compare_v to_o good_a hezekiah_n and_o so_o very_o learned_o he_o fall_v to_o the_o commend_v the_o brazen_a serpent_n and_o inveigh_v against_o that_o insolent_a king_n that_o break_v it_o in_o piece_n be_v not_o this_o a_o hopeful_a piece_n of_o infallibility_n after_o this_o our_o learned_a historian_n say_v 55._o the_o pope_n declare_v he_o not_o only_o a_o heretic_n but_o a_o heresiarch_n for_o what_o i_o beseech_v he_o for_o be_v of_o the_o same_o opinion_n as_o to_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n that_o his_o predecessor_n gregory_n have_v be_v of_o but_o see_v how_o the_o case_n be_v alter_v in_o a_o hundred_o year_n in_o my_o mind_n the_o emperor_n leo_n ask_v a_o very_a pertinent_a question_n of_o the_o pope_n how_o come_v it_o to_o pass_v that_o the_o six_o general_a council_n never_o say_v a_o word_n of_o image_n if_o they_o be_v such_o necessary_a thing_n and_o the_o pope_n make_v as_o impertinent_a a_o answer_n and_o why_o say_v the_o pope_n do_v they_o say_v nothing_o of_o 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make_v he_o promise_v they_o that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o be_v he_o will_v do_v one_o thing_n for_o they_o which_o one_o thing_n prove_v to_o be_v the_o destruction_n of_o image_n and_o they_o challenge_v their_o promise_n when_o he_o be_v now_o emperor_n give_v the_o occasion_n to_o the_o terrible_a persecution_n of_o image_n cedrenus_n say_v 450._o that_o a_o few_o year_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o leo_n some_o jew_n of_o laodicea_n in_o phoenicia_n go_v to_o jezid_v and_o obtain_v the_o edict_n against_o image_n and_o then_o he_o tell_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o story_n as_o zonaras_n do_v theophanes_n say_v 336._o it_o be_v but_o one_o jew_n of_o laodicea_n and_o that_o jezid_v die_v before_o the_o edict_n be_v publish_v in_o all_o part_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o say_v this_o be_v in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o leo._n constantinus_n manasses_n and_o michael_n glycas_n only_o mention_v the_o jew_n foretell_v the_o empire_n to_o he_o 281._o and_o put_v he_o 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jozid_n do_v not_o reign_v before_o be_v there_o ever_o a_o more_o consistent_a story_n than_o this_o but_o the_o author_n of_o the_o late_a history_n of_o the_o iconoclast_n 33._o think_v he_o have_v find_v out_o a_o salvo_fw-la for_o these_o contradiction_n for_o he_o make_v two_o several_a edict_n under_o two_o jezid_n that_o be_v chaliphs_n the_o former_a of_o the_o two_o jew_n about_o a._n d._n 686._o who_o be_v the_o man_n that_o foretell_v the_o empire_n to_o leo_n and_o the_o other_o of_o sarantapechys_n to_o jezid_v the_o second_o in_o the_o time_n of_o leo_n this_o he_o have_v borrow_v from_o the_o french_a author_n as_o he_o have_v do_v all_o his_o quotation_n and_o i_o much_o question_n by_o his_o manner_n of_o cite_v they_o whether_o he_o ever_o see_v the_o book_n he_o quote_v in_o his_o life_n but_o this_o be_v say_v without_o the_o least_o shadow_n of_o proof_n for_o no_o one_o of_o all_o the_o historian_n ever_o mention_v two_o edict_n of_o the_o several_a jezid_n but_o 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law_n give_v by_o moses_n 559._o against_o the_o make_n any_o image_n of_o god_n in_o the_o place_n before_o mention_v and_o which_o he_o there_o assert_n to_o be_v still_o obligatory_a to_o christian_n but_o although_o he_o there_o repeat_v the_o command_n at_o large_a against_o all_o sort_n of_o image_n yet_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o when_o he_o go_v about_o to_o set_v down_o all_o the_o commandment_n this_o by_o some_o artificial_a hand_n be_v convey_v out_o of_o the_o way_n and_o the_o second_o commandment_n be_v 682._o thou_o shall_v not_o take_v the_o name_n of_o the_o lord_n etc._n etc._n which_o make_v i_o not_o a_o little_a wonder_n find_v clemens_n so_o often_o in_o other_o place_n express_v his_o zeal_n against_o image_n but_o it_o be_v not_o hard_a to_o guess_v what_o hand_n his_o greek_a copy_n have_v pass_v through_o since_o the_o second_o nicene_n council_n yet_o we_o be_v behold_v to_o they_o for_o leave_v so_o much_o evidence_n of_o their_o foul_a deal_n behind_o 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the_o sake_n of_o that_o law_n thou_o shall_v not_o make_v to_o thyself_o any_o graven_n image_n the_o christian_n will_v rather_o die_v than_o defile_v their_o faith_n with_o such_o impiety_n as_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n and_o therefore_o their_o case_n be_v very_o different_a from_o that_o of_o the_o scythian_n numidian_n seres_n and_o persian_n with_o who_o celsus_n join_v they_o in_o the_o contempt_n of_o image_n when_o symmachus_n plead_v with_o valentinian_n for_o the_o toleration_n of_o the_o pagan_a religion_n 54._o on_o this_o pretence_n that_o the_o same_o god_n be_v worship_v by_o all_o and_o that_o by_o several_a way_n man_n aim_v at_o the_o same_o end_n s._n ambrose_n answer_v 2._o that_o god_n himself_o be_v fit_a to_o teach_v what_o way_n he_o will_v be_v serve_v in_o you_o worship_v the_o work_n of_o man_n hand_n we_o account_v it_o a_o injury_n to_o god_n to_o call_v anything_o by_o his_o name_n that_o can_v be_v make_v by_o man_n non_fw-la vult_fw-la se_fw-la deus_fw-la in_o lapidibus_fw-la coli_fw-la god_n have_v declare_v he_o will_v not_o be_v worship_v after_o such_o a_o manner_n whereby_o we_o see_v the_o primitive_a christian_n fix_v themselves_o on_o the_o command_n of_o god_n as_o upon_o a_o immovable_a rock_n against_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n thus_o much_o may_v suffice_v to_o have_v show_v in_o this_o place_n that_o the_o controversy_n between_o the_o christian_n and_o heathen_n about_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n be_v not_o whether_o they_o be_v proper_a likeness_n of_o god_n from_o the_o apprehension_n they_o have_v of_o their_o image_n i_o proceed_v now_o to_o show_v it_o 2._o from_o the_o notion_n they_o have_v of_o their_o go_n and_o here_o i_o must_v in_o the_o first_o place_n 11._o exclude_v those_o who_o in_o truth_n be_v atheist_n and_o not_o idolater_n i_o mean_v the_o epicurean_a philosopher_n who_o although_o they_o seem_v to_o assert_v some_o pleasant_a being_n that_o live_v in_o perfect_a ease_n far_o from_o the_o noise_n and_o smoke_n of_o the_o world_n yet_o they_o utter_o overthrow_v all_o foundation_n of_o worship_n in_o prayer_n or_o sacrifice_n by_o deny_v the_o god_n to_o have_v any_o regard_n to_o the_o action_n of_o man_n for_o fear_v of_o disturb_v their_o sweet_a repose_n these_o indeed_o make_v their_o god_n like_o man_n but_o so_o thin_a and_o airy_a that_o they_o can_v not_o bear_v the_o least_o justle_n of_o atom_n and_o so_o quiet_a and_o still_o that_o the_o least_o thought_n of_o business_n will_v destroy_v their_o happiness_n these_o be_v only_o make_v for_o fine_a idea_n to_o amuse_v the_o people_n with_o but_o any_o one_o may_v see_v that_o they_o be_v never_o intend_v for_o the_o object_n of_o worship_n and_o therefore_o plutarch_n and_o athenaeus_n say_v 27._o that_o epicurus_n take_v away_o all_o the_o worship_n of_o the_o god_n however_o he_o comply_v with_o the_o common_a practice_n of_o the_o people_n and_o when_o he_o lift_v up_o his_o hand_n to_o his_o mouth_n in_o token_n of_o adoration_n he_o can_v not_o but_o laugh_v through_o his_o finger_n at_o the_o god_n they_o worship_v but_o we_o may_v see_v by_o the_o discourse_n of_o the_o academic_a and_o stoic_a with_o the_o epicurean_a in_o cicero_n how_o much_o they_o abhor_v this_o epicurean_a doctrine_n of_o the_o god_n be_v like_a to_o man_n and_o velleius_n the_o epicurean_a do_v in_o effect_n confess_v there_o be_v no_o philosopher_n of_o that_o mind_n beside_o themselves_o for_o he_o reckon_v up_o all_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o other_o philosopher_n concern_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o god_n after_o such_o a_o manner_n as_o to_o discover_v that_o this_o opinion_n be_v peculiar_a to_o their_o own_o sect._n he_o acknowledge_v that_o thales_n assert_v god_n to_o be_v a_o eternal_a mind_n which_o frame_v all_o thing_n out_o of_o water_n 25._o even_o anaximander_n and_o anaximenes_n who_o hold_v only_o material_a god_n or_o first_o principle_n for_o even_o the_o atheist_n be_v willing_a to_o have_v matter_n believe_v to_o be_v a_o god_n by_o they_o to_o avoid_v the_o odium_fw-la of_o atheism_n among_o the_o people_n yet_o these_o reject_v a_o humane_a form_n at_o which_o the_o epicurean_a be_v displease_v as_o though_o they_o may_v have_v flatter_v the_o people_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o fashion_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o name_n of_o a_o deity_n some_o have_v undertake_v to_o clear_a anaximenes_n and_o to_o make_v he_o of_o the_o same_o opinion_n with_o thales_n 40._o concern_v a_o incorporeal_a deity_n say_v that_o by_o air_n he_o mean_v only_o a_o divine_a spirit_n and_o therefore_o in_o plutarch_n he_o compare_v it_o to_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n 3._o which_o be_v air_n do_v animate_v the_o body_n and_o diogenes_n apolloniates_n his_o disciple_n hold_v air_n only_o for_o matter_n 2._o and_o reason_n for_o the_o efficient_a cause_n as_o st._n augustin_n tell_v we_o however_o anaxagoras_n another_o disciple_n of_o anaximenes_n be_v confess_v by_o velleius_n to_o 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verse_n cite_v out_o of_o he_o by_o the_o father_n 5._o he_o say_v that_o god_n be_v like_a to_o man_n neither_o in_o body_n nor_o in_o mind_n and_o for_o man_n to_o make_v a_o image_n of_o god_n like_v to_o themselves_o be_v all_o one_o as_o if_o a_o horse_n shall_v paint_v he_o with_o a_o long_a tail_n and_o four_o foot_n if_o he_o have_v understanding_n enough_o to_o make_v a_o representation_n of_o the_o deity_n or_o a_o ox_n or_o a_o lion_n shall_v draw_v he_o by_o their_o own_o figure_n parmenides_n make_v god_n to_o be_v of_o a_o circular_a figure_n in_o the_o fashion_n of_o a_o crown_n or_o orb_n of_o light_n compass_v about_o the_o heaven_n whatever_o the_o opinion_n of_o alcmaeon_n empedocles_n protagoras_n diogenes_n apolloniates_n be_v it_o be_v certain_a the_o epicurean_a despise_v they_o all_o because_o they_o either_o appear_v too_o doubtful_a and_o obscure_a in_o
we_o that_o they_o hardly_o worship_v image_n in_o the_o roman_a church_n but_o pray_v to_o they_o they_o abhor_v and_o detest_v what_o conscientious_a man_n be_v those_o then_o who_o make_v the_o poor_a lollard_n swear_v to_o do_v that_o which_o they_o forbid_v they_o to_o do_v but_o sure_o the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n then_o understand_v the_o doctrine_n and_o practice_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n as_o well_o as_o t._n g._n and_o his_o brethren_n do_v at_o this_o day_n and_o have_v authority_n in_o their_o hand_n be_v not_o so_o cautious_a and_o reserve_v in_o this_o matter_n as_o some_o think_v it_o for_o their_o interest_n to_o be_v at_o present_a and_o it_o be_v observable_a 10._o that_o those_o learned_a man_n in_o the_o roman_a church_n who_o have_v be_v most_o nice_a and_o scrupulous_a in_o this_o matter_n of_o the_o worship_n of_o image_n have_v yet_o agree_v with_o the_o rest_n in_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o outward_a act_n of_o worship_n towards_o they_o so_o vasquez_n 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condemn_v by_o the_o rest_n as_o savour_v of_o heresy_n and_o repugnant_a to_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a and_o the_o sense_n of_o the_o catholic_n church_n durandus_fw-la go_v upon_o these_o ground_n 1._o that_o worship_n proper_o belong_v to_o he_o in_o who_o the_o cause_n of_o that_o worship_n be_v and_o by_o accident_n may_v be_v give_v to_o that_o which_o have_v only_o a_o relation_n to_o that_o which_o be_v the_o cause_n 2._o in_o he_o to_o who_o proper_a worship_n be_v give_v we_o be_v to_o consider_v both_o the_o person_n to_o who_o it_o be_v give_v and_o the_o cause_n for_o which_o worship_n be_v only_o proper_o give_v to_o the_o person_n and_o not_o to_o any_o part_n of_o he_o the_o cause_n be_v that_o from_o whence_o the_o excellency_n of_o the_o person_n arise_v 3._o that_o supreme_a worship_n or_o latria_n be_v due_a only_a to_o god_n for_o itself_o by_o reason_n of_o his_o deity_n because_o the_o cause_n of_o this_o honour_n be_v only_o in_o god_n but_o by_o accident_n the_o honour_n of_o latria_n may_v belong_v to_o other_o thing_n now_o say_v he_o a_o thing_n may_v have_v relation_n to_o god_n two_o way_n 1._o when_o it_o go_v to_o make_v up_o the_o same_o person_n as_o the_o humanity_n of_o christ._n 2._o when_o it_o have_v only_o a_o extrinsical_a relation_n to_o he_o as_o christ_n mother_n or_o his_o image_n 4._o that_o the_o humane_a nature_n of_o christ_n have_v only_o by_o accident_n the_o honour_n of_o latria_n give_v to_o it_o as_o be_v part_n of_o that_o person_n who_o be_v worship_v who_o be_v the_o son_n of_o god_n but_o the_o humanity_n itself_o be_v not_o proper_o that_o which_o be_v worship_v nor_o be_v the_o cause_n or_o reason_n of_o that_o worship_n but_o only_o of_o a_o inferior_a 5._o of_o those_o thing_n which_o have_v only_o a_o extrinsical_a relation_n to_o god_n this_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o general_a that_o either_o they_o deserve_v no_o worship_n at_o all_o of_o themselves_o as_o the_o cross_n and_o image_n or_o other_o inanimate_a thing_n or_o if_o they_o do_v as_o the_o b._n virgin_n it_o be_v a_o inferior_a worship_n of_o the_o first_o he_o determine_v that_o no_o manner_n of_o worship_n do_v belong_v to_o they_o no_o not_o to_o the_o cross_n itself_o upon_o the_o account_n of_o any_o excellency_n 14._o or_o contact_n of_o christ_n for_o which_o he_o give_v this_o reason_n that_o which_o be_v no_o subject_n capable_a of_o holiness_n or_o virtue_n can_v in_o itself_o be_v the_o term_n of_o adoration_n but_o the_o cross_n on_o which_o christ_n do_v hang_v be_v not_o a_o subject_n capable_a of_o holiness_n etc._n etc._n nunquam_fw-la ergo_fw-la cruci_fw-la christi_fw-la debetur_fw-la aliquis_fw-la honour_n nisi_fw-la in_o quantum_fw-la reducit_fw-la in_o rememorationem_fw-la christi_fw-la no_o kind_n of_o honour_n be_v due_a to_o the_o cross_n but_o as_o it_o call_v christ_n to_o our_o remembrance_n 6._o that_o although_o the_o conception_n of_o the_o mind_n be_v of_o the_o thing_n represent_v upon_o 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heathen_a idolater_n again_o to_o give_v sovereign_a worship_n to_o our_o image_n of_o mercury_n or_o apollo_n etc._n etc._n therefore_o the_o reason_n of_o your_o command_n do_v not_o reach_v we_o but_o we_o may_v worship_v our_o image_n as_o well_o as_o you_o do_v you_o 3._o he_o prove_v it_o ad_fw-la hominem_fw-la thus_o i_o grant_v that_o no_o perfect_a image_n of_o god_n can_v be_v make_v and_o that_o god_n need_v not_o by_o a_o law_n forbid_v a_o impossible_a thing_n but_o from_o the_o divine_a nature_n be_v invisible_a it_o only_o follow_v that_o man_n ought_v not_o to_o presume_v to_o make_v any_o image_n or_o likeness_n to_o represent_v it_o as_o it_o be_v i._n e._n a_o perfect_a image_n and_o the_o law_n in_o virtue_n of_o it_o must_v be_v to_o forbid_v make_v any_o such_o image_n therefore_o according_a to_o myself_o the_o irrepresentableness_n of_o the_o divine_a nature_n as_o precise_o consider_v can_v be_v assign_v for_o the_o proper_a cause_n or_o reason_n of_o this_o 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because_o he_o be_v infinite_a and_o invisible_a now_o say_v t.g._n i_o will_v prove_v from_o your_o own_o word_n this_o can_v be_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o law_n how_o so_o you_o say_v that_o the_o law_n do_v not_o forbid_v make_v a_o perfect_a image_n of_o god_n for_o that_o be_v impossible_a and_o what_o then_o do_v it_o hence_o follow_v that_o the_o law_n do_v not_o forbid_v make_v a_o possible_a image_n of_o god_n hold_v say_v t._n g._n god_n infinite_a nature_n do_v only_o hold_v against_o a_o perfect_a image_n and_o this_o must_v be_v the_o meaning_n of_o the_o commandment_n which_o i_o utter_o deny_v and_o so_o if_o t._n g._n will_v argue_v ex_fw-la concessis_fw-la it_o must_v proceed_v thus_o i_o deny_v that_o the_o law_n do_v forbid_v a_o impossible_a image_n of_o god_n or_o that_o god_n infinite_a nature_n do_v only_o hold_v against_o such_o image_n and_o therefore_o according_a to_o myself_o this_o infinite_a nature_n of_o god_n can_v be_v the_o reason_n why_o image_n be_v forbid_v in_o the_o second_o commandment_n can_v any_o man_n in_o the_o earth_n discern_v the_o consequence_n of_o this_o when_o i_o say_v the_o law_n be_v make_v against_o possible_a image_n and_o that_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n be_v represent_v so_o perfect_a to_o deter_v man_n from_o make_v the_o most_o imperfect_a image_n of_o god_n because_o they_o be_v a_o disparagement_n to_o he_o do_v it_o follow_v from_o my_o word_n that_o this_o reason_n can_v hold_v against_o the_o make_n of_o image_n t._n g._n have_v give_v we_o such_o a_o test_n of_o his_o reason_n i_o now_o follow_v he_o to_o the_o interpretation_n he_o give_v of_o the_o place_n of_o scripture_n produce_v by_o i_o to_o the_o first_o isa._n 40.18_o to_o who_o will_v you_o liken_v god_n or_o what_o likeness_n will_v you_o compare_v unto_o he_o 69._o he_o answer_v that_o there_o be_v a_o likeness_n of_o representation_n and_o a_o likeness_n of_o comparison_n if_o the_o word_n be_v understand_v of_o the_o former_a than_o he_o say_v it_o only_o follow_v that_o such_o a_o likeness_n be_v not_o to_o be_v make_v which_o be_v all_o that_o i_o desire_v but_o again_o he_o be_v at_o it_o that_o i_o deny_v the_o prohibition_n hereof_o to_o be_v any_o part_n of_o the_o law_n be_v it_o possible_a for_o t._n g._n to_o say_v this_o when_o my_o design_n be_v to_o prove_v the_o contrary_a but_o by_o likeness_n t._n g._n understand_v a_o perfect_a representation_n why_o do_v he_o not_o say_v then_o by_o likeness_n be_v understand_v sameness_n which_o be_v not_o representation_n but_o the_o thing_n itself_o all_o representation_n by_o the_o art_n of_o man_n must_v fall_v very_o much_o short_a of_o the_o perfection_n of_o the_o mean_a animal_n and_o no_o image_n can_v represent_v a_o thing_n as_o it_o be_v but_o as_o it_o appear_v not_o in_o regard_n of_o its_o invisible_a nature_n but_o of_o its_o outward_a lineament_n either_o therefore_o t._n g._n must_v deny_v any_o likeness_n of_o representation_n or_o he_o must_v yield_v that_o to_o be_v a_o likeness_n of_o representation_n in_o a_o image_n of_o god_n which_o do_v not_o perfect_o represent_v he_o for_o if_o it_o have_v the_o perfection_n of_o god_n it_o will_v be_v god_n if_o the_o word_n be_v understand_v of_o a_o likeness_n of_o comparison_n than_o the_o meaning_n he_o say_v be_v that_o none_o of_o the_o idol_n of_o the_o heathen_n be_v to_o be_v compare_v to_o he_o in_o wisdom_n 70._o greatness_n or_o power_n but_o i_o think_v if_o not_o the_o hebrew_n word_n nor_o the_o chaldee_n paraphra_v nor_o the_o lxx_o nor_o other_o version_n can_v prevail_v with_o t._n g._n yet_o the_o vulgar_a latin_a shall_v have_v have_v authority_n enough_o to_o let_v he_o know_v that_o these_o word_n be_v not_o speak_v of_o heathen_a idol_n but_o of_o a_o image_n of_o god_n cui_fw-la ergo_fw-la similem_fw-la fecistis_fw-la deum_fw-la aut_fw-la quam_fw-la imaginem_fw-la ponetis_fw-la ei_fw-la which_o sure_o ought_v to_o signify_v more_o with_o he_o than_o mere_o the_o content_n of_o the_o chapter_n do_v with_o we_o to_o deut._n 4.15_o he_o answer_v that_o de_fw-fr facto_fw-la no_o manner_n of_o similitude_n be_v see_v at_o the_o give_v of_o the_o law_n by_o the_o people_n 71._o that_o afterward_o they_o may_v not_o take_v occasion_n to_o conceive_v it_o to_o have_v be_v a_o proper_a representation_n of_o the_o divinity_n and_o so_o entertain_v a_o erroneous_a conceit_n of_o god_n and_o do_v t._n g._n think_v there_o be_v not_o as_o much_o danger_n of_o dishonour_v god_n by_o worship_v any_o such_o representation_n of_o god_n as_o by_o entertain_v a_o erroneous_a conceit_n of_o god_n in_o their_o mind_n but_o why_o must_v this_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o a_o proper_a representation_n when_o the_o word_n be_v no_o manner_n of_o similitude_n be_v there_o no_o manner_n of_o similitude_n but_o a_o proper_a representation_n and_o yet_o after_o all_o this_o the_o image_n of_o god_n allow_v and_o worship_v in_o the_o roman_a church_n be_v as_o much_o in_o danger_n of_o make_v man_n entertain_v erroneous_a conceit_n of_o god_n as_o any_o similitude_n of_o that_o time_n and_o therefore_o as_o much_o against_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o commandment_n but_o t._n g._n very_o modest_o deny_v these_o word_n to_o contain_v a_o reason_n of_o this_o commandment_n although_o they_o be_v for_o you_o see_v no_o manner_n of_o similitude_n 72._o etc._n etc._n therefore_o take_v heed_n lest_o you_o corrupt_v yourselves_o and_o make_v a_o grave_a image_n etc._n etc._n but_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n be_v make_v use_n of_o by_o he_o as_o a_o motive_n to_o induce_v the_o people_n to_o the_o observance_n of_o the_o law_n in_o a_o sermon_n he_o make_v deut._n 4._o to_o press_v they_o to_o that_o duty_n