lefte hande bée as readie as his right hande with all his lymmes able to fulfill the good workes of the soule Nowe heere is a man meete to bée made a Chirurgion And though hée haue all these good qualities before rehearsed yet is hée no good Chirurgion but a man verie fitte and méete therefore Nowe then to knowe what properties and conditions this man must haue before he bee a perfect Chirurgion And I doe note foure thinges moste speciallye that euerye Chirâ—…rgion ought for to haue The firste that hee bee learned The seconde that hee bee expert The thirde that hee bee ingâ—…nious The fourth that hee bee well mannered The first I sayde hee ought to bee learned and that hee knowe his principles not onely in Chirurgerie but also in Phisicke that hee maye the 〈◊〉 defende his Surgeriâ—… Also hee ought to bee seenâ—… in naturall Philosophie and in Grammer that he speake congruitie in Logike that teacheth him to prooue his proportions with good reason In Rhethorike that teacheth him to speake séemely and eloquently also in Theorike that teacheth him to knowe things natural and not naturall and things against nature Also he must knowe the Anatomie for all authors write against those Surgeons that worke in mans bodie not knowing the Anatomie For they be likened to a blinde man that cutteth in a Uine trée for he taketh more or lesse then he ought to do And here note wel the saying of Galen the prince of Philosophers in his Estoris that it is as possible for a Surgion not knowing the Anatomie to worke in mans bodie without errour as it is for a blinde man to carue an Image and make it perfect The seconde I sayde he must be expert For Rasus sayeth he ought to know and to sée other men worke and after to haue vse and exercise The thirde that he be ingenious or wittie for all things belonging to Chirurgerie may not be written nor with letters set foorth The fourth I sayde that he must be wel manered that he haue all these good conditions here folowing First that he be no spousbreaker nor no drunkarde For the Philosophers saye amongest all other things beware of those persons that followe drunkennes for they be accompted for no men because they liue a life bestial wherefore amongst al other sortes of people they ought to be sequestred from the ministring of medicine Likewise a Chirurgion must take héede that he deceiue no man with his vaine promises for to make of a small matter a great because he would be counted the more famous And amongest other things they may neither be flatterers nor mockers nor priuie backbyters of other men Likewise they must not be proude nor presumptuous nor detracters of other men Likewise they ought not to be too couetous â—…nor no nigarde and namely amongst their friendes or men of worship but let them be honest curteous and free both in worde and 〈◊〉 Likewise they shall giuâ—… 〈◊〉 counsell exceâ—…t they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and then say their aduiâ—…e by good delibâ—…ration aud that they be well aduised aâ—…ore they speake châ—…efely in the presence of wise men Likewise they muâ—…t be as priuie and as secrete as any Confessour of all thinges that they shall eyther heare or sée in the house of their Pacient They shall not take into their cure any maner of person except he will be obedient vnto their precepts for he can not be called a pacient vnlesse he be a sufferer Also that they doe their diligence aswell to the poore as to the rich They shall neuer discomfort their Pacient and shall commaunde all that be about him that they 〈◊〉 the same but to his â—…riends speake truth as the â—…ase 〈◊〉 They must also be bold in those things whereof they be certaine and as dreadfull in all perilles They may not â—…hide with the 〈◊〉 but be alwayes pleasaunt and merie They must not couet any woman by way of vilanie and specially in the house of their Pacient They shall not for couetousnesse of money take in hande those cures that be vncurable nor neuer set any certaine day of the sickmans health for it lyeth not in their power following the distinct counsaile of Galen in the amphorisme of Ipocras saying Oportet seipsum non solum By this Galen meaneth that to the cure of euerysore there belongeth foure thinges of which the first and principall belongeth to God the seconde to the Surgion the third to the Medicine the fourth to the Pacient Of the which foure and if any one do fayle the Pacient can not be healed then they to whome belongeth but the fourth part shall not promise the whole but be first well aduised They must also be gracious and good to the poore and of the riche take liberally for both And sée they neuer prayse them selues for that redoundeth more to their shame and discredit then to their fame and worship For a cunning skilfull Chirurgion néede neuer vaunt of his doings for his works wil euer get 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Likewise that they despise no other Chirurgion without a great cause for it is méetâ—… that â—…ne Chirurgion should loue another as Christ loueth vs al. And in thus dooing they shall increase both in vertue and cunning to the honour of God and worldly fame To whom he bring vs all Amen The Anatomie of the simple members ANd if it be asked you howe many simple members therebe it is to be answered eleuen and two that be but super 〈◊〉 of members and thâ—…se be they Bones Cartilages Nerues Pannicles LygameÌ„ts Cordes Arteirs Ueynes Fatnes Flesh and Skinne and the superfluities be the heares and the nayles I shal begin at the bone because it is the foundatioÌ„ and the hardest meÌ„ber of all the body The Bone is a câ—…nsimile member simple and spermaticke and colde and dry of complexion insensible and inflexible and hath diuers formes in mans body for the diuersitie of helpings The cause why there be many bones in mans body is this Sometime it is néedeful that one member or one lymme should moue without another Another cause is that some defende the principall members as doth the bone of the brest and of the head and some to be the foundatioÌ„ of diuers parts of the body as the bones of the Ridge and of the legges and some to fulfill the hollow places as in the handes and féete c. The Grystle is a member simple and spermaticke next in hardnes to the bone and is of complexion colde and dry and insenâ—…ible The grystle was â—…rdeyned for â—…ixe â—…auses or profites that I finâ—…e in it The first is that the continual mouing of the hard bone might not be done in a iuncture but that the grystle should be a meane betwéene the Lygament and him The seconde is that in the time of concussion or oppression the soft members or limmes should not be hurt of the hardâ—… The thirde is that the extremitie of bones and Ioyntes that be
Auxingia and it is of kinde as the others be but he is departed from the flesh within foorth about the kidneys and in the intrayles and it helpeth both the kidneys and the intrayles from drying by his vnctiositie c. Then come we to the skinne The Skinne is a consimile member or officiall partly spermatike strong and tough flexible and sensible thinne and temperate Wherof there be two kindes One is the Skinne that couereth the â—…utward members and the other the inner members which is called a Pannicle the profitablenesse of whom was spoken of in the last Lesson But the Skinne is properly wouen of Thréedes Nerues Ueynes and Arteirs And he is made 〈◊〉 because he should be a good déemer of heate from colde and of moystnesse from drynesse that there should nothing noy nor hurt the body but it giueth warning to the common wits thereof c. The Hayres of euery part of mans body are but a superfluitie of members made of the grosse fume or smoke passing out of the viscoues matter thickned to the forme of hayre The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Anatomie of the head c. The Nailes likewise are a superfluitie of members engendred of great earthly smoke or fume resolued through the naturall heate of humours and is softer then the Bone and harder then the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry and are always waxing in the extremitie of the fingers and toes The vtilitie of them are that by them a man shall take the better holde also they helpe to clawe the bodie when it néedeth Lastly they helpe to deuide things for lacke of other tooles c. The Anatomie of the compound members and first of the head BEcause the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soule of man therefore with the grace of God I shall fiâ—…st speake of the Anatomie of the head Galen sayth in the 2. Chapter De iuuamentes and Auicen rehearseth the same in his first preposition and third chapter prouing that the Head of man was made neither for wits nor yet for the Braynes but onely for the eyes For beastes that haue no heades haue the orgayne or instruments of Wits in their brests Therefore God and nature haue reared vp the head of man onely for the eyes for it is the hyest member of man and as a beholder or watchman standeth in a high Towre to giue warning of the enemies so doth the eye of man giue warning vnto the common Wits for the defence of all other members of the body Nowe to our purpose If the question be asked howe many things be there conteyning on the head and howe manie thinges conteyned within the head As it is rehearsed by Guydo there be but fiue conteyning and as manie conteyned as thâ—…s The â—…ayre the Skinne the Flesh the Pannicles and the Bone neyther rehearsing Ueyne nor Artere The which Anatomie can not be truely without them both as thou shalt well perceiue both in this Chapter but specially in the next And nowe in this lesson I shall speake but of Hayre Skinne Flesh Ueynes Pannicles and Bones what profitte they doe to man euerie of them in his kinde Of the Hayre of the head whose creation is knowen in the Anatomie of the simple members I doe note foure vtilities why it was ordeyned the first is that it defendeth the Brayne from too much heate and too much cold and many other outward noyances The seconde is it maketh the forme or shape of the head to séeme more séemelier or beautifuller For if the head were not heyred the face the head should seeme but one thing and therefore the heyre formeth and shapeth the head from the face The thirde is that by the cullour of the heyre is witnessed and knowen the complexion of the Braine The fourth is that the fumosities of the Brayne might assende and passe lightlyer out by them For if there were a sad thing as the skinne or other of the same nature as the heyre is the fumosities of the brayne might not haue passed through it so lightly as it doth by the hayre The Skinne of the head is more lazartus thicker and more porrus than any other Skinne of any other member of the bodie And two causes I note why One is that it kéepeth or defendeth the braine from too much heat and colde as doeth the haire The other it discusseth to the common wittes of all things that noyeth out wardly sor the heyre is insencible The third cause why the Skinne of the head is more thicker then any other Skinne of the body is this that it kéepeth the braine the more warme is the better fence for the brayne and it bindeth and kéepeth the bones of the head the faster togither Next followeth the Flesh the which is al Musculus or Lazartus flesh lying vppon pericranium without meane And it is made of subtile Wille and of simple flesh Synewes Ueines and Arteirs And why the flesh that is all musculus or lazartus in euery member of a mans body was made is for thrée causes the first is that by his thicknes he should comfort the digestion of other members that lye by him The second is that through him euery member is made the more formelyer taketh the better shape The third is that by his meanes euery member of the bodye draweth to him nourishing the which others withold to put forth from them as it shalbe more plainlyer spoken of in the Anatomie of the wombe Next followeth Pericranium or the couering of the bones of the head But here it is to be noted of a Ueyne an Artere that commeth betwéene the flesh and this Pericranium that nourisheth the vtter part of the head and so entreth priuily through the commissaries of the skull bearing to the Brayne and to his Pannicles nourishing of whose substance is made both Duramater and also Pericranium as shall be declared in the partes conteyned in the head Here it is to be noted of this Pannicle Pericranium that it bindeth or compasseth all the bones of the head vnto whome is adioyned the Duramater and is also a part of his substance howbeit they bee separated for Duramater is nearer the braine and is vnder the skull This Pericranium was made principally for two causes one is that for his strong binding togither he should make firme and stable the feeble commissaries or seames of the bones of the head The other cause is that it shoulde be a meane betwéene the hard bone and the soft flesh Next is the Bone of the Pot of the head kéeping in the Braines of which it were too long to declare their names after all Authors as they number them and their names for some name them after the Gréeke tongue and some after the Arabian but in conclusion al is to one purpose And they be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head the first is called the Coronal bone in which
Spirit of euery kinde so that he being meane of al maner operations and workings taketh effect Two causes I finde why these Artiers haue two cotes One is that one cote is not sufficient norâ—…ble to withstand the violent mouing and steering of the spirit of lyfe that is caried in them The seconde cause iâ—… that the thing that is caried about from pâ—…ace to place is of so precious a treasure that it had the more néed of good 〈◊〉 And of some Doctors this Artier is called the Pulsatiue veyne or the beating veyne for by him is perceyued the power might of the Hart. c. Wherfore God and Nature haue ordayned that the Artiers haue two cotes Also there is in the Harte thrée Pelikeles opening and closing the going in of the Harte blood and spirit in conuenient time Also the harte hath two litâ—…e Eares by whom commeth inand passeth out the aire that is prepared for the Longes Also ther is found in the Harte a Cartilaginus Auditament To helpe and strength the selfe Harte Also the Harte is couered with a strong Pannicle which is called of some Capsula Cordes or Pericordium the which is a strong case vnto whome commeth Nerâ—…es as to other inwarde members And this Panicle PericordiuÌ„ springeth of the vpper Pannicle of y t Midriffe And of him springeth an other Pannicle called Mediastinum the which departeth the brest in the middest and kéepeth that the Lunges fall not ouer the Harte Also there is another Pannicle that couereth the â—…ibbes inwardlye that is called Plura of whome the Midriffe taketh his beginning And it is said of many Doctors that Duramater is the originall of all the Pannicles within the body and thus one taketh of an other The Anatomie of the Lungs THE Lungs is a member spcrmatike of his first creation and his naturall complexion is colde and drye and in his accidentall complexion he is colde and moyste lapped in a Neruous Pannicle because it should gather togeather the softer substance of the Lungs and that the Lungs might féele by the meanes of the pannicle that which he might not féele in him selfe Nowe to proue the Lungs to be colde and drye of kind it appeareth by his swift stéering for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the heart and about the heart And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde it appeareth well that hee receiueth of the brayne many colde matters as Cataries and Rumes whose substance is thinne Also I finde in the Lungs thrée kindes of substance One is a Ueyne comming from the Liuer bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the Chytle to féede the Lungs Another is Arterea venealis comming from the heart bringing with him the spirite of life to nourish him with The thirde is Trachia arteria that bringeth in ayre to the Lungs and it passeth through all the left part of them to doe his office The Lungs is deuided into fiue Lobbes or Pellikels or fiue portions that is to saye thrée in the right side and two in the lâ—…fte side And it was don for this cause that if there fel any hurt in the one part the others should serue and doe their office And thrée causes I find why the Lungs were principallye ordeined First that they should draw cold wind refresh the heart The second that they should change alter and purifie the aire before it come to the heart least the heart were hurt noyed with the quantitie of the aire The third cause is that they should receiue from the hart the fumous superstuities that he putteth foorth with his breathing c. Behind the Lungs toward the Spondels passeth Mire or Isofagus of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomie of the neck And also there passeth both Ueynes and Arteirs al these with Trachia arteria doe make a Stoke replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles and strong Lygaments and glandulus flesh to fulfil the voyd places And laste of al is the Midriffe and it is an officiall member made of two Pannikles and Lazartus flesh and his place is in the middest of the body ouerthwart or in bredth vnder the region of the spirituall members departing them from the matrix And thrée causes I finde why the Midriffe was ordained First that it should diuide the spirituals from the nutrates The second that it should kéepe the vital colour or heat to dissend down to the nutrates The last is that the malicious fumes reared vp from the nutrates shoulde not noy the spirituals or vitals c. The womb is the region or the citie of all the Intrails the which reacheth from the Midriffe down vnto the share inwardly and outwardly from the Keynes or Kydnes down to the bone Pecten about the priuie partes And this womb is compound and made of two thinges that is to say of Syfac and Myrac Syfac is a Pannicle and a member spermatik official sensible senowy compound of subtil wil and in complexion cold and dry hauing his beginning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe And it was ordeined because it should conteine and bind togither all the Intrals and that he defende the Musculus so that hee oppresse not the natural members And that he is strong tough it is because he should not be lightly broken that those things that are conteyned go not foorth as it happeneth to them that are broken c. Myrac is compound and made of foure things that is of skin outwardly of fatnes of a carnous pannicle and of Musculus flesh And that it is to be vnderstanded that all the whole from Syfac outward is called Myrac it appeareth well by the wordes of Galen where he commaundeth that in all wounds of the wombe to sewe the Sifac with the Myrac and by that it proueth that there is nothing without the Sifac but Myrac And in this Myrac or vtter part of the womb there is noted eight Muscles two Longitudinals procéeding from the shéeld of the Stomacke vnto Os Pecten two Latitudinals comming from the backwardes to the wombe and foure transuersè of the which two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side and go to the left side to the bones of the Hanches or of Pecten and the other two spring froÌ„ the ribbes on the left and come ouer the womb to the right partes as the other before doth Here it is to be noted that by the vertue of the subtil wil that is in the Musculus longitudinal is made perfect the vertue attractiue and by the Musculus transuerse is made the vertue retentiue and by the Musculus latitudinal is made the vertue expulsiue It is thus to be vnderstood that by the vertue attractiue is â—…rawen down into the Intrals al superstuities both waâ—…r wynd dyrt By the vertue retentiue all thinges are withholden and kepte vntill nature haue wrought his kinde And by the vertue expulsiue is put foorth al things when Nature prouoketh any thing to bée done Galen sayeth
of the Anatomie meaneth the spirite vital is sent from the heart to the brayne by Arteirs and by veines and nutrimentall blood where the vessels pulsatiâ—…es in the temples be lightly hurt Also the temples haue dents or holes inwardly wherein he taketh the humour that commeth from the brayne and bringeth the eyes asléepe and if the saide holes or dentes be pressed and wroung then by trapping of the humour that continueth he maketh the teares to fall from the Eye The Chéekes are the sideling partes of the face and they conteyne in them Musculus flesh with Ueynes and Arteirs and about these partes be many Muscles Guido maketh mention of vij about the chéekes and ouer lip And Haly Abbas sayeth there be twelue muscles that moue the nether Iawe some of them in opening and other some in closing or shutting passing vnder the bones of the temples And they be called Temporales And they bee right noble and sensatiue of whose hurt is much peril Also there be other Muskles for to grinde to chewe And to all these Muscles commeth Nerues from the brayne to giue them féeling and mouing and also there commeth to them many Arteirs and Ueines and chéefly about the temples and the angles or corners of the Eyes and the Lippes And as the Philosophers saye the chéefe beautie in man is in the chéekes and there the complexion of man is most knoweÌ„ as thus If they be full ruddy and medled with temperate whitenesse and not fat in substance but meanly fleshly it betokeneth hoat and moyst of complexion that is Sanguin and temperat in coller And if they bee white coloured without medling of rednesse and in substance fat and soft quauering it betokeneth excesse superfluitie of colde and moyst that is flegmatike And if they be brown in colour or cytrin yelowe redde and thinne and leane in substance betokeneth great drying and heate that is cholerike And if they be as it were blowen in colour of litle flesh in substance it betokeneth excesse and superfluitie of drynes and cold and that is Melancolie And as Auicen sayeth the Chéekes doe not onely shewe the diuersities of complexions but also the affection and wil of the hart for by the affection of the heart by sodaine ioye or dread hee waxeth either pale or redde The bones or bonye partes first of the chéekes be two of the Nose outwardly two of the vpper Mandible two within the Nose thrée as thus one diuiding the Nosethrils within and in ech Nosthrill one and they seeme to be rowled like a wafer and haue a hollownesse in them by which the ayre is respyred drawed to the Lungs and the superfluitie of the Brayne is purged into the mouthwardes as is before rehearsed But Guydo and Galen saye that there be in the face nyne bones yet I cannot finde that the nether Mandible should be of the number of those nyne for the nether Mandible accompted there proueth them to be ten in number Of which thing I will hold no argument but remit it to the sight of your eyes The partes of the mouth are fiue that is to saye the Lippes the téeth the tongue the Uuila and the Pallet of the mouth And first to speake of the lippes they are members consimile or officiall full of Musculus flesh as is aforesaide and they were ordeined for two causes one is that they shoulde be to the mouth as a doore to a house and to kéepe the mouth close til the meate were kindly chewed The other cause is that they shoulde bee helpers to the pronouncing of the speache The téeth are members consimile or officiall spermatike and hardest of any other members and are fastened in the chéeke bones were ordayned for three causes First that they shoulde chewe a mans meat er it should passe down that it might be the sooner digested The seconde that they shoulde be a helpe to the speach for they that lacke their téeth doe not perfectly pronounce their wordes the thirde is that they should serue to beastes as weapons The number of them is vncertaine for some men haue mo and some lesse they that haue the whole number haue xxxij that is to saye xvi aboue and as many beneath as thus two Dwallies two Quadripulles two Cannines eight Morales two Cansales The Tongue is a carnous member compounde made of manye Nerues Lygaments Ueynes and Arteirs ordayned principally for thrée causes The first is that when a man eateth the Toung might helpe to turne the meate til it were well chewed The seconde cause is that by him is receiued the taste of swéete and sower and presented by him to the common wittes The thirde is that by him is pronounced euery speache The fleshly part of the tongue is white and hath in him nine muskles and about the roote of him is Glandulus in the which be two welles and they be euer full of spittle to temper and kéepe moyst the tongue or else it woulde waxe drie by reason of hâ—…s labour c. The Uuila is a member made of a spongeous flesh hanging downe from the ende of the Pallet ouer the gullet of the throat and is a member in complexion colde and drie and often tymes when there falleth rawnesse or much moystnesse into it from the head then it hangeth downe in the throat and letteth a man to swallowe and it is broad at the vpper ende and small at the nether It was ordeined for diuerse causes One is that by him is holpen the sounde of speache for where the Uuila iâ—… lacking there lacketh the perfect sound of speach Another is that it might helpe the prolation of vomites Another is that by him is tempered abated the distemperance of the ayre that passeth to the Lungs Another is that by him is guided the superfluities of the brayne that commeth from the coletures of the Nose or else the superfluities should fall downe soudenly into the mouth the which were a displeasure The Pallet of the mouth conteineth nothing else but a carnous Pannikle the bones that be vnderneath it haue two diuisions One along the Pallet from the diuision of the Nose from the opening of the other Mandible vnto the nether ende of the Pallet lacking halfe an inche and there it deuideth ouerthwart and the first diuision is of the Mandible and the seconde is of the bone called Paxillarie or Bazillarie that sustayneth and byndeth all other bones of the head together The skinne of the Pallet of the mouth is of the inner part of the stomacke and of Myre and of Ysofagus that is the way of the meate into the stomacke The way howe to knowe that such a pannicle is of that part of the stomacke may be knowen when that a man is touched within the mouth anon he beginneth to tickle in the stomacke and the néerer that he shall couche vnto the throte the more it abhorreth the stomacke and often times it causeth the â—…omacke to yeeld from
concauitie or boxe of the shoulder bone It is but one bone hauing no felow and it is hollowe and full of marowe and it is also crooked because it should be the more habler to grype thinges and it is hollowe because it shoulde bee lighter and more obedient to the steering or moouing of the Brawnes Furthermore this bone hath two emynences or two knobs in his nether extremitie or in the iuncture of the Elbowe of the which the one is more rising than the other and are made like vnto a Polly to drawe Water with and the endes of these bones enter into a concauitie proportioned in the vppermost endes of the the two Focel bones of which two bones the lesse goeth from the Elbowe â—…o the Thumbe by the vppermoste parte of the arme and the greater is the nether bone from the Elbowe to the little finger And these two bones bee conâ—…eyned with the Adiutor bone and bee bounde with strong Ligamentes and in like manner with the bones of the hande The which bones be numbred viii the foure vppermost bee ioyned with the foure nethermost most towardes the handes and in the thirde warde of bones be fyue and tâ—…y are callâ—… Ossa patinis and they are in the palme of the hâ—…nd 〈◊〉 to them be ioyned the bones of the fingers and the 〈◊〉 as thus in euery finger in bones and in the Thombe two bones that is to say in the fingers and thombe of euery hand xiiii called Ossa digitorum in the palme of the handâ—… called Patinis and betweene the hand and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Racete and from the wriste to y â— shoulder iij. 〈◊〉 all which being accompted together yâ—… shall 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bones in 〈◊〉 hand and armâ—… To speake of Senewes Legaâ—…ntes Câ—…rdes and Braunes Heerâ—…â—…rst ye shall vnderstande that there commeth from Myâ—…-ca thorough the 〈◊〉 of the necke iiâ—… senewes which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 commeth in to the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 into the 〈◊〉 part and one into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 another into the vtter 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 and they bring from the braine and from 〈◊〉 both féeling and 〈◊〉 into 〈◊〉 armes as thus The 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 from 〈◊〉 braine and from the Marrow of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 when 〈◊〉 come to the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 they are 〈◊〉 with the Lygaments of the selfe 〈◊〉 and there the Lygamentes receaue both féeling and mouing of them and also in their medling together they are made a 〈◊〉 or a TendoÌ„ Thrée causes I finde 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with the Lygaments The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 made 〈◊〉 by their continuall 〈◊〉 should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that the littlenesse of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be 〈◊〉 through the quantitye of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 of the Senewe And thus it is to be vnderstoode that of vena Sephalica springeth vena occularis and of vena Bazilica springeth ve na Saluatella and of the two veynes that méete springeth ve na Mediana and in rameâ—…ing from these fyue principall Weines springeth innumerable of the which a Chirurgion hath no great charge for it suffiseth vs to knowe the principals To speake of Artiers you shall vnder stand that where soeuer there is founde a Ueine there is an Arteir vnder him and if there be founde a great Ueyne there is found a great Arteir and whereas is a litle Ueyne there is a litle Artier For whersoeuer there goeth a Ueine to giue nutrimeÌ„t there goeth an Artier to bring the spirit of lyfe Wher fore it is to be noted that the Artiers lye more déeper in the â—…eshe then the Ueynes doe for they cary and kéepe in them more precious bloode then doth the Ueyne and therefore he hath néede to be further from daungers outwardly and therefore God and nature haue ordeyned for him to be closed in two cotes where the Ueyne hath but one c. The beest or Thorar is the Arke or cheâ—… of the spirituâ—…ll members of man as saith the Philosopher where it is to be noted that there be â—…oure things conteining and viij conteined as thus The foure 〈◊〉 are the Skinne Musculus fleshe the Pappes and the bones The partes conteyned are the Harâ—…e the Lunges Paâ—…icles LigameÌ„tes Nerues Ueynes Artiers Mire or Isoâ—…agus Now the skinne and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomye It is to be noted that the fleshe of the Pappes differeth from the other fleshe of the body for it is white glandulus and spoÌ„geous and there is in them doth Nerues Ueines and Arteirs and by them they haue Coliganes with the hart the Lyuer the braine and the generasiue members Also ther is in the breste as olde Authors make mention lxxx or xc 〈◊〉 for some of them be 〈◊〉 to the Neeke some to the shoulderes and to the Spades some to diafragma or the Myâ—…riffe some to the Kibbes some to the backe and some to the Brest it selfe But I find certaine profitablenesse in the creation of the Papâ—… aswell in man as in woman for in 〈◊〉 it defendeth the spirituals from annoyaunce outwardly and another by their thickâ—…s they com fort the naturall hâ—…te in â—…nce of the spirits And in women there is the 〈◊〉 of milke for in weoâ—…en there commeth from the Matrix into their Brestes many veyns which bring into them 〈◊〉 bloode the which is tour ned through the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from red 〈◊〉 into white like the colour of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 euen as Chylley comming from the 〈◊〉 to the Lyuer is tourned into the colour of the Lyuer Nowe to speake of the bones of the brest they be saide to be triple or 〈◊〉 and they be numbred to be seauen in the Breaste before and theire 〈◊〉 is according to the breadth of the brest and their extremeties or endes be gristlye as the 〈◊〉 be And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a contauitie in which is sette thâ—… foote of the Furklebone or Canel boâ—…e and in the nether ende of Thorax against the mouth of the stomach hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme and this gristle was ordeined for two causes One is that it should defende the stomach from hurte outwardly The second is that in time of fulnesse it should geue place to the stomach in time of néede when it de sireth c. Now to speake of the partes of the backe behyndefoorth There be twelue Spâ—…ndels through whom passeth Mynu ca of whom springeth xij paire of Nerues bringing both féeling and mouing to the Muskles of the Brest aforesayde And here it is to be noted that in euery side ther be twelue Kibbes that it is to say vij true and v. false hecause these the Braine and there he is turned into a further digestion and there he taketh another spirit and so is made animal and at the Lyuer nutrimentall and atthe teâ—…ticles generatiue and thus it is made a
that woundes or incisions bee more perillous in the middest of the wombe then about the sydes for there the partes bée more tractable than anye other partes bee Also hee sayeth that in woundes persing the wombe there shall not bee made good incarnation except Sifac bee sewed with Mirac Nowe to come to the partes conteyned within First that which appeareth next vnder the Sifac is Omentum or Zirbus the which is a Pannicle couering the stomacke and the Intrals implanted with many Ueines and Arteirs not a little fatnes ordeined to kéepe moyst the inward parts This Zirbus is an official member is coÌ„pound of a veyne an Arteir the which entreth maketh a line of the vtter tunikle of the stomacke vnto which tunikle hangeth the Zirbus and couereth all the guttes down to the shayre Two causes I finde why they were ordained one is that they shoulde defende the nutratiues outwardly the second is that through his owne power and vertue he should strength â—…omfort the digestion of al the Nutrates because they are more féebler then other members be because they haue but a thin womb or skinne c. Next Zirbus apeareth the Intrals or guttes of which Galen sayeth that the Guttes were ordeined in the first creation to conuey the drosse of the meate drinke and to clense the bodie of their superfluities And here iâ—… 〈◊〉 â—…o beâ—… noted that there be sixe portions of one whole gutie which both in man and beast beginneth at the nether mouth of the stomack and so continueth foorth to the end of the fundament Neuer the lesse he hath diuers shapes and formes diuers operations in the body and therefore he hath dyuers names And here vpon the Philosophers saye that the lower wombe of a man is like vnto the womb of a swinâ—… And like as the stomack hath two tunikles in like maner haue all the Buttes two tunikles The first portion of the Guttes is called Duodenum for he is xij ynches of length and couereth the nether parte of the stomacke and receiueth all the drosse of the stomacke The seconde portion of the Guttes is called Ieiunium for he is euermore emptie for to him lyeth euermore the chest of the Gal beating him sore and draweth foorth of him al the drosse and cleanseth him cleane The third portion or gutte is called Yleon or small gutte is in length xv or xvi Cubites In this gutt oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca passio The iiij gut is called Monoculus or blind gutte and it séemeth to haue but one hole or mouth but it hath two one néer vnto the other for by the one all things go in and by the other they go out againe The fift is called Colon and receiueth al the drosse depriued from al profitablenes and therefore there commeth not to him any veynes Miseraices as to the other The sixt and last is called Rectum or Longaon and he is ended in the Fundament and hath in his â—…ether end foure Muscles to hold to open to shutt and to put out c. Next is to be noted of Mesenterium the which is nothing else but a texture of innumerable veynes Mifer aices ramefied of one veine called Porta epates couered and defended of Pannicles and Ligamentes comming to the Intrals with the backe ful of fatnes glandulus flesh c. The stomacke is a member compound and spermatike senoâ—… 〈◊〉 sensible and there in is made perfecte the firste digestion of Chile This is a necessarie member to all the body for if it faile in his working all the members of the body shal corrupt Wherefore Galen sayeth that the stomacke was ordained principally for two causes The first that it shoulde bee to all the members of the bodie as the earth is to all that are ingendred of the earth that is that it shoulde desire sufficient meate for all the whole bodye The second is that the stomack should be a sacke or â—…hest to al the bodie for the meate and as a Cooke to all the meÌ„bers of the body The stomacke is made of 〈◊〉 panmcles of which the inner is Nerueous and the vtter Carneous This inner pannicle hath mâ—…sculus loÌ„gitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomacke to the mouth by the which he draweth to him meate and drinke as it were hands And he hath Tranuers wyl for to witholde or make retention And also the vtter pannicle hath Latitudinall wil to expulse and 〈◊〉 ouâ—… and that by his heate he should helpe the digesâ—…iue vertue of the Stomacke and by other heates giuen by hie neighbours as thus It hath the Liuer on the right side chaâ—…ing and heating him with his lobes or figures and the Splen on the lefte side with his fatnes and veynes sending to him melancolie to exercise his appetites and aboue him is the Hart quickening him with his Arteirs Also the braine sending to him a branch of Nerues to giue him feeling And he hath on the hinder part dissending of the partes of the backe manye Lygaments with the which he is bound to the Spondels of the back The forme or figure of the stomock is long in likenes of a gowrde crooked and that both boles be in the vpper part of the body of it is because there should be no going out of it vnaduisedly of those thinges that are receiued into it The quantitie of the stomacke commonly holdeth two pitchers of water and it may suffer many passions the nether mouth of the stomack is narrower than the vpper and that for thrée causes the first cause is that the vpper receiueth meat great and boystrous in substance that there being made subtile it might passe into the nether The second is for by him passeth al the meates with their chilositie from the stomacke to the Lyuer The thirde is for that through him passeth al the drosse of the stomack to the guttes And this suffiseth for the Stomacke c. The Lyuer is a principal member and official and of his first creation spermatike coÌ„plete in quantitie of blood of himself insencible but by accidence he is sencible and in him is made the second digestion and is lapped in a Senowy pannicle And that he is a principal member it appeareth openly by the Philosophers by Auicen and Galen And it is official as is the stomacke and it is of spermatik matter and senowy of the which is ingendred his veines And because it was little in quantitie nature hath added to it crudded blood to 〈◊〉 â—…omplishment of sufficient quantitie and is lapped in a senowy pannicle And why the Lyuer is cruded is because that Chile which commeth from the Stomacke to the Lyuer shoulde be turned into the colour ofbloud And why the Lyuer was ordeyned was because that all the nutrimentall bloud shoulde bee ingendred in him The proper place of the Lyuer is vnder the false Kibbes in the right side The forme of the Lyuer is gibbous or bunchie on the backeside