Appendances which contrary to the mynde of Galen we must needes affirme to be softer then the bones them selues since we delite ofâ—… tymes with our téeth to plucke the Appendances of small Bones to chewe of them in our mouthes for the pleasaunt iuyce that often they retaine Which contrariwise we cannot do to the bone Neither are they lightly to be losed or deuided from the bones by euery motion for that nature hath so well prouided for the turnyng of the ioyntes with such softe and slipperie Cartilages as therby in the motion of the bones no occasion can be giuen by any straigne to iniurie them The vse and chief commoditie of them is excellently recited of Collumbus or rather inuented and so as no man hath fully hitherto iudged although the thyng be worthy knowyng and excéedyng necessary And one thyng among many others hâ—… testifieth that nature hath made nothyâ—…g in vayne but euery part to good purpose and seruyng to some vse Realdus I say therfore sound that Appendances were in that order to the bones annexed to the end that from the place of their coniunction Ligamentes might be produced and made to streÌ„gthen hold and stablish firmely the composition and knittyng of the ioyntes as you sée the toppe of the thighe with the bone of the hippe and the neither part of it with the bone of the legge Likewise the bone of the shoulder with the scaple bone and that which in like sort is tyed to Radius and Vlua As for those bones that haue no Appendances how they are vnited I referre you to the History of Ligamentes to sinde And not onely where the ioynts are do these Ligamentes spryng but where no CoarticulatioÌ„ is made also as in Ilium the Scaple bones some processes of the Vertebres Thence also procéede Ligamentes necessarily chauncyng to that sramyng of the good constitution of Muscles as in their proper place is to be sought Whereby it commeth that from thence very many Muscles haue their begynnings whence also Ligamentall Cartilages procéede for so we thinke it good to call them that to strengtheÌ„ the Muscles are amongest them disseminated endyng also at their Tendans Now agayne it is manifest that Galen for all his industrious search fayled to finde the truth in affirmyng these Appendances to be added to the bones for the conseruation of the marey with in them included but then sayth Vesal How hapneth it that other bones in whiche are no cauities so notably allotted to the reteinyng of marey should notwithstanding also haue proper AppendaÌ„ces euen as those that are greatly hollowed As for example the scapple bones the Vertebres other small bones which not beyng much medullous are neuerthelesse not of Appendances destitute But pretermittyng this conuict assertion of Galen it is sufficient that the truth is touched by the aforesayd reasons of Col. prouyng how LigameÌ„tes by Appendances are most engendred and consequently the two proper gifs giuen vnto Ligamentes Which whilest they are so necessary as we haue proued that the generation of Appendances be very vtile and profitable who caÌ„ inuent to deny since their vses Sublated but a fewe places can you finde whence Ligamentes should sittly proceede And thus much you haue to vnderstand as oft as you read of Appendances in what bone or part so euer it be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which the Latin interpretours call Processus is thus wheÌ„ a bone in any part stretcheth forth his substance in excreasing maner aâ—… a knot swellyng out from the stocke of a frée or as some Gibbous Tumor excéedyng the height of the naturall places nere vnto it so such places of bones as are apparantly to be discerned to excéede other partes are rightly called Processes sufficiently differing from the Appendances for these are right parcels and true partes of the bones them selues whereto they are fastened Also Appendances them selues haue Processes As the bone of the cubite called Vlna and the inferior part of Tibia as also other bones diuers as will appeare to you plenteously hereafter Agayn to some processes AppendaÌ„ces cleaue for the interior processe of the Scapple bone that is like the fashion of an anker and the ridge of the Scapple bone which in like manner is a processe therof haue Appendances but note that the processes of the thighe called Trochanteres or Rotatores are more iustly to be termed Appendances then thynges with Appendances munited For all that part that swelleth forth whiche therfore they call Processes holdeth the place of an Appendance so that the Processe and Appendance there is all one thyng Yet Vesalius made a difference betwene them but when as by takyng away the Appendances the Processes also are gone we must Iudge saith Columbus them in that place all one and the Processe the Appendance the same thyng one that the other is Furthermore the Processe and Appendance differ thus For it is a very small bone out of which appeareth no Processe neither may it be possible almost to finde such one as excéedeth in no place but there are many bones destitute of Appendances as those of the head of the vpper iawe of the wreste and such other Neither do the Processes not differ in them selues chusing ech one a sundry shape for some of them are small and like the fashion of a sharpe bookin wherfore the Grecians call such Processes Styloides Others also beyng sharpe but not so slender as the knagge of a hartes horne that is to say thicke and pointyng such as are to be found in the neither iawe Galena calleth such Corona Processus But besides there are some that represent the similitude of an anker as the interior Processes of the shoulder blades called Anchiroides Others end or leaue at a head and that two maner of wayes for some haue that head depressed as the bones of the middle of the hand where they ioyne to the wrest and of the insteppe meting with the Bones of Tarsus and Fibula the neither part of tibia certaine Processes haue their heades longe and prominent as the vpper head of the thighe where it is knit with the Bone of the hippe Others hauyng round heades as of the shoulder and shoulder blade likewise the bones in the middle of the hand ioyning to the first ioyntes of the fingers And of such Processes as haue long heades we call the slender part therof from the body of the bone vnto the head of the Processe a necke forasmuch as that space is like vnto the necke as it shal be playne vnto you in beholdyng the necke and head of the vpper part of the thighe where it maketh entrance into the hippe For this cause therefore are the heades of the Processes made that by touchyng with in the cauities of other bones adiacent they may the
of diuers members and partes had also this figure of the head Wherfore it séemeth Galen rightly iudged of this fourth shape and figure of the head whence reason is farre absent not séemyng to know such monstrous kyndes of shapes but is delited best in the most naturall and the further of from that the more distant also from her perfection But to our purpose and that whiche is more requisite The Bones of the Head are neither altogether Solid nor yet wholly fungie rare or like the Pumish stone for that were to light frayle subiect to manifold iniuries and the other ouer heauy and to much more then nature would oppressiue Neither would the substauÌ„ce of such be any thing so transpirable as were in that case expedient For the head is as a certaine coueryng put aboue a vessell that boyleth vnderneth it so the brayne within it is enuironed closse as a hotehouse But so as if it should not haue passage out after a certaine transpiratiue manner since to the brayne many vapors and excrementes are continually ascendent no man could endure without great discrasie of health and incoÌ„modious lyfe Wherfore prouident nature willyng that as the brayne had oft occasion so it should neuer want the meane of recrementall purgyng And for that cause was the head not made of one whole and continuall bone but of diuers for the procreation of Sutures or Seames which nature for the behoofe of the brayne decréed so coÌ„modious And this reason coÌ„pelleth vs to subscribe vnto Though to the great reproch of Cornelius Celsus who affirmeth or rather dreameth that the head altogether wanting Sutures is most safe the fewer Sutures that it hath the more coÌ„modious also to the health therof for surely he hath nothing that maketh of his side to induce this opinion except he deceiued himselfe by to much regardyng outward causes But besides that Hipocrates Lib. de homine hath testified agaynst Celsus in these wordes Saniores capitis sunt qui plures Suturas habent and that Galen in sundry places commendeth the construction of the head made with Sutures I thinke it good also to declare vnto you the AssertioÌ„s of Realdus Collumbus in this respect a man in matters Anathomicall not meanly experienced Who once hauyng brought vnto him a certaine young man whom death by continuall tormentes of the head remedilesse and in spite of Phisickes ayde had seased on found by Dissection that through out his head scarse the tract of one Suture could be obsorued but rather as the head had bene of one Solid entier Bone so that in the end by the due obseruation of the Dissected parts of that man the whole multitude that were with him as it were with him one mouth gaue seÌ„tence that his continuall cruciable payne and capitall dolour was engendred of no other cause but the streite composition of the Bones of the head through which no passage could be procured whereby those grosse and vaporous sumosities which otherwise by the seamy Commissures would transpirately euaporate being in such retentiue sorte included and findyng no passage to regurgitate the superfluities were not onely the originall causes of his perpetuall dolour and animall vexation but also in fine inferred death And this not once but often tymes he ratified by experience both in men and women as one in this poynt greatly desirous to be satisfied Wherfore it is marueilous that so great a man and learned as Celsus could so much as thinke that which he hath in this poynt playnly published whereas he onely respectyng externe dauÌ„gers we can proue that the inner ought more to be feared that is to say the fuliginous recrements inwardly ascendyng without any transpiratiue vent to procure more eminent and irrecuperable perils then outward percussions except such as were the skull all one bone would finish the lyfe So that we must néedes deny his whole reason that is to say both that the brayne is more safe by the inseparable coagmentation of the Bones or healthfull by their Soliditie For therfore the head beyng thus of bonye substaunce whiche by the violence of some stroke might be fractured or conâ—…used it behoueth to be rather construed of diuers bones to the end that when one part by some such outward iniury is broken the other parts notwithstaÌ„dyng might wholly be reserued since in the head one stroke caÌ„ not reach very far beyond the endes or borders of the part percussed which would otherwise no doubt fall forth were the head of one sole bone constituted As for familiar example strike a vessell made of earth or stone so that it be of comparable thicknes and you shall commonly see that by breakyng one place you shall commit the rest also to péeces Therfore not iniuriously or vaynly is the healthfull head distinct with Sutures or seames for of them to transmit the fumous recrementes of the brayne this is not the onely benefit but their apt construction also is the cause that outward percussions makyng breach in one part to do the like in another are aptly prohibited except the stroke as I sayd be excéedyng greuous But besides all this I hope when I haue reuealed vnto you a thyrd commoditie appertainyng to the Sutures you will metely be satisfied aswell as I. For vnto them is Appendant the Membran of the brayne called Crassa Meninx or Duramater which as shal be sayd hereafter more largely beyng effused by Fiberlike tyeng through the same seames doth engendre on the outside of the scalpe an other Membran which inuolutioÌ„ is ordained for the Extrinsecall Obduction of the capitall Bones and this coueryng is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But some perhaps will here obieâ—… and say that they haue found in aged persons the skull destitute of Sutures yet they liuyng were not vexed with paynes of the head I answere that likewise in men or women that haue liued many yeares neither will the Appendances of their Bones be separated though in persoÌ„s sufficiently young they be most manifest but maruaile not at that since extreme youth or extreme age in Anathomicall affaires are not to be obserued or at lest to excite any controuersie in Arguments For certaine partes of infantes till after a competent space of tyme are by the tendernesse likest to Cartilages yet no man is so senselesse to deny there beyng bones But let vs draw nearer to the matter By appellation of this name Head vnderstand you the vpper part and toppe of the body created for the cause of the eyes and brayne whose propper figâ—…re should be round and long after the similitude of a long Sphere on both sides depressed beyng by the name distinguished from either of the iawes that is sometyme called the Skull some tyme the Scalpe construed worthely of diuers bones and those both within and without hauyng a smoth crust and hard face but in
hurtfull But if one of them be Luxated and remoued from his fellow the case then is most pernitious and the reason is that is one Vertebre be disordered it so wresteth therewith the Spinall marey as that it vrgeth it to bowe into a sharpe corner whereby it is compelled either to breake or be brused the lest of whiche is pernitious in déede and deadly forasmuch as the nature of this marey is endewed with the nature of the brayne Whereas contrariwise many Vertebres being luxated or forced out of course forceth it not so straitly but into a more blunt bowyng and Semicircled corner which although it inciteth great distraction yet not so easely of necessity endureth death Wherefore I say to preuent and forestall all perils and daungerous euentes so much as might be for the necessarie and healthfull procrastination of lyfe the backe was construct and made of so many and so short bones to be made frée if it might be from such like Luxation as also that the bodyes of the Vertebres so effectually made might as I sayd before not swiftely but easely neither sodenly but softely be moued euery way for in déede they are mouable and that aptly to euery side Galen sayth euery thyng that is vpholden or borne by an other ought to be lesser and therfore lighter then that which vpholdeth and beareth which is the cause that euermore the vppermost Vertebres are lesser then the neithermost Wherfore Os SacruÌ„ the seate of all the rest likewise excéedeth them all in quantitie Hetherto how the Vertebres are a safe dèfense for the Spinall marey which yet beyond all that is sayd we note to haue Processes not onely to euery such partes as outwardly occupy the middle regioÌ„ of the backe which order is a principall propugnacle to the same marey therfore the Grecians do terme it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Romains Spina but also other Processes which froÌ„ the sides of them are produced for the cause of more ready and greater safetie which nature moreouer excellently willed to serue for the fixed insertion and due implantation of Muscles And as the lower bones are the greater so likewise the Processes of the higher in degrâ—… are the shortest and contrariwise the greatnes of the Vertebres and Processes beneth are wonderfull safegardes to Vena concaua and Arteria magna in their region resident But before I start from this generall description to talke of their particular proportions and partes I estéeme it not impropper to note briefly vnto you the v. partes wherinto the backe is deuided whereby you may clearely accompt the number of the Vertebres both propper and impropper These are the v. the Necke the Brest the Loynes Os Sacrum and Coccix .. In the Necke first are vij in the Brest xij to the Loynes appertaine 5. to Os Sacrum vj. the last 4. are of Coccix so that by coÌ„putation of all the rehearsed together they amount to the number of xxxiij But vnderstand that only xxiij of them are propper Vertebres by whose vertues the body is turned diuers wayes and their ende is as I sayd before at Os Sacrum And those that are appertinent or depend vpon Os SacruÌ„ are rather for the similitude and likenes of Vertebres numbred amoÌ„gest them then for any office or vse that they reteyne like Vertebres for those in déede are right called Vertebres that with one kynde of Articulation are together coÌ„pounded which is called Arthrodia where as the other therfore not propper are vnited per Symphysim as most clearely we will endeuer henceforth to handle FIrst of all we will as order requireth begyn at the Necke which is called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Which was stretched and elongated froÌ„ the body for the cause of Aspera Arteria as Galen proueth saying further that the Necke alway perisheth with the Lunges wherfore euery fish that wanteth the Lunges is also destitute of a Necke and contrariwise such as haue Lunges haue also a Necke and both haue inspiration and expiration by the rough Arterie Hitherto also efflation which is the immediate matter of voyce is the action of the same Arterie without the which voyce could not be made and the vpper end of which beyng of the Latins called Laringa or Larynx is the chief and most principall fourmer of voyce Wherfore it hauyng such affinitie with the Lunges and seruyng to so notable vse it is euident that the Necke was fourmed for the cause thereof and goyng further he sayth also playnly that such creatures as want their Neckes are domme and mute And Aristotle sayth euery creature that waÌ„teth Lunges wanteth a Necke Then sith reason leadeth vs that the head is distaunsed from the body so much in man for the cause of Aspera Arteria and voyce and that the erection of the same Necke could not be made firme and stedfast without the supportable ground and frameworke of Bones neither mouable had the same bene of such solid continuitie as should haue resisted the meane of motion which nature therfore coustrued of sundrie Vertebres you shall hearâ—… what space is to be vnderstanded by the name of Necke and what bones appertaine to the construction therof The Necke is all the part stretched forth betwene the Head and Shoulders that is from the foundation of the Scull to the toppe of the Brest which in that space conteineth the number of vij Vertebres or turning Ioyntes eche one diuers and different from another that is the first from the second and those agayne differyng from all that folow but the iiij that are from the second vnto the the seuenth are aboue all the rest most likely figured and the seuenth it selfe distinct from all other as shall appeare But first is to be noted that the Necke was not onely ordained to the end to beare and susteine the Head but most especially to be auayleable to the diuerse actions mouynges therof which kyndes are not all propper nor all common but some motions propperly appertayning to the Head and others common which are obtayned by the mouynges of the Necke wherfore Collumbus sayth we iudge the propper mouyng of the Necke to be common to the Head forasmuch as the Necke cannot moue without the styrring of the Head. Galen assigneth to the Head two peculiar motions one is by the mouyng of the Head forwardes and backward and the other by turnyng it round to the sides which may be done the Necke remayning quyet or not labouryng but when the Head is greatly moued downward or vpward or vehemeÌ„tly inclined to the shoulders such caÌ„not be the propper motions of the Head seing that they are done by that labour of the whole Necke or otherwise caÌ„not be Wherfore the propper motioÌ„s of the Head are brought to passe by that meanes of
example of Syssarcosis Carolus Stephanus hath 〈◊〉 in the composition of Bones What man is so wise as that in anythyng hee sâ—…weth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Why the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the head begynneth first The brayne is y principall â—…bet of the body contrary to Aristotle A question whether the head be for cause of the eyes or of the brayne Galens opinioÌ„ the head to be made for the eyes Lib. 1. cap. 5. The 〈◊〉 of Galen Collumbus proueth rather the head to be made for cause of the brayne A sharpe reason in that the eyes of Caâ—…ers are hath Why for cause of the brayne y head was created Reason is the Queene of all vertues Cap. v. de ossib lib. 9. Vs. part cap. 17. 〈◊〉 Artis Medicae The naturall 〈◊〉 of the head Lib. 9. de vs part cap. 17. The first of the foure figures of the head not naturall Iliad β. Thersites Lib. 2. cap. 17. Pericles The second figure not naturall The thyrd figure not naturall The fourth figure not naturall The fourth figure not naturall is rare moÌ„strous lib. 1. ca. 5. Vesalius maketh mention of a boy that was mad va uyng this fourth figure of y head The further of from the naturall figure the further also from the perfection of reason What kynde of bones are to the head Why the Bones of the head were not Fungie Why the bones of the head were not made altogether Solid The makyng of the head to a pot compared Wherfore y head is distinguished with Sutures Lib. 8. ca. 1. Lib. 1. ca. 5. A 〈◊〉 of a young man who dying through payne of his head had no Sutures in the skull 〈◊〉 Columbus in this poynte 〈◊〉 him selfe both uâ—… men and womeÌ„ studyng in them that were much giuen to paynes in the head the Sutures to bee growen vp Here Celsus dyd most respect outward daungers when as in deede the inner are more to be feared A notable reason agaynst Celsus why the bone of head is deuided A familiar exaÌ„ple In brief the reasons why y head hath Sutures The first reason The secoÌ„d reasoÌ„ The thyrd reason Dura mater goyng forth by y seames vegetteth Pericranium to couer also the outside of the skull It is not the obiectioÌ„ of aged persons that ca 〈◊〉 this reason Extreme age or extreme youth is not to be obserued in the Anathomie As in children some partes of bones through softenes seeme Cartilages so in some aged persoÌ„s the Seames of the head are donâ—… away What signifietly the head The vses of the head The figure of the head Why the bones of the skull are pearsed with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 litle holes Why the middle part of the bones of the skull are Fungous The two walles of the 〈◊〉 The tables of the bones of y head whiche shut betwene them the Fungous substaunce What are called the Suâ—…res The knowledge of the Sytures is expediâ—… in the explication of the bones of y head The 〈◊〉 of the Sutures The 〈◊〉 Sutures are Harmoniae The number of the Sutures Loc. Citat The descriptioÌ„ of the Suture called Lamdoides The description and vse of the Co â—…onall Suture The names description and vse of the Coronall Suture The Sagittall Suture somtyme conâ—…neth downe through y middest of 〈◊〉 frontis Fuch Lib. cap. 8. That the â—…ense of the Sagittall Suture maketh no difference betwene the scalpe of man or woma The descense of y Sagittal Suture is not coâ—… either in maÌ„ or woâ—…an Col. Ibid. That a dogges head is 〈◊〉 with Sutures agaynst Aristotle The descriptioÌ„ of the Seames of y scaly bones of the temples The ioynâ—…g of y 〈◊〉 bones by 〈◊〉 examples That part which lyeth without is harder then that whiche lâ—…eth 〈◊〉 it Fuch Lib. 1. cap. 8. Where these are called temporall Sutures Why these bones are called SquaÌ„mous or scalie The descriptioÌ„ of the vj. Suture Additions of the Suture Labdoides Where the 〈◊〉 Scame is coÌ„â—… both to the head and vpper sawe The descriptioÌ„ of the vij Suture The descriptioÌ„ of the viij Suture The Sutures are without conspicuous but 〈◊〉 scarse appeare Lib. 9. vs part cap. 17. Lib. de ossib cap. â—… Lib. 1 cap. 5. The diuers â—…igures of the heaâ—… varyeth not the number of Sutures The differences of Sutures Lib. 1. de ossib ca. â—… Lib. xi de vs part Bones of the head Collumbus ibidens vt sup In the part of the head called Bâ—…gma in childrd the constriction and dilatation of the brayne called Sistole Diastole is playnly perce 〈◊〉 ued Woundes in Bregma are deadly The vpper seame of these bones of Sinciput is the Sagittall Suture The descriptioÌ„ of these two Bones of Bâ—…gma or 〈◊〉 The circumscription of Occiput â—…hy a PromineÌ„ce in Occiput is made By a Prominence vnderstand what portion soeuer doth notably 〈◊〉 the partes circumsacent in chicknes like as a hille in the playne and this I wish the reader to cary in mynde for henceforth I will exponÌ„de this word no more The 〈◊〉 industrie of nature Why the bone of the hinder part of the head is thickest Tert. de Hist anim The opinion of Aristotle is reiected who 〈◊〉 the bone of Occiput to bee thinnâ—… The weakee partes of this bone are stregthned by the Muscles of the necke Col. Lib. 1. ca. 5. Aristotle falsly imagined the hinder part of the head to be â—…ptie Occiput consisteth of fiue sides Galen sayth but three The descriptioÌ„ of the â—…des of Occiput Note Occiput in childreÌ„ doth consist some tyme of v. sometyme of vii bone The vtilitie of the deuided Occiput children Two Prominent partes in Occiput their fourme and why they were so made Os ' frontis to a simple bone When Os frontis is two The circumscription of Os frontis Where Os frontis is most thinne A large 〈◊〉 aboue the eye browes in Os froÌ„tis whiche Galen knew not The vse of that cauâ—…tie in Os frontis Cap. 6. Cap. 5. Why the bone of the forehead is towardes the Sa gittall Suture thumer The bones of the temples The figure of the temporall bones The Etymologie of the Mammillar Processe The vses of the Mamillar Processe The Mammillar Processe is hollow and why The Processe called Styloides This Processe hath diâ—…ers names as Belonoides Graphoides Styloides and Plectron The maner of the sputlike Processe The descriptioÌ„ of the thyrd Processe of the temporall bone Loco Citato The commendeth the industrie of Realdus Collumbus The fourth Procelse of the teÌ„porall bone A more plaine explication of the thyrd Processe The cauitie wheâ—… to that neither 〈◊〉 is Articulate Why that Greekes call these Bones 〈◊〉 The prouideÌ„ce of nature in creatyng the temporall Bones The seueÌ„th bone of the head called the Cuneall bone What is called Bâ—…re The descriptioÌ„ of this Cunâ—…all bone or Sphenoides The 〈◊〉 or caue of Sphenoides A new opinion of the Aâ—…mall spirites Cap. supra The Cell in Sphenoides The Glandule receiuyng flegme The Processes of the
the middest Fungous and like a Pumie stone Further these hones are perforated here and there vnorderly with a sort of smal holes to the end that by them the little Tendringes or Spriggie braunches of veines and Arteries which bryng bloud for nourishment and spirite for the increase of heate and conseruation of lyfe might haue pleasauÌ„t passage And therfore be the bones of the head betwene the outmost and inner scales cauernous or hollow not onely therby to become more light but also to conteine medullous substaunce for their food and nourishment This Pumicous substaunce intersited betwene the sayd seales or crustes is the cause that some haue sayd the scull to be condited and made of two walles which they call Tables meanyng those ij crustes or scales which beyng hard and therewith a litle thicke do shut in on eche side that sayd Spongious medullous substaunce These bones are seiungated on eche side in their endes and borders obteinyng in all such places by generall appellation of the Anathomistes Sutures or Seames of which here is so much to be spoken because they are expedient in the explication of the bones of the head Now therfore of seames some be true some false which being rather in déede Commissures are more to be referred to Harmonia then Sutura But to recount vnto you by one intier direct number how many Sutures there are in the head Realdus Collumbus sayth viij if all be accompted wherof v. be false and impropper and iij. propper and true Of the true one is that in the hinder part of the head in the foundation therof where it goeth on both sides towardes the eare the goyng vp of which in the begynnyng is broad but higher and hygher ascendyng becommeth narrower like the fashion of this Gréeke letter Λ for whiche cause it hath loÌ„g tyme and still doth reteine the name accordyngly that is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this deuideth the Bones of the temples and Sinciput from the bone of hinder part or Occiput An other is in the formost part of the head coÌ„passing the forehead like a kynde of halfe circle and is called by the name of the place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Coronalis this seperateth likewise the Bones of Sinciput from Os frontis The thyrd Suture is that that ruÌ„neth straight on the top of the head distinguishing the right froÌ„ the left side of the head for asmuch as it lyeth straight length wise on the head froÌ„ Labdoides to Coronalis it is nominated of that GreciaÌ„s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Sagittalis or Rectá Sutura And this Suture is sometyme sene though some Anathomistes haue seemed doubtfull to pronounce it to augment his circuite down to the neither part of the forehead and toppe of the nose which I am not onely moued to affirme by the probabilitie of some approued authors but dare safely also auouch it by that experieÌ„ce my selâ—…e hath tasted But that princely Peripatecian Aristotle was much beceiued in making a differeÌ„ce betwixt the heades of men and women when as in déede that way there is no kynde of difference but rather mutually in the selues diuersified Therfore that rule is not to be obserued though others sinte his tyme haue not slacked to say that this Sagittalis Sutura discendeth to the nose in women but not in men or contrariwise for both is false since in either if may be found Although in déede as it is very rare or seldome No lesse is the opinion of the same Philosopher dissonant from truth in that he saith that the head of a dogge is continuall and without Sutures whereas diligence shall finde it most directly distinguished with Sutures those more elegant then in men There are besides two seames sited after the bended length of the head equally distauÌ„t from the Sagittall 〈◊〉 these are caried aboue the eares from the extremitie of the diséendent Coronalis with a certaine circular walke and in some reache downe to the lowest seat of Labdoides in others agayne not passing Mamillares These ij seames that is to say on both sides one beyng as skalie bones and conglutinate or layd on like seales are accordyngly called skalie bones the thinner part of one lyeng to the thicker part of an other and so by due proportioÌ„ ioyned together like as maybe coniectured by the sight of Fishes skales or the yron plates of a iacke one lying on an other And note that of them the outmost is much harder then the inner because it lyeth aloft and therfore nature ordained it as a defence for the other These are the lincall coagmentatioÌ„s of the two skales that kéepe the compressed sides of the head bordryng vpon the other bones or on their endes Superiacent but because their knittyng is not Suture like that is one mutually let into an other like the téeth of two sawes ioyned together and as the aboue mentioned arâ—… they are called therfore of the Greekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is skalie CoÌ„glutinations Galen hath named them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or temporall Sutures And for that these bones do represent scales to the sides of other bones to make vp the inclosure adherent they haue no other nomination than Ossa squammosa These fiue are propper to the head Then the vj. is that which froÌ„ the extremitie of Labdoides is deduced through the middest of the stonie or hard Bones stretchyng forthwith to the foundation of the head where it meteth with the first Vertebre or turnyng ioynt and this part Galen calleth additions of Sutura Labdoides From thence agayne begynnyng vpwardes on both sides it créepeth to the hollowes of the temples euen to the endes of Coronalis whence reflected downewardes to the extreme â—…th and palate it is common both to the head and vpper iawe and comprehendeth in it the whole bone called Câ—…ale The vij deuideth the bone of the head that is numbred the viij from Os frontis seperatyng it wholly from all the partes therof The viij last Suture begynneth at the hollowes of the teÌ„ples where the vj. is reflected begynneth to descend créeping through the middle regioÌ„ of the lesser corner of the eye as also through the middest of y eyes ronÌ„dell thence tranuersly spedeth to the toppe of the nose so seuereth the vpper iawe from the forehead but in the inside of the head nere the foundation or seate Os cuneale disioyneth it selfe froÌ„ Os frontis And thus much you haue to consider of the Sutures as touchyng that that appertaineth to the outward view of them For within at all appeareth the shew of no Sutures but rather Harmonia Galen maketh relatioÌ„ how in heades varyeng froÌ„the naturall figure diuersitie among the Sutures likewise shal be fouÌ„d Which Realdus Collumbus denyeth
the vpper region of the holes of the eyes and meteth with the viij bone of the head But this note that I will tell you which Galen as farre as I haue read neuer made mention of Aboue the toppe of the nose where the same is committed to Os frontis this bone of the forehead holloweth it selfe on ech side both where it maketh the vpper region of the eyes as also prominently constituteth the browes and séemeth as if it were lined with a thinne scale betwene which and the outer Solid side of Os frontis these cauities runne after the maner of this figure to the conteinyng of ayre as Vesalius and Collumbus haue imagined Wherby it appeareth in this place to be by reason of such celles most thicke but yet in the space aboue and betwene them it is most Solid thicke firme as also more infirme thinne and weake where it is committed to the Sagittall Suture vpper bones of the head because there it is in infantes MeÌ„braneous as before is spoken of that portion of Sinciput that bordereth vpon the Coronall Suture After this follow the bones of the temples which in their vpper part that is towardes the Sagittall Suture are equally circumscribed with scalie Agglutinations But behynd with the partes or additions of the Suture Labdoidis and with the vj. Seame which seuereth their lower partes from Sphenoidis and seuereth their Anterior part from the vpper iawe and on Os frontis bordered These bones whosoeuer sayth the contrary as Galen that accompted them iij. square are notwithstandyng most propperly to be termed Circular or Round coÌ„passed for so they shew most in the Superior part Onely their fourme is obscured by many Processes The first of which are the Mamillar Processes dependent like vnto the broken browes of bankes hangyng downe but beare their names for representyng the fashion of Tetes in a Cowes vdder called therfore of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which processes serue not onely to the insertioÌ„ of Muscles but that in them also might be conteined most excellently a large cauitie to the Organ of hearyng excéedyng necessary Wherfore you shall euer finde it voyde and empty runnyng in with diuers caues and priuy corners Moreouer not farre froÌ„ this brusteth forth from the fouÌ„dations of these two bones two other processes notable which are not onely very small but also long and hard endewed with many names for the diuers kyndes of shapes whereto they are likened As 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 after the Image of a needle others for the similitude of a writyng Tables peÌ„ne haue named it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or for the likenes of a Cockes spurre whiche in my opinion is of all rest nearest vnto the marke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 although Styloides most of all is vsed And these stiliforme or spurrelike processes are prominent next vnder Mammillares stretchyng obliquely forwardes poyntyng as it were to the Anterior reslectioÌ„ of the neither iawe where it is called the Chinne The thyrd Processe of the temporall bone maketh a portion of Os iugale wyndyng out crookedly froÌ„ the neither part of Temporale where it maketh somewhat a slender reslection the more aptly to mete with the iugall bone And more then these Vesalâ—…s neuer remembred But Realdus Collumbus a famous man to be remembred who in these matters Anathomicall by his exploratiue indagation séemeth to haue sifted a mite and clouen a heare hath not so let slippe or wiâ—…cked at the fourth processe which beginnyng nâ—…re vnto the roote of the stiliformed swelleth out long into the inner part of the head in the which is made that noble Laberinthe resonant to the reflectyng ayre of euery noyse which we will hereafter with more requisite prolixitie decyffre But to make the thyrd processe recited better knowne and more manifest to your intellection you shall note that when it riseth from the Anterior part of the Organ of hearyng it stretcheth not directly along by the sides of the temporall bone but crooketh vp toward the iugall bone in Circular sorte not vnlike the arche of a Bridge vnder which subentreth the hollow of the temples and to the begynnyng of which processe is the bone of the neither iawe Coarticulated For vnder the rising of the processe nere to that auditorie passage is a cauitie deepely incrased with a Cartilage wherunto is inserted that longer processe of the neither iawe And thus much of the processes from the temporall bones prominent Which bones are towardes their foundatioÌ„ and lower partes anfractuous rough and stony like compared therfore to rough and stony bankes wherby they obtaine of the Gréekes this name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 for the same cause Contrariwise aboue and in their vpper partes light and most thinne especially in such places as the temporall Muscles are spread but together with their thinnes nature hath graunted them to be sufficieÌ„t hard so that â—…ithout great perill of lyfe they may not be broken The vij bone of the head sheweth diuers fourmes and fashions wherfore the GreciaÌ„s thought good to call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Os Cuneiforme or Cuneale since that betwene the bones of the head and vpper iawe it is intruded like a wedge The barbarous sort call it Basillare because it substrateth the brayne no otherwise then a ground or foundation thereto For in the middest of the foundation or ground of the brayne it sitteth compassed about withthe vj. Suture which comprehendeth in it this whole bone beside the fore part where it endeth at the viij Seame But in the same seate it is thicke conteinyng within it a hollow caue which is all one with the cauitie of Os frontis in which we haue sayd the ayre drawne by the nostrels to be retayned vntil it slyde from thence into this hollow place the mater of which helpeth the brayne in forgyng animall spirites if Collumbus his opinion newly inueÌ„ted in that respect be any thing credible as will more at large hereafter when we come to the animall History appeare This denne or hollow caue is large and commonly vacant in all persons though in some perhappes you shall sée it replete with a certaine Spongie kynde of substaunce The couer therof is a hard and thicke scale which Galen likeneth to a searse as though it were full of holes to strayne the moyst matter of the brayne which Collumbus vtterly denyeth But this note that he sayth in the middest of the inner part of the skull this bone hath a certaine propper Cell or corner in which for the purpose is a Glandule aptly sited to receiue the same humiditie which thence afterward maketh recourse vnto the Palate and nostrels the wayes of which one haue sufficieÌ„t scope into the other as shal
of indifferent excusation coateth Vesalius whilest I haue most beholden haue yet in my house Sceletons by whose transuerse Processes of the Loynes Vesalius assertions is verified Notwithstandyng that I am not ignoraunt what diuersitie may be found in diuers and that I confesse this is no great poynt to dispute vpon but in the way of discourse to dissolue the contraâ—… of Authors Chiefly I write thus much for the excuse of Vesalius because he is so apertly reproued as though so learned a labourer in the Arte of disseaing should haue by negligence set downe that which diligence neuer inueÌ„ted which might not be so much as thought of so princely Anathomist Now is it to be noted that such length in y Processes traÌ„suerse of the Loynes was ordained to be as propugnacles in stead of litle ribbes to the great vessell or spoutes deriued from the fountaines of life and naturall beyng and not to be produced after the iust length and magnitude of the ribbes for their extension ouer the region of the bellye had not bene conuenient neither would haue giuen place to the labour of the Muscles in makyng compression for the expellyng of excrementes but in women least of all expedient as in the tyme of naturall procreation reason ratifieth It was sufficient therfore that the production of the laterall Processes of the Loynes was such as might only giue defence to the great Arterie and hollow Veyne Nere vnto these Processes not farre from the holes of the Nerues ariseth on ech side one other produced portion though farre shorter then the rest Therfore in some bodyes not easely discerned whiche was the cause that Vesalius neuer inuented them Moreouer the posteriour Processes of the Vertebres of the Loynes are neither so long and sharpe nor so much declinyng downewardes as the superiour Vertebres before decyffered but though not in rising so large yet in procéedyng broader throughout their length stroÌ„ger their extremities coÌ„passed in circular sorte Also these Vertebres of the Loynes haue Appendances like vnto the rest but onely as they surmount in quantitie that is in magnitude aboue the rest so the soft Cartilage intersited betwene their bodyes is so much the greater and thicker their holes likewise exculped before the superiour and inferiour productions giue entraunce aswel to the nutrimentall vesselles as to the transporters of sense produced from the Spinall marey Notwithstandyng we finde not these holes so rouÌ„d as there superiours nor more largely excaued in the vpper side of the inferiour Vertebre then in the lower part of the superiour Spondill but much larger then the holes of the brest and necke as their bodyes we haue sayd before are larger Onely this is common to all the Uertebres the first of the necke excepted that in the hinder part of the body of euery Uertebre though in the Anteriour sydeway of the concauitie for the marey appeareth the holes ordayned for the 〈◊〉 if the Nerues and ingresse of the vessels of nourishment Finally Collumbus noteth this as a generall rule in all bodyes that the posteriour 〈◊〉 of the Uertebres which rowe is called the Spine from the second of the Necke to the last of the Loynes are all tendyng downeward Whiche assertion I could neuer in those bodyes that I haue sene or willyngly dissected finde occasion to subscribe vnto but alway either the xij of the brest or els some of the Vertebres of the Loynes did tend either vpward though very obscurely or els directly straight I meane neither vpwardes nor downewardes But to say truth you shal finde but smale certaintie in the fourme of the Processes The number of the Processes apperteinyng to the Spondilles of the Loynes are 9. that is to say to euery one ij transuerse ij sited by the sides of the holes and nere to the transuerse though obscured sene in some ij ascendents ij descendents lastly the Spine Now it remayneth to speake of the two last partes or diuisions of the backe called by the Grâ—…kes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and of the Latins Sacrum and Coccix The which Sacrum beyng the higher diuision and begynnyng at the lower end of the afore described Spondilles for the bredth and largenes therof is sometime called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Wherein playnly it excelleth all otherâ—… Vertebres beyng vnto them as an ample seate and foundation There are some that let not to affirme the cause why this same bone was called Sacrum to be this for that say they in women it is endewed with a speciall gift aboue all others in yeldyng on ech side from Os Ilium in tyme of bringyng forth Child and agayne forthwith closing by the secret deuise vnknowen Arte of Nature without the helpe of any Muscle but as it séemeth to me nothyng at all agréeyng with truth so Gal. Vesalius Collumbus Fuchsius accompt it a fantasticall fiction a feyned tale without the grouÌ„d of reason and quyte beside the authoritie of the truth for those kynde of persons do interprete this word Sacrum holy But as Realdus affirmeth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be interpreted Sacrum so likewise Leonardus with like learned probabilitie teacheth vs in this sense to take and vnderstand Sacrum for Magnum that is great as Homer in some places writing Sacrum Mare and Sacrum Piscem for Magnum Mare and Magnum Piscem hath left vs for true testimony And Virgil for a Latin Authour hath Sacrum auri famem for Magnam auri cupiditatem Galen ascribeth to Os sacrumâ—… iij. bones which the later Anathomistes flatly deny allowing his description therin to retaine and smatche of veritie saue onely in Lyons Dogges and Apes but it consisteth of v. bones and commonly of vj. say they which in young and tender yeares in déede séeme lose and separated as it were not much differyng from the other Vertebres though afterwardes they so knit and cleaue together as that they séeme all to make but one bone were it not that in their fore partes we finde as it were the traces of Commissures They are together committed like vnto the superiour Uertebres saue that like vnto the rest they lacke the interiectur of Cartâ—…lages because their mouing was lesse néedfull Neither are acompted among the number of Uertebres for any other cause then that after a certayn maner they shew a similitude of the SpoÌ„dilles for of motion whereby they should chiefly be like them they are altogether frustrate It is concluded therfore that nature ordained this bone not onely for the vpper partes to rest vpon and stay them selues but likewise that the inferiour bones might thereto ioyntly one after another be tyed as froÌ„ their begynnyng and as it was a decrée from the law of nature that one principall
as it were the gate or entraunce for the Ueynes sensible Fibres of the body to passe through for sense and nourishment vnto the skinne Of force it must be very sensible not onely in respect of the Fibres that come through but principally because it selfe is most of sinewy substaunce For it may be that in children it be fleshy but in elder persons it retaineth small fleshynes haue that in respect of other Membrans it séemeth somewhat more fleshy as partly already is touched AFter this appeareth in Abdomen and as it were deuidyng it in the middest a line and round pitte called the nauell of the Latins Vmbelicus and the lyne or hollow tyeng from it for the whitenes therof Linea Alba the white lyne or of some the Vmbelicall Ueyne This Nauell Galen and Aristotle supposed to be situate in the middest of the body but Vesalius contrary thereto with many I will not say friuolous reasons repugneth which Collumbus agayne hath surely suppressed affirming that of right it occupyeth the middle part of the body since whilest we are in the wombe of our mother we are nourished thereby and by the same also put fourth our excrementes The begynnyng hereof is at the Matrice and springyng vpward to the nauell passeth in therby to the liuer and endeth in Venapâ—…rta But the Arteries for so it is the receptacle of iiij notable vessels inserted to the nauell and reached downward to the sides of the bottome of the bleddar are continuall with the braunches of the great Arterie after the principall diuision therof aboue Os sacrum For the Arteries makyng entraunce into the nauell are vnited to the stockes of the great Arterie whiche descend into the legges as hereafter shal be expressed more fitly By the benefite of the vmbelicall Ueyne the child in the wombe is nourished and by the office of the Arteries is replenished with insited heate vitall spirite There is a fourth vessell called Orrachos which begynneth at the bottome of the bleddar and serueth to draw the Urine from the byrth And this together with the other vessels the midwiues do cut of neare to the belly so that after the infant be borne saue that it remaineth as a certaine corde or bande vnto the body we finde not any notable vse therof AS for the Muscles of Abdomen which in the Hystorie of Muscles are so copiously handled I commit thée to the reading of the second booke But here because no where els we haue described the nature of fleshes which so plentifully bewrapped the frame of man ech where clad therewith it shall not be amisse to say somewhat to the end we ouerscape nothyng worthy or néedefull to be declared vnto the yonger sort Fâ—…esh therfore is a simple member neither solid nor absolutely moyste but thicker then the moyste partes and softer then the dry It is begotten of bloud meanely dryed whereby it hapneth that bodyes aboundyng with bloud be very corpulent and fleshy So necessary it is vnto the body as that nature hath left no part destitute thereof the brayne excepted but either is in them conteined or neare vnto them adioyned fulfillyng so all the partes of the body like the plaster or dawbe vnto the laâ—…ted house Of the flesh are sondry diuisions diuerfly set downe by sondry Authors heretosore as some of them affirme thrée kyndes of which that is the true and simple flesh whiche groweth in the gummes of the téeth and head of the yard The second is vniuersally mixed with the Muscles beyng euery where compounded with sinewy Fibres and diuerse substaunces according to the nature of the place The thyrd flesh is that of the Glandules or kernels which thyrd part because it is somuch different from the other I will somewhat digresse to speake of them that is the Glandules not vnueedefull nor improuidently made of nature ANd 〈◊〉 are no other then a round body somwhat long for the most part beyng rare and filled with 〈◊〉 For diuers causes in diuers places Nature hath set thenâ—… but their generall proppertie is to turne the 〈◊〉 which they receiue into their colour Notwithstandyng their vses be diuers Some are â—…wed as beddes vnto Ueynes and Arteries to deteute them froÌ„ hurt others fulfill voyde places others to receiue and conteine humidities least any place through mouyng â—…ght be dryedâ—… others to receiue excrementes And those kyndes of Glandules are to be found in diuers partes of the body The first in the Scull after this sort one in the brayne betwene the same and Cerebellum which is called Coâ—…rion Pineale described hereafter in the 〈◊〉 of the brayne and Nerues This is round but somewhat long An other in the cell of Sphenoïdes lyeng without ' Dura mater in which endeth the bason or tonnell What is ment by the Cuneall cell thou hast learned that in the Hystorie of bones And this is that Gandule whiche takyng in the excrementes of the brayne sendeth the same afterwardes to the nose and Palate In the roundell of the eyes are foure Glandules two to euery one the right and the left that is two aboue and the rest beneath Where they are placed of nature to receiue the superfluous humiditie that commeth to the eyes and therewith to moysten and refresh thâ—… lest they by often mouyng should dry vp and afterwardes giue ouer to mouae These are they which beyng by sorrow or other cause constrained do poure out teares There are other two Glandules in the iawes called Paristhimia receiuing also the humidities of the brayne to moysten those partes which is greatly néedefull when as continually in speaking eatyng inspiryng expiryng they labour Others likewise we finde vnder the roote of the toung small and possessing the same vtilitie as before is sayd Two other cleaue vnto Larinx and the rough Arterie thicker in women then in men whereby it commeth to passe that the prominent part of Larinx in fewe women is apparant the thicknes of these makyng euen with the same Under the Cannell bones also where Vena caua is deuided into two that is Axillarem and IugulareÌ„ are other Glandules slender in vs but thicker in beastes called Lactes and Thymus 〈◊〉 Agayne in the hollow of the brest are other two ioyned to the middest to Aesophagus to moysten continually the same whereby the meate may passe and slyde downe more easely But in the vale of Abdomen there are not ij but an innumerable sort found throughout Mesenterium dispersed for the diuision both of Ueyne Arteries Amongest which vnder the UeÌ„tricle is a certaine notable one there set aswel for the diuision of Vena porta as also to be vnto the Uentricle as a propugnacle lest in touchyng their backe it should happen to receiue hurt The name therof is Panchreas that is Affusio lying flat or prostrate At
marey for that cause it is the harder that to all the hard sinewes of the body it might be a begynnyng for asmuch as from this hinder part of the brayne no soft sinew is produced But notwithstandyng that these be the wordes of Galen and Fernelius two famous men in Philosophicall discipline yet as men not retainyng the whole 〈◊〉 and scope of Arte to them selues for so had neuer man that lyued yet their wordes are not as Gospell in all thynges to this I say therfore with Realdus Collumbus that the substauÌ„ce of Cerebellum is not hard but with his turnyngs at length endeth downeward in two Processes the figure of whiche is like the white and short wormes found in rotten wood whose vse is to prohibite least of the fourth ventricle pressed by the waight of Cerebellum the substaunce should be stopped And whereof Galen thought that from this Cerebellum came harder sinewes theÌ„ from the brayne the truth is sayth Collumbus that there hence procedeth not one payre nor one at all Wherein to be sure he purposely marked many tymes and oft neither is the substaunce thereof any thyng harder at all then of the brayne THus farre we haue spoken of the matter and substaunce of the brayne But to speake further of the principallitie of his functions and to argue more playnly the noblenes of his nature by explication of the sundry benefites be yeldeth throughout the frame of the body behold but the organs of smellyng hearyng and seeyng with tast and féelyng as also how much he maketh to the motion of members in strewyng such an infinite number of sinewes throughout the body and partes therof without the which no other could be coniectured of the lyfe of man Then is to be descerned by trées and spredyng plantes which onely florish in growyng and frutage but voyde of sense sight hearyng tast mouyng and smellyng whiche are chiefly in the body of man most notable aboue all other creatures by so much the more by how much the brayne in man is different froÌ„ all other creatures TO go foreward therefore in the description of these aforesayd organs first you shall note that in the forcpart of the brayne about the seate or foundation therof the rising of two organs are playne to be discerned which the Grecians call Olfactilia but other Anathomistes Processus Mamillares whiche are long and small consistyng of the substaunce of the brayne it selfe onely inuolued with the thiune Membran Betwene the brayne Os Sphenoides and Os frontis these organs are caried aboue which the hard Membrans are to be discerned of which we haue spoken before Thus the organs of smellyng do cease at two litle thicke partes and those agayne in the Bone called Ethmoides at the side of a certaine eminent Processe therof So that of the breath that we draw at our nostrels part ascendyng vp by the nostrels into these sayd litle holes for so saith Fernelius part of the breath receiued passeth this way into the brayne and the rest into Trachea Arteria we distinguish and finde out the differences of good and euill sauours The which proper organ to the end it might not haue lightly default in operation but retayne his vertue more effectually Nature hath produced in places mentioned neare to the Processe lately spoken of two portions or soft sinewes not of auncient Anathomistes therefore called sinewes but we terme them so since by their rare tendernes they are the fitter for this purpose to discerne the differences of ayre brought vnto them which to bene hard no man would iudge it by reason so fit since they support a more subtill sense then any other partes in the whole body Agayne a double commoditie is found by these sayd organs For besides that they thus present all sauours good and euill vnto the brayne so do they also and in like maker receiue the filthy and â—…lymy excrementes purged from the Anteriour or vpper Uentricles of the brayne To these nostrels appertaine a certaine Cartilaginous substaunce whiche in the middest of them maketh a seuerall diuision or hedge called therfore Nartum septum or Interseptum Cartilaginosum stretched from the bottome to the top of the nose as also to the vpper partes of the palate for all that region or part is repleate with holes hollowes to receiue the sayd superfluities of the brayne THe eares beyng in like sort the organs of hearyng are sited in the extreme partes of the temples of whiche the outward partes are called Auriculae The substaunce of the eares are Cartilaginous or grissely and not rashly so ordeined for asmuch as thereby the entraunces or passages are made not onely easier but also which is notable continually open and prest to receiue the sound of euery speach or other noyse Therfore Dura Membrana or the thicker coueryng in clothyng and enwrappyng the déepest corner or wyndyng of the eares a certeine soft sinew is brought thereto on eche side from the fift coniugation of the brayne obiected to the holes transuersely or ouerthwart whiche receiuyng the ayre of any sounde caryeth and presenteth it vnto the brayne the notable common begynuyng of sense Thus haue I sayd how smellyng and hearyng take effect in the head and by what meanes the brayne hath knowledge of both So in lyke maner you shall here how the noble orgás of light which to the whole body are to be compared as the Sunne vnto the world are situated in the head and how with diuers aydes they obtaine their action THe eyes therefore are assistaunt on both sides the most delityng and prexious partes in the body which no otherwise then circumspect espialls in a forte that watche the vppermost tower to behold a farre of and giue warnyng of their enemyes so the eyes are sited in a most highe place the rather to espye and discry thynges pleasaunt or otherwise hurtfull to the body Fernelius reporteth takyng his authoritie as he sayth from Galen that for cause of the eyes the head was appointed in the highest place of the body because the brayne for the shortnes of the sinewes opticke stoode in néede to be situate so neare the eyes But such reasons are not disputed on since the brayne to haue his fastest beyng a loft and eyes there most â—…ightly seate in the head no man iudgeth rashnes or improuidence not onely because nothyng may be amisse that is wrought by the omnipotent creator but also forasmuch as the same in the weake iudgement of worldlinges séemeth so notable as the thyng which otherwise then so could not haue bene the lyke Therfore if in markyng the situation of the eyes you retayne but some seruple of diligence no doubt but as you finde how excellently Nature hath engrauen in the head and vppermost iawe two proper celles or cauities for their
4. Pâ—…i I b. 7. cap. 2. Hipp. â—…ib dâ—… 〈◊〉 Aquis et 〈◊〉 Lib. â—…ast cap. 15. Iac. Sil. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sec. 1â—… Prâ—…b Hipp. Loc. 〈◊〉 Loc. cit â—…ig de Meâ—…n ob Iac. Sâ—…l Loc. cit Plat. Dial. 3. de Repub. Li. de caus 〈◊〉 Aph. 28. 29. 30. Lib. 2. â—…ib de coacis prae not Iac. Sil. Loc. ciâ—… Col. Lib. 〈◊〉 Lib. de Var. Corp. â—…ec 〈◊〉 Botall â—…ib de catâ—…o Lâ—…c ciâ—… De Moâ—…bo 〈◊〉 Fuchs li. 1. ca. â—… Ex Vesal The reason why the Anatomy of bones occupieth the first place The â—…octrine of this History is most obscure vnlesse the bones be first learned Lib. de ossib cap. 1. We must study to know conserue that whiche is according to Nature The Bones the fouÌ„dation of the body Cap. 1. Epith. Generall diuision of the partes What are the Similar partes What are the InstrumeÌ„tall parts Fuchs li. 1. ca. 5. The nature and substaÌ„ce of bones All the bones except the teeth are insensible Col. li. 1. ca. 1. The cause why y bones are insensible The Nerue is the immediate organ of sense Note that thoroughout the History of Man we cite nature for God. The reason where fore nature 〈◊〉 not the bones sensible Some affirme the bones sensible although to their great shame The 〈◊〉 of such druieth theÌ„ to an hoâ—…ible adsurditie as will néedes make the bones to séele The experieÌ„ce of 〈◊〉 coÌ„â—…uteth this error nothyng more Periosteos The sensâ—…bility of 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 was the cause of their error Pâ—…tiousteos abraced no sence is discerned The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ce of the bones The second difference of Bones from there magnitude The third differeÌ„ce of bones taâ—…en of their vse Some great Bones haue no manifest hollownes as the bones committed to os sâ—…crum os sacrum it selfâ—… and the Scapple bones Some bones are smal but notably â—…xcaued as of the angers â—…b 1. de vs pâ—…iuÌ„ The Sesaminae the bones of that nose Ossiâ—…les of heâ—…ryng are 〈◊〉 ly Porie or Solid Col. cap. lib. praedict The Brachiall tooth to the Processe eminent froÌ„ Vina in the wrest of the hand The vse of the holes and Porositie of Bones How those that haue no holes without are noâ—…rished What an Appendance 〈◊〉 In yong persons the AppendaÌ„ce 〈◊〉 eaâ—…ly discerned but not 〈◊〉 old A playne show The substaunce of the â—…ppendance is soâ—…ter then of the Bones A proofe for wheÌ„ we eate meat we will often plucke of the Appendâ—…ces of â—…ones châ—…we them Why 〈◊〉 â—…re not worâ—…e of by coÌ„â—…nual mo â—…o 〈◊〉 â—…f that ioynts Col li. c. 1 2. The vse of AppeÌ„dances far otherwise then any before Col. euer 〈◊〉 uented How the Bones are vnited thaâ—… haue no Appendances Ligamentes noâ—… onely spryng fâ—…oÌ„ places nâ—…re the ioyntes but also where 〈◊〉 no ioynte Muscles often spryng â—…ut of Ligaâ—…tall Cartilages The Ligamental Cartilages do aâ—… last end in 〈◊〉 among the Muscles 〈◊〉 vs part li 9. Gal. supposed the Appendances seâ—…ued to hold in the marey A playne confutation Ligaments serue to the byndyng to gether of bones and to the constitutioÌ„ of tendans There are but few places beside the â—…ppeÌ„dances fitre for the production of Ligamentes What a processe called of the Greekes Apophilis 〈◊〉 The first differeÌ„ce betwene the processe and appendance The second difference Some 〈◊〉 haue processes The thyrd difference Howe processesmay haue appendances The processes Trochanteres doâ—… seme appendaces Col. loc cit The fourth difference It is scarce possible to find a bone whereon appeareth no processe What bones wat appendances How the processes differ among them selues The processes cal led Styloides The processe called Corona The processe called Anchiroides A processe with a depressed Processe loÌ„g and prominent A processe with a round head What is ment by a necke in the description of Bones Why in processes a head is made Concauâ—…ties are 〈◊〉 answerable to the heades of the processes What is the 〈◊〉 What Glene is in the cauities of Bones Some cauities in Bones are enlarged by a 〈◊〉 cartilage What maketh the 〈◊〉 of the thighe more difficulte Processes 〈◊〉 in number also The first 〈◊〉 of the processes The secoÌ„d vtilitie The third 〈◊〉 Gal. 〈◊〉 2. vs part What is to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Basis in the description of Bones If these 〈◊〉 be not learned the 〈◊〉 of bones is obscure The reader 〈◊〉 be perfect in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 w their termes before hee wade further in this History Col. li. 〈◊〉 ca. 3. Why mans body was not made 〈◊〉 one bone 〈◊〉 continuall The 〈◊〉 of the head are made for the cause of transpiration What is a ioynt What Hip. vnderstode by the name of a ioynte â—…b de art fract Col. ca. 4 li. 1. Examples of manifest mouyng Examples of obscure mouyng What is Diarthroâ—… What is Synarthrosis Enarthrosis is not the same vnder Diaâ—…throsis as vnder Synarthroâ—… Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Diarthrosis These haue most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Examples of Eâ—…throsis vnder Synâ—…throsis These haue obscure motion What is Arthrodia In Arthrodia one mouyng differeth from another accordyng to the more or lesse obsâ—…re Examples of Arthrodâ—… vnder Dyarthrosis Note The ribbes doâ—… enlarge and also draw together Examples â—…f Arthrodâ—… vnder Synarthrosis What mouyng is propper to the bones of Poâ—…chralis What is Gynglymos ExaÌ„ples of Ginglymus vnder Diarthrosis Examples of Ginglymos vnder Synarthrosis That is no meaâ—… for Caterpilers What Symphysis is The differences of Symphysis A ridiculous excuse for ridiculous iudgemeÌ„ts Colâ—… li. 1. cap. 4. Who will say the bones of the nose do moue after the motions of the nosterls or winges of the nose The seames of the skull are hardly with a chisell diuided None of Symphisis differeÌ„ces haue any motion What is Sutura The CoÌ„missures like the nayles The manner of closing assimulated to the teeth of two sawes put together is most in vse Threâ—… seameâ—… in the head in very aged persoÌ„s 〈◊〉 apparaâ—… The seame called 〈◊〉 in the fore parte of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 in the hindee part of the head The seame called 〈◊〉 or Sagittalis along the toppe of the head When the 〈◊〉 bones of the temples are vnited by a Suture the same Suture is â—…ot deepe Those 〈◊〉 bones are for the most part rather vâ—…ted by â—…mo-nia then cutura What is Harmonia Old writers haue coÌ„prehended Harmonia vnder the name of Sutura Broad bones do knit agayne in foâ—…e that participateth both with Harmonia 〈◊〉 â—…aÌ„ples of Harmonia What is Gomphâ—…sis ExaÌ„ple of Gomphosis The calloâ—…tie of the Gowines set ueth some men in â—…ead of teeth That Bones are ioyned together by the meanes of fleshe Ligament Cartilage coÌ„â—…-ry to 〈◊〉 What is Synâ—…drosis What is Synneyrosis Old writers compreheded the Ligamâ—…t vnder the name of Nerue What is Syndesâ—…osis What is 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 ExaÌ„ples of 〈◊〉 Examples of the Ligament spriâ—…gyng out of the head of a bone The
â—…ib de Musc. Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. xv vesal. Li. 2. cap. 26. The number of the Muscles of the shoulder blades The 4. motions of the shoulder blades The first Muscle of the shoulder blade like a Monkes hoode The diuers motions of this oblique Muscle The hoodlike mus cle in man is not deuided as in 〈◊〉 Collumbus Ibid. By the benefitte of the third Muscle the shoulder blade is lifted vp Collumbus Collumbus The Muscles of the shoulder and the manifold motions therof This Muscle is not to be deuided into 4. as Galen would What Muscles do constitute the arme hole Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 16. The descriptioÌ„ of the sides of this fourth muscle The arme turned abouâ—… by the sift sixte and seuenth Muscles of the shoulâ—…er Vesaâ—… 2. Cap. 23. What is meant by the shoulder as also in the history of bones is not omitted The Muscles of the head The head is moued with a first and secondary mouyng The propper mouâ—…nges of y head The sall of Galen Col. Lib. 5. cap. xvij The number of the Muscles to the propper mouing of the head Why nature appoynted so many Muscles to the drawing of the head backward What Muscles doe make a crosse in the head The secondary mouing of the head The Muscles of the necke Their number The Muscles lucking vnder Aesophagus vesal. li. 2. cap. 3. 8. The Muscles of the backe Col. lab 5. cap. 19. The number is viij Their vse How the body is bowed like a half circle The vse of the 4. Muscles of the backe When the whole body to turned to a side The three Muscles called 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Of Muscles moâ—…ing the brest The descriptioÌ„ of the brest The brest hath both naturall and voluÌ„tary moâ—…ing When the brest moueth naturally When the brest moneth voluntarily What malteth the voluÌ„tary moâ—…ing What maketh the naturall mouing The propper Muscles of the brest are 81. the common 8. In Inspiration the inferiour partes of the brest are dilated and the superiour contringed In expiration coÌ„trarywise The 〈◊〉 muscles of the brest The Intercostall Muscles are on 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 34. The outer Intercoâ—… Muscles The Intercostall 〈◊〉 on the inside 〈◊〉 The errour of other 〈◊〉 in the vse of the intercostall Muscles manifested by Collumâ—… Why the constriction of the brest ought to be stroÌ„g The cause of the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 y vie of the inâ—…costall Muscles How the ribbes are moued 〈◊〉 or Sâ—…p 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The false opinion of Aristotle Lib. 5. cap. Ri. The Muscle diaphragma how it differeth from all others in y body Siniation Figure Noblenes 〈◊〉 li. 2. cap. 21. 〈◊〉 The partes entring into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fuchs Ibid. The circles of Septum Col. lib. 5. cap. 21. Septum 〈◊〉 serueth both to inspiration and expitation Now Septum auatâ—…th to the excludyng of excrementes 〈◊〉 Ambianus Cap. 8. 〈◊〉 Partibus 〈◊〉 Col. Ibidem The beginning of Septum transuersum Mucronata Cartilago The perforations of this noble Muscle Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 21. Septum transuersum is not iij. tunes pearsed agaynst the opinion of Vesalius Lib. 2. Cap. 21. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The fall of Hipp. and Galen Galen Lib. de Mot. Muse. 〈◊〉 Septum traÌ„suâ—…sum is onely y author of naturall respiration Naturall â—…respiration Eâ—…tation The midrife wouÌ„ ded death ensueth Gal. Lib. 5. Anâ—…t ad vesal. 〈◊〉 2. cap. 3. 〈◊〉 Col 〈◊〉 5. 〈◊〉 22. The Muscles of Abdomen Number The ij fust Muscles of 〈◊〉 cal'ed the oblique 〈◊〉 Fuch Li. 2. cap. 22. The errout of Fuchsius Col. Ibidem Vesalius 〈◊〉 by Collumbus The second ij Muscles of Abdomen called the oblique ascendentes The marueilous arte of nature The vse of the ascendent and 〈◊〉 dent Muscles The third Muscles of Abdomen called straight Gal. vs part Lib. 5. Lib. 5. de Anat. ad Col. Ibidem The vse of the intersections of the straight muscles The transuerse Muscles oâ—… the 〈◊〉 The vse of the tranâ—…se Muscles The 〈◊〉 of the â—…uscles of 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…de The vessells bringing 〈◊〉 â—…ence the Rupture hapneth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. de vs Part The vse of the 8. â—…uscles of Abdâ—…n 〈◊〉 Li. 2. cap. 22. Galâ—… Ibiâ—… The vse of the muscles of Abdomen according to our English writers before tyme. The authors of this history commended Galen sometyme fayled in y partes of mans body Gemini the principall in this errour 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. cap. 22. The cause why y author writeth not these offices to the Muscles of Abdomen Mâ—…nus Anatomie for the most part ouergrown with 〈◊〉 Thus Render thou hast bene taught heretofore by Gemini Col. Lib. 11. Cap. 4. The confutation The Mesaicall Deines of Mesenterium Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 22. Loco citato Collumbus against the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Muscles the 8. to Abdomen The 〈◊〉 is compressed by all the 8. Muscles of Abdomen The opinion of the x. â—…uscles of Abdomen â—…o reproued Col. Lib. 5. Cap. 23. Of the Muscles of the testicles The Membran called Dartos The Muscles called Cremasteras or suspensores The vse of these Muscles Gal. lib. 2. de semine 〈◊〉 per. â—…uch Lib. 2. cap. 30. Co. lib. 5. Cap. 24. The fower Muscles of Penis Veâ—…al li. 2. cap. 50. Their vse Col. Ibid. The other ij muscles of Penis The vse of the ij last Muscles of Penis Of the bleddar The Glandules called Parastata do conteyne séede The muscle complectyng the necke of the bleddar The errour which our cunning cutters for the most part committe in taking away the stone Euch. Lib. 2. cap. 31. Lib. 5. vs part The vse of this Muscle Galen Ibid. Vâ—…sal â—…ib 2. cap. 51. The Muscles of the straight gutte Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 27. The round compassing Muscle of the strayght gutte called Sphincter The ij other muscles of y straight gutte and their vses The Muscles of the thigh The Muscles of the thigh Col. â—…ib 5. Cap. 28. The Muscles mouing the thigh are teâ—… The â—…irst Muscle mouing the thigh doth constitut the buttocâ—…es The vse of these iiij Muscles The vse of the fift and 〈◊〉 â—…ib 5. Cap. 50. The maâ—…ueilous creation of this tenth Muscle 〈◊〉 vs 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 iij. How ambulatâ—…oÌ„ is mâ—…de Vâ—…l â—…pit Cap. 2. The legge Col. lib. 5. Cap. 29. The motions of the legge are made by ten muscles The vse of that 〈◊〉 first Muscles of the legge Col. Ibidem An vnworthy saying of Galen The tendon of the 〈◊〉 Muscle of the legge the greatest of all tendons The Muscles exteding the legge Gâ—…l vs parâ—… Iib. 8. The foote and of the necessary figure therof The defecte in such aswant their toes The want of the plant The lacke of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 5. câ—…p 30. The Muscles of the foote Vâ—…l Li. 2. cap. 50. The 〈◊〉 Muscle of the foote Lib. 2. Cap. 59. Lib. 5. Cap. 30. Collumbus affirmeth the first and the second both one What maketh the calfe of the legge The longest teâ—…don in the body The tendon of the fourth Muscle of the 〈◊〉 the strongest
rather prayse my beneuolence theÌ„ discourage my want at all As for those of Marius sect which euer scorne the noble courage of Curtius such Syllaes as alway deride the rare vertue of Genutius and such Cinnaes as perpetually laugh at the meruailous pietie of Aelius what should I force at all nay I am farre froÌ„ taking care for their endles malice as that it shall greatly ioy me if my vertue may shorten their liues To the which I hope all the souldiers of science will hold vp their handes For although it be so as the Poete saith Invidia vexantur opes namque optima livor Quaeque malus laedens odit foelicia semper Yet vertue is a sufficient spurre vnto vs and well it is sayd Verum age nate tuos ortus nec bella pavescas Vlla nec in coelum dubites te tollere factis There is one thing also which ought to be a great comfort vnto the godly minded that is that none do persecute vertuous proceedynges saue onely the enemies of vertue And enuy saith Cicero of force will accompany vertue Wherfore letting such go as retaine onely the figure of man since Adversus invidiam nihil prodest vera dicere especially time present caÌ„not say well as Martial saith Esse quid hoc dicam vivis quòd fama negatur Et sua quòd rarus tempora lector amat Hi sunt invidiae nimirum Regule mores Praeferat antiquos semper ut illa nobis Whereto also Ouid. Pasâ—…itur in vivis livor post fata quiescit Tunc suus ex merito quémque tuetur honos He that intendeth in deede to beare the name of a man must first consider his birth and secoÌ„dly his calling For as the horse to runne the Oxe to plough and the dogge to hunte euen so man saith Aristotle is borne to two thinges that is to vnderstaÌ„d to do or endeuour as who should say we are not borne onely to haue vnderstaÌ„ding but also to put it in vse For els in deede we shall know nothing but liuâ—… in silthy ignoraunce that the song of the Poete might be verisied who saith Denique nil sciri si quis putat id quoque nescit An scâ—…ri possit quo nil se scire fatetur Then which abhominable crime what to be more vnseemely in a man caÌ„not be declared or thought But he that detesteth that and entreth in vnto the vnderstaÌ„ding of him selfe accordingly also imploying his time his calling shal be to a higher steppe which likewise shal be required of him For therfore sayth the renowmed Athenian Oratour By how much thou hast a more excellent nature by somuch thou exspectest greater dignities and somuch the rather I iudge thou wilt make triall of thy selfe And surely Cicero supposeth it cannot be in a man to hid his vertue in him selfe Which moued him to say we are driuen to it of nature to desire to prosite many especially in teaching and reuealing the reasons of wisedome Therfore it is not easie to sinde such a one as will not be coÌ„tent to teach that vnto an other which he knoweth him selfe So that we are not onely inclined to learne but to teach also And truth it is in deede for what pietie is in him that seeth another out of his way and will not shew him of it or what humanitic hath he that carnestly vseth his tyme in gathering together the goodes of vertue and at length in one instant causeth them to perish with his body As therfore saith Demosthenes he is accompted great and mighty whom euery one do iudge to make eche thing profitable to him eueÌ„ se by the same thinges he shall be reiected when he is conuicted to haue done all for the cause of his owne vtilitie Which thinges coÌ„sidered I shall not neede to render accompt of my enterprise neither I hope to craue the further ance of the godly learned For although to discusse the secretes of nature which are so meruatlous in maÌ„s body it is the hardest point in Philosophie yet is not the difficultie therof such as ought wholly to terrisie vs from the searche therof nay rather it ought to spurre vs forward to vse more serious diligence therein Since the payne is not halfe so great that is taken in the winning therof as the vtilitie rewaraeth of that which is obtained And albeit this is so worthy a matter as needeth no authours commendation and therfore should worthely merite the labour of the learned yet as Darius denounced that to be the sweetest draught that euer he dronke which in his wearie flight he had drawne from a silthy standyng puddle because it seemeth before he had neuer drunke thirstie euen so I hope my labour shal be thankfully taken of all honest Chirurgians considering the barren draught that Chirurgerie throughout the Realme of England in this present age endureth and which can neuer be quenched by the fruitefull water that sloweth from the fountaines of Anathomie Of which I haue now endeuoured to turne one cocke Which faithfully beyng done accordyng to my might such as it is I offer before all others vnto you right worshipfull and my most bounden beseeching you to accept the dedication of these my rude labours which were they as worthy as Galens you might of duetie chalenge Notwithstandyng whatsoeuer they are good will is full in them And that is the rest of my hope and that is it which your worship neuer denied Which cherishing me I am bold to publish this History of Man vnder your name to the benesite of my Christian brethren the godlie and toward Chirurgians of England Whereupon also if your worship sometyme in Ciceroes ocium whereto you are much addicted shall chaunce to looke no doubt but you shall take great delite in the matter therof Which now also of force coÌ„mittyng to the sundry iudgementes of infinite opinions I ceasse beseechyng vnto your worship and all that godly shall vse me the sweete encrease of all slourishyng vertues and vnto the rest the obtainyng of a better mynde in Christ Iesu. Your worsh. in all I may Iohn Banister TO THE WORSHIPFVLL THE Maister Wardens Assistantes and fellowly Fraternitie of Chirurgians in London and from them to all godly true and zealous professours of Medicine throughout this Realme of England Iohn Banister wisheth the testimonie of a cleare conscience before the highest Auditor After the publication of my vnpolished Booke of vlcers most graue Patrons withdrawyng my selfe into my naked study and deuising how best to performe my promise therein but first considering and in deede more deepely waying accordyng to the state of tyme and present want whiche way I might most of all seeke the aduauncemeÌ„t of Chirurgerie in England in the which cogitatioÌ„ I confesse my zeale hath long tyme turned At last I called to remembraunce that the greatest want that raigneth in Chirurgians at this day is ignoraunce in the subiect of their
worke waying also on the other side that no English Authour which hitherto hath written hath sufficiently applyed his tyme to the amendement therof Then was I wholly ouercome in this purpose and then did I clearely see how that to write Methodes or meanes to cure the affected partes of the body the partes them selues beyng altogether vnknowen or falsely imagined of might rather be a meane to indurate the cataract of inscience then to eate it through or take it away So thus I decreed to chaunge my purpose that is in steede of the Booke of Tumours which I had before promised to compile some worke of Anathomy whiche might occupy fufficient scope to entreate of all the partes of man. But as the wanton child that cryeth oft to handle that thyng which his strength is not able to meddle but rather to endamage or hurt him selfe Euen so did I full litle vnderstand the waight of my burden till I had it on my Caluisius shoulders when as it immediately had dissolued my good enterprise had not then the flames of zeale accensed the courage of Hercules in my brest By meanes whereof although the same be now finished yet so as I determine nothyng lesse then hereby to hinder the proceedyng of others in the lyke cause nay rather I am resolued that hereby I shall instigate and set forward the endeuours of such as are equally mynded to the aduauncement of the famous Arte Chirurgerie For as to the buildyng of some riche tower or strong castle beside the deuisours of the woorke and free Masoâ—…s there are required sondry inferiour Officers and labouryng persons neither all to one ende vse or office but some to digge some to square stones some to carie them to woorkemen c Euen so I not hauyng the knowledge to deuise nor the pollicie to digge for the best stone neither the skill to temper the mortar nor yet the reason rightly to square the stone notwithstandyng because my zeale is nothyng inferiour to the chiefe Masons haue had the will to gather the stones and lay them by the workemen now also hopyng that some cunnyng Mason will reache his hand to my heape and lay of the stones of my gatheryng to the buildyng of this famous tower of health since I shall conceiue incredible felicitie if I may hereafter in viewyng this renowmed buildyng for so I hope surely to see it cast myne eye vppon those stones whiche my homely handes had so rudely congested and see them cunnyngly wrought and aptly applyed to the buildyng Into which consideration of me I first beseech you most graue Seniors and Christian brethren to enter before you take any occasion to accuse me of temeritie whiche crime I had worthely incurred if zeale should not mediate my cause so do I hope that you will not onely fauour the fruites of my labours and adde to them your helpyng handes but also be in my behalfe the shield of Pallas agaynst such Serpentine tounges as duely seeke to prophane of all godly endeuours But to returne to my first determinatioÌ„ wheÌ„ I had wholly giueÌ„ my consent to this end I might see first a farre of what sondry great mutatioÌ„s nature hath vsed in the body of maÌ„ since Galen wrote in Anathomy and omitting diuers old writers whose workes had not all equall successe I came at length to Vesalius whose whole worke seemed as tedious as his Epitome ouerculled short But wheÌ„ I saw Fuchsius to haue extract a notable Epitome out of Vesalius Galen I had thought to looke no further till Collumbus appeared in my sight whose labours then reuoluyng and seyng him in some thynges vse sufficient prolixitie as in his Bookes of Bones and Muscles in other causes to be somewhat brief because Vesalius had sufficiently haÌ„dled them as in the nutritiue partes immediately I refused to bynde my selfe to any peculiar translation chusing rather to picke a posie of the chiefest flowers froÌ„ all their Gardens the opinion of Fernelius and others not beyng vtterly refused as throughout the History is diligently noted And somuch the rather I esteemed this the best because that way I perceiued I might both more playnly describe the partes to the iudgement of the Reader as also vse sufficient scope vpon the dissention of Authours in the most notable causes These considerations vsed I set foreward in this matter purposing to speake briefly to penne it in fourme of a History least the Uolume of the booke should ouer hastely encrease whereby I might be inhibited to vse requisite prolixitie in conuenient causes And now finally beyng finished as I may not as I would I the least of the number do offer the first fruites thereof vnto you the auncient fraternitie of Chirurgians in London and conse quently from you to all Godly and single professours of the Arte of Chirurgerie throughout this Realme of England into whose myndes I beseech God to inspire the grace of his holy spirite that we may all yet at length with one consent together endeuour study searche knocke and call at the gate of Gods mercy for the guidyng of his holy spirite that in all our proceedynges beyng thereby protected we may seeke the aduauncement of the glory of God in healyng our afflicted brethren whereto his diuine power shall so oft as it pleaseth him 〈◊〉 and appoynt vs Ministers that I say with the testimonie of a cleare conscience we may render our vauntaged talentes vnto the high Auditour in the day of commyng which we know not how neare approcheth As for you O ye chaffe of the earth ye stinge of the Godly ye Impes of Hell and children of wrath you I say that vnder pretence of the sacred Arte of Medicine deuoure the sheepe of Gods pasture slea the laboures in his Haruest and denye your Lord the fruites of the Uineyard since no warnynges may admonishe you no exhortation amende you no lawes bridle you no punishementes tame you nor any feare of God sinke into your brestes behold all the true professours of Christ Iesus and who carefully endeuour Godly to discharge their functions do cry for vengeaunce from heauen vppon you And I in these my labours from the depth of my hart renounce you hopyng assuredly that from none of the flowers of this Garden any of you shall take oportunitie to sucke that whiche may maintaine the infection of your pestilent wretchednesse hereafter If therefore I haue any where frequented a phrase aboue the common vse of our Englishe language or vsed woordes litle different from the Latin esteeme the same to be done onely for your cause since as much as in me lyeth I haue endeuoured euery where to shade the kernell with a harder shell then you shal be able to cracke Away therefore you Uipers Let these my simple labours whatsoeuer they are be entertained in the handes of thee true vertuous and honest Artistes and professours of Chirurgerie that my expectation may be fulfilled Arte rightly aduaunced and God duely
worshipped And now returnyng to you agayne most Godly gouernours for whose sakes I was most encouraged to perseuer in this enterprise consideryng your Godly affection towardes me heretofore and that it hath euer pleased you to esteeme of me farre more then the vttermost of my power at any tyme may merite I thought it not onely the office of pietie by this meanes to pricke foreward the myndes of some of the learned sort but also to commit this vnto you as a pledge of my vnfeyned zeale to the Arte of Chirurgerie and consequently to you the chief pillours thereof in this Realme which beyng thankefully receiued of your gratefull hartes may testifie for me that inwardly I wishe whiche outwardly I am not able to manifest Haue now therfore this History of Man picked from the plenty of the most noble Anathomistes aboue named wherein I haue earnestly though rudely endeuoured to set wyde open the closet doore of natures secretes whereinto euery Godly Artist may safely enter to see clearely all the partes and notable deuises of nature in the body of man From the Female and that as I suppose for sundry good considerations I haue wholly abstained my pēne least shunnyng Charibdis I should fall into Scylla headlong No more but vouchsafe to accept Sinaetes faythfull offer and protect this handfull of water from the pollution of straunge beastes Farewell from Nottingham ⧠THE PROEME TYme the generall rust of the world which weareth eateth consumeth and perforateth all thynges hath denied that the preceptes of the deuine parentes and progenitours of Phisicke should for euermore remaine insoluble or free from all future chaūge els what should withstand wherby the workes of Hipocrates and Galene should not suffice all posterities that come after For what thyng notable haue they not noted what secret so daintie that they haue not vncouered yea what misterie so couert the doore wherof they haue not opened And yet notwithstandyng these deuine Oracles haue not taken from posteritie all occasion to write neither shall the bookes which hitherto are written do the like to those that come after But ech age hath his tyme eche nation his nature and ech nature his property Albeit this excellencie we ascribe to Hipocrates and Galen that neuer any hath bene their equals and that from their fountaines flow the springyng streames that nourishe Phisicke for euer So that what good thing soeuer we haue or atcheiue we are to consecrate the same vnto their honor and prayse and what worke soeuer is published if the same be worth the reading we owe it wholly vnto them What thē you will say is the cause that their workes suffer in these dayes such sundry contradictions especially in the partes of mans body It is aunswered a litle before how that tyme natures and nations must be respected For first that the magnitude of our body is greatly diminished it is a thing in readynes to euery man not onely by the authoritie of auncient writers but also that dayly and as I suppose throughout the world the stature of mā in all pointes decreaseth especially in those regions wheras matrimonie is ouer liberally before the iust age permitted Who is so ignoraunt to whom the Scriptures haue not ere now testified how much longer then in these dayes the age of mā hath bene in times past how aboundantly do our bodies testisie how sondry of the inner partes both in magnitude number figure and situation do differ from those in others of other regions neither are the same in all our bodies in these dayes as in elder time the auncient Anathomistes most commōly obserued do not their writynges and our bodies make it manifest to all liuing but towhat end that it might not seeme to vs incredible that in men of euery region like as in beastes yea in the plantes them selues is either some thyng peculiar from others or els some certaine mutation from the sirst nature to haue chaunced As to come first to the exāples of beastes In Ciria the sheepe haue tayles a cubite broad and the goates eares ix intches in length What meruaile is it when as the ramme and the ewe whiche both in Affrica beare hornes in Pontus a prouince of Scythia to haue therfore none at all As other where sheepe so in Cilicia goates are clipped The oxen sheepe hartes and such others are greater in Aegipt then in Greece but for that the dogges wolues foxes hares and hawkes are greater in Greece thē in Aegipt Oxē in Scythia through cold possesse no hornes Oxen in Phrygia haue hornes that are mouable The Isle Ithaca is destitute of a hare like as the field called Ager Lebadicus of a moule and Sardinia of a wolfe If histories be to be beleued then these are true if not what do we with auncient testimonies why credite we thynges written or beleue any thyng to be true which our owne eyes haue not witnessed vnto vs yea let vs reiect the monumentes of our elders detract their doynges and wholy obliterate their writynges And if the bookes of Aristotle Plinie and others most famous Historiographers be worthy to be opened thē are beastes in Asia all more cruell in Europe more stronger and in Aphrica more diuersly fourmed But to speake more appertinēt to the body of man these aforesayd varieties obserued of auncient writers arguyng onely vnto vs that as beastes are bred diuersly in eche nation and accordyng to the nature therof so to be in men some dissimilitude by the same reason was not denied Euery one knoweth that the Moores haue onely white teeth but blacke skinne and nayles But it is not a thyng so commō that they and also the inhabitantes of such hoate countreys are without seames in their Sculs which with vs is a thyng somuch approued But omittyng those natiōs which differ a litle amōg thē selues let vs come to those which more manifestly vary in figure In Asia are a people named Macrocephali hauing very long heades though first of custome then after of nature of custome because they kept the compressed heades of their children swathed so till some consistence of yeares grew on them which thyng afterward made their children beget the like though in tract of tyme and through their negligence nature amēded that fault The people called Phasiani inhabityng a marish ground and rayny region are in figure from other men very diuers as of mighty stature and marueilous corpulēt so that neither veynes nor ioyntes are in them apparaunt alway bearing a yellow colour like persons afflicted with the iaundes and in voyce most base and terrible It is straūge to vs that womē haue beardes albeit not so euery where for in Caria it is a thyng familiar whereas some of them beyng a while frutefull but after widowes and for that suppressed of naturall course put on virilitie being then bearded hoarie and chaūged in voyce Shall it be counted a fable that toucheth the transformation of one
for somuch as apperteineth to the generation of téeth it is worthely approued that not at that very instant when they issue forth of the Goummes they are engeÌ„dred but rather the roote of their generation is in the infant whilest it is swathed in the mothers Matrice first begon if experience may be a testimony sufficieÌ„t to satisfie vs or the authoritie of Collumbus credible the which rootes or begynnynges preordained of nature for the after growyng of téeth he protesteth to haue inuensed many tymes and so ost as he had occasion to search in childreÌ„ that neuer were extract or brought to light as also in Abortes bearing short the tyme of xij or viij monethes Furthermore the first Dentition of children bryngeth forth Appendances which in Processe of tyme for the most part fall away and others with more sollisitie are produced in their places which seldom so easely fall agayn Wherfore in persons of riper yeares I recken no Appendances NotwithstaÌ„dyng that in some the fall of téeth are renewed at many yeares It needeth not to be inferred since therein experience instructeth ech man sufficiently how greatly they auayle to the modulation of speach And that principally the Incissorie téeth which besides the aboue rehearsed haue this propertie as in persoÌ„s full of dayes the like example is explaned in whom the losse of one or ij 〈◊〉 téeth yeldeth a perpetuall maime to their accustomed vtteraunce And this of téeth sufficeth BUt since in a later Writer is expected a newer stile and that I not onely professe more appertinent prolixitie then the rest of our Nation that before haue trauailed herein but also to haue for my guides the most princely Anathomistes of latter yeares If I thus for sooke or breake of my descriptioÌ„ of the head in professyng to open I should but shut and in meanyng to discouer I should but hyde the light For as touchyng the Holes of the head and such Perforated places as yeld no lesse pleasure to the passage of Veynes Nerues and Arteries then they inferre delite by inducyng to those partes sense nourishment although the auncient sect of Anathomistes and Galen himselfe haue pretermitted occasion to enterlace among their other discourses the description and offices of these holes in the head â—…et Vesalius giueth the onset in this enterprise whoÌ„ Collumbus hath followed no lesse lawdyng the dexteritie of his witte and singulár inuention I therfore findyng in them both so much matter for the purpose as I could wishe and the tenor of their treatise to present such a summe of excellencie as that the ignoraunce of this case bringeth forth no small obscuritie to the vnderstandyng of the Historie of Veynes Arteries and Nerues concluded with my selfe to imitate the type of their Assertions as also in other cases I haue writteÌ„ with their consentes as it séemeth worthy Wherfore consideryng that nature created the bones for the cause of the other partes of the body as we haue sayd it was also requisite that so they might be fourmed as not onely the other partes might aptly be fastened vnto them but somewhere also to penetrate their substaunce for their safer defense Which nature wisely wayeng no otherwise then as her accustomed prouidence is apparaunt in all thynges hath in the Bones diuersly here and there scattred Holes for the seruictable entrauÌ„ce of the aforesayd Vessels as in the bones of the head are to be described manifestly Amongest whiche briefly to enter it behoueth first to begyn at those which serue to the seuen payre of Sinewes procéedyng from the brayne for asmuch as of all other Sinewes in the body or produced from any part els they are most noble In the inner seate therfore of the scull where Os Cunealâ—… is insculped like the maner of a seat or stoole which is the foundation of the trayne and nere vnto the Processes supereminent of the same seate are two Holes forced through y same Cuneall bone that is a left and a right stretching into the seates of the eyes and into their rootes penetratyng nere to the sides of the inner angles Through this hole on eche side issueth forth a notable great Nerue called the Opticke Sinew wherof we haue made mention in the Historie of the Eyes which like vnto a roote is implanted into the middle of the eye for the transportyng of the visible vertue thereunto Nere to the borders of these is a Semicircular hole or sometyme like a perfect round compasse through which is caried the second coniugation of Nerues theÌ„ce deduced through the great rift into the eyes inspiryng the meanes of motion to their Muscles This great rift is that which in the lower part of the rouÌ„dell of the eye and towardes the region of y outer corner beneath imitateth the fourme of a round hole but beyng in the vpper part broken is extended into a long and ample cauitie which not onely yeldeth passage to the second coniugatioÌ„ of sinewes which are disparcled for motion sake among the Muscles of the eyes but also to other braunches deriued from the thyrd payre hence disseminated among the partes of the face going forth by y holes insculped in y browes aboue the inner angles Furthermore this cleft is the seate propper to the Muscles of the eye which thence â—…etch their begynnyng admittyng Veynes and Arteries transmitted to the eyes and to the nourishment of the Muscles of the eyes In the inferiour part also of this large cleft where it is round and towardes the inner angle lurketh a hole which crâ—…peth as with a blynd way downe to the Palate and nostrels through which the subtill moisture of the brayne first receiued by the Glandulous substaunce sited within the roundell of the eye slydeth down naturally to the sayd nostrels and Palate the which liquid matter because it falleth first into the rift pertainyng to the eyes it may be coniectured the meane whereby teares are engendred Under the same rift in a more crooked region of Sphenoides a litle space betwene is discerned a hole on either side makyng a crooked recoile from the seate of the same bone which beyng after a certaine maner rouÌ„d is also long sâ—…myng directly to stretch straight into the seat of the eye reflecting neuertheles towards the sides where the temporall Muscle is as also the originall of the Masseterall through which hole a braunch of the viâ—… coniugation taketh direct incurse into these Muscles associated in like maner which part of the thyrd coniugation traÌ„sfused through the lower part of the eyes to the face no lesse mingled with the Masseterall and Muscles of the temples Beyond all this in the same Cuneall bone is an other hole decréed beyng appertinent to the afore recited partes representing the winges of Battes through which a portion of the third payre of Nerues is transmitted to the téeth and
matter which by these thrée poyntes thou mayst easely quickly discusse as it were at the first sight and those are Colour the coÌ„sideratioÌ„ and assay of their hardnes and the medullous substaunce that inwardly annoynâ—… them which one thyng especially sayth Collumbus distinguisheth and differeth Cartilages from bones for that the Cartilage altogether and by the iudgement of all men is destitute of any marey And by all those iij. thou shalt proue this description very true wherfore if at any thyng thou standest at a maruaile let it be at this I wil be thy mate that Galen and chiesly that worthy Vesalius haue not marked it for therin neither of them may be excused since eueÌ„ in Apes which Galen most dissected it is to be found bonney as ColluÌ„bus affirmeth And Vesalius prosessyng the propper description of maÌ„s body hath neuerthelesse as it séemeth neglected wholy the substaunce of this part yet that he sought the La rinx hoth of man woman greatly appeareth by that he proueth the Shieldlike bone which he calleth Scutiformis Cartilago to beare out in meÌ„ more in greater fourme theÌ„ in womeÌ„ Agayne who would iudge but that he vsed so much diligeÌ„ce as to discerne the difference betwixt the Larinx of man beastes therfore would describe the right not the other And yet Col. wherfore I cannot a litle maruaile writeth that Vesa neglected the body of maÌ„ for this part Larinx dissected it of custome in beastes yea and y in publicke Theaters wherat he testifieth him selfe oft times to haue bene present but of this perhaps to much onely y nature in her works be not falsified which be euery where so woÌ„derful iust true ANd that no where in all the partes of mans body more exactly and clearely manifest vnto vs then in the backe the coÌ„structioÌ„ wherof is not so maruailous as laudable to the high Parent Progenitor of all thynges Wherfore before I go forth to describe the singular parts therof it shal not be onely more pleasaunt but also profitable vnto thée geÌ„tle Reader first to coÌ„prehend in the depth of thy cogitation a generall suÌ„me brief discourse of the creatioÌ„ therof which thou shalt note to be of the GreciaÌ„s nominated 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Dorsum or Spina which our English phrase termeth the backe which vnto y trunke of y body is of right a fouÌ„dation coÌ„parable to the belly or ridgbeame of a shyp or boate whereunto the chief studdes or postes of the frame worke are mortised No lesse néedfull to the life of man is the straunge construction of the backe wherby the true ambulatiue motion of the body is obteyned forewardes backwardes rounde or laterall reflection admitted straight or vpright station not denyed All whiche we haue by the benefite of the backe nay rather for that the backe is construed of Vertebres or Spondilles most exquisitely Which beyng also together mutually concaued make in them selues by strict Coarticulation the closse Cloysture and safe Gallery for the Spinall marey which the Grecians cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which to haue bene created was most néedfull neither could it ootherwhere more securely haue inhabited To proue it most needfull vnto the body as euery where we haue professed note this short Allegation for we say if it had not bene one of these ij inconueniences must necessarily haue hapned Either all the partes of the body vnder the head to haue remayned vnmoueable or elles to euery part of them Nerues from the brayne should haue bene deduced But if all the partes as is sayd had bene frustrated of motion then had the body bene rather as an Image pictured of clay or stone then a liuyng creature And agayne if a small Nerue procéedyng from the brayne should be deuided and caried into euery part with such long and vnequall distauÌ„ces it could not be that their force in motion should haue bene sufficient nor their continuaunce perdurable Wherefore it was farre better that the Spinall marey as a riuer issuyng from the brayne his fountaine should not onely be elongated after the bodyes trunck but also vnto all the partes as it passeth to send propper Nerucs as the delectable brwkes for féeling and mouyng And surely so it hapneth for y vppermost deriuations seeke not out the nether partes neither yet do the neithermost Nerues exalte themselues to the highest iourney but eche coniugation is aptly produced to the next partes as in perusing the Historie of Nerues you shall easely discerne Sithens that the Spinall marey vnto all the partes beneth the head is as it were an other brayne it is no lesse behoofull that it were strongly enclosed with some hard and resistaunt muniment to repugne all iniuryes offred to so noble a part Wherfore to commit the same to the tuition of the Spinall bones nature not rashly hath decréed exculpyng and grauyng in their substaunces fit holes for the descense therof and for that cause is the backe of man conslate and made of so many bones for the more safe kéeping of the marey to fulfill with more facillitie that maner of euery motion wherof to the neither partes that which they conteyne is the immediate fountaine Besides all this the Spinall marey could not endure euery angular flextion nor euery large and sodayne motion but if the backe should haue bene made of large and lose ioyntes neither might they haue moued without great greuaunce and hurt for a Coarticulation made of long bones is for the cause of a large mouyng which in such a place is requisite but here consideryng what is conteined it was far more expedient that many should be their number to euery which a litle motion should appertaine so that euery one of them styrring a litle of necessitie by that tyme all haue done their duety the motion is sufficient large and also easie therfore so rather then two or iij. bones reason requireth sor by that number we sée by example in the Armes and Legges the slextion is made Angular and not Circular that is to say cornered and not compassed so that if the backe had bene in like maner I meane of ij or iij. bones construed and combinated great hurt ruption contusion and continuall compression of the Spinall marey must néedes haue bene procured by the dayly motion of such few bones so outragiously vrged Neither can we otherwise coÌ„iecture but that the small number of Bones should offer ouer readyly occasion vpon euery light motion to be dislocated or rather Luxated which would furthermore procure great perill of lyfe the which kynde of Luxation that diuine Hypocrates well notyng writeth thus in his booke De Articulis If many Vertebres do fortune at once to be out of order or displaced it will be very tedious and
knit vnto the corners or cauities exculped in the sides of the brest bone To speake of the figure of the ribbes or what kynde of fashion they haue no man is ignoraunt onely this is to be noted that the semicircled order of the ribbes and compassed creation of the breast were most expedieÌ„t aswell for the force and strength therof as also for the matter conteinyng of many thynges and so consequently for the better safetie of thynges conteined The first superiours and last inferiours beyng farre shorter then the middlemost to the roundyng and compassing of the brest do not a litle lend as it were their helpyng handes Wherfore the obseruation therof is worthy since the vppermost are more crooked and bendyng then the neithermost which are nothyng so bounched outward nor strayt the middlemost agayne beyng more long and large are also broader then the rest except it be the first of all which as it is shortest so it is also most broad whereby we gather that by the sâ—…rayt coÌ„myng in and bendyng of the vppermost the hyest part also of the brest is made the narrowest and straytest of roome but agayne further goyng downwardes where the ribbes are largest and more at libertie extended there also the brest must néedes haue greater scope and compasse as it behoued Now agayne because the ribbes in their inner region or side are succinged and clothed with a most sensible Membran called Pleura and to the end that the asperitie and roughnes of the ribbes might not be at any time to the sensibilitie of the same offensauÌ„t it was therfore carefully prouided for they beyng inwardly wrought so smooth easie for the same as may be deuised There is a certaine hollow or long cauitie in the lower region of eche ribbe whiche lyeng after the loÌ„gitude therof like a gutter yeldeth way for the course of Veyne Arterie and Nerue therein runnyng together And this maner interne cauitie is indifferently in all the ribbes onely stretchyng longer and déeper in the middlemost but the first extremest ribbes admittyng smaller vessels for the smalnes of the ribbes haue likewise lesser cauities or gutters to their substaunce engraued Wherfore for this cause we are most excellently warned in the disease called of the Gréekes Empiema that in makyng incision for the drawyng away of Pius we be sure to apply our instrument to the vpper region of the ribbe but not to the neither part therof in any case for feare of the great incommoditie that might ensue by deuiding those vessels which as appeareth in the lower side of the ribbe are easie to be touched But outwardly the ribbes I meane in the posteriour part of them are sufficieÌ„tly rough and vnequall for the better fastenyng to of the Ligamentes wherby they are alligated to the Vertebres in that order as we haue said before But not far froÌ„ those Tubercles or productions which we haue nominated to articulate with the transuerse Procelles of the Spondill the ribbes are endewed with an other prominent portion whereto groweth the longest Muscle of the backe and not far thence in a rough part of the ribbes for so is the whole space of iij. fingers bredth from the Vertebres is aptly inserted the vj. Muscle of mouyng the brest and thus are the ribbes committed to the Vertebres The brestbone which the Grecias call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but in Latin Pectus is farre otherwise in foure footed beastes and much alienate from the naturall construction of the same in mankynd for that in Dogges Apes other such lyke it consisteth chiesly of vij bones which perhaps drew Galen to that errour as appeareth in his xiij chapiter of bones but the brest bone in man is construct and wrought of foure partes that is to say of iiij or iij. bones but not so many as are true ribbes on a side which I say in beastes not in men are found Vesalius found but thrée in aged persons Whereof the first is very large and also thicke but not so thicke as might surmount the largenes broader in vpper part then where it meteth with the second The secoÌ„d coÌ„trariwise is narrower in the begynnyng then at the lower ende and excéedeth also more in largenes then in thicknes but the thyrd is a small bone and is committed to the inferiour part of the second bone after the like order as the second is ioyned with the first and is knit there to the second bone whereas the Cartilages of the vij 〈◊〉 be Articulate to the lower seate of the same This bone as it is large so is it also slender and in the lower seate therof degenerateth into a Cartilage which hath to name by propper appellation from the Latins mucronata Cartilago The substaunce of the bones of the brest retaynoth no certaine solliditie but are euery where soft Spongie and hollow and are bounde together eche one by the helpe of a Cartilage the whiche manner of knittyng and Coarticulation Galen calleth Synarthrosum whose mouing is obscure and as playnly we haue discused hertofore but Vesalius and Collumbus do write in steade therof Symphisis which we declared to be destitute of all manner motion as the brest bones which notwithstanding they be commitid together with Cartilages haue not any mouing but thereby rather bow and yéeld to the elation and depression of the ribbes The vpper part of the first is much larger then any part of the rest and also thicker hauyng in the middlemost part therof aboue a hollow manifestly exculped giuyng place to the descension of the roughe 〈◊〉 On eche side of the which corner the substaunce of the same bone is once agayne excaued outwardly and that most excellently to admitte the Articulation and knittyng of the canell bone on eche side Both the inner and outer region of the brest bone is indifferent smooth and euen but the toppe of necessitie hath a certaine roughnes whence springeth and exurgeth a valiaunt long Muscle stretchyng from the toppe of this Pectorall bone vp to the Mammillar Processe on eche side where it is worthely implanted At the lower end therof as we sayd euen now groweth the Triangular Cartilage named Mucronata because it is downewardes sharpe poynted and edged like a sword wherfore some also call it Ensiformis and Gladialis other for that it haÌ„geth like a shield say Clypealis some agayne Malum granatuÌ„ but the Greekes Xiphoides Wherby some heretofore haue supposed the mouth of the Ventricles to be chiesty defended as onely a muniment for that end to haue bene created wheÌ„ as it is euident the mouth of y Ventricle to be thence not a litle distaunt nearer by farre situated vnto the backe Wherfore this accordyng to the opinion of the latter sort the brest bone was created
as we haue sayd before in his propper place For that is certainly retrahed in women helpyng greatly to the bringyng forth of child but to affirme the departyng asunder of these bones in such seasons is no doubt a saying so absurde as what to be more I know not since it séemeth nature was nothing forgetfull of that bringyng forth increase of young childreÌ„ in makyng the womans mould but if it were so why then in vayne did she constitute these bones in women of farre larger scope and compasse then in men A thyng notable to be marked By this therfore it is nothyng difficult to descerne these bones in women from those in men for in men they be more streit and narrow both aboue and beneth but in women much more ample and romthy wherfore let no man beleue Os pubis to be dilated or opned in child bearyng But now agayne from the same coniunction in Pubis which we haue sayd to be confirmed by a Cartilage the more downwardes they go so much more and more also one side seuereth from an other till they haue left a voyde and empty corner for the subsistyng of Penis and the Testicles And in the superiour part where these same bones of Pubis are conioyned as is aforesayd they are one ech side roughe and aboundyng with a double Tubercle or proturbered and bounched portion from the which haue sprong both the streight Muscles of the belly as also those that be deferred downe to the thighe and legge and abyde the insertion of the oblique descendentes of the bellye But from the inferiour part so armed with an Appendance are produced the Muscles susteinyng Penis whose body is situated immediately after the vnion of these bones That large hole in the middest beyng supposed rather for lightnes sake then for other cause to haue bene made two Muscles an outer and an inner do fulfil which stretching thence downwardes and implanted in the thighe minister thereto the power of circumaction or turnyng about betwene which runneth a tough Membran both shuttyng the way of the same hole and distinguishing the one Muscle from the other Then henceforth let them with more modestie aduise them selues that heretofore haue rashly affirmed the seminarie vessels by these holes to discend vnto the Testicles when as it is most euident they perforate the Muscle of Abdomen aboue these bones are caried In which on ech side is a certaine litle hollow gutter in their toppe obliquely decliued or bendyng ouer by the whiche couertly runne aswell Deferentia as Praeparantia vasa But this cauitie in women is not found which is the chiefest difference betwixt those bones in men and women And thus iudge of the bones committed to Os sacrum beyng not much different from the same in substaunce for they be fungie and light for the most part not very hard but replenished with holes or litle porie places for the receit of nourishment perpetually to cherish them THe thighe bone neither in byrdes neither almost in any foure footed beast is in length comparable to the bones of the legge exceptyng the Ape but in man it most playnly excéedeth all other in magnitude and is Articulated aboue with Coxendix Ilium and Pubis but beneth with Tibia The figure of the thighe is long and round but not euery where straight for neare vnto the middest it crooketh beyng therfore in the fore part Gibbous but in the hinder and exteriour part Sinnous and as it may be sayd backwardes bendyng the vppermost head is thicke round ouer crusted with a Cartilage hauyng the necke therof which is loÌ„g much inwardly preteÌ„ded And this same head to that necke supposed is almost wholly affourmed by an orbicular Appendaunce is admitted within the acetable or cup of Coxendix wherin as before I haue largely declared it maketh a most firme and strong Articulation beyng no lesse néedefull for the excéedyng great waight that the thighe ought to susteine Wherfore nature not accoÌ„ptyng it sufficient to make a large hole for the entraunce therof nor inwardly to cloth it with a Cartilage and in like sorte to augment the borders therof wherby sufficient roome might be offred to the same head hath prepared likewise a rounde and strong tyeng to procede almost from the middle toppe of the same head and fastened the same agayne in the botome of the acetable or cup as a stable grouÌ„d and strong firmament Which beyng so their opinions are accompted vayne which iudgyng this ioynt neuer plainly luxated do terme it oâ—…ely a bastard or false and counterfaited luxation when as in déede it is perfect and trew since it often tymes falleth out that this Ligament wherof we last made mention is relaxed slacked to the great ruine of the member difficultie of ressitution This same bone immediately after the necke descendeth with a certaine litle broad portion out of whiche are caryed two Processes like knottes whiche in infantes hold the nature of Appendances and may be taken of though in processe of tyme they cleaue so close and are so rooted in the partes wherein they are prominent that no signe of Appendance is presented by them Their seates are for the most part on the hinder partes and one higher then an other The vppermost beyng greater looketh outward but the neithermost being much lesse possesseth rather the inner seate The greater the GreciaÌ„s cal 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but both are to be named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Rotatores because they séeme to be ordained for the turnyng and whéelyng about of the thighe For they admit the insertion of those Muscles by whose benefite both the thighe is outward slected moued and caryed as also circumuerted or round turned yeldyng an apt bâ—…ynnyng to the viij Muscle of bowyng the legge In the posteriour part is eminent a certaine lyné caryed from the outer Processe to the inner and as it were ioyning or tyeng them together and from heÌ„ce begynneth the thighe to take on him the shape and fourme of roundenes whence forward beyng gone beyond the middle region the more it descendeth the more also it engrosseth and enlargeth being inwardly slatter and at length goeth forth in two great heades roughe on the outside altogether vneuen but their endes or extreme faces be smooth couered with a smooth crust and are constituted and finally made by the interuenture of a mighty Appendaunce In the posteriour part these heades are deuided with a great and large chinke or hollow space but before more lightly depressed with a coÌ„mon cauitie wherein lyeth the hole or rotule of the knée But as touchyng the seuerall description of these we cannot affirme one in fashion like an other for the innermost is thicker and the outmost playnly broader and more depressed least both should be
alike Articulated vnto the legge for the oblique motion sake especially wheÌ„ the legge should be bowed to the exteriour partes to the which motion is destined the Muscle lurking vnder the haÌ„me whose originall is srom this outermost head towardes the posteriour partes eueÌ„ there whereas it is rough impressed with certain litle corners or cauities The composition of the thigh with the legge is called Ginglymon because one mutually receiueth and is receiued of an other as the vpper head of Tibia or the bone of the legge hauing ij cauities or hollowes For the ij lower heades of the thighe hath also betwene those two cauities an eminent portion protubered which is also receiued into the posteriour hollow or gutter of the thighe from whence floweth a most strong Ligament to bynde together the thighe with the legge in like sorte as is lately sayd by the knittyng of the thighe with Coxendix And for this kynde of Articulation that is to say so noted with a strong LigameÌ„t within the ioynt as is this thighe both aboue and beneth beside the outward obductions and clothynges with Ligamentes whiche is also common to other ioyntes it is odde and vnlike to all others and therfore is notable to be spoke of Furthermore in this bone of the thighe is to be noted a certaine euident and roughe lyne in the posteriour region begynnyng not farre from the innermost of the vpper Processes called Rotatores and so on the same region or side brought downe after the longitude of the thighe and beyond the middest deuidyng into two partes or courses séemeth to reach vnto both the heades but most apparauÌ„tly endeth at the outermost This noble lyne least you ouer lightly way it consider and know how firmely the eight Muscle of the thighe which is the greatest of all the Muscles in the body and by whose benefite our straight standyng is made is thereto fixed and knit There be also diuers other Asperities and rough partes not without some impressions all made for the cause of Muscles seates insertions and so forth as hcreafter shal be more fitte to say how By the thighe we both sit and stand vpright as also moue towardes euery thyng For from the Articulation therof in the hippe no maner of motion is exempted The concauitie therein for lightnes and the conteinyng of medullous nutriment is very large not vnfit for the largenes of the bone As for Heynes that perforate the substaunce thereof at either end let no man doubt of for besides that they are euident know that Nature willeth no part in the body to liue without bloud ANd thus this large bone of the thighe endeth aboue at Coxendix and beneth at Tibia whiche we call the legge wherewith alhough there by an other bone ioyned that is to the side therof all a long the length of the legge yet this beareth the name as it is in déede most notable For in the legge are two bones like as is sayd in the cubite but the one farre greater then the other and that therfore possesseth the hole name of Tibia or Crus The lesser hath sundry names as Sura Fibula and of the barbarous sort Focile minus This Tibia is clothed with an Appendance at either end but the superiour part therof is both broader and also thicker hauyng in the toppe two cauities lightly exculped betwene which riseth a prominent and rough tubercle as I touched euen now in describyng the Articulation of the thighe with the legge Those cauities admit the heades of the thighe wherin Nature well foreseyng hath prouided least for the quantitie of the heades the cauities should be to much depressed Therfore besides the common Cartilage wherewith either of them are incrusted nature alost hath layd another mouable and soft representyng the figure of the Moone or the similitude of this letter C. About the borders therof the same is thicker but the more towardes the centre or middest the thinner endyng first before it toucheth the centre thus the profuÌ„ditie of the cauities of Tibia are left sufficient great Wherefore chiefly it séemeth this Cartilage for that purpose to haue bene ordained Which as it is light soft and vnctuous or full of humiditie lo doth it serue as the turne of a Ligament and much auayle to the actiue mouing of the ioynte Likewise that bounched or proturbered part that emergeth from betwene those cauities exculped as aforesayd in the vpper extremitie of Tibia maketh not a litle to the confirmation of this ioynt by being immitted into that large cauitie of the thighe and not onely so but also bounde thereto by a strong Ligament proceding from the toppe of the same knot or tubercle and thus strongly is this ioynt armed and holden in on ech side After procéedyng downeward from the superiour part of the legge we finde the same here and there attenuated and lighted with long lynes and flatted sides in such sort as that the whole proportion betwene the ij heades or endes therof is as it were iij. square obliquely stretching and incuruated principally in iij. places easely giuyng place to the Muscles thether discendyng â—…ut on the outside towardes the hinder partes there lyeth a certaine light cauitie spread ouer with a Cartilage whereto leaneth the inner part of the head of Fibula and so in the vpper part it is ioyned with Tibia From the middle toppe of the posteriour part therof is drawne out a decliued or crooked cauitie for the transiture of a Veyne Arterie and Sinew which that way downewardes are intrenched to do as others that they owe to the lower partes And in the fore face and vpper part not farre from the end of the AppeÌ„dance whiche is sayd to be so largely plated vppon the toppe of the legge is a certaine rough eminence admittyng the insertion of Muscles such as extend and stretch forth the legge From whence all after the middle region is produced a sharpe line comparable to the ridge of any thyng wherfore of some it is so named And this inner syde of the legge is the part we call the shinne accompted to be without flesh whereas all others and chiefly the posteriour part is opplet and filled with much store of flesh The second line which licth vnder Fibula directly towardes it is made to the end that there hence might a Ligament be produced whereby Fibula iâ—… with Tibia connected and knit and like as is sayd in the cubit the auteriour from the posteriour Muscles are thereby distinguished Agayne the inferiour part of Tibia towardes the end wareth also thicker but the head therof lesse then that in the superiour part and the extreme end excised and cut into one onely large concauitie which is not frustrate of the benefite of a Cartilage whereunto is admitted the insertion of the bone Talus The inner side
are numbred of the Postbrachiall bones the other xiiij are deuided among the ioyntes of the fingers as well in the foote as the hand NEither sayth Collumbus do I sée why from the bones of Tarsiu the thrée first should be disioyned as other Anathomistes haue thought 〈◊〉 grauntyng that the iiij last bones whiche alone say they merite the name of Tarsus ought onely to be compared to the wrest without mention of the other iij. He therefore thinketh good to complect both those iij. as also the other foure followyng â—…nder the name of Tarsus as when we depart from Tibia and Sura descending forthwith we come vnto one maner of ioyning together of bones as it were a nauie which we compare vnto the wrest followyng Cubitus and Ulna But euery one of these bones belongyng to Tarsus haue not peculiar names giuen theÌ„ for the first thrée are of some in their diuision remoued from Tarsus and one of the foure followyng obteineth a propper name but the three last are hetherto altogether vnnamed The first of all therefore is named Talus the second Calx the thyrd Scaphoides the iiij Cyboides the other iij. although they go vnnamed yet by number fourme and situation they are distinguished And now to describe them all in order Talus beyng first prostrated vnder Tibia and Fibula and subiect to their AppeÌ„dances although it séeme onely substrated to Tibia is in fourme bossyng out aboue lyke a rouÌ„d heaued or swelled thing imitatyng in compasse the fashion of halfe a whéele or if I may to licken it to the whéele of a pulley for in the middest it is guttured or hollowed though not so déepe but lightly so that the sides onely maie be discerned higher whereby it is coupled with the bone of the legge For the Appendance therof is so for the purpose engrauen to admit this head of Talus into his fit seate after the kynde of articulatiâ—… called Ginglymon And this maner of the ioynt serueth to the bowyng and reflectyng of the foote the which motion ech walkyng creature continually maketh which to the end it might be made more easie and with lesse labour to that member or lest the bones by much wearing should be wasted either part both of Tarsus and Talus are plentyfully encrusted with an Appendance perpetually to endure the foetes incessant motion Talus is on eche side decliued and as it were coÌ„pressed where the Ancles are placed neither yet without the ouer spreadyng or deffensine clothyng of a Cartilage although not on ech side of like sort For the inner side is onely coÌ„pressed aboue in smal scope and amplitude because the Processe of the inferiour Appendance of Tibia coustitutyng the inner ancle and comprehendyng this siâ—…e of Talus is not in such ample space encrusted with a Cartilage but the outer side of Talus is largely sinuated in greater space bearyng the obduction of a Cartilage to the apt constitutyng of a seate congruent to the inner side of the lower AppendaÌ„ce of Fibula which maketh the outer Ancle and discendyng lower then the inner the inferiour part of Talus is hollow clothed with a Cartilage and lyeng wholly vpon the face of the héele bone but so notwithstandyng as that the same obteineth a half compassed cauitie which admitteth the middle regioÌ„ of the héele bone thereunto preassing accordynly fourmed And as the interiour side of the inner Ancle possesseth a rough cauitie out of which spryngeth a Cartilaginous Ligament for the binding together of Talus and Tibia euen so for the receiuing of the same Ligament the inner side of Talus hath a rough cauitie or hollow euen as the outer side thereof is likwise hollowly engrauen that thereto might be inserted the Ligament brought from the inner side of the outer Ancle For the like cause also is the hinder part of Talus about the róote therof rough to admit and receiue the Ligamentes whose begynnynges are in Tibia reaching others to the héele But besides this sayd asperitie or roughnes the posteriour seat of Talus sheweth also hollow or concaued places to the tendons of Muscles that are caried to the foote and goe vnder the inferiour partes thereof And in this manner is Talus articulated to Tibia as also the superiour posteriour partes and sides are fourmed as is sayd The Anteriour part of Talus strecheth forth his portion like a necke whiche endeth at a round head not vestitute of his crusty couer whiche is admitted into the large and rounde sinuated side of the Boatelyke Bone by the benefite of the whiche ioynte the foote although obscurely moueth outward and inward as also doth as it were somewhat turne about But in the posteriour part it is aster a maner prominent that is where it is receiued of the inner and posteriour part of the heele We call that the posteriour part which descendyng down from the head first offreth it selfe vnto vs and that further froÌ„ the remoued the posteriour But in y inferiour part on the outside of Talus is a profound cauitie augmented by an aâ—…swerable cauitie on the same side of the héele bone In this cauitie is coÌ„teined a certaine murous or 〈◊〉 substaunce together with fatnes so prepared to the moystnyng annoynting of those bones lest els much mouing should drie thâ—…m and they dryed consequently their office frustrate Finally Talus syeth downe in the fore part and is extended vpon the héele bone as it were into a double Processe that is to say where it respecteth the inner region And thus is shewed the first bone called Talus which notwithstandyng is likewise so sinuated and hollowed as not onely it admitteth the insertion or rising rather of Ligamentes but also aptly giueth place to the tendons of Muscles brought thither for the mouyng of the toes as is afore onely this more we haue to say that the substaunce therof meriteth nothyng lesse then to be called Solid for asmuch as though contrary to the opinions of some we sinde it spongie and replete with many holes The second bone in order ensuyng is called the héele or hée le bone or of others the Spurre of the foote In magnitude it farre exceedeth all others of the foote neither differing in substaunce much from Talus vnlesse it séeme somewhat more Fungous and not with so hard a crust munited A loft it is committed to Talus in manner aforesayd that is to say the middle region towardes the fore partes swellyng round hath also more forward a great cauitie to receiue Talus so that one receiuyng an other the maner of ArticulatioÌ„ is called Ginglymon But notwithstanding the first part of the héele tendeth backwardes beyng somwhat 〈◊〉 and round with a head as it were in the outer side therof in that region neither negleayng his propper Appendaunce but departyng wholly from the
so worthy a writer For by what meanes sayth he could it séeme vnto hym that the Vertebres beyng no litle bones could be holden together of so slender a Membran as that which is in the hole of the Vertebre where the Spinall marey runneth But the true vse of that Membran is to preuent the Spinall marey which by to nye beyng to the bones might be hurt easely by the which great incommoditie might ensue It is therfore notable that all the Vertebres onely the two first excepted are endewed both aboue and beneth with Appendaunces as we somewhat remembred heretofore out of which riseth strong Ligamentes bindyng together the Vertebres among them selues and deteinyng the Cartilage in the middest betwene the Vertebres And it behoued them to be sufficiently strong consideryng the great waight whiche the Vertebres must beare and the strong motions whiche they ought to resiste After this order these Ligamentes are deduced that is to say from the inferiour part of the second Vertebre euen to the extreme end of the tayle about whose body these are sited Furthermore from their transuerse Processes others also are produced for the ioyning to of ribbes and Muscles Others issue out agayne from the hinder part of the Spondilles both to confirme the Vertebres and also to giue beginnyng to some Muscles NOw to leaue these sufficiently spoken of it shall not séeme vnorderly to prosecute and goe forward with the Ligamentes of the tongue and Hyoides For betwene the bones constituting Hyoides passe Ligamentes for the construction of the toung Two are brought from the two greater Processes with which it is knit to the toppe of the toung Other two goe forth from the stiliformed Processes of Hyoides holdyng it so vp as if it were hanged in two chaynes lyke as Historiographers write the yron Tombe of Mahomet to be suspended in the ayre by the attractiue force of the Adamante Lastly there is vnder the tongue a Ligament which in many children that we call tongue tyed cleaueth to sondry places towardes the fore téeth not suffryng the tongue to be vp nor the lippes to goe out and not beyng cut shall corrupt the speache the child hauyng power to make distinction of wordes NExt for bicause the Brachiall Ligament or that of the wrest is diuers from those of other ioyntes we will speake thereof particularly The Ligament therefore seruyng to the wrest of the arme begynneth at the inferiour Appendaunce of Radius Cubitus whose office séemeth to be lyke as of other ioyntes to bynde together the two distinct orders of Brachiall bones lest in euery motion they slippe out from their seates Prudent Nature therefore prepared a Ligament sufficiently strong whiche so byndeth together these Ossicles as that they are alway ready to the executyng and fourmyng eche propper motion but at length is emplanted to the Appendaunce of the Postbrachiall bone and serueth to the articulation of the wrest In this same region are also other Ligamentes not seruyng to the Articulation of Bones but onely to contayne those tendons whiche serue both to the fingers and extreme part of the hand least whilest the fingers moue they should sodainly slide to this place or that place In the inside of the wrest is a forcible Ligament and that ouerthwartly lieng which containeth the tendons of the fourth fift and sixt Muscles bowyng the fingers Neuerthelesse on the outsyde there be sixe Ligamentes euident conteyning in like sort the Muscles extending the fingers Among other thynges it is notable to be marked how all these Ligamentes at the first sight séeme to be but one Albeit if we diligently follow the tendons sixe transuerse Ligamentes begynnyng at the two aforesayd Appendances come playnly to our sight But now we are comen to this place it shall not be amisse to entreate of those Ligamentes which conteine the tendons after the longitude of the fingers It is therfore to be noted that in the inner sides of the bones of the fingers and after their longitude are lodged Ligamentes reachyng euen vnto the extremities of the tendons which nature there hath prudently placed lest in their bowynges the tendons might be lifted from their places IN the knittyng together of the thighe with the bone of Coxendix Ilium and Pubis beside that Membraneous bond but thicke whiche is common to all ioyntes there is a round Ligament whiche rising from the depth of that great concauitie or acetable so largely grauen out of the aferesayd Bones is inserted to the head of the thighe beyng of such strength as that oft tymes it is broken whilest that part is Luxated and so that although the bone be restored to his wonted place yet beyng displaced the party is alway lamed bicause this Ligament still hindreth the knitting together of the bones Also betwene the inferiour heades of the thighe and the toppe of the legge in the inner part of the knée is a thicke Ligament rising from their Appendances and ending in the legge made for the holdyng together of those partes For there being in the body no greater ioynt then these two last recited no marueil that nature addeth to them such Ligamentes as to no other saue onely betwene the head and the two first vertebres Besides the thyrd Ligament there is yet another which almost compasseth about the Articulation of the knée and here and there wrappeth about the Rotule of the which it is onely deteined If any thinke such a round Ligament as hath bene before mentioned is fastned so betwene the head of the shoulder and the scaple bone he is much deceaued But to speake more of Ligamentes let vs yet goe further whilest we finde apte cause and commodious occasion Therfore betwene Os sacrum and Coxendix is a Ligament not so much rounde but riseth from the extreme part of Os sacrum and endeth ouerthwartly at the sharpe part of Coxendix It gathereth together these bones and therfore is made to deteine them beyng knit together although it may be put to other vse as preparing passage to the great Nerue which in man is founde IN the settyng to of the foote betwen the same and the two bones of the legge Tibia and Fibula beside the bonde whiche is common to all ioyntes there are sir other to be discerned such as in the outside of the wrest were lately spoken of Their vses are these to contayne those tendons which serue to the extreme foote and toes which tendons if these were not here placed would for euery small occasion be peruerted from their seates and places THere lye also vnder the toes of the féete Ligamētes euen as in the singers of the hand made to conteine those tendons in their offices whiche bowe the toes that is to say the second and thyrd ioynte TO all ioyntes there is one common Ligament and that hath his begynnyng
the greatnes or litlenes of the mouth The actiuitie therof therfore sauereth rightly of the Muscles thereto seruing Of the place no man is ignoraunt the fashion therof is long and more broad then profound and thicke albeit that the toung in thrustyng directly forth becommeth almost or altogether round the roote of the toūg is thicker then the end which was prouidently done of nature because it behoued it to moue swiftly To the furtheraūce wherof are ix Muscles accordyngly bestowed besides his own peculiar substaūce which in consideration of the substaūce before rehearsed séemeth not proper to be nūbred amōgest Muscles yet by an other reason which is because it moueth volūtarily it séemeth not worthy to be seuered frō among their nūber Which if it be not ij moe must be added to the number aforesayd so that then we must accoumpt xi For it seemeth if so it must be described ij muscles the toung hauyng in the middest a white lyne to distinguish the right from the left part vnder which is a Ligament in children oft tymes requiryng to be cut because it is an impediment to their spéech and at first to suckyng These ij muscles attributed to the tongue or rather fourmyng the same rise from the ground of Hyoides and ende at the extremitie of the tongue tasting the force of euery kynde of Fibres which also are so intertexed and wouen together as that one from another as in other Muscles cannot be disioyned There bewrappeth the tongue a certaine tunicle which receiuyng of the vertue that is propper to the fourth payre of sinewes of the brayne purchaseth thereby most elegantly the facultie of 〈◊〉 Therof in like maner is stretched to the funicle of the Palate as shal be declared hereafter the which tunicle is both common to the Palate Aesophagus and Larinx The thyrd and fourth Muscle of the toung which Collumbus sayth was not knowaen to the other Anathomistes begyn at the middest of the chinne where be two Asperities or rough places directly agaynst the roote of the tounge goyng There Fibres are straight the Muscles them selues round and it appertaineth to their office to thrust out the toung beyond the téeth and lippes Neither is it any miracle as some suppose that the tounge can doe this without the helpe of any Muscle The fift and sixt are sclender begynnyng at the Processe Styloides and end in the sides of the roote of the toung These haue power whilest both labour to draw the toung towardes them selues but one onely mouyng draweth it vp to a side The vij and viij go forth from the Processes of Hyoides and are inserted to the sides of the tongue seruyng to draw it downwardes But the ix and x. rise from the iaw and are fixed to the sides therof And haue propertie now hether now thether to impell and moue the tongue when we eate or swallow The last muscle is more rightly to be called a consused muscle of flesh fat and glandulous matter together then truely a muscle It is put in the roote of the tongue and is brought from Hyoides Beyng in eatyng pleasaunt and swéete as is proued in such creatures whose tounges are vnto vs among the rest acceptable 〈◊〉 Neither shall it be here denyed the name of a muscle for description sake although as witnesseth Collumbus it be a particle of small price wherein therfore we will lose no tyme least the speach of other matters should be ouer long detracted which are more necessary Besides the xi therefore whiche we haue hetherto declared besides these Nerues Ligamentes and membran there are Ueynes Arteries and two other Nerues begotten of the vij coniugation and addicted to this part for motion sake which for as much as they be collocated worthely in the inferiour part great care must be vsed lest together with the Ligament as oft as it is requisite to be cutte those also be vnwittingly deuided By the Ligament is ment that which by openyng the mouth and reflectyng the tongue vnto the palate is to be descerned vnder the same beyng made for great vse and purpose For hereto are firmified the Fibres of the tongue beyng in vse as if a bone were giuen to the tongue and no lesse to them a stabiliment stay or ground Moreouer were it not for the Ligament the toung sometimes would be gathered to much backeward in it selfe neither beyng once put forth would it be easely drawen backe agayne Wherfore it is worthely a bridle vnto the toūg both forcyng it and temperyng the same least it should be either to much plucked together by the muscles not hauyng therein any bones or other stay or els being slaked more then méete might stray out of course Besides if in the tongue it had bene stretched but a litle way foreward or occupied but a small portion it should haue pleasured the tongue as litle as if it had not bene made at all Contrariwise agayne if further towardes the end it had bene extended then neither to the palate vpper téeth nor to diuers places in the mouth the tongue could haue bene stirred So exacte therfore is the makyng therof and with such commoderation is it measured that if you either adde a litle or diminish a litle you corrupt the action of whole instrument L Arinx beyng the head of the rough Arterie is the instrument wherein first the voyce is formed which God the worker of all thynges hath by marueilous art compounded The place therof is in the iawes vnder the tongue and bone Hyoides But since the bones therof for so Collumbus calleth them rather then Cartilages are before expressed in the History of bones there remayneth now because this so necessary instrument of inspiration and expiration as also to the restraynt of euery efflation after the will of the body stoode in néede of voluntary mouyng to speake of the muscles giuen thereto for the mainteinance of his worthy office Wherein that from these my simple labors I may clearely wipe the blotte of errour least by such meanes or infection they become odious to the hearers and to me as to the vnhappy husband men who takyng gladly great toyle with his ground and tillage in hope of the haruest recompence reapeth a sorte of blasted eares mingled with that cursed coccle in stead of the finest flaxen and whytest wheate which he trusted surely to had sowen I am forced to abstayne a while both from Vesalius and Galen Who whilest herein they dissected not the body of man I know not whether we haue more cause to shunne both their opinions in this respect or condyngly to commend Collumbus for his integritie not in findyng the fault but for hatyng the fault neither for reprouyng those authors but for his endeuour to amend the misse But of the ij it appeareth he most marueileth at Vesalius not because his opinion herein is scarce approbable for who knoweth
describeth therein two circles which are thus the middest beyng MeÌ„braneous the outer partes which coÌ„passe that same more fleshy And as it is the nearer to the ribbes the more fleshy so the nearer to the centrée of middest so much the more meÌ„braneous In which wordes he meaneth not any dirision therein but onely speaketh of the middest and outward partes as the one more Membraneous the other more retainyng of a fleshy nature Moreouer this Muscle of the brest ministreth both to expiration and inspiration that is puttyng forth the breth and receiuyng it in Who in vsing this his propper naturall function withdraweth him selfe towardes the Vertebres and asendyng draweth to him the extreme partes of the brest and byndeth togeâ—…her all the inferiour part all which effect it worketh whilest we expire or breath forth But when we receiue in the breth it taketh a cleane contrary labour in hand for then beyng relaxed and saggyng downward it suffereth the inferiour partes of the brest to be dilated And this is the notable vtilitie of Diaphragma as the same Author reporteth to haue beholden in quicke dissections Whereby very fitly meséemeth it may be supposed that whilest in retaynyng the breth it declineth downewardes the holdyng or straying then of the breth receiued compresseth it hard vpon the subiect partes very forcibly therewithall compellyng the expulsiue facultie as when we draw together the bellye to the expulsing of excrementes we cannot sitly accomplishe the same onely by straying the lower partes but by enlargyng the brest and compressyng the midreif together with forcibly retayning of breth By whiche meanes Diaphragma thrusteth vpon the lower partes to the end that in straynyng the nether bellye by the assistaunce of the strong Muscles of Abdomen none of the intrels might séeke to haue scope or recourse vpwardes but altogether consentiuely forcyng one an other downward to make a most strong and certaine exclusion of the supersâ—…uous dregges of the thyrd digestion To the better confirmation of this my coniecture Fernel Ambian hath these wordes The midrief called also an ouerthwarte diuisioÌ„ and a girdle to the body besides that it is the first instrument of inspiratioÌ„ it helpeth also very well to the vnloadyng of the belly and driuing out dregges This Muscle is clothed both aboue and beneath as with a garment aboue with Pleura and beneth with Peritonaeum It springeth from the Vertebres Others estéeme the sinewy part to be the begynning therof Notwithstanding Collumbus ascribeth the begynnyng thereof vnto the ij litle long partes thereof which Vesalius calleth Ligamentes which litle bodies come from the side of the body of the xij Vertebre of the brest and from the vpper ioyntes of the loynes and from thence afterwardes doth the sinewy part take his beginning which is ioyned to the Cartilage called Gladialis or commonly Mucronata Which in the History of Cartilages is fully described beyng begotten as a propugnacle to this aforesayd Muscle but not to the mouth of the Uentricle as the commen crew of Phisitions do suppose And to this part also the hart lyeth Finally the midrief is fleshy on both sides and is implanted at length to the Caâ—…tilages of the false ribbes embracyng the last Uesalius hath affirmed the perforation of this noble member to be made thrée 〈◊〉 And it is certain that it yeldeth way to the transiture and course of other néedefull partes for the communion of the vitall with the naturall and the naturall with the vitall members Yet it is but twise pearsed or bored through as once by the hollow Ueyne which forthwith marcheth into the brest and the second tyme by the stomache or necke of the Uentricle called also Aesophagus wherewith likewise do descend two Nerues from the vj. payre of sinewes of the brayne But the iourney of the great Arterie perforateth not this Muscle for asmuch as whilest it amplecteth the Vertebres it embraceth it also but therefore maketh no hole To this end therfore Fuchsius sayth that the way of the great Arterie deserueth not the name of a hole but rather a halfe circle carued out of the compassing part of the midrief that is when it embraceth the inner side of the Spondiles there lying the way of the same great Arterie called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not the same hole where through Aesophagus passeth For flat agaynst that lyeth the testimony of veritie had it bene the sentence of Socrates him selfe as it was of Hipocrates and Galen though no man can say they were men of no Diuine vnderstandyng Thus Septum transuersum is accompted amoÌ„g the Muscles of the brest wherby is shewed how much and of what efficacy it is in respiration But so much as is sayd in that behalfe tendeth to the sence of naturall respiration For whatsoeuer is vehement or violent the same is contrary therto For if so the qualitie of the heate of the hart do encrease or occasion serue that for the spéech or other lyke larger breathyng is required then els could well suffice nature by by the first second thyrd fourth and fift together with the interiour muscles called Intercostales on both sides do labour with Septum transueâ—… sum But if further by bodely causes or sodaine occasion great and larger respiration be required as for example to the vse of hollowyng crying blowynges of trumpets shalmes or other vehement efflations then the exteriour Intercostales are prouoked to moue which be motions not naturall For naturall respiration is that which is brought to passe without the helpe of the Intercostall Muscles and that is it whiche this worthy member sufficiently bringeth to passe and whatsoeuer is more the same hath more helpe and is naturall but rather we may terme them necessary for seruyng at néedefull tymes As to be playne this is not naturall but a very necessary kynde of respiratioÌ„ when a man by earnest study ormuse vnto him selfe vpon any earnest or waighty matter by tossyng and turmoyling of his wittes with continuall inward cogitation of the hart accenseth and heateth more the spirit then naturall respiration is able to temper then he at a sodaine maketh a vehement inspiration and after as large efflation which with indifferent intermission proueth profitable to coole the kindlyng heate of the hart a more vehement then that is proued in trumpettors pypers hunters and such lyke exercises And therfore necessary though not accompted of Galen naturall Whiche argueth that nature hath created our bodyes so carefully that whatsoeuer is either naturall or necessary it is not wantyng Wherfore these Muscles Intercostales litle vsed in naturall breathyng yet not to be wanted in extreme efflations prouoked by néedefull causes such as are rehearsed It is not obscurely proued by this afore goyng that the noblenes and worthy nature of this Muscle may euill be spared in mans body both for the naturall vse
retainyng of the breth beyng depressed they so constraine and presse the intrels together as out of a straite place into a larger which is lower they thrust and expell the dregges wholly resistyng their returne agayne into the Uenticle And as touchyng generation of voyce great efflation restrainte of breth and propulsation of the byrth in women nature receiueth by them a large benefite BUt here perhaps some onely Englishmen will obiect that I leaue out the principall properties of these Muscles in that they retaine such worthy faculties as to attract retaine and expulse In déede I confesse that our meaner sort of Chirurgians who are not able to dispence with the Latine Author haue learned to many such phantasticall imaginations of sundry Englishe workes which heretofore haue bene Imprinted whose authors whence they drew their labours for the most part are not comparable to the founders of this buildyng and albeit their good willes were commendable â—…et this much must I needes say if all of them had sweat more in the workes of Gal. in his administration of Anathomy vse of partes their workes had not at this day remained so repreheÌ„sible although Galen we sée himselfe was in Anathomie now and theÌ„ deceiued But I much maruaile whence they tooke this fonde opinioÌ„ that the strayght Muscles made the attractiue power in the body the transuerse the retentiue sacultie and the oblique an expulsiue operation Which singulare offices euery of these should orderly baire vnto the body without any other cause of their creation And namely Gemini after he had thus fallen vpon him selfe immediatly is about to alledge Galen for his purpose otherwise whoÌ„ if he had followed in this poynt he should haue missed to commit this so great an errour Or else Auicen who in this poynt is agreable with Galen as appeareth in his Chapiter of the Muscles of the belly Wherfore I aunswere that for as much as no worthy writer would baire me out therein except Mundinus whose workes are generally arested with errour I willingly by thy patience genlte reader do abstaine from such an infamous kynde of description And if thou desirest somewhat to reason with me shouldest say why is it not likely that the straite Muscles lyâ—…g after the reâ—…tude of the body should make the power attractiue wherby the concoction made in the stomacke and put forth into the intrelles is drawne downward till it be dreined by the mesericall veynes of all y best iuyce and afterward the refuse gathered to the lower partes by beyng still drawne downeward till nature be ready to eiect them So likewise the transuerse do retayne and hold backe till nature haue done to them her kynde and office of digestion and that to euery part be geuen his dutie Agayne that the oblique haue expulsiue propertie which is to put forth and expell such thynges as nature commaundeth and prouoketh to be done I aunswere vnto thée briefly that as the Uentricle hath oblique Fibres to retaine so also transuerse Fibres to expulse the digested matter which beyng Chilus thinne and flowyng sayth Collumbus runneth easely into the spaces and emptie partes of the intrels which is by the transuerse Fibres comprehended as with handes In the meane time nature is not idle but lest it should escape by the subtlenes therof and slippernes of the intrels beside the office of Vena Chilis fetcheth it in by the notable texture of Mensenterium so that finally all the good iuyce is drawne from the drosse the ponderous waight wherof cannot stay in the slippery substauÌ„ce of the intrels though the straight Muscles of the belly had not bene As touching the retentiue faâ—…ultie whereby ech thyng should be kept till nature were otherwise willing answere me to what end the oblique Fibres both in the Uentricle and intrelles serue as also so many turnes and wyndynges of the intrelles How the expulsiue facultie is made I haue already froÌ„ Galen Vesalius and Fuchsius largely described or in a word it is mightely brought to passe by the constraynte of all the Muscles of Abdomen Diaphragma also depressed And this is inough that the Muscles of Abdomen in falsifiyng their natures be not robbed of their due 〈◊〉 But before I go forewardes with any other partes I thought good to say thus much out of Collumbus as touchyng the inuention of moe Muscles then viij vnto Abdomen There are some Anathomistes of my tyme who beyng desirous them selues to inuent some thyng do constitutex Muscles to Abdomen but certainly they are deceiued For they would haue the fleshy begynnyng of the strayght Muscles to be a distinct Muscle which by no meanes can be for if they should be Muscles as they say some office must néedes be applyed vnto them As that they are assistauÌ„t to the erection of the yard which they can not do because they cleaue not to it but are fastned to Os pubis aboue Agayne if the yard were by them to be draweÌ„ vpward so must likewise the â—…ape of women be sence in women they are séene no otherwise then in men Neither hath 〈◊〉 voluntary mouyng they therfore haue inferred that by them the strayght Muscles are ayded which beareth truth no otherwise then the rest For so strong are the strayte Muscles of Abdomen that they nâ—…de no helpe and in that they will haue their Muscles to compresse the bledder is all one thyng for the bleddar by all the viij Muscles is compressed which onely they would attribute vnto the offices of these But there followeth an other no lesse absurditie in that these fleshy begynnyngs which they call distinct Muscles are not found in all men therfore belike such persons should wat their vtilities for which they would haue the sayd Muscles be begotten Which is a playne ouerthrow of all their vayne inueÌ„tionâ—… therfore sayth he in conclusion it is a vayne saying that they hold of the x. Muscles of Abdomen and may in no wise be defended But hetherto sufficient IT followeth to speake of the testicles and yard Euery of the testicles retainyng one Muscle long and slender situated in the Membran called in Gréeke Dartos Their begynning is aboue Os pubis where the hole is apparauÌ„t through whiche the Seminarie vessels descend enwrapped with the same Membran yet do they scant imitate the true forme of Muscles but are certaine strayght fleshy Fibres put in the same Membran Dartos The auncient writers haue called these Muscles Cremasteras as it were Suspensores or hangers vp made as it séemeth that the testicles should hang by them and not sodainly slippe downe By the helpe of these Muscles the testicles of man are by litle and litle obscurly drawne vp least by ouer slacke or lose hangyng downe the Seminarie vesselles should be ouerloded But the foresayd vse of these Muscles are most notable proued in
the first bone of the litle finger whereby the same finger is able to moue from the rest The seueÌ„th beginneth at the wrest and is placed in the vpper part this Muscle is all fleshy and endeth at the second bone of the thombe The eight commeth forth neare vnto the seuenth is fleshy and placed toward the hollow in the hand and with a small Tendon is inserted to the second bone of the thombe The ninth is vnder the seuenth from the same Ligament of the wrest all fleshy and ended at the first ioynt of the thombe These thrée Muscles make that fleshy part of the thombe which Palmesters do terme the hill of Mars and they draw the thombe towardes their begynnyng that is do extend the same and lead it from the rest Thrée other follow whiche go out of the bones of Postbrachiale that support the forefinger middle finger and ring finger their situation is oblique or rather transuerse vnder the lyne of lyfe as the Palmesters terme it they end in the second ioynte of the thombe albeit their begynnyng is halfe circle lyke these thrée notwithstandyng could Collumbus be content to accompt one Muscle hauyng a broad begynnyng a sharpe end and enterweauynges of diuers Fibres sauyng that he would not séeme to much to dissent from Uesalius to shâ—…e if he may the cauelyng tauntes of straungers The vse of them is to bowe the thombe towardes the ball of the hand The seuenth Muscle of the thombe commeth from the Postbrachiall Bone that bayreth the forfinger occupying the space betwene tho forfinger and thombe so that the situation therof is ouerthwart is inserted to the bone of the thombe beyng thereby authorised to plucke the thombe towardes the same finger and lay it aloft thereon Besides these there be yet other viij Muscles springyng from the Postbrachiall bones inserted to the first ioyntes of the iiij fingers Of these ij beyng allotted to euery finger exceptyng the thombe in which none of them is settled These viâ—… Muscles are thus endued with offices that ij of them by mouyng together do bowe straight the first ioynte wherin they be implanted But when one styrreth onely theÌ„ obliquely they make their motion in bowing these ioynts And now here with myne authour how mans members moue I am come to the gole ⧠An end of the Historie of Muscles ¶ The backe part of the Muscles ¶ Of the Hihory of Man the fift booke describyng the instrumentes seruyng to nourishment which is brought to effect by meate drinke that is Of the nutritiue and naturall partes WHen as the whole masse of man for the insited heate therein must néedes haue runne in perpetuall ruine and vastation vnlesse other lyke substaunce continually in steade of that which wasteth was restored the almighty creator not onely vnto man and liuyng creatures but also vnto the very Plantes them selues hath giuen a certaine power to require that alway which is wantyng and requisite for them For neither to eate drinke or vse respiration we learne of any body at any tyme but immediatly euen from the begynnyng we haue in vs that worketh all these without any instructer To this that Diuine Hipocrates hath this elegant saying Nature her selfe hath not by reason found the instinct to euery her actions for neither is she of any taught neither hath she learned to worke those thynges which are conuenient but by meat what soeuer of dryer substaunce and by drinke what so of moâ—…er wasteth we restore And so alway to the old estate we mainteine and reduce them both No otherwise then as the commoderation of aerye and fiery substaunce we hold by respiration and pulsation of the Arteries NOw wheÌ„ that that floweth to euery part ought to be of such nature as the particle it selfe and none of all those whiche are eaten and drunken are wholly such it was necessarie vnto Nature first that those thynges were conco-cted and chaunged and so much as may be assimulated and made like to nourish and restore the body and after to expell those recrementes whose generatioÌ„ of necessitie followeth such mutations For this cause â—…hiefly sayth Galen Nature instituted thrée kyndes of instrumentes seruyng to nutrition As some for the first reason to conceiue and labour the nourishment as also to destribute the same vnto the whole body Others for the second cause to be the receptacles of excrementes The other particles for a thyrd reason seruyng to the transmittyng of these excretions vntymely exiture prohibityng and in tyme dew readely expellyng Of the first number are the Uentricle which receiueth the nourishment and the Liuer whiche maketh the greatest mutation of the nourishment passyng through hym and the Ueynes which deriue the same confected nourishment into the whole body Of the second reason are the intrels which receiue the dryer excrement as the Uessicle of Choler that whiche is thinner and lighter the Splene that which is more earthy and thicke the reynes and bleddar the watrish part Of the thyrd the Muscles for they are vnto egestion seruiceable All whiche thynges in their places shal be described and how they serue vnto nutrition we will declare begynnyng first somewhat further of with the partes of Abdomen as of them in dissection the Anathomist maketh first demonstration THe outmost skinne therfore which is in Gréeke called Epidermis in Latin Cuticula is the vppermost thinne skinne which onely most outwardly of all others enwrappeth the body beyng very thinne and of it selfe altogether insensible growyng swiftely soone lost and soone repayred agayne The insensibilitie therof is vnto the body very requisite the outward partes beyng thereby fréed from the â—…olour of ech light action which otherwise we must néedes haue endured not onely in applying our handes to the holdyng of any thyng and passing with our féete continually to goe but euen in wearyng also our garmentes vpon vs no lesse then if our Bones were likewise of sensible substance we should neither be able to go much lesse frequent such violent actions in the vse of our lyfe as dayly we do Agayne as Nature to so good end created it of insensible substaunce so likewise she framed it most thinne to the end the members sense should not thereby more then was conuenient to the aforesayd end and purpose be dulled Wher fore we may endure to handle rubbe or styrre our members to or with any thyng which hath not either the sharpnes or force to excoriate the same outer skinne which if it had bene thicker it séemeth certain our sense must néedes haue bene the duller Besides an other commoditie no lesse néedfull it oweth vnto the body For Nature hath endewed the same with an infinite number of pores or holes to expell by them such superfluites as Nature hath already driuen to the outer partes and infrication these manifestly
do shew them selues In no wise many this skinne be deuided from the second by instrument notwithstandyng the force of fire or hoate water maketh it by blisters diuisible rise from the other NExt vnder this Cuticula appeareth the true skinne called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Cutis This couereth ouer all the extreme partes of the body the eyes eares nostrels and such other places which nature for other vses most conueniently framed And the skinne not onely of all the partes of man but of his whole substaūce subiect to generation and corruption holdeth the meane betwixt hard and soft For the skinne is as it were a Nerue endewed with bloud reteinyng a certaine meane betwene the flesh and sinew as though it were constituted of both mixed together But the sinew is cold and without bloud the flesh hoate and endewed with much bloud In the middest betwene both is the skinne neither manifestly without bloud as the sinew nor playnly with bloud aboundyng as the flesh Realdus Collumbus therein reiectyng the iudgement of Aristotle for the not beyng of sense in the skinne sayth it is of white substaunce endewed with sense and filled with Ueynes Arteries and sinewy Filamentes therfore must it of force be marueilous sensible to haue iudgement of euery qualitie as in discereyng the excesse of heate cold or such exteriour iniuries it might minister alway vnto the wittes a ready knowledge therof so beyng a common meane to preuent annoyance to the extreme partes of the body As for example if any man laye his hand or other part sodainely to a hoate péece of yron or such other in a moment the sensible mixture of the skinne presenteth it to the wittes whereby he is moued immediatly to plucke away or remoue hym selfe from that present annoyance Moreouer the skinne euery where cleaueth not alike vnto the subiect partes For otherwise in the Palme of the hand and sole of the foote otherwise to the Muscullous substaunce of the forehead otherwise to the lippes eye lyddes eares nose fundament yard and otherwise throughout the whole body is it cōmitted to the partes vnder lyeng and in dissectyng must diuersly be separated Agayne among all the partes of y skinne is not alike distribution of Nerues neither alike thicknes of the skinne in all partes for to the skinne on y inside of the hand very many sinewy Fibres are reached but to y skinne of the necke few Likewise the skinne of the face is softer and thinner but of the necke soles of the féete harder That which inuesteth the inside of the hand vnlesse by labour it become harder retaineth an exquisite meane in hardnes and softnes betwene the other skinne and all the whole body very neare approchyng to the waight with equall temperature But euery where the skinne of man for the magnitude of his body is thinner then in foure footed creatures although in man in the necke backe legges and sole of the foote it chaunceth much thicker but not in all alike Also some partes of the skinne are wholly immouable and resistant to turne as of the palme of the hand and sole of the foote others apt to turne and wynde but not by any volūtary mouyng as the skinne of the whole body els that which in déede moueth excepted as that of the forehead and all the skinne of the face and which bewrappeth the forepart of the necke and sides And this of motion is participant either by proper Muscles in it seruing as of the forehead eye liddes and lippes or for the cause of the nigh partes as the skinne of the ball of the chéekes which being destitute of Muscles moueth together with the next vnto it Further more some part of the skinne is heary as of the necke armeholes priuie partes and chinne in men others without as the palme of the hand and sole of the foote Besides such like places before mentioned whereby the skinne is not left perpetuall and generally coueryng all places it is replenished with certaine pores and holes where through the sweatyng excrementes of the outer partes do passe But those in some bodyes more large in others more strete whereby it commeth to passe that some sweate lightly and with no labour others agayne by no exercise may be prouoked to sweate NExt vnder this skinne lyeth the fatte of the outer partes poured out betwene the skinne and fleshy Membran Whiche happeneth by the intercourse of Ueynes and Arteries whiche in those partes sweatyngly poure forth bloud which immediatly by coldnes of the Membran and slender heate congealeth and degenerateth into fatte It is aswell knowne vnto euery body in colour as substaunce wherefore néedeth no other description nor any such explication as other partes But as touchyng the vse therof it is by softenes a fitte propugnacle to the outer partes and a perpetuall sustenaunce vnto them which although Galen affirmed to be plentifull in women and litle or none in men yet we sée for certaintie that it is founde in men euen as in women more plentyfull in some and with lesse store but the truth is that in colder bodyes it is copious and in hoater very scarse And fore proofe laye a part the yard and purse of the testicles and in all the other partes fatte may be found and if you way the vse and mouyng of such as want fatnes you shall easely finde out the reason of the diuersitie The substaunce of fatte is not euery where alike for in the Palme and sole of the foote it is almost fleshy and hard made so for the necessary mouyng of those partes but is not the organ of sense as Aristotle imagined Also Vesalius affirmeth it a coate vnto the subiect partes to conserue and kéepe their heate in tyme of cold and to coole them in tyme of heate VNder it lyeth a Membran called fleshy in Latin Panniculus Carnosus or Membrana Carnea This is the fourth inuolucre bewrappyng all the body from the head vnto the sole of the foote It is called fleshy in respect of that in the necke and in respect of all other Pannicles in the body And the elder sorte called it fleshy as it seemeth because that in children it is fleshy and filled with many Fibres which neuerthelesse in tract of tyme do vanish away But vnder the armehole this Mēbran is not fleshy as Galen affirmeth Lib. 1. de Anat. administr Wherby appeareth he imitateth to much the bodyes of Apes and beastes but it cleaueth to the Muscles them selues betwene which and the skinne small Ueynes do runne but voyde of Arteries in all places except in the temples head yard purse of the testicles and fingers in which places certaine Arteries though fewe innumber are found runnyng betwene the skinne and the same Membran This Membran is
it hath one peculiar to it selfe and to the Nerues therewith descendyng prepared After all this at the begynnyng of the ix Vertebre of the brest the stomach by the interuenture of MembraÌ„s produced from the Ligamentes of the Spondils is to the bodies of the Vertebres committed and possesseth from those MembraÌ„s a thyrd coate as it were of his second an inuoluere mingled with no Fibres at all But that neare to the fift Vertebre of the brest the stomach sheweth it selfe rather on the right then on the left side of the Arterie the Arterie it selfe is the cause not as a tyran occupying the middle seat of the backe but whilest it taketh his begynnyng from the left Uentricle of the hart and by the rest of his way is subiected vnder Vena caua towardes the left side of necessitie in greater part to the left side bendyng and therfore somewhat giuyng place to the stomach admitteth the same a fellow or companion of the seate of the Vertebres so that the stomach might be lesse obliquate or crooked and obteyne also firmer seate then in the left side might be found Furthermore the stomach doth not perforate the right side of Septum transuersum neither is stretched straight into the UeÌ„tricle from the right side of the backe but beyng caried aboue the Arterie and obliquate or crooked with an obtuse or blunt corner séeketh the left side lest the stomach in going to the UeÌ„tricle should haue bene compelled to perforate the liuer which occupyeth all the right side of the inferiour region of Septum but fréely findeth out that part in Septum whereas lesse of liuer beyng yeldeth easie passage thereto Such is the thinner portion of the whole liuer stretched to the left side of Septum as that in the posteriour region therof where the stomach goeth through Septum it hath a cauitie like a halfe circle engrawen for the stomach whose Anteriour part it ampleâ—…eth ther to in proportion agréeing But it sufficed not nature to giue vnto the stomach so obliquate those sayd Fibres for the spéedy passage of meates but also to the end his concauitie might alway be with moysture annoynted she hath placed Glandules both in the iawes stomach and Larinx Which perpetually left those organs should be dryed prepareth them humor and spettle The Latins terme them Tonsillae Also in the middle space of the stomach where the same is subiect to Aspera Arteria in that place as it is deuided into two trunkes to the lunges two others are put not onely before the stomach but also cleauyng to the sides and posteriour part therof playnly aunswerable to those wherewith nature hath compassed the begynnyng of the necke of the bleddar in men For euen as these do irrigate and moysten the way of 〈◊〉 and seede so the Glandules fastened to the stomach humeâ—… his amplitude and lest by drines the meate should with difficultie fall into the Uentricle do imbrue washe it with a certaine spettelly humor The stomach immediately as it hath penetrated Septum in the left side of his sinewy part is made coÌ„tinuall with the body of the Uentricle which touchyng a great part in the left side of Septum vseth the whole region or space betwene the liuer and splene But in the right side the UeÌ„tricle no where toucheth SeptuÌ„ but all the right side whole superiour part therof is hiddeÌ„ of the liuer being somuch therfore distauÌ„t from the midrief as the thicknes therof commeth to on that side THe figure therof is round somewhat therewith long from the right stretchyng to the left side assimulated of ColluÌ„bus to a gourd long round fashioned round because all round thynges are more capable and lesse subiect to iniuries but long because so both the place wherein it is conteined and also the two Orifices therof one whereby it receiueth meat the other whereby the same confected is thrust downe vnto the intrels do require In the left side also it is much more ample and round a litle puttyng forth toward the inferiour partes and thence forthwith turnyng to the right side is by litle litle gathered together to a strete in the vpper part descendeth but in the nether asceÌ„deth so that in the right side it becommeth much more slender then in the left Also in the superiour part therof which pertaineth froÌ„ one Orifice to an other it is more strete and narrow as in the inferiour larger and broader In the Anteriour part it is equally euery where Gibbous and no where defourmed In the posteriour region it sheweth after a certaine maner two Gibbous partes one on the left side and the same greater and longer put forth an other on the left side lesse and more depressed And those bounched partes make a certaine cauitie or impression after the longitude of the body to the posteriour seat of the Uentricle impressed For in what place the Uentricle respecteth the Vertebres of the backe and the descendent trunkes of the hollow Ueyne great Arterie to them stretched that it might fit it selfe euery where to the place thereto assigned the posteriour region therof is inwardly as into his owne amplitude somewhat impressed although the Uentricle beyng drawne from the body and blowne vp sheweth not the same TWo Orifices hath the Uentricle one whereby the meate and drinke is receiued which consisteth in the highest seate of the left part of the Uentricle because the stomach there fitly perforatyng Septum might first grow vnto the Uentricle and be made one common body therewith The auncient Gréekes do call this 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but we after the Latins name it the vpper mouth of the Uentricle And although it be in the left side notwithstandyng it commeth nearer to the middle seate therof then to the left side Wherfore Galen sayth it is sited vnder Mucronata Cartilago as vnder a certaine propugnacle and defence The other Orifice of the Uentricle transmitteth the meates chaunged into the intrels Whence the Grecians call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Latins Ianitor but commoÌ„ly the nether Orifice or mouth of the Uentricle This Orifice is in the right side and constituteth the begynnyng of the intrels Hence it hapneth that the first intrell called Duodenum many haue named the begynnyng Moreouer the Orifices of the Uentricle not onely in situation do vary but besides the nethermost is more strete then the vppermost because sometyme are swallowed hard great and vnbroken lumpes for whose ingresse it behoued the way of the UeÌ„tricle to be large and ample But beneath contrariwise since nothyng passeth that is raw hard great are not turned into iuyce it is streter although neither so strete as that it onely traÌ„smitteth the thicke iuyce since not a fewe that without hurt or damage do oft tymes auoyde great swallowed bones But in diuers creatures Galen affirmeth a
or broken For the greater trunke of Vena porta whereas MesenteriuÌ„ about the region of the reynes springeth from the backe is led betwene the two Membrans therof associated with an Arterie which fetcheth his beginnyng from the great Arteric before the same disperse his braunches vnto the reynes to the end it might be poured out into the intrels Hether also are extended two Nerues on eche side one made out from those braunches whiche from the vj. payre of the brayne are reached out to the rootes of the ribbes So that the same great trunke of Vena porta and the sayd Arterie together with the two Nerues do go vnder the centre of Mesenterium makyng entraunce betwene the Membrans therof which mutually cleaue togethér and afterwardes strayeng throughout all the region of Mesenterium insert them selues to the intrels by innumerable brauÌ„ches But beside this rehearsed Arterie there is an other certaine stocke deriued from the great arterie which entreth into that part of Mesenterium that vnder the region of the veynes begynneth from the backe And the exorture of this stocke is taken from the great Arterie a litle vnder the begynnyng of the seminall Arteries Furthermore euen as man euery where aboundeth with copious fatnes so likewise in Mesenterium the plenty therof is spyed by bloud there sweatyng out of the vesselles and after conuerted into fat by the nature of the Membrans So that beside the sinewes and vesselles the Membrans of Omentum conteine likewise much fatnes betwene them But beyond all fatnes there is an other thyng by nature added to Mesenterium that is a Glandulous body called in Gréeks Panchreas heretofore spoken of so substrewed and circumposed to the singular scissions of the vesselles euery where as that none of them by any mouyng may be dissolued or broken And therfore at the centre of Mesenterium where of the vessels the first distributioÌ„ is made nature hath layd this Glandulous body with all securitie to lead conduct the first deriuations most notable braunches of the vessels To the rest of Mesenterium for euery braunche she hath giuen some Glandule as a firmament of the same diuision neuer omittyng their officiall duety in moystening the guttes So that together with the beneficiall helpe of those Glandules the Membrans of Mesenterium most safely lead the vessels towardes the intestines with no lesse vtilitie byndyng the guttes to the backe and at length formally fashionyng a thyrd coate vnto them all As when the MembraÌ„s of Mesenterium deduce the vesselles to the hollow part of the guttes together with the vessels they growe vnto them but thence either of them mutually departyng créepe ouer by the sides of the guttes and degenerate into a thyrd tunicle by this occasion both byndyng them more strongly as also for the vesselles constitutyng the safer propugnacle THe next and most notable neighbour vnto the ventricle is the liuer the retainer of all concupiscible facultie whom no man for his vicinitie may deny to be greatly assistaunt vnto the same through his warme complexion and situation with the naturall nourishment of the bloud wherof who can disproue it the fountaine although Aristotle would fayne haue proued the begynnyng of bloud to be in the hart Wherfore this beyng one of the principall partes in the body leaueth vs to note how that it is first also engendred aboue other members in the body For when the Vmbelicall veyne is first engendred thereto also first cleaueth and encreaseth the liuer the first instrument of the generation of bloud It is collocated immediately vnder the midrief occupieng the greatest part of his inferiour seate but in the right side of Abdomen vnder the false ribbes in which place it is fastened with two Ligamentes of whiche the one is about the hollow beyne the other is called a Suspensorie of a certaine diuision wherein the Vmbelicall veyne is inserted These therfore do fasten the liuer vnto Septum transuersum And although it be situate in the right side as is sayd yet neuerthelesse it occupyeth a great part likewise of the left side whereas by the helpe of a strong Ligament it is connected and knit to Diaphragma It is not in figure exactly round and in man is a whole substaunce not deuided into lobes as Galen verely supposed although of that maner it be to be found in foure footed creatures And the cause why in vs y litter is whole and in them deuided Collumbus doth in this maner discusse that man being of direct straight figure fourmed by the hand of the omnipotent whith the hollow part of the liuer couereth next and immediately the ventricle which coueryng from the right to the left side occupyeth the whole Anteriour region maketh that the ventricle suffreth no cold Wherfore it is easely 〈◊〉 how finally auayllable are the vngueÌ„tes which some men minister vpon the sharpe 〈◊〉 to amend the cold intemperature of the ventricles whilest they increase but the heate of the liuer vnder lying and before hoate of nature But againe to the purpose The liuer of foure footed beastes is deuided into many lobes the apter to enclapse the ventricle as with the fingers of ones hand which if it should be whole and they goyng prone vpon the earth might by no meanes be brought to passe But in byrdes for that they rather stand vpstraight then go prone vpon the earth it is onely into two partes separated Therfore in man no where deuided at all but in the Anteriour part and out side of the liuer Whiche was necessary there to be deuided for the admission of the vmbellicall veyne Under this also where Vena porta goeth out are two small eminences necessary for the defence therof lest the veyne by the body of the Vertebres at any tyme should be compressed But neuerthelesse these eminences are neither to be called Lobes Fibres nor wynges The liuer hauyng two partes the one exteriour and the other interiour hath the outer Gibbous or voâ—…ed forth and smooth but the other hollow and roughe like water bankes And that because that vnderneath it is placed the round bounched veÌ„tricle It is circundated and enwrapped with a thinne Membran of Peritonaeum wherfore the extremities therof are not voyde of féelyng It is in substaunce nothyng els but a heape of crudded bloud intertexed with 〈◊〉 veynes and some Arteries and is a great member the prince of Abdomen Wherein some haue supposed naturall spirites to be engendred but that sentence is not allowed for to be the fountaine of bloud as is aforesayd nature dedicated his office Neither do I suppose that any man in these dayes doubteth it to be the head originall and roote of all the veynes IN the hollow part wherof spryngeth a veyne called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the
vpper iawe and nether cherished neither is there wherfore to expect the description of any other peculiar braunch of a veyne to serue vnto the téeth onely CAua Vena or the hollow veyne after it hath gone forth vnder Diaphragma from the liuer his propper fountaine it cleaueth to the body of the Vertebres on the right side and after the goyng forth therof a litle beneath the liuer putteth forth a. small veyne to nourish the partes adiacent and is diuersly deuided Afterwardes the same trunke goyng downwardes putteth forth ij veynes called Emulgentes which are ended in the veynes But beware thou estéeme not these to be alwayes onely two since sometyme you shall finde them deuided into iij 〈◊〉 foure somewhiles fiue albeit not commonly so noted of other writers Galen principally and also diuers other Anathomistes haue vsed heretofore loÌ„g discourse of wordes as touchyng the puttyng forth of the Emulgent veynes auouchyng the right veyne to be higher exalted then the rest and for what cause though in déede in vayne For since truth is contrary vnto them somuch as that they would by pollicie inuent the reason of that which is not so both the proposition and argumentes of force must fall together like him that whilest he more endeuoureth to decke the toppe and sight side of his house then hath care to set firme his foundation his time and coste both perish together Wherfore Collumbus saith the reasons of Galen are more ingenious then true as touching the body of man froÌ„ which no part of these my labours by my wil shall swarue whose veynes Emulgentes thus we will describe FRom y left side of Vena caua vnder the veÌ„tricle sheddeth out a large veyne sufficient long called Emulgens which is caried aboue the body of the turnyng ioyntes and the Arterie Aorta flowyng to the middest of the left reyne which is in man somewhat higher theÌ„ the right and that for the litlenes of the splene which not resistyng romthe to it as doth the liuers greatnes on the other side to the right kidney leaueth it in the higher state the right beyng compelled to stand lower But after it is come vnto the reynes by the aforesayd meanes it entreth the body therof there beyng amplified and cut into braunches which throughout the substaunce of the reynes are distributed Neuerthelesse Collumbus would not haue vs thinke of these to be made the searse whereof Galen estéemed so much and that through it the Urine is streined and it beyng dilated bloud to be pissed Here in déede nature sayth he might haue bene able to place Membrans as to the Miseraâ—…ul veines and to the endes of the vreters but because this séemed more commodious vnto it there are certaine eminences begotteÌ„ of the same substauÌ„ce of the reynes which entring into the same braunches resist that the bloud which together with the serous matter is deduced to the reynes should naturally slippe forth agayne This notwithstandyng beyng noted since it is notable when nature endeuoreth to thrust downe any stone that commonly is done with such force as that it sendeth out great store of bloud together with the brine The vse of these Emulgent veynes is to purgethe bloud of serbuâ—… substaunce and to the reynes to yeld due nourishment From this veyne springeth a bessell called Vreter that is Vrinarius it springeth invery déede from the body of the same reyne there it taketh Urine and bringeth it to the bleddar In the right side the same Emulgent veyne is sited lower then the left and shorter farre for betwirt the hollow veyne and the right kidney is fâ—…ial diâ—…aued yet is it set to in the same order as the left THere springeth from the left Emulgent a veyne called Seminalis or a séede veyne whiche obliquely vnder Peritonaeum descendyng and caryed aboue Os Pubis is reposed in the testicle as more apertly among the generatiue partes is discussed But this marke by the way that this springyng of the Seminarie veyne is not from the Emulgent to carie the serous humour to the left testicle wherby the feast of Venus might with greater pleasure be celebrated as many of the auncieÌ„t Anathomistes heretofore haue deuised For say they nature therfore determined the begynnyng of one of these Seminall veynes to be so farre of to the end that in the acte of coiture the tricklyng downe of the humour so long a scope should onely be to purchase the greater delectation in that present tyme. But the true cause sayth Realdus Collumbus is the litlenes of the sayd veyne which if it should haue sprong out from the body of the hollow voyne as the right doth because it should then haue gone ouer the great arterie it should euer haue bene in daunger in euery great dilatation which the same Arterie must néedes make to be brokeÌ„ Which incoÌ„moditie to preuent prudeÌ„t nature deuised a néedeful meane willing therfore that from the left Emulgent veyne and not from the body of the hollow veyne the left Seminall passage should take his begynnyng Contrariwise the right Seminall veyne floweth out from the fountaine of the hollow veyne the space of ij or iij. fingers bredth vnder the right Emulgent which first descendeth obliquely then is caried vnder Peritonaeum after aboue Os pubis but lastly endeth in thé testicle And this is the race of the Seminall veynes in men with a more likely coniecture then among the aâ—…cientes was knowne or imagined who would by their assertion proue as it séemeth to me that the longer the Seminall veynes were the greater delite had the body in the act of generation Which if it be so then proue they also that mon hath more pleasure in the vse of venerie then the woman whose Seminall veynes hauyng the like beginnyng and endes yet but halfe towardes the length of those in man for that her testicles are sited within the body neuer commyng to the toppe of Os sacrum But it is marueilous vnder the right Seminall veyne to the fourth Vertebre of y loynes to be no veyne sent vnto the superiour partes but onely to the inferiour partes For from the liuer downe to this place betwene the Vertebres where the Nerues go fourth the hollow veyne profereth portioÌ„s which both nourish the Spinall marey and the body of the Vertebres NEuerthelesse immediately as Vena caua is come vnto the fourth Vertebre of the loynes 〈◊〉 is deuided into ij notable armes whiche obliquely beyng caryed aboue Os Ilium and Pubis make their iourney downewardes the one to the right the other to the left legge From the which diuision first spryng veynes sufficient great which downwardes abroad but first towardes the fundament disperse them selues For where the same diuision cleaueth to Os sacrum he traÌ„smitreth his armes through the holes thereinto the Spinall marey to the same Os sacrum and to the Muscles sited in the loynes
the partes of the body it was most requisite The which â—…w assertion or late inuention of Collumbus because it was like to be much spurned at and by all meanes possible especially of those that had sworne them selues to the decrées of Galen and Vesalius confuted and reiected the same Authâ—…ur hath as it were entreated vs willyngly to contemplate first the magnitude and largenes of the lunges which without vitall bloud could not endure when as there is not the least particle in all the body that is destitute therof But if this vitall bloud be not begotten in the lunges from what part might it thether haue bene seut but from the great arterie and thence sayth he not one braunch great nor litle is conuayed to the lunges For to this purpose as touching the veniall arterie or arteriall veyne he demaundeth how by them vitall bloud should be brought vnto the luÌ„ges whilest nether of them doth beate but serue for other speciall offices as shortly more largely shall appeare There are litle small Nerues which touch onely the coate of the lunges but pearse not within which maketh that the lunges are with very small sense endewed notwithstandyng that it is a member greatly néedefull and so necessary The coate wherof since it is porie no maruel that in time of the Pleurisie inflamation of the lunges it receiue bloud into it which spettle outwardly declareth In conclude the lunges so needefull to the refreshyng of the hart nature did not onely deuise as also lest it should be serued at any tyme with vnprepared ayre but many creatures she would haue breth for the cause of voyce also so requisite to their life and naturall beyng That therfore which is giuen out from the lunges in the tyme of expiration is the excellent notable matter of voyce THe Membran enuoluyng the whole hart with his auricles begynnynges of the vessels like a certaine casket or case thereto is called of the Greekes Pericardion in Latin Cordis inuolucrum some Casula cordis for that it is as a certaine house vnto the hart the barbarous number by the addition of one letter pronounce it Capsula But we will vse here to say the inuolucre of the hart The image or portraiture wherof is very like vnto the fourme of a Pine nut hauyng a round orbiculer foundation and a blunt poynt But the foundation of the hart is not continuall with the inuolucre therof but at least pearsed through with v. holcs whereof two yeld way to the hollow Ueyne That is to say one where the same doth perforate the midreif But the second hole is that where the same Ueyne rising vpwardes from the foundation of the hart goeth to the Cannell bone The thyrd letteth in the veniall arterie The fourth is prepared for the great arterie And the fift yeldeth way to the arteriall Ueyne To the partes of these vessels distaunt a notable space from the vpper face of the hart this inuolucre groweth after a sort fetchyng his begynnyng from them The rest of the inuolucre transmittyng no vessell is whole and côtinuall and euery where alike saue that from the foundation downwardes as is sayd it stretcheth into a blunt poynt after the fashion of the hart The foundation or scate is meant to be the toppe and highest part therof which in man is placed somewhat higher then the body of the fift Vertebre of the brest yet lyeng not close thereto but ouer agaynst it Besides this inuolucre in the progresse or desceÌ„se therof varieth as touchyng situatioÌ„ For in maÌ„ whose fore part of the brest nature hath made shorter is 〈◊〉 so crooked towardes the left side agayne forwardes as that the poynt after a certaine maner reacheth more downward theÌ„ that part of the brest bone wherâ—… to the vpper part of SeptuÌ„ traÌ„suersum groweth And againe so much appertaineth to the left side as that the right part of his poynt scarse attaineth to the middest of the brest Also to the fore partes the poynt so procéedeth as that it may touch the left side of the brest bone and Cartilages coarticulated or knit thereto It consisteth of Membranous substaunce and with the other Membrans ther fore numbred amoÌ„gest the similar partes of the body For it is enterwouen with no Fibres but is a simple Membran euery where thicke very hard and constitutyng a concauitie wherein the hart may both vse his dilatation and constriction casely For the hart in it selfe containeth no portion growyng thereto but is distaunt euery where equally from it This cauitie is altogether smooth wette with a certaine thinne humor and destitute of all fatnes And so is the outer face of this inuoluere although Aristotle farre otherwise supposed affirmyng the inuolucre of the hart to be fat deluded peraduenture with the intersepient Membrans which growyng to this inuolucre are very fat especially in man But the exteriour face of this inuolucre for the Fibrous knittyngs as MeÌ„brans growing together is rough To the anteriour part of the inuolucre of the hart whereto those Membrans are not knit MeÌ„branous Fibres fulfillyng or supplyeng the roome of these Membrans do grow But to the whole posteriour part the intersepient MembraÌ„s are fréely growyng All the poynt and egregious portion of the right side of this inuolucre groweth very strongly and in most ample space to the sinewy circle of Septum transuersum whiche thyng in déede is peculiar to man since in Dogges Apes and Swine it is much distaunt from the midreif Also in man onely the anteriour part of the poynt cleaueth to Pleura with Fibrous knittynges in that part I meane on the left side where the Cartilages of the vj. and vij ribbes are bound vnto the brest But that knittyng of the inuolucre is brought to passe among the Membrans that deuide the brest in the middest for no where the inuolucre of the hart excéedeth the middest of them nether in any part toucheth the lunges but by their interuenture Moreouer there are no arteries dispersed in this inuolucre neither veines vnlesse it be some small ones springyng from those whiche are deriued to the intersepient Membrans as others to Omentum For when it transmitteth Vena 〈◊〉 it boroweth of it scarse any thing but where it groweth to the midreif it chalengeth to it the vessels coÌ„monto the midreif Nerues also it purchaceth though very obscure procéedyng from those out of which there current nerues do brauÌ„ch Thus this Membranous inuolucre beyng as a fine boxe or case vnto the hart susteineth the same by the ayde and benefite of the intersepient Membrans In the space or distaunce conteined betwene this inuolucre Pericardion and the hart a certaine watrie humor is conteined lest the hart by perpetuall mouynges might be dryed whiche although Matheus Curtius doubted to be true the truth notwithstandyng both
are opened abound here and there with certaine filmentes or threedes dispersed through the ventricles made so to hold and strengthen them By which filmentes peraduenture Aristotle was deluded supposing them to be Nerues so therfore he assigned the hart to be the roote of Nerues and consequently of féelyng and mouyng But to returne to the foure vessels two of them are made to carie into the hart whilest that hart is dilated but the other ii to beare forth in the time of constriction When the hart therfore is dilated it receiueth bloud from the hollow â—…eyne into the right ventricle as also from the veniall arterie prepared bloud and spirite into the left ventricle Therfore those Membrans lye downe and yeld to goyng in For whilest the hart is coarcted these are shut left any thyng they haue receiued should returne or go backe agayne the same wayes and at the same instaunt the Membrans of the great arterie and arteriall veyne are opened and giue way to the goyng forth of the ayerie bloud which throughout the whole body is dispersed and to the naturall bloud caried forth to the lunges The matter therfore is alway so that when the hart is dilated the Membrans first mentioned are opened and the rest shut So that you shall finde the bloud which is now gone into the right ventricle not able any more to go backe agayne into the hollow veyne By which sense we gather that the hart by no meanes is that member wherein bloud is engendred as Aristotle sayth when as the bloud is from Vena caua distributed This moreouer know for a suretie that in the hart of man is no bone to be found although in Oxen Horses and such great creatures it may be shewed but in man no such thyng except it chaunce that in very aged persons the like be inuented as in the History of bones I haue protested my selfe once to haue found Onely a Cartilaginous substaunce at the roote of the great arterie towardes the arteriall veyne is sene whiche a Bone in no wise may be called although Galen him selfe would haue it so whose sentence partly I haue set forth in the place afore cited Suppose this assertioÌ„ most approued in Anathomie that all arteries procéede from the hart euen as all â—…eynes from the liuer all Nerues from the brayne From the left Uentricle of the hart therefore springeth that arterie named Aorta of all other arteries in the body the mother In quantitie it is sufficient large and in substaunce thicke and white The cause of the thicknes is first least the bloud with filled spirite should easely vanishe and wast and secondly least it in mouyng should be broken For the Arterie moueth continually yet not by it selfe but through spirites AFter that Aorta is gone forth from the hart immediately it bringeth forth a small arterie called the coronall because it compasseth about the seate of the hart to quicken and refresh his substaunce in which it is diuersly disseminated albeit you haue to note by the way that in some bodyes this coronall arterie is not onely one but ij and so Vesalius describeth it but further ascendyng it is deuided into ij trunkes or stockes one greater the other lesser the greater desceÌ„deth the lesser ascendeth that trunke is made the greater which I say doth descend for that the great portion of the body was to be reuiued therewith The trunke ascending putteth forth an arterie from the left side which is called the Axillaris arteria which stretcheth forth obliquely towardes the armehole and sendeth braunches to the superiour ribbes and goyng forth to the arme choseth his iourney after the inside to mate himselfe with the inner Basilica but sendyng a braunche vpwardes commaundeth others to all those Muscles which are about the shoulder the scapple bone and his cauitie not faylyng the anteriour partes of the brest nor the Glandules vnder the armehole But the trunke of Arteria axillaris descendeth straight through the inner region of the shoulder downe to the boughte of the cubite and before it passe this part it giueth out a litle Arterie to accompany the fourth Nerue of the arme whiche Arterie is among the Muscles distributed that serue to extend the cubite but so soone as it hath passed the bought of the cubite it is deuided into two sometyme into thrée arteries yet first it leuyeth litle arteries to those Muscâ—…es that are in the shoulder and cubite and one braunche goeth neare to that Ligament that is set betwene Cubitus and Radius and being gone forth marcheth to the externe Muscles The remnant foloweth the longitude of the cubite which after it hath flowed beyond vnder the inner transuerse Ligament of the wrest in the palme of the hand it is diuers wayes deuided and to the extremities of the fingers deuided but an other braunch tendeth towardes Radius after his conductyng and so soone as it is past the midâ—…est of the cubite it ariseth betwene two Muscles and goeth vnder the skinne by the inner part of Radius This is that braunch whose mouyng Phisitions are accustomed to féele when they lay hold of the wrest to take counsell at the pulse By the way notwithstandyng I wish thée this to note that in some persons this braunch is diuersly placed so that to be the same whiche hetherto we haue spoken of thou mayest take occasion to doubt in that it is sometyme caried on that outside So that what Phisition soeuer vnexpert in Anathomie shall in the accustomed place chiefly in a sicke body onely séeke for the pulse and can not finde it he will iudge vntruly death to be neare that person and so prognosticate falsely Albeit no man may deny but that very seldome it is otherwise situated for in déede for the most part it doth occupy the inside This moreouer so soone as it departeth from the wrest it procéedeth through the outside to the extremities of the fingers An other braunch neare to the Ligament is caried This trunke afterwardes ascendyng this Axillaris arteria beyng now dispersed it is cut into ij arteries called Carâ—…tidas or Seporarias which through the laterall partes of the necke are straight caried to the seate of the scull cleauyng to Aspera arteria fixed to the inner veynes called Iugulares But before they enter into the Scull they send ij arteries to the face beyng deuided vnder the neither iawe they impart of the smaller sort to the Muscles of the necke of the head of Larinx of Hyoides and of the toung But the two braunches which are the greater caried to the toung are caried throughout his loÌ„gitude to the extremitie therof which iourney beyng atchieued they ascend vnder the eare and both before beside the same are to the temporall Muscles eleuated so then beyng to the forehead to the skinne of the head and to the Muscles of the face distributed The other arme or bowe therof which to be caried backwardes we haue affirmed is
better But this sayd to speake of the manifold Membranes of the eyes they are sixe in number The first of them is the outmost and hath many names as all these Adnata alba adhaerens and coniunctiua it is a Pannicle thinne and white takyng his begynnyng from Pericranium and endes at the greater circle of Iris for Iris is that circle in the eye replenished with diuers colours which varietie of colours procéedeth not through the humor therein closed but Vuea membrana the which Vuea is not in all persos of like colour but in some blacker in some more white in some blew c. The name of Iris is taken of the similitude of the raynebowe in the firmament so diuersly coloured But that which you sée in the centre or middle pricke of the eye is named Pupilla oft called in English the apple of the eye by the benefite and office whereof we haue sight And notwithstandyng that the same Pupilla appeareth blacke yet nether it nor any thyng vnder it as sayth ColluÌ„bus is blacke at all but most perfect bright and shynyng albeit I dare not subscribe to him in that But as in the contrarieâ—…ie of opinions when as euery affection throweth a braÌ„de truth hides her head whilest reason hath inough to do to defend him selfe maketh some not of the simplest Anathomistes to hold in and pause in diuerse of their discourses so some agayne not regardyng what others affirme their owne eyes beyng witnesses though I deny not the rest to haue vsed dissections perhaps yet not so oft in this respect vpon the body of man haue playnly without bawkyng depainted their iudgementes vpon such inuentions as experience hath found them For albeit Galen and Uesalius haue described the eyes farre otherwise Realdus Collumbus nothyng terrified with the face of their authoritie hath aâ—…ouched contrary to all their myndes nether moe nor 〈◊〉 lesse then sixe Membrans Of which the second in number that he reciteth neuer any found before him and therfore goeth vnnamed This sayth he is begotten of a certaine kynde of sinewy thinnes of the Muscles of the eyes and lying vnder the tunicle called Adnata or 〈◊〉 before spoken of is ended neare vnto Iris. The thyrd Membran is called in Gréeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Cornea and of some Dura so called for that in cuâ—…yng it is like to a horne but that it forceth not in 〈◊〉 it is both hard and thicke springyng from Dura Mater it selfe Through this Membran Ceâ—…toïdes the fashion of the eye is constituted Nether hath it more then one originall roote or rising whiche perhaps hath bene the cause of errour in others accomptyng the forepart therof Cornea for that it shyneth like a horne and the hinder part Sclirotica onely sor the hardnes thereof Whereas it is one onely and not two brought from Dura Membrana as I sayd before Ceratois in the forepart therof is bright shinyng and therewith subtill and smal in which place Iris and Pupilla is sited this stayeth the eye clotheth both the opticke sinew and the eye 〈◊〉 within hallow containyng likewise thrée humors and thrée other Membrans Now to the fourth Membran of the eye which is called Vuea and Chorion 〈◊〉 and Choriformis springyng from the thinne Membran of the brayne and is the first that clotheth the â—…ticke sinew after dilatyng further vnder Cornea 〈◊〉 forth vnto the forepart Yet for all that it doth not enwrappe the eye all about as Cornea is sayd to do But after it hath come to the apple of the eye which this same Uuea fashioned and maketh it is reslected towardes the hynder part and marcheth forth to the begynnyng of Iris and there is made two sold or double and departeth from Cornea all that space that is so cleare and cristall like although in other partes agayne it is not a litle knit thereto It beareth the name Vuea for that the grayne therof representeth a grape the slalke taken away In this pointe as I sayd that is as touching the coulours of this Vuea great diuersitie is in creatures to be discerned yea in man him selfe For Vuea in man is blacke in colour red blew and yellowish but in an Oxe besides those colours also gréene and bright blew By the which varietie of colours the weryed eyes are recreated therfore we shut the eyes to the ende that after quiet resort of the visible spirites these coulours may newly be refreshed The fift Membran of the eye is called Amphiblistroides in Latine Retina thosen of the very substaunce of the visible Nerue Wherefore if we properly and more directly should speake therof it is not a MembraÌ„ but in very deede a thyng soft and white which if you do behold precisely together with the substaunce of the brayne you will rather déeme it the substaunce of the brayne then otherwise This lyeth more inwardly then doth Vuea and a litle further marcheth forward to the halfe part of the eye The sixt Membran called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Latin Aranea for that it séemeth to represent a Spiders webb sprynges in like sort from the thinne Membran beyng of it selfe most thinne and splendent not farre vnlike the thinne pellicle founde vnder the rynde of an onionâ—… whose vse is to complect and retayne the glassie and cristalline humours Herein the great Anathomist Veâ—…alius séemed perplexed of sense in his description of the copweblike Membran Yet ouer rashly made diuision thereof not knowyng that therein was enclosed the glassie humor Galen is no lesse reproued in so much as he separated it from that whiche is sited before the cristalline bumor Which Collumbus affirmeth to be onely one although the part whiche is sayd to be placed before the cristalline humor be a litle thicker then in other partes And these are supposed to be the true Membrans of the eyes Vesalius notwithstandyng harped vpon a seuenth like the eyelyddes which should be put betwene the glassie and watrie humor Notwithstandyng in déede that those lines which close about the cristalline humor are in Arenea as before we haue writteÌ„ After these it followeth fitly to speake vpon the three humours necessarely appertaining to the eyes That is to say the watrish cristalline glassie Amongest which the watrishe is placed beyng so of Galen called for his substaunce and colour ropresentyng the white watrishe part of an egge betwene the Membran called Vuea where it is made double and inuersed and that which is called Cornea Whiche humor is not much in quantitie and therein suffusions are made which the younger sort haue called Cataractes This Collumbus proueth to be an excrement for that twice he had sene it effused through wouÌ„des and yet in space renated or sprong agayne so as the partie
they passe they are onely bewrapped with the thinne Membran but from thence to the eye in which they end and make the aforesayd Membra called Retina in that space I say they are enwrapped both with the 〈◊〉 and also the hard Membrans These are called Nerui 〈◊〉 that is the visible sinewes that because they bryng the vertue visible vnto the eyes They do consist of a spongy substaunce of the brayne but not manifestly replete with pores as some say yet not to be denied since their substauÌ„ce is both rare and also soft but that they prepare passage for the purest spirites And thus much of the first payre of sinewes The secoÌ„d payre of sine was is brought through their propper holes through a rift or chinke of the roundell of the eye to the fiue Muscles seruyng to the eye and to these two that open the eyelid besides that they send yet further in some a braunche into the temporall Muscle whereby in déede many tymes it happeneth that by the hurt of the Muscle of the temple the eye also is hurt as it were by consent and so agayne on the contrary part The thyrd payre of sinewes rising more backwardes as it were sidewayes hath two begyunynges wherof the one is greater the other lesser this payre perseth the scalpe and discendyng downe wardes by the same hole which is not onely coÌ„mon to this but likewise to the fourth coniugation of sinewes is cut into many brauuches whose distribution therfore is very diuerse For the one braunche crâ—…peth to the temporall Muscle the other to the roundell of the eye and through the eyebrow to the forehead as also to the Muscle that closeth the eyelidde likewise to the Muscle that delateth the nose and to the nose besides procreateth an infinite nomber of brauÌ„ches An other braunche of this thyrd coniugation of Nerues taketh also the way through the roundell of the eye but lower It passeth downewardes by the thyrd bone of the vpper iawe through that hole whiche is placed about the middle part of the face as shall readely ariue in the porte of remembraunce by readyng the description of bones to the which place when thus as I said it hath brought it selfe it is there further deuided into many sinewes which sowe them selues among the partes of the vpper lippe through the Muscle named Massetera and among the Muscles of the chéeke of whiche small sinewes also a part enter the cauitie or hollow of the nose An other brauÌ„che fléeth to the rootes of the vpper téeth an other descendeth the neither iawe wherof a portion in like sort is distributed to the rootes of the lower téeth Such store of theÌ„ as remaineth besides these now spoken of coast about the coÌ„passe of the chinne nether leauyng the lower lippe voyde or destitute of sense The iiij payre of nerues ariseth so neare vnto the 3. that the originall of them séemeth a portion of the thyrd But it is lesse then the thyrd wherewith it desceÌ„deth towardes the mouth is cut into iiij seueral brauÌ„ches which passe through the holes of the v. bone of the vpper iaw thence march forewardes through the tunicle of the palate towardes the forepartes Besides these other two litle brauÌ„ches descende vnto the Processes called Stiloides so to the rootes of the toung beyng distributed through the vpper coate therof And the distributioÌ„ of these brauÌ„ches to these last recited partes are to make perfect the organ of tast Which gift and office though some Anathomistes not of the playner sort haue ascribed to the thyrd payre of sinewes which might happen through the vicinitie of the iij. with the fourth it shal be to me no cause of stay in this my present pilgrimage The fift payre of sinewes rising at the same seate or grounde of the brayne and on the laterall part about the middest entereth the blynd bone laberinthe sited in the temporall bone which laberinth beyng in the history of bones playnly described endeth at the eares So when it is come halfe way within this laberinthe becoÌ„meth thicker doth not onely coÌ„stitute a meÌ„braÌ„ This I say is y hollow which we haue described more diligeÌ„tly in the history of bones wherein the iij. litle bones so meruailously seruing to the gift of hearyng are meÌ„tioned The one of which iij. no Anathomist as yet saue Realdus ColluÌ„bus hath declared nether I thinke fouÌ„d To the sharpe Processe of the litle bone which is like the similitude of y thighe a litle nerue endeth deriued froÌ„ this v. payre aforesayd froÌ„ which a litle writheÌ„ sinew issueth into this laberinthe but it goeth forth through y hole of the teÌ„porall bone which is placed at the rootes of the aforenamed Styloides This litle nerue is towardes y forepart reflected like a serpeÌ„t entreth into y teÌ„poral Muscle In y same place an other litle nerue is fouÌ„d which is it selfe wrethed also The vj. payre of sinewes is at the posteriour seate of the brayne or more backward discerned hauyng diuers braunches or rootes and as Galen sayth by how much the nearer they spryng to the Spinall marey by so much they are also the harder This payre descendeth through the hole that is sited betwene the bone of the hinder part of the head and the teÌ„porall bone in place where the inner Ueyne Iugularis ascendeth to the Scull The vj. payre of sinewes is at the posteriour seate of the brayne or more backward discerned hauyng diuers braunches or rootes And as Galen sayth by how much the nearer they spring to the Spinall marey by somuch they are also the harder This payre descendeth through the hole that is sited betwene the Bone of the hinder part of the head and the temporall bone in place where the inner Ueyne Iugularis ascendeth to the Scull This vj. coniugation is diuersely distributed for it carieth sense not onely to all the partes within the breast contained but stretcheth further and visiteth all the bowels of Abdomen After that the right Nerue of this vj. payre is gone out of the place aboue named it sendeth certaine brauÌ„ches to the Muscles of Hioides and to some of the Muscles of Larinx then it descendeth betwene Vena Iugularis and the Arterie 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nigh the rough Arterie euen to the Canell bone In the region wherof is sent a litle sinew vnder the right Axillaris Arteria which after is reflected towardes the head and cleaueth to the sides of the rough arterie insâ—…nuatyng it selfe into the cauitie of Larinx and at length in the formall instrumeÌ„t of voyce named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is implaÌ„ted And this is the true brief description of the right recurrent or reuersiue Nerue But agayne vnder the regioÌ„ of the Canâ—…ll bone it sendeth forth a litle brauÌ„ch which runneth not onely to the pannicle Pleura whiche I haue sufficiently
discoursed among the spirituall members but likewise to the rootes of the ribbes agayne sendyng an other litle Nerue to the right side of the lunges the rest discendeth beyng fastned to Aesophagus downe to the vpper Orifice of the ventricle THe left recurrent Nerue departyng from the place where it begynneth yeldeth litle braunches vnto the same Muscles that the right did and descendeth likewise in the same sort and in the region of the left Canell bone sendeth brauÌ„ches to the pannicle Pleura to the rootes of the ribbes and to the left side of the lunges Then further discendeth till it almost touch the greater braunche of the Arterie Aorta In which place it sendeth forth a Nerue which vnder this Arterie is restâ—…ed and after turneth it selfe agayne vpwardes towardes his originall and fountaine cleauyng as by the right is sayd to Aspera arteria thence forth entryng in betwene the Bone that is not named and that which representeth a shield in the inner part of Larinx and so entreth into the organ of voyce These are the noble Nerues which sayth Galen are endewed with the vertue of fourmyng the speach and are besides therfore called Vocales nerui Whose offices and vses are to much neglected to litle amongest other thyngs knowen for although few in comparison of the rest suppose in them to be conteined the propper power of vocall vertue yet to their great admiration if they willyngly dissect a liuyng dogge they shall proue it playne and very truth for by diuidyng one of them you shall finde him maimed of his voyce but hurt them both in that order and he shal be domme for euer after To this I must néedes subscribe for often haue I of purpose proued it beyng so playne and a part to all that behold it as that no doubtfull question can grow therof Notwithstandyng that some will scarse beleue their owne eyes Galen was the first that inuented these reuersiue nerues albeit he could not satisfie him selfe in the reason wherefore nature did not conuert the left recurrent nerue to the left Axillaris Arteria when as from the left recurrent sinewe an other litle 〈◊〉 spryngeth which followyng the rootes of the great Arterie is distributed through the coate of the hart but pearseth not the substaunce thereof for the litlenes of it And this is sayth Collumbus the true cause why nature reflected the left reuâ—…ue nerue vnder the great Arterie and not vnder the Arterie of the armehole on that side as the right reuersiue nerue is sayd to haue done on the other side Whereat I sayd Galen stode much amased neither could sufficiently satisfie him selfe in the reason therof as appeareth in his vij booke De vsu partium But by this it séemeth that nature aswell as to create these notable partes had care to place them from all easie annoyances as appeareth by this nerue lately recited which is otherwise reflected then the right recurrent least it beyng so very 〈◊〉 in the mouynges of the hart so continually should happen in the tyme of breathyng to be broken What portion that remaineth of this recurrent nerue descendeth along Aesâ—…gus downe to the vpper Orifice of the Uentricle But assoone as the right 〈◊〉 nerue and the leâ—… are come to the same vpper Orifice of the Uentricle they are straight way deuided into many litle Nerues like nettes and thus do imbrace the vpper Orifice aforesayd Which are the cause in griefes paynes of the mouth of the ventricle that the hart it selfe is thought to ake And this disease is called Cardiacus dolor Then agayne the right from this part departyng stretcheth forth to the Membran that inuolueth the liuer and an other part also to the vessicle of choler an other to the left kidney and to the vpper part of OmeÌ„tum Besides all the brauÌ„ches that it committes to Mesenterium After the same maner the left recurrent nerue is braunched to the splene to the neither part of Omentum to the left reyne and to the bladder And in men thus end the recurrent nerues But in women after all these places they passe further vnto the wombe or matrice NOw to describe the vij payre or coniugation of sinewes whose rising is more toward the hinder part of the head but from the brayne not from Cerebellum as Galen would with many small rootes whereto is dedicated a proper hole sited after an oblique maner in the aforesayd part or Occiput through which assoone as this hath made egresse it sheweth it selfe first towardes the Anteriour partes and into many Nerues delated to the Muscles of the toung Hioides and Larinx is deuided Of which the greater runneth vnder the nether iawe and so vnder the toung to the extreme end thereof to make it partaker of sense and mouyng vniuersally But the fourth payre as we haue sayd before is it that bringes the sense of tastyng to the toung and the toung therfore is sayd amongest other giftes to haue the discreÌ„tion of tastyng These vij payre or coniugation of Nerues are all that are remeÌ„bred either of the auncient or later Anathomistes as touchyng the sinewes coniugated froÌ„ the brayne yet Vesalius séemed to smell an other sayth Collumbus but whether it were for that he would not go aside from auncient authorities or otherwise it is not knowne he coÌ„cluded at length that it was in his iudgement the roote of the fift coniugation But Collumbus doubteth not that vnder the seate or foundation of the brayne towardes the fore partes goeth an viij payre which through a proper hole in the bone Sphenoides passeth to the temporall Muscles to the Muscle lurkyng in the mouth called therfore of Galen Latitans and to the thyrd Muscle also of the nether iawe called Masseteres the originall of this beyng distant froÌ„ the fift payre of sinewes sufficient inough BEsides all which we haue hitherto yet sayd in declaryng the originall and distribution of the vij payre of sinewes procéedyng from the brayne and besides also the viij and last spoken of you shall heare the opinion of Realdus who by his often search and diligence doubteth not to proue a ix payre or coniugation of nerues which no man before his tyme euer write or inuented And this is sayth he a slender payre begynnyng at those two foldes or two together Processes of the brayne called Nates Penes Testes These beyng thinne and small walke towardes the face and passe also to the secoÌ„d payre and are scattered into the thyrd Muscle of the eye liddes fitly also braunchyng out to the fift Muscle of the eye In déede as he doubteth lest some or most will not admit his late inuention of these two last payre of Nerues but holdyng them selues more stedfast to the fame of authorities will rather accompt them as the rootes of others so he professeth not to contende therein neither will we pretermit any tyme in
discussyng the matter For me thinketh it sufficeth vs to know the braunchyng of the Nerues as also perfectly from wheÌ„ce they procéede which may be well inough without so many sundry diuisions namyng except it please the gentle Reader neither viâ—… nor nine payre onely be diligent to finde out how Nature hath made their distribution Galen in his ix booke De vsu partium fully affirmeth that the harder sort of sinewes are onely made and ordained for the cause of mouyng but other wise vnapt for sense agayne the soft sinewes in like sorte to â—…inister sense to the singular partes of the vniuersall body beyng not so able for mouing as the rest Wher fore the harder sort of nerues haue their originall from their Spinall marey but the hardest of all from the lower partes therof the sort then agayne are brought from the brayne but of those likewise the nearer to the Spinall marey so much also more harder then the other So that by this reckenyng Galen accomptcth this of the sinewes that the softest are the perfect sensible the more hard the further from perfection of sense but the hardest of all to be not farthest of onely but sayth he altogether vnapt for sense For which Realdus Collumbus no otherwise then reuerently reproueth him assuryng vs that there be no nerues in the body the visible onely excepted but carieth with him both sense with mouyng and mouyng with sense But now since we haue laboured sufficiently to prosecute the order of the vij payre of sinewes we will presently resort to the nerues of the Spinall marey called also Cerebrum elongatum AS the marey of the Spine or ridge of the backe is estéemed by the consent of all Anathomistes to be of the like substaunce that the brayne is whose originall also is the brayne stretched forth loÌ„g wise through the turnyng ioyntes to Os sacrum So is it no lesse strongly munited and armed with defensiue propugnacles called the Vertebres or turnyng ioyntes then the brayne by the inclosure of the Scull or bones of the head as I haue sayd before euen aboundauntly in the history of Bones And this is to be noted of the Spinall marey that as the brayne so this marey thence produced is couered with the like two Membrans as Pia mater and Dura Mater or Crassa Meminx which enwrappe the same and to the outmost end of this elongated body Wherof the one next the substaunce and the other on the outer side of that agayne to defend the same from the ruinous actions of the Vertebres This although it is called marey yet thereby we vnderstand not such marey as is the cauities of other bones for neither is this so fat or flowyng neither is the other couered with the MembraÌ„s of the brayne as is the Spinall marey neither is there with it any communion with the instrumentes of sense or Muscles Agayne the Spinall marey differeth from the brayne in two thynges For first the brayne hath Diastole and Sistole like the hart as before we haue sayd but so hath not the Spinall marey Secondly this marey is caryed through Bones which are moued but stedfast and stable are the Bones of the Scull compassing about the brayne The begynnyng of the Spinall marey is double or two fold the one more and the other lesse the more part springeth froÌ„ the brayne but the lesse froÌ„ Cerebellum And agayne that that is brought from the brayne is onely one maner of way or fourme but from Cerebellum two fold or deuided into the left and right part But the greater begynnyng of it procéedeth in such sort from the foundation of the brayne as iâ—… séemeth to be the very ground therof Wherfore to speake apertly it springeth from the fore part of the brayne froÌ„ thence therfore is to be taken the begynning therof as sayth Collumbus then not in the place where it first entreth into the Vertebres as it pleaseth some in which place it is endewed with no circumscription And if then the begynnyng thereof be in so high a place to be appointed are we not forced to grauÌ„t the thyrd fourth fift sixt seuenth and eight payre of sinewes not to spryng from the brayne but from the Spinall marey This marey entryng forth of the hole of Occiput into the first of the turnyng ioyntes is somewhat more thicke then in the whole progresse that it maketh besides But agayne at such tyme as it commeth to the top of the brest it is thence to the toppe of Os sacrum of equall thicknes Although some not of the nearest supposed it in the meane space to waste by the gettyng of nerues wheÌ„ as in deede in Os sacrum onely it becommeth more slender In goyng forth of the Scull it is clothed with Pia and Dura mater therfore it clotheth also those Nerues that stretch forth from it But when it must passe through the mouable Bones nature added thereto an other thinne Membran least the same marey should any way be hurt by the hardnes of the Bones In which Membrau Galen is thought to be deceiued for because he estéemed this thyrd tunicle to be a Ligament wherewith the Vertebres should be coÌ„nected and knit together Which to be true thincke how since the turnyng ioyntes besides are not destitute of the proper Ligamentes as in the History of Ligamentes appeareth For no man can surmise or iudge this thinne tunicle to be fit or apte in colligatyng and byndyng together these bones whose motions are so great The Spinall marey therfore is founde marey like or medullous onely to the extreme part of the brest but then in marchyng thence forwardes it appeareth sinewy like whereto are the sinewes thence procéedyng But this estéeme to be by meanes of the diuision therof Herehence it is easie to be discerned why some matter descendyng through the Spinall marey the greater hurt is felt in the infâ—…riour part The cause is very apparaunt for that in this place it is sinewy but in the other medullous or rather a portion of the brayne elongated as we haue sayd before For els it may séeme that we vse this word medullous improperly since that is onely marey which nourisheth the Bones To which in nothyng this is like neither yet is the Spinall marey though Galen him selfe would haue it so softer then that wherewith the bones are nourished And had not the almighty creator thus produced it of two thynges the one had come to passe For either all the partes of the body vnder the head and besides the Nerues of the vi payre and admittyng no braunches of the sinewes of the brayne should haue bene destitute of the arbitrarious mouyng and frustrated of sense whereby now so exquisitely they haue the knowledge of euery annoyaunce or els of necessitie to euery part of the body a nerue from the brayne must haue bene deriued But if they had wanted
described Wherefore it auayleth not to meruaile why the grounded opinions of such famous men as haue sustayned great labour and traueil in the pilgrimage of mans body should in tract of tyme sounde so dissonant since neither countrey age nor nature haue consented that in the bodyes of creatures should be no dissention But now to come to the coniugations produced from Os sacrum whiche may be called and that worthely the sinewes of the feete THese sinewes therefore are founde to issue forth betwene the last Vertebres of the loynes and the foppe of Os sacrum and from the first second and thyrd hole of Os sacrum They are foure in number which from their begynnyngs once gone are so conioyned and knit together as worthely they may constitute the greatest nerue in the body which beyng estéemed no lesse runneth in progresse vnder Peritonaeum from the inner part of Abdomen to the outer towardes the haunches and 〈◊〉 Coxendix and Coxix aboue that fourth Muscle that turneth about the thighe After where it iourneyeth neare the greater Processe trochanter it sendeth forth nerues then to the thrée Muscles springyng from Coxendix and that serue to bowe the legge Others also to the blacke or leady coulored Muscle growyng after the same sort from the greater trochanter but here it ceaseth not since afterward it casteth about through the hinder partes of the thighe betwene the fourth and fift Muscle of the legge almost to the bought of the knée In whiche place it is after deuided into two notable braunches or bowes one somewhat greater then an other whereof as the greater is â—…llently occupyed among the hinder partes so the lesser with as great 〈◊〉 spâ—…eth him towardes the forepart of the legge The greater agayne with sundry surcles from his body deriued visiteth the â—…ought of the knee and the first Muscles to the outside of the foote appertainyng But from the lesser it is easie to discerne one litle one deriued whiche searcheth the body of the Muscle vnder the haÌ„me and an other that assaileth the thyrd Muscle whose begynnyng is at the exteriour head of the thigh But note by the way that the greater body of this sinew after it hath passed the bought of the knée is presently into other partes diuersly deuided wherof one stretcheth forth vnder the two first Muscles of the foote whose sleshy partes when it hath passed and ouergone it creepeth along vnder the skinne hastyng spéedely after that sort to the hâ—…der partes of the legge not neglectyng the extreme partes of the foote From the other braunches small surcles ariue at the fourth and greater Muscle of the legge from thence to the interiour and posteriour partes of the legge and kéepeth his course vnder the inner ancle so stretchyng vnder the sole of the foote to augment his circuite strayeth out to the very skinne and to the first second and thyrd extreme Muscle of the foote then afterwardes to all other sortes of small Muscles that in the sole of the foote retaine any seruiceable offices Moreouer besides the sundry deuisions and distributioÌ„s of this braunche rehearsed it is after cut into ten portions of nerues whiche by couples that is to say two to euery one are commauÌ„ded to attend vpon the toes of the féete and their extremities as also to yeld like bountie of their functions to the skinne and cutancous partes of the toes But an other braunche more deepely penetrateth betwene the greater and lesser Focile cleauyng to the Ligament there intersited which Ligament is sayd to deuide the anteriour from the posteriour Muscles and ramifieth not obscurely amongest the fift sixt and seuenth Muscles of the foote An other lesser trunke is intertained among the fore partes of the legge slidyng vnder the Appendaunce of the lesser Focile or Fibula where it profereth nerues to the Muscles aswell from the greater as the lesser Focile exorted or sprong The trunke descendeth still downewardes notwithstandyng by the anteriour partes of Fibula Wherfore in this point we are admonished that in the application of a cauterie we presume not so farre as Fibula but onely to the shinne or greater Focile neither passe the depth of the first Muscle for further shall perish the nerue last recited after which ensueth most greuous accidentes and payne in that place perpetually That portion of this nerue that remaineth is caried vnder the Ligament and fore part of the foote pearsing vnder the extreme ancle and through the extreme partes of the foote out of which seate certaine surcles are sent to the xviij Muscle of the foote Then after what remaineth is separated into x. litle nerues all which are notably inserted and surely setled to the extremities of the toes Yet this is not all for from the same trunke one other small sinew is extended least the extreme skinne partes of the foote voyde of their company should be frustrated of sensible propertie After the iij. holes in Os sacrum follow the fourth and in some the fift But here before I intermeddle any further you shall consider a reasonable cause why the number of these nerues of Os sacrum be not certaine since as it séemeth eche authour writeth as he founde which made some describe vj. others fiue others foure c. the cause I say is to be alledged in this point like as in sundry other partes the varietie of nature and vnlike construction of the â—…yes of creatures Wherefore Collumbus willyngly declareth Lib. 8. cap. 8. that he hath found in diuers bodyes Os sacrum to consist of foure of fiue and of vj. bones albeit neuer of thrée sayth he as Galen falsly affirmeth howbeit I haue a sceletoÌ„ to testifie the same at this day so that whatsoeuer was then it argueth Collumbus was not of natures counsaile what she would do hereafter This note therfore where Os sacrum hath fiue bones there are foure holes and where sixe there fiue betwene bone and bone Then in these two last holes are nourished and begon two other payre of sinewes wantyng in those that lacke the v. and vj. bones Which after they are egressed or gone forth beget also by together knittyng one notable nerue which is naturally reflected and distributed amongest the Muscles of the haunches and their skinne also inwardly to the partes of Abdomen as to the Muscles of the straight gutte and of the bleddar So in some wemen to the matrice and necke of the matrice with like concourse of other surcles to Scrotum and Perineum Likewise from the hinder partes of Os sacrum through the same holes are departed other nerues small and short to the Muscles of the backe haunches and other posteriour partes of the skinne GAlene rehearseth besides all these a Nerue inconiugated or hauyng no fellow but Uesalius denying that sayth that it may so happen that wherof Os sacrum doth consist of fiue bones there the end of the Spinall marey slidyng out of the bone may
Câ—…neall bone called 〈◊〉 Whence spryng the Muscles that shut the mouth The deâ—…neation of the viij bone of the head Why the viij bone is full of holes The bone Ithmoides and why it is so called The reason why in the â—…sease called Coâ—… the seÌ„se of smellyng is lost Lib. 8. de Vs. part How that sauoâ—…ts are discerned How superslâ—…ities are purged How the hedge or particioÌ„ in the nose is made Lib. 9. Vs. part Fuchs Lib. 1. cap. 10. The Iugall bone is both a portion of the bones of the head and of the vpper iawe Col. Lib. 1. cap. 6. The descriptioÌ„ of the Iugall bone The first vtilitie of the Iugall bone The Iugall bone wanteth not his marcy and therefore hath some hollowes Galen Vs. part 11. Lib. 1. cap. 8. The daungers that ensue by the hurt of the temporall Muscle Why such daungers are their incident The second vtilitie of the Jugall bone Of the Ossicles or litle Bones sited in the Organ of hearyng Galen knew not these Ossicles The number of these Ossicles To those two which 〈◊〉 inueÌ„ted ColluÌ„bus hath added a thyrd Where these Ossicles are found The Ossicles of y organ of hearyng are wrapped in Membran The figure of the first Ossicle The vse of y head of the first Ossicle Wherefore y first Ossicle is called a Mallet Why the second Ossicle is called a Stedte The descriptioÌ„ of the second Ossicle The second is in figure like to one of the Stynders The vse of these two Ossicles in the Organ of hearyng How heatyng hapneth Cap. 7. The situation of the thyrd Ossicle of hearing 〈◊〉 by Collumbus The thyrd Ossicle is compared to a Stirrope That these three Ossicles serue to the Organ of hearyng The Ossicles of hearyng are 〈◊〉 Solid the thyrd excepted The administration of the Ossicles of hearyng The descriptioÌ„ of the vpper 〈◊〉 promised Lib. 3. de Oss. Why the vpper iawe is not made of one onely bone Col. Lib. cap. 8. The explicatioÌ„ of the vpper iawe is difficulte The Crocodile moueth his vpper iawe Collumbus first 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 saye to moue either of the iawes Why the vpper iawe of man was not made to moue In the creatyng of 〈◊〉 nature had care of the comly fourme A second cause why the vpper iawe was not made of one bone onely Lib. r. cap. xij A thyrd cause why the vpper iawe is made of many bones Of the 〈◊〉 of the bones of the vpper iawe This 〈◊〉 standeth vpon no deepe poynt In introductoâ—…io sâ—…e Medico â—…ib 11. de Vâ—… part Lib. de Oss. cap. 1. vesal. â—…b 1. cap. 9. Reald. Col. Lib 1. cap. 8. The descriptioÌ„ of of the bones of the vpper iawe in generall The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the the bones of the vpper iawe The first bone of the vpper iawe vesal. ibid. Col. ibid. The descriptioÌ„ of the secoÌ„d bone of the vpper iawe Where the dissease called 〈◊〉 chaunceth â—…b 10. Vs. part cap. 11. How the excreâ—…entes of the brayne fall to the â—…ostrels vesal. ibid. The thyrd bone of the vpper iawe Col. ibid. Vs. â—…ut 11. 〈◊〉 reproued in his descriptions of the bone of the cheeke Col. 〈◊〉 The borders of the cheeke bone The 〈◊〉 Suture vndeâ—… the Palate is onely in childrâ—… The subâ—…asice of the checke bone The large cauitie of the checke bone and to what vse Of what boneâ—… the seate of the eye consisteth Cap. 8. Cap. 1. What is the iiiâ—… bone of the vpper iawe and the description therof The Processes of Ithmoidâ—…s like the wyngâ—… of battes The 〈◊〉 bone oâ—… the vpper iawe The vtilitie of the Cartilaginous constructioÌ„ of the nostrels The end of the fift bone The descriptioÌ„ of of the xj bone of the vpper 〈◊〉 The xj bone is likened to a plow share without a handle and with an indeÌ„ted or vnequall edge The Spongie bones in the nose are easely eaten away with the Spanish dissease Collumbus alway found xiij bones in the vpper iawe The neither iawe is made of one bone and not two as Galen would Exception that in children it is two Lib. 1. cap. 9. To what end the neither iawe is two in children The figure of the neither iawe Why mans face is round Why the neither iawe of beasts is so long Why the neither iawe consiste of an hard bone Wherefore serue the cauitie of the neither iawe The ij Processes of the neither iawe The vse of the sharpe Processe The descriptioÌ„ of the second Processe The vse of the Cartilages seruyng to the secoÌ„d Processe and his cauitie Why the neither iawe is roughe in the fore part The vtilitie of his holes The Celles of the teeth WheÌ„ the Celles of the teeth do growe vp The nâ—…ber of the teâ—…h are 〈◊〉 â—…ame Cold 〈◊〉 1 cap. 10â—… The number of the teeth for the moâ—… part The diuision of the teeth The Incisorie teeth what kindâ—… ones why they are made The dogge teeth their vse and â—…ymologie The teeth called Grinders Why they are toughe A reason of their bredthe Why the teeth are so haâ—…d That hardnes was not sufficieÌ„t to 〈◊〉 theÌ„ sauâ—… that they growe till the 〈◊〉 age Gal. Lib. 5. de commed secunduÌ„ Loc. The teeth are in the iawes Articulated by Gompholis Of the rootes of the teeth The Incisory Dogge teeth are simply rooted The vpper â—…rinders haue alway 〈◊〉 roâ—…tes then the neither and the reason why Why the 〈◊〉 grinders haue â—…orter holdes What differeÌ„ces are betwene the teeth and y otheâ—… bones How the teeth are made sensible Why other bones haue no sense The nerues that runnâ—… through y bones of y Scull and Vertebres giue them no sensibilitie How much of y tooth hath sense Why y part with in the Bumes feleth That it behoued not the bones to feele That the teeth haue sense necessarily How y teeth are decayed It Nerues be inserted to y rootes of the teeth they must needes haue sense Quid. Lib. 1. Lib. 5. de compsecundum Lo. The teeth haue payne and pulsation The cause of pulsation and payne how they feele are noutished The thyrd difference betwen the teeth and other bones How longe the teeth doe grow How the rootes of the teeth are â—…erforated and to what ende Of the Membran in the rootes of 〈◊〉 teeth How vehement Paynes do vappâ—… in the teeth That the teeth aâ—… 〈◊〉 ut the mothers wombe although they appeare not Lib. 1. cap. x. Collumbus tried it in newe borne and in such Abortures tures as came vij or viij mouethes ere bite tyme. The teeth hauâ—… Appendaunces which fall away The last vtâ—…litie of the teeth How we proue this last vtilitie It will be expected that I omittâ—… nothing since I haue promised y who le History of man. How necessary is the knowledge of the perforations of the Sculâ—… Galen write not of the holes in the Scull that is 〈◊〉 How incommodions is y ignoraunce of these Perforations That bones were made for y
cause of other partes Why the bones are 〈◊〉 Of the holes seruing to the vij coniugation of Sinewes Col. Lib. 1. cap. 11. The holes 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 coniugation of Nerues Sphenoides like a cell or seat 〈◊〉 in the foundatioÌ„ of y brayne The hole of y opticke Sinewes Why it is called y opticke Nerue The holes 〈◊〉 to the second coniugation of Suiewes That the second coniugation of Sinewes moueth y Muscles of the eyes The descriptioÌ„ of the great 〈◊〉 in y lower corner of the coundell of y eyâ—… vse therof The way of 〈◊〉 ches from y thyrd coniugation The vse of y hole in the browes How teares 〈◊〉 engendred The hole in Sphenoides The originall of the muscle called Masseter or Mansorius A braunche from the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the Masseterall Muscles A braunche of the 〈◊〉 coniugatioÌ„ to the eyes to y face An other hole in y Cuneall bone A braunche of y third coniugatioÌ„ to the teeth and temporall Muscles The iiij coniugation of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to y coate of the Palate 〈◊〉 part of y toung The hole 〈◊〉 to a portioÌ„ of the iij. coniugation of Vena iugularis A litle hole which is somtime 〈◊〉 See the industâ—…y of nature where this little 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wanting The hole of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The blind hole The fift payre of Sinewes serueth sense to y Organ of hearyng The vi coniugation of Nerues to the bowells The first coniugatioÌ„ maketh the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which torme the voyce The inner Iugularis nourisheth the whole brayne The hole to the vij coniugation of the brayne The greatest hole in the Occiput and the vse therof The vse of y hole betwene Os frontis and Ithmoides The holes of Ithmoides The holes for a portion of the 〈◊〉 to the Muscles of the forehead and eye-liddes The câ—…tties in Os 〈◊〉 In the cauities of the forehead much â—…yre soutesyme 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sonnâ—… The holes of the 〈◊〉 bone A portien of the 〈◊〉 condigation of 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 of the nose and lippe Whence y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the nostrels and eyes The place where Aegâ—…ps called y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hapneth Why the eye 〈◊〉 the â—…all 〈◊〉 may be affected The holes in the face The roundels of the eyes The holes of the â—…oss The â—…ugall bone like a 〈◊〉 The seate of the tâ—…porall Muscle By what parte 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to the moystning of the Palate 〈◊〉 portion of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 y 〈◊〉 of y Palate with y sense of tastyng Of the holes of y neither 〈◊〉 To the rootes of all the teeth is caried a Deyne Arterie Meruâ—… A portion of the v. conâ—…ugation to the temporall Muscles The hole to the Deyne and Arterie for the Organ of heatyng The small Perforations in the Scull are vncertaine as touching their places The number of teâ—…th ordreth the 〈◊〉 of Celles The vse of bones Why to the 〈◊〉 a boue was necessary Hyoides 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 peculiar to the toung Lib. 3. cap. vlt. It is more rightly called Ypsiloides then Lamdoïdes Lib. 1. cap. 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 of Hyoides The descriptioÌ„ of Hyoides .. The insection of the toung to Hyoides 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of the Epiglotte Whence spring y 〈◊〉 Muscles mouyng the toung Why Hyoides hath moe Processes â—…ow Hyoides is bound to the Processes Styloides Hyoides is made of 〈◊〉 bones The vtilitie of Hyoides construction The wisdome of nature the Processes being wantyng Col. Lib. 1. cap. 12. Larinx is the head of Aspera Arteria The 〈◊〉 of Larinx The vse of Larinx What partes 〈◊〉 to the makyng of Larinx The number of y bones to Larinx How these two bones mete together in the fore parte What parte of Larinx is compared to a shield 〈◊〉 1. Cap. 38. How the Processes of Larinx and Hyoides are committed together The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 bone 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 call the 〈◊〉 cartilage Col 〈◊〉 1. Cap. 13. The 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the third 〈◊〉 bone The Asperitie in the bone for y insertion of Muscles Why the iij. bone is thus 〈◊〉 compassed The 4. 5. boue is called the 〈◊〉 Cartilage with other 〈◊〉 The 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 which 〈◊〉 voyce What 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The vse of the ij processes of the 4. and 5. bone of Larinx What is callâ—… 〈◊〉 The Epiglotte what it signifieth and the vse therof The figure of the 〈◊〉 This verely will seme a sâ—…ge description to some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to iudge of these whether they be bones 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cap. Citato The principall difference of the bone and the cartilage It is maruayle that a thing so manifests should be omitted of such famous men That in apes â—…arinx is of bones Lib. 1. Cap 38. A great likelihode that vesal. dissected y 〈◊〉 of man. That Vesalsus dissected 〈◊〉 the Larinx of benstes Nature is euery where iust The structure of the backe is worthy admiration The composition of the Wertebres compared to the ridgbeame of a shippe Col. Lib. 1. Ca. 14. The effecte and motions of the backe A further note in the compositioÌ„ of the Wettebres The necessitie of the backe proued The â—…ences which the back by this structure preuenteth What the body were if motion wanted How the body should be serued if all Nerues proceded from the brayne The necessitie and vse of the spinall 〈◊〉 How y Nerues are distributed The Spinall marey as an other brayne Why nature coÌ„mitted the â—…utioÌ„ of the Wertebres to the gardyng of y Spinal marey The Spinall marey the fountaine of sense to the inferiour part S. Why the backe doth not consist of fewer bones Large bones 〈◊〉 largely and sodainly but thorâ—… bones little and easely The Wertebres beyng short yet many in numbeâ—… make sufficient motion for the bâ—…cke The arme is of ij bones therfore hath a sharpe cornered bowing The place of Hipo Lib. de 〈◊〉 How the Luxatiâ—… of the â—…etebres were to be teared Why the luxatioÌ„ of one Wertebre is more perslous then of many â—…he Luxation of one Wertebre vrgeth the Spinall marey into a sharpe The marey participateth with the nature of the brayne Many Uertebres Luxated brin geth the Spinall marey into a halfe circle Why the backe both consist of so many Wertebres Lib. de Vs. part Ca 23. Why y superious are lesse then the inferiour Wertebres Os sacrum is greater then all the other Wertebres The Wertebres haue processâ—…ss The rowe of the Posteriour Processes is called that Spine The vse of the Processes on the sydes of the Uertebres The Processes in length â—…tate that degrees of the Uerteâ—…res The vse of that syde Processes of the Uertebres vnder the ribbes The Diuision of the backe The Uertebres of the necke are vij Of the Breâ—… 12. Of the Loynes 5. Of Os Sacrum 6. Of Coccix 4. The number of all the Uertebres Which and how manye are propper Uertebres Why those vnder Os Sacrâ—… are 〈◊〉 amongest that Uertebres The difference of the Uertebres after Arâ—…tulatioÌ„ The necke is eâ—…de for that cause of the roughe Arterie Lib. 8.
〈◊〉 vesal. â—…ib 4. cap. 2. 〈◊〉 one of that similar partes The beginning of 〈◊〉 The end or insertion of it 〈◊〉 compared to a bottell The length of it The 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 Col. loc cit What partes 〈◊〉 clotheth 〈◊〉 4 vs part The vses of periton 〈◊〉 The vtilitie of Septum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anoydyng excrementes How 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. cap. 2. The 〈◊〉 that ensueth 〈◊〉 beâ—…ng ruptured The Rupture Loc. cit A new vse of 〈◊〉 The vse of the reduplication of peritonaeum The vse of the asperitye of peritonaeum Gal. Lib. 4. vs part Omentum The compasse of the kell The partes constituting the kell Situation vesal. lib. 5. cap. 4. The figure of the kell The progresse of the â—…ell The inferâ—… part of Omentum The superiour part of Omentum What partes are tyed to the â—…ell Why the kell is 〈◊〉 to Colon. vesal. Lâ—…c cit The veynes enfolded in the kell The Arteries of Oâ—…ntum The Nerues of Omentum The 〈◊〉 Gal. 4. vs pâ—…t Lib. de diâ—…s ve Panchreas The vtilitie of Panchreas Gal. vs part Lib. 5. Why nature in â—…dry paâ—…es layâ—…h Glaâ—…lous bodies Why it is called 〈◊〉 and why 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 â—…ib 5 cap. 4. The vsess of O. mentum The 〈◊〉 of the â—…ell The ventricle Why the veÌ„tricle was ordained The situation of the ventricle The neck of the ventricle called stomach Col. Lib. 11. cap. 4. The beginning and progresse of the stomach or necke of the ventricle vesal. Lib. 5. cap. 3. The substaâ—…ce of the stomach Teste â—…tiam Gal. â—…ib 3. de nat fac si 4. vs part The contes of the stomach The â—…res and ther vse Why nature placed but ij kindes of Fibres in the stomach The notable dâ—…scence of the stomach downe to the ventricle The stomach persâ—… not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the way of the great 〈◊〉 Whence the stomach hath hâ—…s 〈◊〉 coate Why the stomach 〈◊〉 descendyng 〈◊〉 toward the right 〈◊〉 The stomach endeth not in the right side of the 〈◊〉 Why the stomach in descâ—…nse 〈◊〉 into the lest 〈◊〉 Where the liuer â—…th place to the 〈◊〉 of the stomach How more spedy passage 〈◊〉 meate through the stomach was proâ—…ed The 〈◊〉 called 〈◊〉 The vse of those 〈◊〉 in the middle space of the stomach Where y stomach is with the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The situation of the Uentricle The figure of the Uentricle Why it is round Why the Uentricle is long The descriptioÌ„ of the Uentricle on both sides Where the Uentricle is impressed and the cause of that impression The Orifices of the Uentricle The vpper Orifices of the Uentricle lib. 7. vs part The nether Orifice of the Uentricle What maketh the beginning of the Intrels The differences betwene y vpper and nether Orifices Why the vpper Orifices is larger then the nether Lib. 4. vs part No glandule compasseth the nether Orifice of the Uentricle in man. The thicâ—… 〈◊〉 swelled portion in the Orifices of the Uentricle Vâ—…l l oc Cit. The vse of this thicker portion Where the Uentricle hath asâ—…eritie where not Colour 〈◊〉 The acâ—…on of the Uentricle The coated of the Uentricle Why the inner coaâ—…e of the Uentricle is in the mouth â—…arder theÌ„ in the Uentricle The â—…ibres of the inner coate of the Uentricle Loc. Câ—… The inner coate of the Uentricle containeth no 〈◊〉 Fibres agaynst Galen and Vesalius The Uentricle 〈◊〉 the soâ—…re naturall Uertues The vse of the Fibres in that 〈◊〉 coate The Fibres of the second coate The third coate of the Uentricle The vtilitie of the third coate of the Uentricle Whence spring the Ueâ—…es to the Uentricle Whence spring the Arteries to the Uentricle Ueines and Arteries of the Uentricle Vs. part Lib. 4. Vs. part Lib. 5. vesal. Loc. 〈◊〉 The office of the beâ—…es of the Uentricle â—…b 3. cap. â—…3 The way of melancoly to the Uentricle The vse of melan 〈◊〉 to the Uentricle according to Fuchâ—… Collumbus coâ—…meth the opâ—… of 〈◊〉 â—…b 〈◊〉 Cap. 7. â—…b 5. cap. 9. The vse of the Arteries of the Uentricle Of the wayes of colet to the Uentricle Lib. cit cap. 3. Lib. cit cap. 8. Galen The nerues of the Uentricle The vse of the Nerues of the ventricle Galen How coÌ„â—…odiously the Uentricle is situated and how it is assisted by the partes cirâ—…cent The Vmbâ—…icall veâ—…e The Uentricle is not nourished by Chylus Lib. 11. cap. 4. vesal. Li. cit cap. 3. The operation of the Uentricle Receiâ—…th Retayâ—…eth Expelleth Col. Loc. cit 〈◊〉 Of the Intrels or gâ—…ttes Col. Lib. cit cap. 5. Situation Substaunce 〈◊〉 Li. Cit. cap. 5. The coates of the Intrels In 〈◊〉 the inneâ—… coate of the Intrelles may putrine and the â—…arry liue Lib. 4. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Loc. Cit. Why the inner coate in the intrels is softer then the same in the Deâ—…tricle Why the inner coate of the great giâ—…es is â—…aroer then of the small 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 Why to the strayt gutte and 〈◊〉 are somme strayt Fibres The third coate to the intrells Where first the vesselles come to the intrells The figure of the intrells Of the vessells to the guttes Why to the small guttes are inâ—…e to the greate fewer The vse of Nerues to the guttes The diuision of the intrells Collumbus would deuide them into 〈◊〉 The vse of the small guttes The small gutteâ—… ayde the 〈◊〉 and alteratâ—… force The bloud to 〈◊〉 the veines perfected lib. 7. The vse of the foldes and compasses of the gâ—…tes Why man is so temperate in 〈◊〉 kyng of sustenaunce Why some creatures are vnsatiable in catyng Now the iuyce 〈◊〉 carsed to the liuer The vse of the great 〈◊〉 The first parte called Duodenum Situation Lib. 5. cap. 5. Why Duodenum hath no foldes 〈◊〉 Pyloron Duodenum is the beginning of the 〈◊〉 and not Piâ—…on Lib. 3. Cap. 5. 〈◊〉 â—… 〈◊〉 ca. â—… 〈◊〉 Arterie Vesâ—…lius Nerues The beâ—…te of coler to DuodenuÌ„ 〈◊〉 Cap. 5. Tho. Linâ—…e Câ—… Lib. 11. cap. 5. The progresse of Duodeâ—…um Vâ—…l â—…oc cit The vse of the glandule vnder Duodâ—…num The second portion oâ—… y guttes 〈◊〉 Why it â—…s called the hungrâ—… gutte What maketh it euer empty Collumbus affiâ—…meth the way of 〈◊〉 to come vnco 〈◊〉 Loâ—… Cit. Lib. 1. 〈◊〉 â—… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The â—…ation of 〈◊〉 The â—…rour of â—…ers 〈◊〉 and â—…ries â—…ow the 〈◊〉 come vnto 〈◊〉 Nerues The third portâ—… Ileâ—…n Iocis câ—…tat Situation Now the end of leiunum frâ—…m the beginning of Ilâ—…oÌ„ is distinguished The smal guttes vesal. â—…uch Why the fourth portion is called Caecum 16. 3. tract 1. Ca. 1. In Caecum are not ij holes as some haue deused Colon iâ—… his 〈◊〉 side hath ij Orifices Caecum iâ—… the shortest part oâ—… the guttes Figure A â—…chsio citatus Now vntruly this gutte is called a lacke In what creatures Caecum is large Situation Wherein Caecum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is compared to the 〈◊〉 gutte in other creatures What Vesalius vnderstood by Cacum and
why their iaw is long 12 Beetles why they haue no heades 〈◊〉 Belly the muscles thereof dèscribed 55 Bleddar the muscles therof 56 Bleddar of choler described 80 Bleddar of vrine the situation forme figure netues deynâ—…s fibres aâ—…teries therof 83 Bloud how it commeth to the veÌ„triclâ—… of the hart 89. how it hapneth to be made with brine 78. the originall fountâ—…ine of it 75. 44. perfected in the veynes 72 Body the motions therof 51. the fouÌ„dation and frame thereof 1. is not made of one bone continuall 3. what incommodities it suffereth if nerues should proceede from the brayne 17. how it is maintained 63. nourished by bloud 76. diâ—…erse partes thereof haue diuerse substaunce and temperatures 66 Bones their nature substaunce vse signes described 1. howe vnited without appendance 2. their convticulation at large described 3 once broken how kâ—…it agayne 4. some partes of them in children séeme Caâ—…tilages 7. how they differ froÌ„ the teeth 13. were made for the cause of other partes 14. nourished with bloud 26. why perforated 14. their vse 16. how they differ from Cartilages â—…7 â—…f they be large they moue largely and sodeÌ„ly but short bones litle and easely 18 Boatelike bone of the foote described 36 A Boye in Denice his monstrous head 6 â—…rachiall bones described 29 Brayne the principall member of the body 6. the obstriction and dilatation therof vnder Bregma 8. enâ—…ironed in y head as in an hoate house 6. nerues proceede not from it 17. how it is helped to forge animall spirites 9. how purgeth humiditie and exâ—…rement 9. 10. 11. 15. the veynes that nourishe it described 77. the primacy â—…essengers membrans therof 98. the propugnacles therof 98. 101. how nourished 99. the substauÌ„ce therof where it lyeth 99. the ventricles glasse testicle bâ—…ttockes yarde haunches and holes thereof described 100. what incoÌ„uenience it suffereth not beyng purged 6 Bregma a bone of the fore part of the head 〈◊〉 Brest the vertebres therof at large descrâ—…ed 19. 20. 21. the mansion place of the hart 23. the nature constâ—…nccion ribbes vertebres vse bones thereof described 23. 24. the Cartilages thereof 39. the muscles and motionâ—… therof 53. the Cartilages oâ—… the ribbes thâ—…rof to what vse 23. 24 Browes why it hath holes 14 Buttockes how câ—…nstituted 57 A â—…ull engeâ—…dred without testicles 87 C. CAecum the â—…ut desâ—…ribed 7â—… Canell Bones theiâ—… whole nature described 26 Cartilages their nature described 38. how they differ from nayles 40. how they differ froÌ„ bones 17. their vse 2 Caâ—…tilago mucronata described 24. 40. 54 ¶ Cartilages of Bones looke vnder thâ—… name of the bone whereto they appertayne ¶ Cauities of bones looke vnder their bones Causties of processes disfer as the pro câ—…sses 2. how enlarged 3 ¶ Câ—…lles looke Cauities Cerebellâ—… where it lyâ—…th 6. the nature substaunce and vse therof described 101 Checke bone described 11. the substaunce cauities thereof to what vse 12. 15. the muscles therof 45 Children onely haue a transuerse suture vnder the palate 1â—… haue their neither iaw bone two 12. how they become toung tyed 42 Choler what it is and how incoÌ„modious to the ventricle 80. the way of it 72. the generation of it 76 Chylus the description therof 76 Coccix the nature aetymology vse vertebres holes figure colour thereof described 22. the Cartilages therof 39 Colou the gut described 74 Collumbus muentor of the vses of Appendance 1. impugneth Galen 6. 45. his nuâ—…ber of bones of the head 8. differeth from other Anathoâ—…istes in the â—…escription of Tarsus 35. his opinion what is contained in the cauities of Os frontis 9. â—…cited the fourth processe of the â—…temporall boâ—…es 9. â—…prehendeth Vesalius 10. 44. chalengeth Vesalius 21. foâ—…d a thyrd bone of the orgaÌ„ of heatyng 10. first â—…ound the Popinâ—…ay to â—…oue eitheâ—… iawes 11. maketh 13. bones in the vpperpaâ—… 12. derideth Galens opinion that there should be a bone in the hart 25. his experieÌ„ce that teeth are engendred in the matrice 14. inuented the musâ—…les of y eye browes 46. 〈◊〉 a rare office of the 〈◊〉 veynes 76. first inuentor that veynes and atteries 〈◊〉 the substaunce of the lunges 78 Composition and coaâ—… of bones described 3. 5 Concoâ—… and alteratiue force ayded by the small guttes 72 Conuâ—…sions a cause therof 10 Concupiscible facultie the seate therof 75 Coriza the disease why it taketh away the sence of smellyng 10 Coxendix desetibed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 moueth his vpper iawes 11 〈◊〉 the desctiption therof 27. the muscles therof 30 Cucularis 〈◊〉 50 Cuneall bone described 9. the processes and caâ—…ties thetof 9. the holes therof 14 〈◊〉 and Cutis the nature of it described 63 D. DEluge the cause therof 10 〈◊〉 the muscle therof described 53 〈◊〉 and Sistole what it is where and when it appeareth 8 Dogges head distinguished with 〈◊〉 7. their dogge teeth and 〈◊〉 teeth distinguished with a seame 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 bone consisteth of two bones 12 Dregges where first they begyn 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the nature therof described 72 Dura mater 7 her veynes 77. their vse to the brayne 99 〈◊〉 what it is 〈◊〉 E. Eâ—…es their Cartilages described 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 47 Eating insatiable why in some creaâ—… and not in man. 72 Effect must coÌ„tent vo where the cause is not knowne 11 Emâ—… the disease 24 Emunctory of the hart and liuer 66 Emulgent veynes described 78 〈◊〉 described what it is 3 〈◊〉 described 16. why it ought to be 〈◊〉 39 〈◊〉 in Anathomy conâ—…d as of Galen 2. 6. 8. 〈◊〉 of Vesalius r. of Celsus 6. Aristotle 8. 44. 64 of some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. 4. 13. 19. 32. 40. 45. 53 〈◊〉 of the 〈◊〉 how 〈◊〉 6. 9. 10. 11 〈◊〉 of the belly excluded how 54 Experience that bones art sensible 1. that there is a bone in the hart 〈◊〉 that 〈◊〉 are 〈◊〉 in the 〈◊〉 14 〈◊〉 and Inspiration how proâ—… 53. 54 Eyes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 102. their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉 of what bones it consisteth 2. why placed in the head 6. their payne 〈◊〉 15 how they open shut 45. the muscles therof 46. their motion and stay 46. 47. the Cartilages of the lyddes of them 38. their browes drawne vpward 45. the muscles of their browes by whom inuented 〈◊〉 F. FAce the veynes therof 77. why it is round 12. the holes therof 15 105. the muscles therof 45 Fat the vse generation and nature of it described 64 Feaâ—…e a cause therof 10 Feelyng the sence therof described 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 looke those partes whose Fibres they are Fibula how it is ioyned to the legge 34 Fingers the bones vtilitie nature of them described 30. why composed of bones and ioyntes 31. their bones hollow 1. their Ligamentes 42. their muscles 61 Fistula lachrymalis what it is 11. 15 Flegme how it descendeth to moysten the palate 15. by what wayes purged 9. 10 Flesh the nature vse and properties therof described 65. 66 Fleshy membran described 64
Folly a token therof 6 Foote the bones nature thereof described 35. the plant therof described 36. how it is 〈◊〉 34. the Ligamentes therof 42. the motions and muscles therof 58. the nerues therof 110 Forehead the bones therof 9. the muscles therof 45 G. GAlen what knowledge hee requireth in a 〈◊〉 1. his errours 18. 9. 10. 11. 12. 19. 26. 27. 29. 51. 54. 58. 81. 89. 64. 69. 78. 109. commendeth the head that hath most sututes 6. neuer mentioned of the cauitie in Os srontis 9. ignoraunt of the auditory bones 10. varyeth from him selfe in the bones of the vpper 〈◊〉 11. wrote not of the holes of the head 14 marked not Lannx to be a bone 17. his description of Os sacrum reiected 11. his iudgement of the bone of the hart 25. 〈◊〉 of the inferior head of the shoulder 27. reproued by Collumbus 45. desscribed the eyes of the beastes 47. his negligence reprehended 49. first 〈◊〉 of the recutrent nerues 105 Gemini his crrour in the vse of Abdomen 55 Generatine partes described 85 Glandules what they are their description 65. receiue flegme 9 Glene what it is 2 Glottis what so called 17. 105 Glouton what it is 33 Gomphosis described what it is 4 Growyng thynges haue power to require necessaries 62 Gummes their hardnes serue for teeth 4 Guttes their situation vse coates stgure described 7. the muscles of the straight gâ—…t 57 Gynglimon what it is 4 H. HAmme the muscles therof 33 Hand the description and 〈◊〉 thereof 28. the 〈◊〉 structure and vtilitie therof described 31. the partes motion muscles and 〈◊〉 therof described 60. the nerues therof 108. the palate therof why so sensible 112 〈◊〉 what it is 4 〈◊〉 the bone therof described 25. 〈◊〉 of it 66. the situation sigure substaunce fibres vse flesh arteries nerues coate fat therof described 92 the eares and ventricles therof 93. the vessels therof 94 the 〈◊〉 therof 95. more easeâ—… 〈◊〉 then the brayne 98. it â—…eth when the mouth of the ventricle therof is payned 106. the 〈◊〉 thereof 〈◊〉 the veynes therof 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 therof how it receiueth bloud 89. the Cartilage of it degenerateth into a bone 25 Head the muscles and motion therof 51 the crosse in the sames and sutures therof described 3. 7. 8. the structure figure bones vse thereof described 6. 8. 9. how tyed to the necke with a Cartilage 8. the distillatioÌ„s therof how purged 9. 10. 11. the perforations and holes therof described 14. how ioyned to the necke 19. the motion therof 19. how articulated to the vertebres 41. the luxation therof is deadly 41 Head ache the cause therof 6 Heare 's the vse nature generation of theÌ„ 111. why the in 〈◊〉 64. why not in the bale of the hand 61 Hearyng the bones substaunce and cause thereof 101. the bones of the organ thereof 105. 10. they are porie 〈◊〉 Hector by what part of the body 〈◊〉 about Troye 59 Heele bones described 35 Hippe the articulation therof 33. the Cartilages therof 40. Ligamentes therof 32 Hippocrates his errours 54 Holes of all the Bones of the body described 44 Humerus the nature thereof described 26 Humiditie by what meanes purged from the brayne 9. how it descendeth to the eyes and nostrels 15 Hyoides the bone of the touÌ„g described 16. the muscles therof 48 I. IAwes the vppâ—… the motion and bones therof described 11. 12. the 〈◊〉 therof 39. the muscles therof 47 Iawe the neither the figure bones hardnes cauities thereof described 12. the holes therof 15. the glandules 90. the cauitie whereto it is articulate 9 Ieiunum the nature therof described 72 Iewes what part they CircuÌ„cised 88 Ileon the gut described 73 Ilium the bone therof described 31 Incision vnder a ribbe hurtfull 24 Infantes in the wombe what vse it hath of the vmbellicall veyne 65. the passage for their vrine 83 Inspiration and expiration how procured 53 Intercostall muscles described 53 Intrâ—…lles the begynnyng of them 69. their nature described 71 Iointes their motion compoâ—… and knittyng described 2. their Cartilages 40. their membran 42 Ithmoides described 10 Ithmoides the processe like wynges of of balles 12. the holes of it 15 Iugall bone the vtilitie figure and nature therof described 9. 10. 11 K. KEll the vse situation partes compasse and nature therof described 67 knee the bones substauÌ„ce and nature of them 34 kydneys their situation 78. their vse substaunce magnitude 〈◊〉 described 82 L. LAmbdoides what it is 4. 7 〈◊〉 the vse situation bones stgure therof described 16. preued to be a bone 17. the instrumeÌ„t of voyce 18. it consisteth of Cartilages 39. the muscles and nature therof described 49. the veynes therof 77 Legge how it is ioyned to the thigh the motioÌ„s and muscles therof described 58. the description therof 33. cauterie how it must be applyed to it 110 Ligamentes their vse generation production 2. 3. 4. 5. why created for the body 41. their nature described 41. 43 ¶ Ligamentes particular looke vnder the bones particular to whom they appertaine Lippes the muscles therof 45 Liuer the nature vse figure coates veynes therof described 75. how it receiueth 〈◊〉 72. the 〈◊〉 of it 66. where it geueth place to the 〈◊〉 of the stomach 68. the Ligamentes therof 43 Loynes their Cartilages 21. the nerues therof 110. the nature processes and vertebres therof described 11 Lunges why deâ—…ded into two partes 90. the situation sigure substaunce veynes therof described 91. imitate the forme of the brest 23. where they are not there is no necke 19 LucatioÌ„ why difficult 23. perillous in the vertebres of the backe 18. hardly reformed in the shoulder 40. deadly in the head 41 Lyne white the nature thereof described 65 Lyons ribbes are round not flat 23 M. MAgitians their deuilish comment of the resurrection 37 〈◊〉 precesse the Etimologie therof 9 Man his face why it is rouÌ„d 12. moueth not his vpper 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 why 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of one bone 3. his naturall defence in fallyng 8. his generatiue partes described 23. 85. why temperate in takyng of sustenaunce 71. wherin he most differeth froÌ„ beastes and plantes 98. 101 Marey of bones the nature and generation of it 111 Meate how it speedely pearceth thorough the stomach 68 Mediaâ—…num 90. 43 Melancholy the vse of it to the stomach 76. the vse of it to the ventticle 70. 81 Membran of the bones 1 Membrans interseplent which they be 91 Membran fleshy described 64 Memory the place of it 100 Menstrua how purged 79 Messenterium the nature and descriptioÌ„ therof 74 the veynes therof 75 〈◊〉 described 54. 107 Motion voluntary how procured 44 Month the muscles therof 9. 48 Mucrenata 〈◊〉 described 24. 40. 54 Mundinus full of errours 56 Muscles whence they spryng 2. how strengthned 2. what they are and their nature described 44. euery one worketh toward his begynâ—… 50 none without a nerue 111 ¶ Muscles particular looke the place of the partes which they 〈◊〉 Milke how engendred