the laws of art and nature, in knowing, judging, assaying, fining, refining and inlarging the bodies of confin'd metals : in two parts : the first contains assays of Lazarus Erckern, chief prover, or assay-master general of the empire of Germany, in V. books, orinally written by him in the Teutonick language and now translated into English ; the second contains essays on metallick words, as a dictionary to many pleasing discourses, by Sir John Pettus ... ; illustrated with 44 sculptures.; Beschreibung aller fürnemisten mineralishcen Ertzt- und Berckwercksarten. English	Ercker, Lazarus, d. 1594.; Pettus, John, Sir, 1613-1690.	1683 (1683)	Wing P1906; ESTC R5570	316,186	522

be dammage Section 8 After the vvork is finished then must the Jug be suffered to cool and put water in it then will it mollify the Caput Mort. put it out gently with an Iron and so the Jug will become clean again Deciphered 1. A luted glass-bottle covered with an Helm 2. A luted glass-bottle without an Helm 3. Another sort of Glass-bottle 4. The Form of an Helm 5. An half Glass or half Pipkin with one Ear and a Mouth 6. A Receiver with a Pipe 7. A Receiver without a Pipe 8. An earthen Retort 9. An earthen Jug or Culb to burn Aqua fort 10. Other kind of Bottles Glasses half-Glasses Tunnels Sculpture XX. CHAP. XXI How to make Ovens to Distill Aqua Fort. Section 1 EVERY one useth to prepare the Ovens to the distilling of Aqua Fort. according to his pleasure But there is one Form much better and more profitable than the other as I have seen and used many my self for I finde That the Ovens called Athanors which as in the following Sculpture is Section 2 properly delineated are the best to be used to distil Aqua fort and they are to be formed thus Make a Steeple in square or round four Els high and below in it lay an Iron Grate under vvhich must be a Wind-hole according to the demonstration in the next Sculpture and then make again on both sides of the steeple in the same wideness according to the height of the Juggs or Glass-bottles round or square Ovens in which the Glasses or Juggs may stand Put also below in the steeple or tower Iron-Grates so that it may have wind-holes below in such By-Ovens must be left holes from the Tower that the heat as you shall hear may come out of it and if they are about a large span wide and four fingers and a span high then are they wide and high enough only observe That when you do set up the high Tower you do not make it two thick near to the holes but rather narrower that the fire or heat may go the better into the By-Ovens then cause to such holes through which the heat doth pass fit Instruments of Potters-work with which you may govern the fire as you please Section 3 Some cause such Instruments or Registers to be made of strong Iron but they are not so good as the earthen for if the Iron one become hot and glowing then they give likewise great heat and if they are drawn before the fire then they cannot well be managed or govern'd by it and there is also danger therein Deciphered 1. The Athanor 2. The Mouth-hole over the Grate 3. The Mouth-hole under the Grate 4. The Grates in the By-Ovens 5. The By-Ovens 6. Instruments to open or shut the By-Ovens Mouth 7. A Cover for the By-Oven 8. The Pins for the Registers or Wind-holes 9. A Semicircle piece of Wood by which the Athanor is to be made round 10. The Cover for the Athanor 11. The person that tends them 12. A dish of Metals to be used Sculpture XXI CHAP. XXII How the Ingredients are to be prepared for distilling of the Aqua fort Section 1 FOR distilling of the common Aqua fort there are used only two Ingredients Nitre and Vitriol which must be prepared before they are put in first the Vitriol must be calcined which is to be done thus Take at once four pound of those Ingredients Section 1 and put them in an earthen glazed Crucible set it over the fire that the Vitriol may melt to a water let it boil gently and stir it about continually with a wooden spatula until the wateriness be evaporated away and the Vitriol begins to be thick then take with the wooden spatula some part out of the Crucible while it is warm and grind it upon a Grinding-stone before it be cold then take more out of the Crucible upon the Grindingstone until all the Vitriol is out of the Crucible and ground small for if you do not take the Vitriol warm out of the Crucible but lettest it be cold in it then it will become as hard as a stone and so 't is difficult to be brought out neither is it easy to grind Thus the Vitriol is to be prepared for the distilling of the Aqua fort Section 2 Concerning the Nitre it needs not be calcin'd yet one may set it upon a Oven that it may be dry and then beat and grind it fine and small then is it also prepared But because it is not all pure but some part of it is very Salt therefore it is first to be clarified and purified from its Salt which every one who converseth with Distillation of Aqua fort certainly should know and that with the hand But how the clearing should be done see full Instruction in the first Book CHAP. XXIII How Aqua fortis is to be distilled Section 1 TAKE four pound of clean Nitre and three pound and a half of calcin'd Vitriol as is mentioned grind them very small and put them in an over-luted glass-Glass-body brush'd with an Hares-foot bound to a little stick the neck of the Bottles being taken off that the water may go clean over and not have cause to ascend when then the stuff is put into the Bottle or Jugg then put it in one of the By-Ovens on the Grate with a Copel made for it on purpose and lay upon the By-Oven a Cake made of Earth or Clay and daub it close about the neck of the Jug and over-lute the joynings every where with the Clay very well that no heat or vapours may go out of it and let the Air-holes on the side be open as you see in the former Sculpture yet not too wide for if they are open near three fingers wide then 't is wide enough But you must not put the Bottle as now 't is mentioned Section 2 naked into the Oven upon the Iron-grate as you do with the Iron Jug but in a small earthen Test made on purpose which hath below a little Foot which is called a Coppel and in this put ashes or clean Sand that the Glass Bottle may come to stand a good square hand above the Grate when you have put in the Stuff set an Helm upon it and dawb the Joynings very well over with the Clay which you have prepared Section 3 But some have another way viz. When the Bottle is put in then they lay round about the Neck good prepared Clay and over the Clay they lay Paper so that the Helm may not quite stand on the Clay and this is done for this Reason that the Helm after the distilling may loosen it self clean and then they do set upon it the Helm and lute it over with good Clay and lastly apply the thin stuff upon a little Cloth that no spirits at all may go out Section 4 You ought also to prepare the By-Oven and likewise the Jug or Bottle with the Helm set

relation any correspondence between the Arm that was lost in Europ and that Legg which was lost in Africa or Asia score of years between One Humour of our Bodies produceth Worms and those Worms suck and exhaust all other humours and then all dyes and all dryes and moulders into dust and that dust is blown into the River and that pudled water tumbled into the Sea and that ebbs and flows with infinite Revolutions and still yea still God doth know in what Cabinet every seed pearl lies in what part of the World every grain and particle of every mans dust doth lye Now we are to believe that this scattered Dust over all the Elements shall in the twinkling of an eye have a glorious Resurrection far more glorious than what is producible by Metallick Art which serves here but as an Illustration of what may be expected hereafter but to return to our Chymical Dust Ashes and Pouder the dust of Diamonds is most remarkable because nothing can master cut or polish a Diamond but by its own dust and it is a delicate Art especially their Mills by which with the dust of it they make so many curious Angles as that they are all reflectionary glitterings and sparkling Lights to each other Then for Ashes the several Lixiviums or Lees which are made of the several sorts of them they are of great use in Chimistry especially those that are made for Salt-petre without which scarce any Metallick Operation can have good effects And for Pouder the most eminent is that which is made for Guns viz. of Salt-petre Charcoal and Brimstone and some other ingredients to heighten their tempers and when it is perfected for the use it doth as it were revenge its own Contusions by shattering the pieces of others almost into Atoms and therefore called T. Buechsen-pulver L. Pulvis tormentarius as if it had been invented by the Friar to torment others before their time Now seeing I am writing of Gun-pouder I have long since considered of the vast quantity that is spent in Salutes c. and it was my chance to meet with an Ingredient of a cheap rate with which supposing a pound of pouder to be used I took a 4th part of it and three parts of my Ingredient which was not of the charge of a 4th part of Pouder and with that mixture did make a Report rather greater than less than the whole pound of pouder would have done but this compounded pouder is more for noise than execution which is the chief use of Salutes or for Triumphs whereby half 3 parts of 4 in the charge of common Gun-pouder may be saved And seeing I have told you of a pouder of Salutation give me leave to tell you That I have found out a pouder of preservation such as without Salt shall keep Meat in its Blood and Gravy untainted or unputrified for more than a year of which some little experiment I have made but not sufficient to satisfy my self There is yet another Powder which I am to speak of viz. a Powder of Dulcification which is a peculiar Art but for that I shall conclude with Herbet that Divine Poet as an admonition for the good use it When Hair smells sweet through Pride or Lust The Powder hath forgot the Dust PURIFICATION purifying T. Rein Reinigen Saeuberung L. Mundatio Purgatio Purificare Clarificare Defaecare to separate Metals from dross either by washing by clarifying filtring digestion or distilling and this is done by water only or by fire only and somtimes by both joyntly See Cleansing Purging Clarifying PUTRIFACTION T. Verrottung Verfalung L. Putrifactio A. Rottenness Corruption Putrefaction c. as Bees from a Lions Carcass Judg. 14. 8. Snakes from the Corruption of Horse-hair Magots and Flies from corrupt Flesh Eels from corrupted Dews and in all Histories of Nilus it is said That the Mud thereof breeds besides other larger Creatures an infinite number of Mice in which Experiment we need go no further than the Island of Foulness in Dengy hundred in Essex where as my Author Mr. Bernard a very credible Gentleman affirm'd to me and it is confirm'd by Chiswell in his Britania Baconica that about the end of every year in his ground there a prodigious number of Mice were bred from the Soil of his Grounds so as he had often seen some of them not fully shap'd and these Mice about August did devour all the roots of the grass whereby the grass being withered the whole ground seemed like a bed of chaff wherein the Mice delighted themselves but whilst they were in their sports about the end of every September there came a sort of little Owls in great numbers but much less than those which are bred in England and so being fill'd and fatned they flew away again and what with the chaff and carrion of the Mice and dung of the Owls the next Spring the grounds produced again plenty of Grass which fatned him yearly many good Oxen Now this putrefaction is not only seen by producing such Insects but in Metals for the Rusts of them are but rots or putrefactions as when Ceruse is produced of Lead made rotten with Vrine or Vinegar and Verdigrise produced from Copper made rotten by fumes of Wine and many such like putrefactions See Pulveration c. QU Q QU QUARRY T. Steinegruben which word Grub is used in English to search for Stone c. L. Lapidicinia Latonia Latumia Lithomia and Fodina and for a Quarry of Mill-stones Cotaria It is not agreed from whence this word is derived but the French comes nearest to the matter viz. Querir from the Latine Quaerere to seek or pro qua re quaerit and so an Hawk is said to have her Quarry when she hath got what she flew at however it is called also fodina which is the title to a Mine and indeed the Mines for Metals Minerals and Stones are so near of kin that they may all be called properly Fodinae See Mines Minerals Stones Waters QUENCH or to Quench T. Ermorden that is to put to Death also Andeschen L extinguere which in Metals is when the heat of them are taken away by cold water so quenching thirst is the allaying of heat in the body by some cooling liquids and it may also come from the Quince Apple which hath the quality to allay flames thirstiness c. coming from hot causes QUICKSILVER T. Quecksilver L. Argentum vivum Argentum liquidum fufile Hidrargirum or Argenteum aqueum and this by Chimists is devoted to the Planet Mercury and so by them also called Mercury for its Agility and therefore the Heathens who worship'd it as a God yet put an humane shape on it with Wings to his Feet But our Metallick Mercury or Quicksilver is of two Sorts viz. Adulterated and Natural as for the Adulterated it is easily discovered by putting some of it into a Spoon and so over fire let it evaporate and if it leaves a black or duskishness

Grain-Kiln or Furnace Sculpture VII CHAP. XXI How the grain'd or granulated Silver is to be assayed for fine Silver Section 1 GRanulated Silver hath different Contents therefore according to its contents the Addition of Lead must be but that there may be a true Understanding of the difference so the Addition of Lead according to the Contents must be taken thus viz. to that vvhich contains fifteen Loth of fine Silver the Lead must be 5 or 6 times the quantity and to that vvhich is burnt Silver and is 15 Loth and three drams in the Contents to such there needs but four times the quantity But if the Grains are from 12 to 14 Loth then take to one Mark ten Marks of Lead and upon 14 Loth Contents take Section 2 nine quantities from 9 unto 12 Loth Contents take 16 quantities and from one to eight Loth-Contents take 18 quantities and although upon some Contents there might well be one or two quantities more than one too little so that the Proof may have its due of Lead and if the proof is right governed there will be no vvant When you are ready to assay such Grains or old silver then set first the Coppels into the Oven and not above tvvo silver Tryals at a time Let them be vvell neale'd and heated and then put the vveight of the silver or grains to two equal marks of thy penny weight place each of them into a small Test or put first the prepared Lead for the proof upon the Coppel and let it begin to work and after it also the weighed grains govern the fire by covering the Furnace as also by putting the Instruments under the Muffle that the proof may go off alike and pretty cool cause afterwards the Grains to shine bright yet not over hot that they may not bolt or fly out else the proof will be false Further know also that the Grains which are rich in Copper and can endure much cold in trying must be kept coldest and afterwards let it shine clear if the Contents be truly to be found and that which is not rich in Copper with less coolness vvill leave its subtil Littarge on the Coppel as hath been said above But the Burnt silver and the very rich Grains cannot endure the cold because it hath no streamy Copper with it and the proof would easily congeal and if this should happen there would be no Remedy afterward but it must be done again therefore such proofs must go off a little hotter Section 5 But if it should happen by not minding it that to one poof there should be one or two quantityes of Lead too little then the Proof will not shine clearly at all which is easily to be seen by the Grains when there are little Spots upon them as also black and wrinkly and not very clean such Tryals are false and must be begun anew Section 6 Also it is to be noted That if the proof do go too hot then the Lead will carry more than ordinary of Silver with it into the Coppel and what one hath in the beginning of the proof that he vvill finde only have a Care that the Grains in the end may be clean and clear so you vvill finde the true Contents Section 7 When the Grains are gone off clean then they must be struck off from the Coppels while they are vvarm so do they go off clean from the Clar but if there should yet stick something about it then press the Grains with clean flat tongs and the unclean will fly avvay Further Brush it vvith an hard Brush clean off and vvhen they are very clean then vveigh them one against another if they be alike and do stand even at the Globe of the Ballance then is the proof right weigh then one grain by it self and see hovv many Loths Drams and Pence it hath by thy Assay-weight that you may find by it the true Contents and see that the Lead-grain be alwayes abated though it be never so little CHAP. XXII How coin'd Money in great or small Sorts may be Assayed Section 1 WHAT concerns good and Gross Money as Dollers and new Rix Gilders try them thus Take the piece you do intend to try beat it flat at one end upon a smooth clean Anvil that it may be cut with small Sheers used for Silver and so cut it into little pieces and weigh them according to your Grain weight two alike Marks put this into a small Test and make a Tryal if it be Dollers put nine quantities of pure Lead and to the new Gilders put eight quantities cause them to glow off in a reasonable heat and cold as you have been before instructed and such proofs when they are govern'd well in the fire do yield a pretty deal of fine and subtil Litarge on the Coppel which the unexpert Assayer knows not Section 2 It is also necessary to know That neither these nor other proofs do leave any Littarge on the Coppel if they be not done in Coverd Ovens of which Tryals many Refiners do know nothing as hath been said therefore they do seldom bring a Proof to its true contents for they know not how they must order their Coppels according to the quantities of Lead which is of no small Concern that they may not have too many nor too few Ashes because if there be too few Ashes then the Coppel will become soft because of the much Lead which they suck in which easily doth draw the silver with it into the Coppel so the Contents is lessened and if there be too many Ashes then the Coppel will be too big and take too much room in the Furnace and are not so convenient for use Section 3 Concerning single and double Stivers they must be Assay'd in the following manner Take two or three and cut them with Sheers into little pieces and weigh two equal Marks or pieces or parcels according to the Grain-weight and take great care that you have some of the out-side for the Tryal to both alike because the proof that hath most of the out-side will be found richer in the Contents than the other that hath not so much of the outside Section 4 Put to each Mark or Proof eighteen Quantities of pure Lead cause them to go off pretty cool and at last to shine clear which then also doth leave subtil Littarge upon the Coppel yet not so much as of the Dollers then if the Grains are of an equal weight the Proof is right draw one of the two up with the Grain-weight and as many Loths and Grains as you do find so much is there Content in a Mark of fine silver Section 5 Upon white Pence Reinish and other Pence the proof is thus Take twelve of them and cut of each of them a bit or two for a Tryal only take notice that you do take of such Pence some bit where it is

boyl it and then let the strong be gently put into the Kettle and so boyl the first strong Lee which did run off with it till all comes in the Kettle and the Lees be strong enough and you must sometimes with a great Copper-Spoon full of holes stir the Lees about in the bottom of the Kettle for when the Lee yeilds Salt it will fall on the bottom of the Kettle then lift it out with the great Ladle and always take the scum from it then prove the strong Lee by droping one two or three drops upon a cold Iron and when the drops stand upon it like Butter that is when they flow not off when you turn the Iron then the Lees is strong enough or set the Lees in a little Copper Vessel upon cold water till it becomes cold then the raw Salt-Petre will show it self whereby you may see alwayes whether the Lee be strong enough which may be seen also upon the great Spoon wherewith you scum it for if the Lees draw it self into a Body like an Oyl the proofs are right now when the Lee is thus prepared then a hundred pound of it will contain in the proof very near seventy pound of Salt-Petre CHAP. VI. How to prepare Lees for the crude and raw Salt-Petre WHEN the Lee is prepared as above Section 1 put it out of the Kettle into a very strong Tub of good Wood let it stand in it till it cool a little and the dirt settles then the Salt will fasten it self in great Grains on the Wood and when the Lees is cool so that you may hold your finger in it then draw it off through a Tap which is to stand a span high from the bottom and put it into great deep Wooden Troughs or into Copper Kettles which must stand in the ground the colder they stand the better till the Salt-Petre grows and in this the raw Salt-Petre will grow almost two fingers thick partly white partly yellow and partly very black-brown When the Lee hath stood in the growth two daies and two nights draw off the Lee from the Salt-Petre and put it the second time over Ashes again with other strong Lee else it will be too fat and will not grow but when the Ashes are not good so that the Lee cannot grow then put strong Lee with other Lee over new good Ashes and boyl it again to grow as above likewise when the strong Lee in the making is very muddy in the Kettle and the Salt cannot fall because of the muddyness if this happen then only take out the Lee to the growth and let the remaining Lee purify through the Ashes Now how the Salt is to be taken out and how the strong Lee stands growing this following Sculpture will shew Sculpture XL. Deciphered 1. The long narrow Tubs wherein to cool the Lees. 2. The Oven wherein the Kettle is placed 3. The Master that makes and takes out the Petre and puts it into separating Baskets 3. The separating Baskets 4. The Tub out of which the strong Lee runs into the Kettle 5. The Melters in which the Salt Petre Improves 6. The four Kettles standing in the Ground wherein the Salt-Petre also improves it self 7. A strong Tub into which the Salt-Petre is to be cast as it improves CHAP. VII How to purify and cleanse the raw Salt-Petre WHEN the Salt-Petre is thus made and Section 1 the rest of the Lees drawn off lift up the Kettles or Trays and turn them to one end that the remaining Lee may run clear off then take a great Iron Spoon such as Bricklayers use and lift out the Salt-Petre with it out of the Kettles or Trays put it into a Tub with a hole below that the Lees may run clean off Section 2 Some Salt-Petre Boylers who sell the raw unpurified Earth-Petre they pour clean Well-Water upon it that it may be well washed from the most part of its redness and become white what is run off they put again to other strong Lee and boyl it the next boyling But if you will purify the raw Salt-Petre right and well Section 3 from its Salt and uncleanness to become fair and white do it thus When the raw Salt-Petre is a Centner or four cause the purifying Kettle to be cleansed and dryed pour in it so much Well-Water that the Salt-Petre may be dissolved in it then make a fire under it let the water be boyling hot and then put the Salt-Petre gently and easily in it and turn it about with the scumming Spoon that the Salt-Petre may be the sooner and easier dissolved But while you are pouring it into the Kettle let there Section 4 be but little fire under that the cleansing may remain warm and when the Salt Petre is almost all put into the water and melted and the cleansing begin to boyl then with the scumming-Spoon put some upon the ground and when the Salt-Petre hath set great Grains of Salt then lift it out which is better for it Section 3 When this is done and the cleansing begins to boyl then it brings up a black scum take that off and take a Copper Vessel which holds near 8 Loths of strong Lees and make it half full of the cleansing put it in cold water to cool it suddenly so the Salt-Petre will begin to shoot and this is called a Proof made then you will see whether the cleansing be yet too strong if it be there will come a skin over the Proof in the Vessel and if so then fill more warm water into the Kettle and keep it in such a strength that the cleansing in the Kettle may bubble then make a Proof out of the Vessel and when the cleansing shoots in it and in the midst do remain open so that it doth not close together then the Proof is right but if it grows together then fill more water till the Proof remain open and pour near a pint of Vinegar in the cleansing into the Kettle which will bring up a black scum for the cleansing will purify it self of it and when the scum is thick take it off and when the cleansing hath bubled a while longer pour in it so much good Vinegar as may keep it in continual bubling and then take the black off as at first this you may do the third time and pour on Vinegar till the cleansing be very clean and do cast up no more black scum Then take 3 or 4 loths of burnt-Allum beaten small and put it in the cleansed water stir it about and of this the Salt-Petre useth to yield fine long slacks and it hurts not the Salt-Petre then pour the cleansing in the before mentioned high slender Tub and cover it that it be not cold in the Tub let it stand an hour or two at most thus the yellow dirt will settle it self in the bottom then let the cleansing run out while 't is hot and pour it into a great wooden Tray or