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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58326	A letter of Francesco Redi concerning some objections made upon his Observations about vipers written to Monsieur Bourdelot ... and Monsieur Alexander Morus : printed in Italian at Florence, 1670 / now made English ; together with the sequel of New experiments upon vipers, and a dissertation upon their poyson ... written in French by Moyse Charas ; now likewise Englished.; Lettera di Francesco Redi sopra alcune opposizioni fatte alle sue Osservazioni intorno alle vipere. English	Redi, Francesco, 1626-1698.; Charas, Moyse, 1619-1698. Nouvelles expériences sur la vipère. Suite. English.	1673 (1673)	Wing R663; ESTC R5968	49,196	113

divers things made many more Experiments then he mentions he hath made upon this subject as appears by what he writeth p. 17 18. of his first Letter I find therefore that he hath no great cause to complain of me as he doth under the name of those Illustrious Authors to whom he ascribes my Book in his Letter for not having vouchsafed to make Experiments enow to confirm the truth of the Observations about Vipers contain'd in his first Letter of 1664. He had not I say great cause to speak of it after such a manner since I did do so but in imitation of him and because he had in the same Letter advanced and assured particulars which required not I should make more tryals then those I have described in my Book Although I can assure to have made more then I have recited He knows very well that about the end of pag. 23. of his first Letter he used these words Equel veleno shizza tutto fuora se non al primo almeno al secondo morso si che il terzo epiù volte l'ho esperimentato non è velenoso That is And that poison issues all out if not at the first at least at the second biting so that the third which I have often experimented is not venomous And if because of the respect I bear to the writings of a person of so high a reputation I thought among divers other Experiments that having made one and the same Viper every time vexed to bite five several Pigeons which all died and even the last of them sooner then the rest I might stop there I think Signor Redi hath nothing to reproach me with He had assured in his first Letter and assures the same in his latter That all the poison did lodge in the yellow liquor and that this poison was all exhausted if not at the first yet at least at the second biting and that he had often experimented that the third was no more venomous So that if I was perswaded that all the yellow Liquor must be come out by the second biting made upon the second Pigeon and if after that I have seen dye three other Pigeons by the fresh bitings of the same Viper that had bitten the two first I do not think that Sign Redi hath right to accuse me for not having done enough He might rather have done me that justice as to acknowledge that I had done more then enough to maintain my Reflexions and that I was obliged from that time to seek the poison elsewhere then in the yellow liquor in regard it did no longer intervene according to him in the three last bitings and that the three last Pigeons were as soon yea sooner dead then the two first of the death of which he could charge the yellow liquor If I could not find no more then Sign Redi in all the body of the Viper any other visible or palpable part that was venomous and that might justly be declared to be the seat of the poison and the true cause of the death which ensued upon the three last bitings he must not wonder if I have sought and found it in the vexed Spirits and if I have grounded my self upon the best evidence I could get from Experiments and Reason But since the chief motive of my tryals hath been the desire of exactly knowing the Truth concerning those matters having seen that Sign Redi pag. 31. of his last Letter hath desired I would make new experiments after his Objections against me To be the more assured of all I have been willing to give him that satisfaction in giving it to my self For in the moneth of May last in the Chymical Laboratory of the Royal Garden in the presence of two or three hundred by standers both Physitians and others capable to judge of it and worthy to be credited from amongst many live Vipers sent me out of Dauphine and divers parts of Poitou I chose a great Femal-Viper that was lusty enough notwithstanding the great way she came and having open'd her jawes I very carefully cleared and squeezed out of them at several repetitions all the yellow liquor contained in the bags of her gums and that also which might be diffused about the neighbouring parts with a fine piece of linnen cloth wound about the handle of a pen knife Which done I took the same Viper with Pincers about hér neck and angred her in making her to fasten her teeth into the end of her tail and in pressing from time to time her neck with those Pincers and immediately after I presented to her five Pigeons and two Pullets one after another to bite them in the most fleshy part of their Chest having irritated her every time of her biting I purposely wounded also six Pigeons and Pullets in divers places in the presence of all the company and let into the wounds some drops of the yellow liquor drawn from the Vesicles of newly enraged Vipers I laid both sorts a part and the company parted about an hour after before which time five of the Pigeons and Pullets that had been bitten were dead and the two remaining died about an hour after but the Pigeons and Pullets which I had wounded and in whose wounds I had put in some of the said juyce ailed nothing but that there appeared some lividness at the place wounded and such an one as might have been there from the sole wounding them and without any concurrence of that liquor Two days after I shew'd the company the same wounded Pullets and the same Pigeons which were very well and had their wounds almost perfectly healed up only there remain'd a little blewness about the wounded parts I would then have wounded the same animals again in other places and intromitted fresh yellow liquor some also of the by-standers proposed to let into one of these creatures some of this yellow liquor by that way of Transfusion that hath lately been made in divers parts of Europe of some stranger blood into the veins of men that so this juyce being mingled with the blood by the ordinary circulation it might be able to discover what ever it could do I readily complied with their motion whereupon the intromission of this liquor was attempted upon one of the same Pigeons that had been wounded two days before One Physitian and two Chirurgions did the work one after onother in making both the incision and the ligature of the most discernable vessels of the right wing But they let the Pigeon loose so much blood that it dyed soon after Seeing this I said that the Pigeon dyed only from the loss of its blood and not from the letting in of the yellow liquor and that it would be necessary one only Chirurgion of the Company shou'd make a new operation upon another of the same Animals that had been wounded 2 days before and upon whom that yellow Juyce had also been tryed The Operation was made accordingly at the same time

year and the whole interval of his Paroxysines without any inclination to dance He was naturally melancholick in appearance of no great parts neither had he learn'd to dance He hath been seen thus dancing every year by thousands of people and particularly in the Camp Royal Anno 1670. where the King himself and the whole Court saw him And this hath been so beneficial to him that the ordinary time is past this year without any assault of this evil which he had great apprehensions of finding himself at that time engaged in a march and fearing he should want Violins at the time that the sit should take him Now since the pricking of this Animal though very small and in a manner like that of a small fly being made even thorough stockings or cloaths is able to act equally upon the body and the mind of the person stung as leaving behind such long and strong impressions and causing such irksome returns To what can we adscribe all those different effects if it be not to the idea or imagination of the animal stinging or of the person stung 'T is needless to alledge here the effects of the idea or imagination of Women with Child nor of that of Jacob's Sheep I think I have said enough to justifie the possibility of the idea or imagination of a Vipers revengefulness for the forming of angry spirits sufficient to impute unto them all the venom and to exclude from it the yellow liquor After this Sign Redi must not wonder if I who make profession of Chymistry of which I have the honour to read publick Lectures in the Garden Royal who doe every day exercise my self in separating the spirituous parts from the gross ones in mixt inanimat bodies and who have not been able to find in any corporeal and sensible matter the true cause of the strange and suddain productions observed in the biting of a live Viper If I after all this I say have thought my self obliged to seek for it in the Spirits if having found it there I have abandon'd his party and communicated to the publick the discovery I have made Yet I am not over-much surprised that Sign Redi being in this matter prepossess'd by corporeal gross things still persists in his sentiment since in the preparations that do altogether depend of my profession and which I ought to know well he rejects spirituous substances which he relishes not sticking only to the more material which are the least and in very small quantity which doth not keep him from believing them to be the best You may see what he writeth of it about the end of pag. 76. and at the beginning of pag. 77 of his first Letter of Observations in these words In queste nuè naturali Osservationi ho consuinato gran quantitá c. That is In these my natural Observations I have spent a great quantity of Vipers making of them daily a very great slaughter and to extract the subtile from the subtil if I may so speak I always laid aside and kept all their flesh and bones which being dryed in a Furnace and afterwards by a quick fire with long and great labour burnt and reduced to ashes I thence drew the Salt with Fountain-water and purified it and reduced it into a kind of Chrystal c. Those that know all the parts of which the body of a Viper is composed will certainly wonder that a person so judicious and knowing hath not found that the chief and best part of a Viper consists in its volatil Salt and that that Salt would not fail to avolate and to be wasted by that preparation or rather destruction which Sign Redi hath used to extract the Salt of Vipers They will quickly see that when he would draw the subtil from the subtil as he speaks he did quite the contrary and expelled and dissipated the volatil and better parts returning only the gross the fixed and the least They will soon judg that he should not have given himself all that labour and pain which he saith he hath taken to succeed so ill in his work and that he had done much better with silence to pass over his process then to publish it The way by him taken will be found I think received from the Antients who knew not that all Animals abound in Volatil and have little of Fixed Salt And his preparation which is very easie would have pleased better in those times especially in Italy then that great and laborious Preparation of the Salt of Vipers which was made with so great an Apparatus and of which I have already given my thoughts when I discoursed of the Remedies drawn from Vipers I also foresee that Sign Redi will not receive any greater advantage by striving to attribute to himself the first discovery of the Salival glanduls which I found on both the Temples of both Male and Female Vipers and which I have described and delineated in my Anatomy of Vipers For he will not be able to perswade it to those who shall see pag. 44. of his first Letter of Observations the discourse following Se non stimassi vergogna scriver senza altra riprova c. That is If I did not think it a shame to write without other proof what came into my phancy I might say perhaps that that yellow liquor is by no other way intromitted into the above said gums of the teeth but by those Salival Conduits found out by the famousThomas Wharton and shewn in this Court by Lorenzo Billini a learned young man and of great expectation in other Animals besides Man and particularly in Staggs and Wood-peckers Moreover that under those Gums there are two small Glanduls found by me in all Vipers Yet I would not have you rely upon this thought of mine because it may prove a Chimera as I believe it to be one c. I cannot comprehend how Sign Redi after he hath spoken of the Salival Conduits as of a thing that came into his phancy and by a perhaps that is to say not knowing it and who declareth that he was asham'd to write of a thing without verifying it who exhorts his friend to whom he writes not to relye on his thoughts and who adds that it may prove a Chimera I know not I say how after he hath written all this he can pretend to be the inventor of the Salival Glanduls and their Pipes For pag. 55 and 56. of his first Letter speaking of the yellow liquor he adds E questo veleno altro non è c. That is This venom is nothing else but that liquor which humects the Palat and stagnates in those gums that invest the teeth not transmitted thither from the Bladder of Gall but bred in the whole head and conveyed perhaps to the gums by some Salival conduits which perhaps are there inserted Where the word perhaps yet twice again repeated doth sufficiently shew that Sign Redi did speak of the Salival conduits no otherwise

Experiment therewith But he saith that he hath made many tryals with the Heads and Necks of Vipers and found first That having made two great Doggs aforehand to swallow each the head and neck of a Viper and afterwards caused both of them to be bitten by other Vipers those Doggs dyed not And that having caused to be bitten two other Doggs of the same bigness that had eaten neither head nor neck of a Viper they dyed neither He saith further that having made a Pullet to swallow one head of a Viper and a Capon two and caused them to be bitten they both dyed soon after He adds that having the next day made ready some heads of Vipers he caused them to be forc'd down the throat of two little Doggs of which he caused the least to be bitten in the legg near the anus and the other in the tongue and that they both dyed That he made the same Experiment upon eight Pullets two Kitlings two small Rabbets and six Pigeons even with rubbing the place bitten with the blood of the Viper That also the six Pigeons were bitten by the heads of Vipers dead several dayes before and that all these animals dyed That lastly he had fed two Pigeons for there dayes with the flesh and broath of Vipers and being bitten thereupon they dyed likewise this aid notwithstanding For Answer to all these Experiments I make use of the same Generals that Sign Redi hath done against mine which are to be found pag. 16. of his last Letter where he saith That a Viper more easily kills lesser Animals by his biting than great ones that according to the bigness of the Animal bitten and according as the place wounded is more or less provided with veins or arteries that if from the wound of a Viper much blood issueth the Animal not only dyeth not but does not so much as feel any great inconvenience that it also falls out sometimes that the Animal bitten escapeth after it hath endured many mortal symptoms and that this may come to pass by the sole assistance of Nature As to the two other Generals which he alledgeth in reference to the letting in of the yellow liquor I did not think fit to alledge them here both because I agree not as to the possibility of the fact and that I have elsewhere declared my self sufficiently about it as also that they make not to this purpose But I think it more material to add here two other Generals to those of Sign Redi and to say That the biting is more or less noxious not only according to the place bitten but according to the degree of the Vipers being vexed when she is to bite and according as her teeth have more or less penetrated And reasoning particularly upon these experiments I say that the dogs which I had caused to be bitten every one thrice were cured by making each of them swallow the head and neck of a Viper were of a very midling size that it is very difficult to found a certainjudgment upon the great ones which Sign Redi hath used as 't is also to pass it upon them that had swallow'd the head and neck of a Viper and those that had not done so that all the other little animals which he employed as well the Pullet and the Capon as the Pigeons Catlings Puppies and little Rabbets had not of themselves strength enough to resist for a time the enraged spirits nor to find the effect of the remedy especially that which was bitten in the tongue For I firmly believe that there is no animal great or smal which being fiercely bit in the tongue by a Viper well vexed can avoid death what aid soever you minister to it because of the nerves veins arteries disseminated through the tongue and because that the angred spirits finding a free entrance produce there all the effect they are capable of with so much violence and nimbleness that nothing is able to stop them But in all curable bites I shall not easily be induced to renounce the help which may be given by the head neck heart liver and divers other parts of a Viper especially of her that made the bite for the cure of the animals that have sufficient strength to resist a while and to expect the benefit of this kind of remedy I believe also to have great cause not to exclude from it man himself as also to prefer the parts of the same Viper that hath bitten to those of others because they must needs have greater cognation and more consent with the vexed spirits that issued from her Concerning which I think it not amiss to impart to the publick an accident that hapn'd in the Royal Laboratory of this City whilst my last experiments were making A young man that had made a good progress in his studies desirous to perfect himself in both ways of Pharmacy and chiefly addicted to my course of Chymistry was near me in the midst of a great Assembly on the 2 d day of my experiments After I had made some whilst I was entertaining the company the fancy took him in imitation of me yet without my knowledge to take a Viper with his hand and to seize on her head which he did not with that caution that is necessary as not holding her so fast but that the Viper took her opportunity and struck one of her great teeth very deep into the middle of the upper part of his left fore-finger Having been made acquainted therewith I remov'd as much as I could all fear from his spirit and advised him to betake himself to the necessary remedies The credit he gave to the truths contain'd in my book often read by him induced him to say that if I thought well of it he would eat the head and neck of the Viper that had bit him Commending his courage I seconded his good inclinations for I caused slightly to be broiled on coals the head and neck of the said viper and made him eat and swallow it hot in the midst of the company adding to it the heart and liver broiled likewise After which I said I doubted not but what he had done would be sufficient to cure him yet to be the surer I would give him some volatil salt of vipers especially he being a person whom I did much esteem and for whose health I had and ever should haue a great concern I thereupon immediately gave him a dose a fifty grains of this volatil salt dissolved in four ounces of water and assured him there was not any danger after this The young man remained in the midst of the company stirr'd not from the place till the meeting ended and then he took a little fresh air He was afterwards a couple of hours in the Royal Garden and the Laboratory during which time he now then found some little sickness about his heart but being come to his own lodging he was ready to sup as he was used to do and