The Arteria Venosa hath in its Orifice only two c T. 11. f. 6. C C. â–¡ three-pointed Valves or Shutters The Aorta carries back Arterial blood out of the left Ventricle of the Their Valves Heart and its Orifice is stopped by three d f. 5. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves or Shutters which hinder the blood from returning back again It is to be observed that these three-pointed Valves or Shutters are membranous neer their Vessels but they depend upon fleshy Pillars which within the Heart are like unto Muscles being fastened to the sides of the partition wall or Septum of the Heart which remains unmovable saving towards the Basis where it is softer and gives way a little when the Basis is drawn back in the Diastole or Dilatation of the Heart The Septum e f O D D. medium or Partition-wall of the Heart is porous ful of little holes which are somtimes manifestly discerned towards the Cone or Point of the The Septum Medium of the Heart Whether the blood pass through it or no Heart It is more probable according to the Doctrine of Galen that the blood does naturally pass through the said Septum or partition wall than through the Lungs Howbeit I deny not but that in the violent Agitation of the Heart and Lungs the blood is carried through the midst oâ— the said Lungs The Medâ—cinal Consideration Having finished these Observations I proceed unto the Diseases of the Heart The Heart as Pliny saies cannot endure long Diseases nor suffer lingring torments Vsual Diseases of the Heart art And Galen tels us That Physitians have not been able to find out or invent Medicines able to cure an evil and malignant distemper which has taken hold of the substance of the Heart Wherefore this part is diligently to be preserved which suffers not by its own fault but by the Impurities of other parts wherewith it is infected and corrupted Wherefore if the Heart be supplied with pure and good blood and be not infected by conâ—agion of the neighboring parts he Lungs and the Liver it flourishes Swouning most cheerfully and causes a very long life But by our Intemperance we suffer it not to continue in Health for the good of the whol Body And therefore it is exercised with divers Diseases by the loss of strength that is to say of Spirits or by their Dissipation such as are Syncope and Leipothymia or swouning and fainting Fainting away which differ only in degrees Syncope being greater than Leipothumia Oftentimes the Heart does counterfeit and make shew of a kind of Apoplexy but without snorting neither does it leave a Palsey after it or any feebleneis of Body or mind If this Disease return often with violence at length it over-whelms and stifles the Heart not only because the blood is stopped from going forth by reason of the fulness of the Vessels but by the Hearts being oppressed by some gross substance of the blood forcibly crowded into the Ventricies of the Heart stopping the pulsative motion of the Heart and Arteries and causing somtime that the Patient cannot speak and bringing him finally to his Grave This Disease is as common among the Germans as is the Apoplexy by reason of their full and Champion-like habit of body contracted by their dayly Feastings and liberal drinking especially at dinner which lasts til within Night they in the mean time taking no care to abate their Plethorick habit by liberal blood-letting Nor is it any wonder if from so great plenty of blood they fal into an Apoplexy or the Heart-swoonings aforesaid Hence depends the Explication of the 42. Aphorism of the Second Book The motion of the Heart is depraved in the Palpitation or Panting thereof and Palpitation it is interrupted in Syncope and Leipothymia The Ventricles and Partition are oftentimes obstructed being filled with little The Circulation intercepted by obstruction of the Ventricles Or of bits of Flesh or Fat wherewith the Heart is choaked the Circular motion of the blood being stopped Somtimes they stick in the right Ear of the Heart whence follows Palpitation or inequality or Interception of the Pulse Worms are also bred in the Heart of which Salius treats There is a memorable Story of a certain English man whose Heart was eaten into by a Worm You may read the Story in Aurelius Severinus The Circulation of the blood is stopped not only in the Heart but also in the The Velns Veins when they are stopped with very thick blood or with blood congealed like the pith of an Elder stick as I have often seen it after burning Feavers and as it has been observed by Fernelius The most frequent Diseases of the Heart are Feavers wherewith it is inflamed A Feaver and roasted as it were so that the Original moisture thereof becomes exhaust and dried up for as Ludovicus Duretus saies in his Commentary upon Hippocrates his Coick Discourses We lose more of our strength by a feaver of seven daies continuance than by the depraedation of our Natural Heat in seventy yeers time a yong man dies in seven daies consumed by a Feaver who might have lived seventy yeers under the sole Regiment of his Natural Heat Differences of Feavers In respect of the Cause a Feaver is Spirital The History of Feavers belongs to this place which I shal dispatch in few words The Hot Distemper of the Heart is termed a Feaver The Differences of Feavers are taken from their conjunct Cause which is three-fold The Spirits the Humors in the Vessels and the Humors fixed in the solid parts of the body From the Spirits a Feaver is termed Spirituosa or Spirital from the Humors in the Vessels it is termed Humoralis and from the Humors fixed in the solid parts it is termed Hectica Though there be three sorts of Spirits Natural Vital Animal yet is it the Vital Spirit alone which being inflamed causes the Spirital Feaver There are four Humoral Humors contained in the Vessels whence comes four sorts of Humoral Feavers the Sanguine the Cholerick the Flegmatick and the Melanchollick But the Hectick Feaver is distinguished by three degreee For the simple Hectick arites Hectick from the fixed Humor being only inflamed the middle Hectick is when the said Humor begins to wast and the Hectica Marasmodes when it is quite exhaust and consumed The Modi of Feavers or their manner of afflicting is two-fold for either the In respect of the manner Continual Intermittent Feaver is continual or it intermits it is putrid or not putrid malignant or wel-affected A continual Feaver never ceases burning til it go wholly away An intermitting Feaver leaves the Patient some space of time free from burning The Cause of the Continualness of a Feaver is the plenty of Morbisick matter and its nearness to the Heart and the distance and paucity of the said matter is the Cause of its Intermission A Putrid Feaver is caused by
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
is ready to break And therefore Hippocrates observes a threefold Shaking-fit the one feaverish the other Ulcerous and the last Symptomatical Unquietness Anxiety tumbling and tossing of the body this way and that way Tumbling and Tossing called by the Greekes Asse is a depravation of motion which proceeds from a misaffection of the Stomach by reason of a sharp Humor Nettling and Stinging the Nerves of the body or the Membranes of the Back-bones Marrow Which makes that the Sick cannot rest in one place or posture but are forced every foot to change place and tumble here and there and to change the posture of their Bodies Night-walking ought to be reckoned among the Symptomes of motion depraved Walking in ones Sleep because it is not preformed by Judgment and Reason but by force of a Disease namely of sharp Fumes which compel the Sick person or the healthy to rise up and walk in their Sleep I proceed to the Irregularity of the Excrements The proper excretion of the Symptomes of things voided forth brain is either an Exhalation of a thin Vapour by the seames of the Scul or the pores of the Skin or it is an Efflux of a thick Humor by the Nostrils and Palate of the Mouth The Disproportion of this Excretion consists either in excess ot defect That in defect has no Name but it degenerates into a Cause of Diseases of the brain of which we have already spoken The disproportion in Excess is various either when blood does immoderatly Nose bleeding flow from the Nose or by drops Both which Symptomes are Malignant The former decaies the bodies strength by reason of the loss of blood and Spirits the latter betokens a repletion of the Head and a Vain endeavour of oppressed Nature And therefore drops of Blood coming from the Nose is bad in a Vaporous Feaver both as a Cause and as a Sign The disproportion in Excretion of a serous and Phlegmatick Humor is manyfold Catarrhs Their general Name is a Catarrh which is a distillation of Humor from the Head into the Inferior Parts from which Parts it receives divers Appellations If it fal into the Nostrils it is called Coryza or Gravedo if into the Throat Branchos Hoarsness if into the Mouth and Palate Ptyelismos or the Spawle And these three sorts of Catarrhs are vulgarly comprehended under the Name of Rheum A Catarrh falling upon the outward Parts of the body is named Rheumatismus Rheumatismus or Rheumaticus affectus the Rheumatick Pains If it fal upon the Joynts it resembles the Gout save that it comes not by fits wherefore an Eunuch may suffer upon the Rheumatick pains but not the true Gout See Galens Comment upon that Aphorisme Boys and Eunuchs are not troubled with the Gout Galen makes frequent mention of the Rheumatick Disease which was common at Rome as it is with us in Paris in his Second Book to Glauco in his Book of Blood-letting against Erasistratus c. This Disease he cured by liberal Bloodletting It is described by Hippocrates in his Book of the internal Diseases under the Name of a Joynt-pain which is wont to trouble young People more than Aged The other differences of Catarhs with Reference to the diversity of Parts on which they fal are Vain It suffices to know that al Fluxions upon internal Parts are called likewise Rheums The Cause of a Catarrh or Flux of Rheum is a cold and moist distemper or an hot distemper with an abundance of Humors working in the Vessels or without Galen acknowledges both these Causes in his Comment upon the 24. Aphor. Of the third Book The latter Physitians following the Doctrin of the Arabians wil have the Humor which Causes the Catarrh to be bred in the Head only without the Vessels by reason of Vapours ascending Fernelius contends that the Conjunct Cause of a Catarrh is a serous matter collected under the Skin of the Head without the Vessels and that the Antecedent Cause is an Humor shut up in the Veins If you desire to know more of this subject Read Fernelius who wil give you abundant satisfaction Chap. 3. Of the Eyes BEcause the Eye and the Ear may be demonstrated without meddling to The Eyes dissect the Face I wil dispatch these Parts before I proceed unto the Countenance The Eye the Instrument of the Sight is the principal Part of the face placed Scituations in the Fore-Part of the Head to direct the Actions of the body because al actions are directed forwards by reason of the Scituation of the Hands Seeing it is an Parts Organical Part made up of many Similar Parts some of those Parts are external and some internal The external are the a T. 19. f. 1. â–¡ Eye-lids which are the Coverings of the The Eye-lids Eyes wherewith they are covered shut and opened And therefore each Eye-lid is movable howbeit the motion is more evident in the upper Eye-lids and is performed by help of Muscles of which we shal treat in our fift Book containing the History of Muscles From whence the Reader may fetch what does appertain to the present occasion The Eye-lid is made up of the Skin a Membrane and muscles The Membrane It s Membrane stretched out under the Skin it produced from the Pericranium which descending by the length of the Forehead unto the Eyes is an underwofe for the Eye-brows withal makes the conjunctive Coat of the Eye which being fixed to the Brain of the Socket detaines and binds the Eye in its Hole or Cavity The Extremities of al the Eye-lids are terminated with a Cartilaginous or Tarsus Gristle edging which is called b f. 1. C C. â–¡ Tarsus whereupon one by one in a row are fastened the c f. 1. beneath B. â–¡ Hairs of the Eye-lids which are born with us and look how long they are at our Birth the same length they keep during our whol life They seldom falt of by reason of Sickness unless in a Malignant Whores-Pocks Cilia which mows down and makes wast of al the Hairs of the Body These Hairs of the Eye-lids are termed Cilia The angular Extremities of the Eye-lids meeting together are termed Anguli Corners the corners of the Eyes The one is d f. 1. by D. â–¡ greater towards the Nose the other is e f. 1. E. â–¡ lesser towards the Temples In the Eye-lids by the greater Corners are observed two little f f. 1. d d. holes which are Tear-Spouts termed Puncta Lachry malia or the Tear-Spouts because the superfluous Humidities of the Eyes or tears do flow thither and Issue out of those Holes which Humidites to receive the Glandula Lachrymalis or a T. 19. f. 1. D. â–¡ Tear-Kernel is ordained being thrust into the little perforated bone that the Humor might rather distil through this Hole into the Nostrils than fal out upon the external Parts The upper Eye-lid has a Muscle that lifts
the Parts afterwards I wil lay down in a few words what may be gathered from this Sound Constitution for the Knowledg fore knowledg and Cure of a Diseased Constitution And Anatomy handled in this Method wil be the beginning Middle and end of the whol Art of Physick This is a short easie and clear Method Quickly and rightly to learn the Art of Curing which propounds the same visible to the Eyes of such as are wel verst in my Fathers writings or in the Institutions of Sennertus for by this Method I shal unlock display the treasures in Anatomy of Physick But perhaps some Fool that is unskilled wil reprove our Disigne Object that we confound the whol Art of Medicine seing Anatomy is a Part of Physiology distinct from the rest and therefore ought to be taught apart seeing Galen himself in the beginning of his dissection of Muscles reproves the Anatomical Book of Lycus because in his Treatise of Muscles he inserted the Diseases of the Parts If any prattle such things against us they wil quickly hold their peace if they read Gal. Lib. 2 admin Anatom Relateing That Antient Physitians regarded Anatomy so much that in al Hippocrates did in al his Books Many are the Sorts of the Figures both within and without the Body saith Hippocrates in Lib. de vet Med. Which have much different qualifications in the Sick and the Sound all which you must perfectly distinguish one from another that you may rightly know and observe the causes of every one of them According to Aristotle Health and Sickness are the Fundamental And Profitable in Medicine Parts of Medicine Both of them are contained in the Parts and Sickness compared with Health is the better discerned Ad to this That Aristotle Writes that he that would Cure the Eyes must first know the Structure of the Eye Again Hippocrates held that Diseases were distinguished according to the Parts they were inâ—ierent in and the principal Curative indications were taken from the Affect and the Part affected and Remedies both Medicinal and Chyrurgical were Prescribed and administred diversly according to the Parts Afflicted Therefore Galen wrote his Therapeuticks of the composition of Medicines according to the Parts afflicted and Avicenna did wisely when perceving that the Seats of Diseases could not be known without skil in Anatomy Before the Diseases of the particular Parts he set down their Anatomy And if we beleeve Galen in Lib. de Part med The first Matter or Subject of Medicine is the Body as it is the Subject of Health and Sickness Our intent then is by a short and easie Method To deliver in writing and The Intent of the Author demonstrate in dead Bodies of the seats of al Diseases and Symptomes both Internal and External and the particular way of Cure according to the order of Anatomy which is publickly observed A notable peice of Workmanship to learn Physick by by which 't is easie to manifest and bring to light the Errours in the Cures of Diseases and to instruct and inform such as are Studious in Physick by that time they have been hearers and beholders two yeares of two Anatomies in a year with diligent reading of Books and excercize of the knowing of Plants and other Drugs and visiting of the Sick with him that is their teacher Excellently said Johannes Fernelius in the beginning of his Pathology I shal never think any man wel skilled in the knowledg of Diseases unless he have been an Eye witness of the seats of them in the Body of man and know how they are affected against Nature neither can be come to this unless he be skilful and exquisite in Anatomy and whatsoever he reads or hears let him seriously contemplate it in the Body of man and settle the cheif knowledg of things in his mind Chap. 2. Why we begin our Anatomy with the Treatise of Bones THat kind of stile is two-fold which is used in the explication of any thing Gal. Com. ad Part. q. Lib. 1. de fract et Cap. 1. Lib. The Method of teaching double Synops. de Puls The first is called Synopticus when the Matter is briefly laid down The other Diexodicus when it is Copiously unfolded nothing being passed by which is profitable to be declared The former helps the memory the latter cleers the matter to the understanding For which Cause Galen divided his Books into Isagogical and perfect the first being fitted to young beginners the other to proficients as himself testifies Lib. de libris Propriis This is also confirmed by the authority of Hippocrates Lib. de vet Med. Where he adviseth Physitians to teach easie things to young students and such as may be quickly learned ad hereunto That al men desire to learn apace according to Aristor Lib. 2 de Rhetor. Chap. 10. And the Method of breife teaching is alwaies grateful both to young students and to perfect Masters for it teacheth the former what things must be learned and in the latter cals back to their memory what they have learned before and almost forgotten Gal. Lib. 4. de diff puls Wisely and Elegantly did the Emperor Justinian judg That a compendium of the Lawes was first to be propounded to invite Novices to knowledg Then are al things delivered most commodiously when they are first delivered by a plain and simple way and then by an exact and diligent interpretation for if we burden weak though studious minds at beginning with variety and Multiplicity of things we either make them desert their studies or else young Men to great labor and distrust and bring them by a longer way to what might be learned with more speed less labor and no distrust Therefore following the precepts of Galen and Hippocrates I wil describe Why the Author wrote a Synopsis a briefe and cleer Manual of Anatomy following the counsel of Galen who had rather write a Synopsis of his Books of Pulses himself then to leave the business to another who by not understanding his mind and sense should pervert or confound his meaning I begin with the Bones because they are the foundation of al the Parts of the whol Body which is substained Included Preserved and moved by the Why he begins with the Bones Bones which according to Hippocrates give stability and form to the Body Therefore he that is studious in Physick ought to be instructed in the perfect The necessity of writing of the Bones knowledg of the Bones before he come to behold the Anatomy of the whole Body otherwise he wil be ignorant in designing the original and insertion of the Muscles and the sticking of other Parts to certain Conceptacles of the Bones unless he be skilled in the History of Bones at which Anatomy is to begin as Hippocrates taught and after him Galen Chap. 3. The Division of Osteology or the History of the Bones THe History of the Bones is called Osteology of which are two Parts The Parts of Osteology
months it sticks so fast to the Peritoneum before to the bottom of the Bladder to the Guts and in Women to the Womb that it must of necessity putrifie in that place which it wil the sooner do if either you give the patient Emollient Medicines inwardly or apply them outwardly If you would prolong the patients life you must often let blood and beare up the Tumor with a truss or Swathe band What if the Spleen fal from its natural place shal we sear and burn it with a red hot Iron when it slips into the Belly shal we take that Course with it It is a ticklish and dangerous peice of work notwithstanding Old Farriers or Horse Doctors have written that the Spleen has been by that means consumed in Horses and in some poor slaves on whom they durst Experiment so cruel a Remedy Much more dangerous it is by opening the left Hypochondrium to take away the Spleen neither can its thick superfluous Humors be safely disolved by heating the same I should by such a practise sear a contusion after which an incurable suppuration of the whol substance would undoubtedly follow There is none of the Bowels which in Diseases does more change its shape Somtime Figure its long somtime foursquare somtimes round according as it finds room to dilate it self in when it rests upon the Stomach it does much hurt and disturbe the action thereof Communion and if it be fastened to the Midrif is oppresses the same or if it reach thither in its Bulk it hinders the free Motions thereof Upon the Spleen obstructed depend the Black Jaundice Hypochondriacal Melancholy Obstructed what Diseases it Causes the ill Colors of Virgins and other Women The Scurvy or Hippocrates his great Spleens out of which flowes a Malignant Wheyish Humor which being spread into divers Parts of the Body does in the Mouth cause Stomacace or Oscedo a sorenes with loosness of the Teeth c. In the Thighs Scelotyrbe a soreness with spots and wandring pains through the whol body which are either fixed and abiding in certain Parts which we cal Rheumatismes and the Germans refer them to the scurvy as may be seen in such German Authors as have written of the Scurvy especially in the Treatise of Engalenus And therefore after universal Remedies they use other appropriate Scorbuticks which are destined to the Cure of that Disease Chap. 27. Of the Vena Cava and Aorta within the Lower Belly THe Trunk of the a T. 12. f. 1. A B C. â–¡ Vena Cava is commonly reported to arise out of the Liver Liver is not the Original of Vena Cava and to be divided into the superior and inferior Trunk as if they were separated as it is in the stock of the b T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Aorta springing out of the Heart but Ocular Inspection does demonstrate that the Trunk of Vena Cava is separated from the Liver which creepes beneath and that near the top of the Liver by the Midrif it receives a branch which grows out of the c f. 1. r r. â–¡ Substance of the Liver which carries blood into the Trunk of the Cava that it may be carryed unto the Heart with other blood which ascends by Circulation Wherefore that same Trunk of the Vena Cava is extended al along without Interruption from the d f. 1. B. â–¡ Jugulum or Neck even to the e T. 12. f. 1. D. â–¡ Os Sacrum There I make account is the Cistern of Blood because a great part of the Blood is contained therein The Trunk of Vena Cava in regard of the Liver which by a branch supplies iâ— Vena Cava divided into Trunks with Blood may be divided into the f f. 1. B. â–¡ upper and lower g T. 12. f. 1. C D. â–¡ Trunk The inferior produces the Vena h T. 5. f. a. g. â–¡ Adeposa which is dispersed into the fatty Membrane of the Kidney and then the i T. 12. f. 1. x x. â–¡ emulgent which is distributed into the Kidney after that the k f. 1. z. z. â–¡ Spermatick Vein whose right-side branch springs from the Trunk of Cava and it s left from the Emulgent finally it sends three or four branches called l f. 1. a a a. â–¡ Lumbares into the Loins which are spred abroad unto the Marrow of the Back When the Trunk is come to the top of Os Sacrum it is divided into two Channels Distribution of the inferior Trunk or Pipes which from their Scituation are termed m f. 1. D D. â–¡ Canales Iliaci the Illiack Pipes From these on either hand are produced other Veins especially the a Sacra b Hypogastrica Amplissima c Epigastrica and d Pudenda In Women the Hypogastrica is longer than in Men and Nourishes more Parts and holds the Menstrual blood till the time come that itmust be voided Wherefore blood is conteined in greater plenty about the Genitals of Women than of Men. The Epigastrica is observed to be two-fould in Women the one ascends into the Musculus Rectus the other opposite thereunto descends as low as the Womb. In this Trunk of Vena Cava Fernelius after Galen placed the seat of continual Seat of Feavers continual and Iâ—…rmittent Feavers supposing the Blood rested quietly therein but seeing the blood is in perpetual motion I make the seat of continual feavers to be in the Trunk of the Vena Cava and in those great Pipes carryed along through the Limbs as the semâ—…ry â—f intermittent Feavers or Agues is in the Vena Porta or in the Bowells which are nourished thereby Seeing the Veins are the Vessels and Cisterts to contain the blood they have a thin coat saving that the Trunk of Vena Cava has a thicker and stronger coat Why Cava hâ—â— a thick Coat than ordinary to avoid breaking in case the blood should work or boyl therein which by means of the tenderness of the Coat can sweat and breath thorough T is a Question whether the Veins have Fibres or no some say yea and some Whether Veins have Fibres no. But seeing the Blood is thrust forward by the spirits and Hear it has a natural ascent unto the Heart and therefore it needs no Fibres to draw it and if any were necessary the right ones would suffice but the circular ones are interposed for strength and some threds are observed in the Coat of a Vein not to draw but to strengthen the Coat Wherefore the Contentions about the Fibres of Veins are but Vain Janglings neither are we in Blood-letting so carefully and scrupulouâ—ly to observe the rectitude of the Fibres as the Scituation of the Part affected Hippocrates in his Book de Morbo Sacro does Elegantly call the Veins Spiracula Why the Veins are called the Bodies Wind-Doers Corporis the Wind-doers or Breathing places of the Body because when they are opened a Fuliginous or sooty Spirit Issues
by their inbred virtue Their Action implanted in them to that end wherefore they receive the seminal matter and when it is sufficiently prepared that is to say when it is impregnated with the Generative Spirit they transmit the same into the Jaculatory Vessels and the Jaculatory Vessels carry it into the Seminary Bladders e f. 2. D D. â–¡ c f. 1. V V. f. 3. E. f. 4. D D. â–¡ d f. 1. c c. f. 3. and 4. c c c. Chap. 35. Of the Vessels which carry the true Seed of the Seed-Bladders and the Prostatae or Auriliaries IT remaines now that we Speak of the Vessels which carry the Seed to the Bladder and of the a T. 6. f. 5. F F. f. 6. G G. â–¡ Prostatae or Assistants That same b T. 6. f. 1. V V. f. 3. E. f. 4. D. â–¡ carrying Vessel which is Ejeculatory Vessels called Ejaculatorium and takes its original from the Epididymis is in its Rise very ful of c f. 3. and 4. c c. f. 5. C. â–¡ windings and wrinckled Those Wrinkles being smoothed out do make the Vessel twice as long as before Why Wrinkled Those Wrinkles are made to retain the most subtile Spirit of Generation which How the Seed is voided breakes forth violently in the act of Generation with a thin subtile and spirituous matter which is mixed with that same other Excrementitious Seminal matter which is conteined in the little d T. 6. f. 5. and 6. E E. â–¡ Seed-Bladders so that they flow both together into the e f. 5. K K. â–¡ Vrethra or Piss-Pipe And as in the Act of Generation that same most thin and pure Spirit leaps forcibly with the matter out of the Testicls so by help of the f f. 1. a a. b b. f. 5. H H. I I. â–¡ Muscles of the Yard the Seminal matter which is conteined in the littlie Bladders is also cast forth For I make account that their is a three-fold Seminal matter one most pure Matter of the Seed threefold which is made and kept in the Stone the other is Superfluous and Excrementitious yet of use for the forming of the Conception which is thrust away by the Stones and slides leasurly into the little Seed-Bladders for it is not probable that the most pure Seminal matter and the Spirit which is the Auther of Generation should be conteined amids the Nastyness of the Dung and Urine The third Seminal matter is an Oyly Substance which leasurely dropping out does moisten the a T. 6. f. 5. K K. â–¡ Vrethra or Piss-Pipe in Men and the b T. 7. f. 2. y. â–¡ Sheath of the Womb in Women also it comes away by it self when the Yard is distended through lust and in strong imaginations of the matters tending to Generation and somtimes at the sight of a beautyful Woman It is a Question whether this Oyly substance do flow out of the little Seed-Bladders or from the c T. 6. f. 6. f. 5. F F. f. 6. G. G. â–¡ Glandules of the Prostatae which contein in them a Seminal matter which is sent forth through smal pores beneath the Knob of the Vrethra The Matter which is conteined in the little Bladders is forcibly cast out by way of Ejaculation or Squirting through the holes which are near the foresaid knobby wart of the Vrethra Before the little Bladders be removed you shal observe how they are covered Whence the Texture of Veins among the Seed-Bladders round about and hidden under a Multitude of little Veins scattered round about them Whether they be Veins or Arteries what they serve for is not yet certainly known Whether to supply matter to those Parts viz. The Seed-bladders that it may be thence transmitted to the Protastae to be further Elaborated Touching this wonderful Intertexture of Vessels we can as yet determine nothing In the Prostatae and in the Seed-Bladders is the seat of the venemous Genorrhea The seat of a Virulent Gonorrhea which if it be unseasonably stopped the venom is communicated to the whol body or flowes back into the stones and causes a Tumor in them or if it extend so far as the Perineum unless it be naturly repelled it causes an Impostum and eates into the Vrethra or Piss-Pipe You shal do wel to consider whether it be safe in a virulent Gonorrhea to open a Vein in the Arm if the arder in these places be light and without a Feaver In my what Vein to be opened in the Cure thereof opinion it is better to take blood from the Foot because the Saphena takes its rise near the Groin and bestowes two branches upon those Parts and therefore large bleeding in the Foot when the Buboes break out does powerfully revel Few or none except Julianus Palmarius a Physitian of Paris and Fallopius an Italian are for Blood-letting in the Arm in such Cases for it is held unsafe for fear of the Whores-Pocks by reflux of the venemous Humor into the Bowels and habit of the Body The Medicinal Consideration The Diseases of those Seed-Vessels Seed-Bladders and of the Auniliary Glandules Diseases of these Parts are Distempers or Prostatae are an hot or cold Distemper which cause a corruption of the Seminal matter either from an internal or an external Cause Also the Laxity of those Parts causes an involentary shedding of the Seed which Laxite whence Gonorrhea is called a Simple or single Gonerrhea or when it is with pain and inflamation being caused by infection of a Pocky Whore it is called Gonrrhaea Virulenta the venemous Gonerrheae The flux of Seed which happens to some in their sleep is called Oxynorrigmos it comes from the aboundance of hot and Spirituous Seed The Oyly subctance is exceeding needful for in Men through want of the said Humor The Oyly Substance how needful either the sharpness of Urine hurts the Vrethra or Piss-Pipe or it cannot freely pass neither can the Seed be forcibly cast out as Galen hints and I have known in many who were cured with a liberal moistening Diet a Bath to sit in and Oyl of sweet Almonds Squirted into the Vrethra with a Syringe With the same Humor the Womans sheath is moistened in such as are lustful and it drops away by it self without the Ejaculation of Seed The Action of the Yard is not to transmit the Urine but to Ejaculte or Squirt Action hurt whence Barrenness the Seed into the Womb of the Woman If it cannot perform that Office it causes Barrenness which depends either upon the Yard by reason of the Ligaments which cannot be blown up so as to raise the Yard or because of the weakness or Palsie of the Muscles of the Yard or upon the Stones being colder then they ought to be or being too Flaggy or less or greater then is usual or upon the ill shapeing of the Spermatick Vessels as in case the Arteries be wanting or upon the
his absurd Opinion provided that he be the Bel-weather Let him no more triumph before the Victory nor let him be so secure and undaunted as not to fear Hercules himself That same new Tenent of Hofman disturbs the whol Doctrine of Diseases of the Hofmans Tenent disturbs the â—â—actice of Physick Brain and that I may declare so much I wil chuse out only two Diseases which have their Seat in the Ventricles viz. The Epilepsie and Apoplexy The Apoplexy he makes to be in the whol Substance of the brain not in the Ventricles The Epilepsie he wil have to be caused only by vapors ascending into the Head and diâ—â—â—â—ed through the whol substance of the brain He allows of no Epilepsie from a primary affection of the Head but only by Sympathy from other parts He assigns the Seat of the Apoplexy to be in the whol substance of the brain obstructed and avers that it is caused only by blood shed forth of the Veins and makes the Cause thereof to be the obstruction of the Press introduced by Nymmanus But if the Torcular or Press is obstructed which is the fourth Channel carrying blood into the Plexus Choroides the passage of the blood and Spirits is intercepted But according to Hofman in an Apoplexy only blood is found shed out of the veins within the Ventricles and therefore the Toâ—cular was not obstructed It is a certain and undoubted thing confirmed by many Experiments that in the Apoplexy the Ventricles of the brain are obstructed or there is an obstruction in the Choana or Funnel But especially the hole of the fourth ventricle which is shut with the Apophysis Scolicoides is stopped by thick and clammy Flegm sticking there which if it be not discussed or removed being evacuated through the Funnel it causeâ— death If the Matter be serous and pass into the Spinal Marrow it causes the Palsie instead of the Apoplexy and so a greater Diâ—ease is cured by a lesser the matter being translated from one place to another But if blood happen to be shed into the ventricles present death follows But if â—o be the Apoplexy should be produced by blood alone as Hofman will have it how could blood which was shed into the ventricles pass into the Nerves without putreâ—action and how could it enter into the Cavities of the Nerves In these two Diseases he hath beâ—rayed his own Ignorance although he could find no such difficulty in the falling sickness as Craâ—o acknowledged whose Wish was this Would to God I could see before I die the Essence of this Disease together with the Cure thereof rightly explained The Medicinal Consideration The brain is exercised with many kinds of Diseases with an hot cold moist Distemper Principal disâ—â—ses of the Brain Distemper with divers Humors Flegmatick Cholerick Melanchollick Sanguine and Wheyish which either do moâ—est the Membranes of the brain especially the Crassa Meninx or are diffused into the Channels thereof and being there stopped of their course they cause most acuâ—e pains or they slide into the exterior windings of the â—rain and by little and little they distil into the substance of the brain and the ventricles thereof or into the hinder part of the Head or the Petty-brain or they descend into the lowest parts of the brain If the Humor ascend by the Carotick Arteries unto the brain it may produce the same Diseases now al Diseases that are caused by consent or sympathy withouâ— matter only by evaporation are not so dangerous as if they were bred within the brain so as that the morbiâ—ick Matter should be therein contained The brain besides similar Diseases in Distemper and Laxity suffers also Diseases Obstruction of thâ— Cavities in Conformation when as according to the motion of the Moon its bulk is encreased or diminished in the Disorder of its Passages when the Channels of the Dura Meninx are obstructed especially the fourth which is called Torâ—ular or the Press which being obstructed is thought to cause the Apoplexy the passage of the Spirits to and â—ro being intercepted Which I do not beleeve because the Spirits are shed abroad into the inferior Vessels from that admiâ—able Net of Aâ—â—eâ—â—es called Rete mirabile and that same Cavity being stopped only the Plexus Choroides being defrauded of its blood is hurt The Ventricles are also obstructed especially the fourth which being sâ—opped Of the Ventricles present death follows by reason of the stoppage of that continual influx of Spirits which ought to be into the inferior parts and the Marrow of the back The Choana may likewise be obstructed which intercepts the Efflux of serous Of the Choana â—â—â—uâ—â—â—â— and Flegmaâ—ick Humors whereby flowing back into the brain they may cause the Episepâ—â—e or Apoplexy and induce divers deadly Diseases If the anterior or foremost ventricles are perforated into the Nostrils the obstructions of those passages wil be very â—uâ—â—ful to the brain A fault of evil Conformation cannot be amended exactly by strengthening and drying the brain both the fore-mentioned may be helped The brain is Inflamed not only the Meninges or Coats but somtimes also in the Siriasis proper substance thereof whence comes the Phrenzy and Siriasis or Dog day madness but not any Paraphrenitis Siriasis is termed from the Dog-Star for in the Dog-Daies chiefly it afflicts Frenzy both Boys and elder persons and therfore it comes rather from an exâ—ernal Cause as long abiding in the Sun c. than from any internal Cause as a Phrenzy comes only from an internal Cause whether it be Primary or Secondary by consent of other parts in a burning Feaver The brain may likewise swel by reason of a Commotion thereof from some internal Tumors Cause it is called Ecplexis Stupidity of the Head after a blow is a bad sign according to Hippocrates At length these Diseases bring a Sphacelism in the brain causing putrefaction corruption and mortisication Again it is subject to a waâ—ry Tumor either in its Circumference or within the Ventricles If in its Circumference it is termed Hydrocephalos or the Water-Head and at length the wheyish Humor slipping by little and little within the Ventricles causes the sleepy Disease and after it the Apoplexy And these I take to be Diseases of the brain however Fernelius has written that al the Disorders of the Head which have been observed by Experience are sympâ—omes and not Diseases But he elegantly according to his wonted fashion does divide the Symptomes Symptomes of the braâ—n Or Membranes into three Ranks with reference to the parts affected Some possess the Membranes some the Substance of the Brain and some the hollow Passages In the Pericranium and Meninges Pains are caused In the Substance of the Brain which is the Seat of the Animal chief Faculties are contained the Symptomes of Fancy and Reason depraved such as are Dotage Melancholly Ecstasies Lyncanthropy Madness Also the Symptomes of Memory abolished such as are Forgetfulness Foolishness Doltishness
the anterior Ventricles it slips into the fourth Ventricle and from thence into the Spinal Marrow and so Causes a Palsie If it be a Flegmatick Humor stopped in the fourth Ventricle or in the third it cannot be discussed and the brain is overwhelmed thereby If the blood be shed out of the vessels it suddainly suffocates In the Carus or other Sleepy Disease only the foremost Ventricles of the brain are overwhelmed with Serosities so that there is yet freedom for the spirits to pass into all Parts of the body But in an Apoplexy all the ventricles of the brain but especially the fourth are obstructed and unless the matter be discussed into the spinal Marrow Death fallows unavoidably Fernelius avouches that an Apoplexy is bred by an Obstructiou of that Rete Mirabile the afflux of Arterial blood out of the Heart into the brain being thereby intercepted Therefore they are termed Carotides because being obstructed they cause Carum or the Sleepy-Evil In the Apoplexy and Sleepy Diseases besides general Medicines as blood-letting Cure of the Apoplexy Carus and sucid like Diseases liberally twice or thrice repeted out of the Arm and foot strong Purgation of watry Humors Cupping-Glasses fixed unto the shoulders and the hinder Part of the Head Topical Remedies are not be neglected which draw and Evacuate near the Part affected such as is the opening of the Veins under the Tongue and of the external Jugular Vein and likewise of the Temporal Artery great Vesicatories applied towards the top of the shoulders to the Cephalick Vein strong Medicines to provoke Sneezing a Seton in the Neck the string being often drawn about and anointed with Oyl of Vitriol that it may bite the more and attract opening the Veins of the Nose after the manner used by the Ancients with a split Toothed Quil thrust up as far as the bottom of the Colander a sharp injection into the Nostrils Nostrils by a syring and within the furrows placed between the spaces of Os Vomeris drawing out of the Flegmatick clammy matter which sticks in the Throat and stops the Larynx but thrusting a feather far into the throat to which intent a strong vomit is good to cast forth any Humor that has flowed into the Wind-Pipe neither must we omit extream hard rubbings with salt and continual stirring of the body if it be possible All which remedies are to be applied with all possible speed one upon the Neck of another in an Apoplexy because there is danger in delay In Sleepy Diseases which proceed slowly and are caused by matter falling down from the Parts above they are more slowly administred and without Precipitation You shal observe also that a great Part of these Humors is gathered together in the turnings windings which are outmost in the upper substance of the brain which do either putrifie there or slip into the ventricles of the brain and yet these windings of the brain are not considered The Palsie is an Abolition of sence and motion not in the whol body as in the Apoplexy but only in the greatest Part of the body or in half The Palsie thereof which is termed Hemiplegia or in one Part which is called Paraplegia Fernelius observes that sence is taken away the motion remaining unhurt and somtimes motion is taken away and the sence remains because of the difference of the Nerves of the brain and the Spinal Marrow In the Palsie the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow are obstructed but those of the brain not and therefore many Parts remain unhurt especially the internal Somtimes the Palsie happens without obstruction of the Nerves because the sostning and Humectation of the Nerves brings a kind of Palsie In an imperfect Palsie when motion and sence are only dulled the Disease is Stupor termed Stupor or Nothrotis which arises from a moist distemper of the brain A Stupidity or dulness of sence and motion in a Feaver is wont to foretel a sleepy Disease to follow When it comes alone without Feaver it foretels a Palsie or an Apoplexy Vertigo is a depravation of sence and motion which makes the Patient think Vertigo that al things turn round it springs from a windy Humor which being agitated within the foremost Ventricles of the Brain causes the foresaid Apprehension of all things turning about If it Causes a darkness before the Patients Eyes it is called Vertigo Tenebricosa or Scotodinos It arises from the Brain or from vapours ascending from the inferior Parts That is worst which arises primarily from the brain and it is a fore-runner of the Falling Sickness The convulsion is a violent pulling back of the Muscles towards their Head or Convulsion beginning It is threefold Emprosthotonos when the body is bent foreward Opisthotonos when the body is drawn backward and Tetanos when both sides remain stif by reason of an equal bowing or stretching of the Muscles on both sides The Cause of a Convulsion is either an obstruction of the Nerves or their being pricked by a sharp Humor or a dry distemper which dries the Nerves and so makes them stif as a dried Lurstring this is incurable In one word all Convulsions are said to arise either from too much emptyness or over fulness An Epilepsie or Falling-sickness is a Convulsion of the whol body coming by Falling-Sickness fits and hurting the Mind and sences It is caused by an obstruction of the foremost Ventricles of the brain caused by an Abundance of sharp Humors either Cholerick or Flegmatick Either it comes from the brain Primarily affected or from some other Part sending Malignant Humors to the brain If it proceed from the brain Primarily affected it is the more dangerous if by fault of the Spleen or some other Bowel venemously infected the coming of the fits may be foreseen and prevented The former comes in a moment the latter by degrees Fernelius besides the Humor which is the common Cause accounts the peculiar Cause to be a venemous Air or vapour which is exceeding hurtful to the brain and therefore he conceives it must be cured with specificks and appropriate Remedies as wel as those vulgar ones Trembling is a depravation of Motion through weakness It is caused by the Trembling weakness of the motive faculty and the bodies heavyness So that look how much the motive faculty endeavours to lift up the Member so much does the heavyness of the said Member not sufficiently illustrated with spirits press it down again And therefore it arises from obstruction of the Nerves or from their being over-much softened or from some external Cause as by anointing with Quick-silver or other Application thereof There is a certain mixture of the Convulsion and tremblings which is called Spasmo-Tromois Shivering and shaking are motions of the body which happen in Feavers and Shivering and Shaking they are forerunners of the fits of Agues or of the Exacerbations of Feavers They happen also to such as have ripe Impostumes when the Impostum
Inflamation and fluxion And if the Inflamation be very great so that it hinders the coming together of the Eye-Lids and spoiles their Evenness so that the white of the Eye becomes higher than the Iris and Pupilla it is called Chemosis as much as to say Chemosis Hyposphagma Hiatus Hyposphagma is a collection of Blood under the Adnata Tunica or an effusion of blood out of the Capillary Veins into the Adnata proceeding from a blow or bruise There is a Disease of Number in the Tunica Adnata called Pterygium Pterygium and it is a certain Membranons Eminency reaching from the greater corner of the Eye to the Pupilla or a certain hard knob of the Adnata it self both springing from a moist distemper Joyned with a clammy Humor Phlyctena Phlyctena is a pustle or smal Tumor of the Adnata or the neighboring Cornea proceeding from a thick and sharp Tumor so that it terminates in an Ulcer Botrion Epicauma And if it be hollow it is called Botrion or Fossula if it be become crusty t is named Epicauma After the Ulcer follows a Scar which is the Hardness and thickness of a Spermatick Part springing from a wound or Ulcer Diseases of the Cornea Tunica The Ulcers and Scars of the Cornea Tunica have a great resemblance with the Cheloma Diseases of the Adnata in regard of neighborhood yet are they distinguished because the Ulcers and Scars in the black of the Eye that is in the transparent Part of the Cornea belong only to the Cornea such as is the Cheloma which is a broad Ulcer of the Cornea about the Iris. Argemon is a round Whitish Ulcer of the Cornea towards the Circle of the Argemon Iris. Scars in the Black of the Eye or in the Transparent Part of the Cornea do differ Albugo in the degrees of more or less The greater Scar of the Cornea about the Iris or Pupilla because of its whiteness is called Leucoma and Albugo if it be smal it is termed Nephelion or Nebula the Cloud if the Scar be thin it s called Nebula Caligo Achlys Caligo a Mist or Darkness Diseases of the Uvea Tunica The rupture and Exulceration of the Cornea is attended by a Disease of the Proptosis Vvea in Scituation which is called Proptosis Procidentia when the Vvea sticks out above the Cornea If the Extuberance of the Vvea be smal it s called Myocephalon or the Flie-Head Myocephalon Staphyloma Melon Clavus because it resembles the Head of a Flie if it be great t is termed Staphyloma because it resembles a Grap-Stone or Melon as being like an Apple If their be an inveterate Ulcer of the Cornea through which the Vvea fals out it s called Elos Clavus the Nail The Ulcers of the Cornea and Adnata if they be Malignant are termed Carcinomata Diseases of the Pupilla The hole of the Vvea is termed Pupilla the Apple of the Eye Between the Pupilla and Cornea there is a space ful of Spirit and Watry Humor There is a double Disease of that space Zinifisis springing from a dry distemper Zinifisis which consumes the Watry Humor and Dissipates the Spirit or from a wound which lets out the Watry Humor and suffers the Spirit to vanish and reek away The other Disease of the space is an Obstruction from a corrupted Flegmatick or purulent Humor If it proceed of a purulent Humor or Quittor it is called Hypopium Suffusio Hypopium if the Obstruction be caused by Flegm it s termed Hypochyma Suffusio But Hypopium followes an Inflamation and Hypochyma is caused for the most Part by a Congestion or Concretion of a thick Humor if the Disease be proper or primary and do not arise by consent from the Stomath sending Vapors up into the Eye Fernelius saw a thick and perfect Suffusion bred in one daies time for if a thick Humor suddenly falling into the Optick Nerve do blind a man in a moment why may not the same Humor falling lower into the Pupilla breed a sudden and perfect Suffusion The narrowness of the Pupilla springs either from the first formation in the Corrugatio Womb or from a dry distemper and then it is called Phthisis or Corrugatio Galen writes that a smal Pupilla from from ones Birth is occasion of a very sharp sight but when it happnes a whil after t is bad In his first Book of the Causes of Symptomes Chap. 2. The Dilatation of the Pupilla is called Mydriasis or Platu-Corie It springs Mydriasis from a moist distemper or from a Rupture or by breach of Continuity caused by a blow Diseases of the Chrystallin and Glassie Humor Diseases of the Vitreous and Chrystallin Humors are either a distemper simple Distemper or with Humors conjoyned or such as happen in the consistence of the said Humors viz. Thickness and hardness The distemper of the Humors and Coats of the Eye if it happen without a Tumor or an Ulcer is commonly attributed to the weakness of the Faculty and the quality and quantity of the spirits being misaffected but neither of these is a Disease they are rather effects of a Disease for what is the weakness of a faculty other than Actio laesa the action hurt Thickness of the Spirits is caused by a cold and moist distemperature either proper Thinness of the Spirits Their Paucity to the Eye or by consent with the brain or some inferior Parts Paucity of Spirits comes from a dry distemper either of the Eye or the brain the Cause and fomenter of which distemper may be a Cholerick Humor not purged out of the body being the cause and Effect of a distempered Liver The thickness and hardness of the Chrystallip Humor is properly termed Glaucosis Glaucoma or Glaucoma because the color thereof resembles that of an Owles Eyes it proceeds from a cold and dry distemper and is therefore familiar to aged Persons The Disease of the Chrystalline Humor in respect of its Scituation has no name but if it be somwhat higher and flatter than ordinary it produces a Symptome whereby all things appear double The watry Humor may run out by a prick in the Eye but it is bred again in Running out of the watry Humor Thickness of the Visive spirit Children as Galen saw by experience and as we may observe in Chickens The Visive or seeing Spirit implanted in the Eye may become thick and surround the Chrystalline Humor with darkness and obscurity as the implanted Hearing-Spirit of the Ear being rendred thick does cause deafness or thickness of Hearing Diseases of the Optick Nerve The Optick Nerve may be troubled with any kind of distemper and with solution Obstruction of continuity but the proper and usual Disease thereof is Obstruction which is known by a sudden blindness the other Parts of the Eye being al sound which made the Neotericks cal this Disease Gutta Serena and
238 239 Trunk being the second part of the Sceleton of what it consists Page 13 V Varices what they be Page 258 Their cure ibid Vena Axilaris Thoracica Basilica Merdiana Salvatella what and where they are Page 254 255 Vena Cava inflamed Cure of the diseases thereof twofold a valve therein its use Page 66 Heart the Original thereof Page 108 Vena Cava and Aorta within the lower Belly Page 64 Vena Cava Divided into trunks it is the Seatof Feavers continual and intermiting ibid The Liver is not the Original thereof ibid Why it hath a thick coat Page 65 Vein its and definition description Page 27 Veins conteined within the Chest at large discoursed of by the Author Page 113 114 115 Veln Jugular in what case it may be opened Page 114 Veins which of them are most usually opened Page 215 Whether the Foot vein may be opened how Page 216 Veins whether they have fibres and why they are called the bodys wind-doors Page 65 The retentive faculty of them being lost what follows Page 66 Vena Porta the Liver the original thereof Page 108 Veins their valves with the Vse of them Page 55 Vein cut off whether it wil grow again Page 258 Ventricles what meant thereby Page 33 Why the dissection begins at the lower its Substance Temperature Original Scituation Quantiy Parts containing Common Proper Diverse Parts contained Figure Color Connexion Vse Action Page 32 33 Vertebrae What they are and the parts thereof Page 13 Vertebrae of the Neck Back Loynes Os Sacrum or boly bone and the Crupper bone Page 14 Vertebrae their Gristles and Membranes Page 275 Vertigo What it is and whence it proceeds Page 134 Vesalius his opinion touching the use of the Patella Page 284 Vessels their motion how abolished Page 259 Vomits warily to be used not to be given to persons very weak Page 56 57 Vomiting of choler and blood whence is proceeds Page 55 Vomica What kind of Impostume it is Page 103 Ureters their description substance length scituation wideness original Nerves Obstruction stone Page 70 Urethra or piss-pipe Page 73 Its obliquation in the Perineum impostumated hard to cure Page 74 Urine let out with a knife Page 72 Uvula Its use Muscles ligaments and diseases c. Page 204 223 W Warts From whence they arise Page 195 Wesand or Windpipe Its use gristles Membrane and diseases Page 208 209 Whether the wounds thereof are curable Page 209 Woman Her Genital parts which are either external or internal their diseases Page 81 82 Parts internal which serve for generation two fold the way of shewing these parts Page 83 Woman childing Why some sickly others not Page 87 Woman big-bllyed whether she may be let blood Page 88 Whether in the disease Cholera she may bleed ibid Women beg-bellied whether in them the womb grows thinner ibid Women never changed into a Man Page 75 Womb Its substance coats temper sctiuation greatness shape cavity action infirmities Page 84 85 Worms how they breed in the blood Page 66 Heart eaten by them ibid VVorms bred in the Pericardium which feed on the heart Page 100 Worms in the Ears termed Eblai Page 194 Wrist The two Muscles thereof Page 227 The best way of dissecting its Muscles Page 247 VVrist bones their number and articulation Page 281 Y Yard of a man Its parts Skin foreskin It 's bridle membrane vessels muscles It s hollow ligaments their internal substance Its obliquation in the Perineum the Nut thereof impostumated hard to cure Page 73 74 Yard the medicinal consideration and diseases thereof Page 74 Its muscles are four Page 233 Z Zecchius His vain brag Page 72 Zygomaticus What Muscle so called Page 220 The Names of several Books printed by Peter Cole at the sign of the Printing-press in Cornhil neer the Royal Exchange Eleven several Books by Nich. Culpeper Gent. Student in Physick and Astrologie 1 The Practice of Physick containing seventeeu several Books Wherein is plainly set forth The Nature Cause Differences and several sorts of Signs Together with the Cure of al Diseases in the Body of Man Being Translation of the Works of that Learned and Renowned Doctor Lazarus Riverius now living Councellor and Physitian to the present King of France Above fifteen thousand of the said Books in Latin have been sold in a very few Yeers having been eight times printed though al the former Impressions wanted the Nature Causes Signs and Differences of the Diseases and had only the Medicines for the cure for them as plainly appears by the Authors Epistle 2 Riolanus six Books of Anatomy and Physick containing the Foundation of Physick and Chyrurgery wherein all the Body of Man is in such sort Anatomically dissected as that the Causes and Natures of al Diseases are demonstrated from the Fabrick and use of the Parts affected 3 Veslingus Anatomy of the Body of Man Wherein is exactly described the several Parts of the Body of Man illustrated with very many larger Brass Plates than ever was in English before 4 A Translation of the New dispensatory made by the Colledg of Physitians of London Whereunto is added The Key to Galens Method of Physick 5 The English Physician enlarged being an Astrologo-Physical Discourse of the vulgar Herbs of this Nation wherein is shewed how to cure a mans self of most Diseases incident to Mans Body with such things as grow in England and for three pence charge Also in the same Book is shewed 1 The time of gathering al Herbs both Vulgarly and Astrologically 2 The way of drying and keeping them and their Juyces 3 The way of making and keeping al manner of useful Compounds made of those Herbs The way of mixing the Medicines according to the Cause and Mixture of the Disease and the part of the Body afflicted 6 A Directory for Midwives or a Guide for Women Newly enlarged by the Author in every sheet and illustrated with divers new Plates 7 Galens Art of Physick with a large Comment 8 A New Method both of studying and practising Physick 9 A Treatise of the Rickets being a Disease common to Children wherein is shewed 1 The Essence 2 The Causes 3 The Signs 4 The Remedies of the Disease Published in Latin by Dr. Glisson Dr. Bates and Dr. Regemorter translated into English And corrected by N. Culpeper 10 Medicaments for the Poor Or Physick for the Common People 11 Health for the Rich and Poor by Dyet without Physick Twenty one several Books of Mr. William Bridâ—e Collected into two Volumns Viz. 1 Scripture Light the most sure Light Compared with 1. Revelations Visions 2. Natural Supernatural Dreams 3 Impressions with and without Word 4 Light and Law within 5. Divine Providence 6. Christian Experience 7. Humane Reason 8. Judicial Astrology Delivered in Sermons on 2 Pet. 1. 19. 2 Christ in Travel Wherein 1. The Travel of his soul 2. The first and after effects of his Death 3. His Assurance of Issue 4. And his satisfaction therein
third channel of Choler which goes into the Stomach unless some Part creep from the Meatus Hepaticus unto the Pylorus It has manifest Veins from the Porta called Venae Cysticae Its Arteries and Its Vessels Nerves are not so visible The Medicinal Consideration THe Gall-Bladder is subject to few Diseases The most common are when its Diseases of the Gall-Bladder Cavity or its Channels are obstructed When its Cavity is ful of little stones or filled with one great one by reason of thick Choler changed into a stony substance Its passages are stopped in the Liver or in the Gut Also it is broken through violeut motion in Vomiting and sometime it is so distended with Choler when the passages are stopped that should Evacuate the same that it has been seen as big as both a Mans Fists Somtimes when it is empty of choler it dries up so that nothing therefore remaines saving the ductus Hepaticus If we beleive Fernelius there could be no other Cause found of the death of some persons than that their Gall-Bladder had no Choler in it if so the evil and venemous Quality of the suppressed Choler was so great as to infect the heart or to weaken and corrupt some noble part The Symptomes of this Part are more manifest which do consist in its action Its Symptomes hurt or in the undue proportion or quantity of the Excrementitious Choler The Action of the Gall-bladder is attraction of Choler which is either diminished or abolished The undue proportions or quantity of the Choler is when either too little or too much is voided forth Which Symptomes cheifly appear in those Parts which Sympathise with the Gall-bladder Their Signs as in the Stomach when Choler is vomited up in the whol body when Choler is shed abroad through the Veins into the habit of the Body and deformes the Skin or when it takes its Course into the Guts and causes a dysentery or a Cholerick looseness But the original of these Symptomes is to be charged upon the Liver being il disposed Their Original And Democritus had good Reason to search diligently into the seat and Nature of Choler when he made dissection of divers living Creatures that he might be more able rightly to cure the Diseases of Body and mind When I see in an extream Yellow Jaundice the whol Skin infected with Choler Diversity of Choler proved that the Urins die cloaths Yellow the stooles being in the mean time whitish And when I see in another sort of Jaundice both the Urins and stooles Yellow This confirmes to me that there are two sorts of Choler and several waies for the expurnation of each of them In the Yellowest sort of Jaundice in which the stooles are By the different sorts of Jaundice whiteish the Meatus Hepaticus or Liver passage of Choler is stopped in the Cavity of the Liver In the other sort of Jaundice when the stools are Yellow it shews that a quantity of Choler passes away by the Urins and Guts and the obstruction is not so great nor so stubborn as in the Yellowist sort of Jaundice and therefore it is to be hoped the Cure will be more speedy Chap. 26. Of the Spleen THe Spleen is a Bowel placed right against the Liver as its Lieutenant and a The Spleen described kind of Bastard-Liver that when the Liver is Diseased it may assist the same in Sanguification or blood making It is of a a T. 4. f. 7. C. â–¡ Substance spongy soft sprinkled al over with very many Vessels like It s Substance Fibres or threds yet it is altogether unlike the substance of the Liver It is infolded in a Membrane b f. 7. B B. â–¡ proper to it self seeing it receives none from the Peritoneum It s Color is Black and Blew and obscurely Reddish Color Greatness It s greatness is uncertaine and not determinable because it grows greater or less according to the abundance or defect of Humors which flow thither are collected therein So that there is none of the Bowels which does so easily grow bigger and lesser as the Spleen In respect of Number it is wont to Be single Somtimes it has been observed to Number be double and threefold Consider in the Spleen its upper Part which is termed the Head and its nether Parts Part which is called the Taile T is a T. 4. f. 1. D. â–¡ placed in the left Hypochondrium under the short Ribbs opposed as it Scituation were to weigh against the Liver that the Body might remaine equally ballanced When it keeps its Natural Constitution its Temper is hot and moist enclining to Temper dryness It is of an oblong shape like a Tongue in Brutes but in Mankind it is more Shape like the Sole of a Mans Foot In the fore Part towards the Stomach it is b T. 4. f. 8. A A A. â–¡ hollowed that it might receive the c T. 4. f. 1. I. I. f. 8 B. and C. â–¡ splenical Veins and Arteries on the back part towards the Ribbs its d T. 4. f. 7. A. â–¡ bunching It s knit into the Stomach by two or three Veines remarkable enough which do Connexion make that so famous e T. 4. f. 6. h. â–¡ Vas Breve so called by reason of the shortness of the way Through those Veins it disburthens it self into the Stomach by the Veins and Arteries Splenical it Purges it self into the Guts and Kidnies Ii's fastened to the bastard Ribs by Membranous Fibres sufficiently strong somtimes it 's fastened to the Stomach and is knit at its point to the Midrif or Diaphragma It Communicates with the Heart by a remarkable peculiar and admirable Artery which it hath which by a short way carries thither the Vapours or â—l Juyces thereof The Action of the Spleen is much doubled and controverted among Physitians Action controverted divers Opinions thereof and Anatomists so Many Men so Many Minds Hippocrates did beleeve that it drew superfluous serosity out of the Stomach which Opinion Aristotle followed though others draw it to an attraction of Chyle either out of the Pancreas and Mesentery or out of the Stomach Galen will have it emploied in Purging away Melancholy which it draws from the Liver Others are of Opinion that it prepares Blood for the Heart that it may become Arterial whether it be of the thicker parts of the Chyle or of the dregs of the Blood carried thither Others say it prepares a superfluous wheyish matter being the excrement of its own digestion which it sends back again into the Stomach to ferment the Meats when they are turned into Chyle The Arabian Physitians acknowledg such an Humor but they assigne its office to be the provoking of Appetite Galen thought that it did help to strengthen the Stomach In so great dissent of Authors what shal we resolve upon every one brings probable reasons for his Opinion Hofmannus
conceives he has so sufficiently establshed his Opinion that no wise man can contradict him Shal I venter my Opinion among so many learned Champions I conceive that the Spleen does attract slimy Blood to nourish it self and that The Authors Opinion it sheds a special kind of fermentative Serosity through the Splenick Arteries into the Stomach and because its Parenchyma or substance is of a Spongy and soaking Nature it does by the Veins attract and suck out the superfluous humidity of the Stomach that the Coction may be the better Howbeit I deny not but that it may by Accident supply the Office of the Liver when the same hath lost its faculty of Sanguification but Blood cannot be made so good and perfect in the Spleen as in the Liver seeing it is but a bastard Liver and consequently makes but bastard Blood and impure because not Clarified Hofman makes himself Ridiculous while he eagerly contends in a little Book Hofmans Opinion of the Spleens Sanguification examied which he has put forth and up and down in his other writings that the muddy part of the Chylus is carried by the Mesaraick Arteries unto the Spleen where it is turned into Blood with which the neighbouring Parts are nourished and that the Excrements of this Blood are voided by Urins Stool and Sweat That good Old Man is to learn that the thicker Parts of the Chyle are not sucked out but separated and sent away into the greater Guts and that the Mesaraick Arteries cannot do as he saies because they containe Arterial Blood neither do they reach any of them to the Spleen because it has a peculiar Artery which Arantius first described and which I my self have often shown Again he ought to have rejected the Milky Veins of Asellius which he allowes of seeing none of them reach unto the Spleen Furthermore that same bastard and impure Blood bred of muddy Blood by a bastard Liver wil be unfit to nourish the neighbouring Parts which serve for Coction though they appear filthy for they need to be nourished with pure Blood for their preservation The Cholerick Melancholick and Wheyish Excrements of the said Blood cannot be Purged away but by Veins and Arteries the Arterics are allready taken up with carrying the muddy Parts of the Chyle They must therefore of necessity be carried by the Splenick Vein into the liver that they may be voided through the Guts or by the Kidnies which would breed very great confusion in the Liver If Hofman had considered that the substance of the Spleen is unlike the substance of the Liver its bigness different its number uncertain Color divers Scituation variable because somtimes it sinkes down to the Hypogastrium more often ascends towards the Midrif somtimes descends upon the left Kidney the Ligaments being slackned and lastly its shape quite contrary to that of the Liver and somtimes there is no Spleen at all also that the structure of the Vessels of the Spleen is altogether unlike that of the Vessels of the Liver he would never have so stifly affirmed that that the Spleen made a peculiar kind of Blood out of the Chylus Nature does in none of the Bowels more sport her self than in her shaping of the Spleen so variously and unconstantly But the Structure of those Bowels which are necessary to the maintenance of life is allwaies one and the same and uniform Furthermore you may know that the substance of the Liver spleen are unlike by boyling the one and the other for the substance of the Liver is firme sollid and Reddish that of the Spleen is Spungy soft and black and blue in Color The substance of the Liver of Animals boiled as of an Ox a Sheep a Goat is eaten with content the substance of the Spleen is not Mans meat neither will other Creatures eat it unless they be very hungry But if the Office of the Spleen and Liver were the same in Brute as wel as in Men they should have both alike substance and breed the same blood Where will you find a place to clense away Choler in the Spleen as their is in the Liver If the Spleen draw the more thick Part of the Chyle it ought to have larger Veins but they are exceeding smal like unto threds Wherefore Hofman does foolishly to enquire the Dioti or Cause why it is so before he knows the Hoti that it is so which ought to go before and be diligently enquired into when the natural Action of Parts is sought after because the natural Constitution is Compounded and accommodated thereunto What cannot an ingenious Wit imagine But al such speculations are ridiculous and void unless they are approved by the Eye and confirmed by diligent Section and Inspection of Bodies See Aristotle in the third book of his Politicks at the beginning of the 8. Chapter who wil there instruct thee If Hofman had known out of Aristotle that such living Creatures as drink have a Spleen Reins and Bladder he had more truly expounded that passage of Aristotle out of Hippocrates of the true sence whereof he glories The Spleen drawes out of the Belly superfluous humidities it self being constituted of blood The Medicinal Consideration The Substance of the Spleen is liable to alkinds of Distemper and to divers Diseases of the Spleen in Substance swellings especially that kind of hard swelling which is termed Scirrhus Somtimes it is inflamed and then the substance thereof is perceived to pant by reason of the Multitude of Arteries of which it is ful It seldom impostumates It s Coat does oftentimes grow thick and becomes Cartilaginous It often grows great by abundance of Humors and grows â—â—al again somtime Magnitude of it self and somtime by use of Medicines It is better that the Spleen be smal than great A double or triple Spleen is not good because it is a fault in the Conformation Number The Scituation of the Spleen is somtimes changed when its Ligaments being Scituation slackened its weight bears it downwards or they being broke it fals into the Hypogastrium or Parts beneath the Navel and then it deceiveth unskilful and heedless Physitians who in Women take it for a Mole or for a Scirrhus Tumor of the Womb and in Men for a sort of Glandulous Tumor which lies hid in the Mesentery In four patients it has been my hap to see the Spleen on this manner fallen down into the Belly Somtimes one or other of the Kidnies is seen to fal down in the same manner Difference of the Spleen and Kidney when fallen but it is easie to know the one from the other When the Kidney is fallen the swelling is round when the Spleen is fallen the Tumor is oblong and an emptiness is perceived on the left side under the short Ribbs And if the Tumor be movable as it is at first the Spleen or Kidney is easily reduced unto its Natural place The Câ—â—â— of both otherwise after the space of six
large Cavity of the Ureters within the Kidnies They are thought to have Nerves whereby they feel but being of a Membranous Nerves Nature their extream pain in the passage of a Stone proceeds from the stretching of the Membrane Seeing therefore they are ordained to pass the Urine unto the Bladder they are Obstruction offended with such things as pass through them whether it be sharp Urine or purulent matter or a little Stone or a thick and clammy Humor by which they are obstructed So that the most usual Disease of the Ureters is Obstruction And if within the duplicature of the Bladder either of them be obstructed there is Stone bred a Stone which grows by little and little which is not movable but remains fastned to the Bladder which when those that Cut out the Stone endeavour to pul away they tear the Bladder Neither do I think there was any other difference of the Bladder in these in whom a double Cavity was observed and a Stone lying close in the one of them Chap. 30. Of the Piss-Bladder THe Piss-Bladder is the Receptacle of Urine being framed of a Membranous It s Substance Coates substance consisting of two 2 Coates The b third which they attribute thereunto is a Duplication of the Peritoneum within which it lies hid hanging like a Bottel with its bottom upwards and with this Partition it is severed from the Guts and other Parts only in mankind least with the weight of the Guts bearing thereupon it should be forced out of its place It s natural size is smal when empty because it is widened and contracted according Magnitude to the quantity of the Urine The efficient Cause of its Contraction is the second and external Membrane which is altogether fleshy which Fabricius ab Aqua Pendente took to be Musculous and after him Spigelius who cals it Musculum Detrusorem Vesicae He might better have called it Expulsorem the Expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s shape represents a bottle with the bottom upwards whose bottom is in the Shape lower Part of the Hypogastrium and its Neck lies hid beneath under the Bones of the Pubis The Piss-bladder is but one in Number yet severed somtimes into two Cavities Number after the manner before expressed It is perforated with three holes near the Neck The first and greatest is that Holes out of which the Urine passes the other two being those by which the Urine comes into the Bladder are the Ends of the Ureters It s Orifice is shut by the Muscle Sphincter which is formed of the substance of Muscles the bladder contracted There is another Muscle called Externus Spleniatus as broad as two Fingers which is plaâ—ed about the Neck of the bladder and the Glandules or Kernels resting thereupon termed a Prostatae The power of shutting and opening the bladder depends upon this Muscle The Piss-bladder has Veins and Arteries from the b Hypogastrical Vessels it Vessels has Nerves in its Neck from the Os c Sacrum and in its body from a Nerve of the d six Pair Which is diligently to be considered in Diseases of the bladder causing stoppage of Urine which proceed from a fall caught upon the Loins or Os Sacrum The Medicinal Consideration THe Piss-bladder is subject to an infinite number of Diseases In its substance Diseases of the Bladder it is subject to al kind of Distempers especially hot and cold it suffers Inflammation Tumors Ulcers and Palsie both in the Neck and whol Body thereof Of which we shall Discourse particularly It s temper is perverted when the bladder naturally cold and dry comes to wax In its Temper hot and fils into an inflammation It s Scituation is changed when that Part of the Peritoneum in which it is included Saituation is relaxed whereby it slips a little downe which causes a difficulty in pissing unless the lower Part of the Belly be lifted up with the Hand Somtimes by the weight of many little Stones it comes to have an hollow nook by the side of the streight Gut near its Neck and then the Stones do nestle in that corner so that they cannot be perceived by putting in a Catheter but the best way to feel them is by putting ones Finger into the Fundament It s greatness or widness cannot certainly be defined unless it were empty howbeit wideness it is enlarged and widened according to the quantity of Urine But if it be so much enlarged as to exceed the natural measure then the Fibres of the Coates being broken or too much slacned the party cannot make Water because the fleshy Membrane is deprived of that motion by which the Urine ought to be expelled And in this Case the Water cannot be voided otherwise than by putting in of a Catheter which somtimes for a Month or two must be done twice a day until the Membrane have recovered its antient tone or contractive Vigour Somtimes the bladder is so contracted and straitned by reason of a painful exulceration in its inner Part and then grows thicker and as it were Cartilaginous which hinders its distention and in this Case the Patient must often make Water with pain The Neck of the bladder comprehending its Orifice or the Channel of Urine has Diseases of the Nick of the Bladder also its Diseases It is frequently inflamed swelled Ulcerated obstructed and is weakened by the Palsie when it can neither be contracted not relaxed seeing it is thicker and more fleshy than the bottom of the bladder It is easily inflamed and Fernelius was of Opinion that no other Part of the bladder is subject to inflammation from whence proceeds an Ulcer which is not so hard to Cure as that which happens within the body of the bladder because injections and convenient Candles may be conveighed thereunto It is frequently obstructed by the Stone lying hid in the bladder or by a How Obstructed fungous body which grows therein Yea and somtimes beyond the Neck within the bladder fungous or Spâ—â—gy carnosities do arise which do much trouble the bladder and fil the â—ame They arise often â—rom a flux of blood or a swelling Vein which being opened causes aâ— incuâ—able Issue of blood which â—oon causes a Gangrene by reaâ—on of Clotteâ—s of Blood remaining there Spungy Carnosities do grow without the Neck within the Ureter which are teâ—â—ed Hypeâ—saâ—â—â—ses which are easily Eaten away with Medicinal Wax Candles made and fitteâ— for that purpose Oftentimes they happen in the Passage of the Urine after a Venemous Gonorrbea not wel Cured Alâ—o â—he Neck of the bladder is obstructed by another external Cause Namely by swelling of the Kernels â—ermed Prostâ—â—â— which rest upon the bladder But the Urine is often stopped by a Palsie in the Neck of the bladder so that the Sphincter Muscles cannot contract noâ— dilaâ—e themselves To open the Bladder and to search out the Diseases which are bred within oâ— The
defect or faultines of the matter If the Man be Sickly or the Women have not her health the Cause of Barrenness is attribted to an evil disposition of the whol Body which makes that fitting and convenient matter to make Seed of Cannot be from thence supplied to the genital Parts Neither is fruitfulness and Conception to be expected unless the Man and Woman be restored to perfect health and unless the fault of the Genitals if there be any be amended Chap. 36. Of the Genital Parts of a Woman and first of the External THe Genital parts of a Woman are divided into the external and internal The External Genital Parts internal prepar Seed or somwhat like seed and aford place for the Conception The External Parts are visible and must be viewed before we come to Section Let us therefore stay a whil in the porch before we pass into that sacred Cave or Closet of the Womb. That outward Part which is adorned with Hair is called Pubis the Share that Pubis Cunnus I conceive thâ— Term Cunnus derived from the Greck Connos a beard does properly signifie the Hair about the Female Privity not the Orifice it self but only by a Metonymy of the Adjunct for the Subject Carunculae Myrtiformes Passage which is shut with two Valves or folding Doors whence the name Vulva is called in Latin a T. 7. f. 5. F F. â–¡ Cunnus in English the Cunny or Water-Gate The Valves are termed Labra Cunni the b f. 5. B B. â–¡ Lips of the Cunny or the Doors of the Water-Gate These Lips being drawn aside the c f. 5. C C. â–¡ Nymphae come in sight which are pretty firm Membranous excrescences broader towards the top At the top of the Nymphes we meet with a little fleshy Knob covered with a thin Skin which is called d f. 4. I I. K f. 5. A. â–¡ Clitoris The Nymphae being drawn asunder the Carunculae e f. 5. D. E E. â–¡ Myrtiformes that is smal portions of flesh like Myrtle-berries come to be seen whereof two are lateral seated on each side the third lies beneath toward the Fundament and the fourth is alwaies placed at the extremity of the Vrethra or Piss-pipe In Virgins the Lips are straiter then in other Females and when their Thighs are opened wide they appear stretched or bent The inferior Membrane of the Nymphes is also in Virgins bent and stretched out but in their defloration and by frequent carnal conjunction it is depressed those Connexions are wholly Obliterated in Women which have brougth forth Children And these Parts may be seen in those which are living And if you shal thrust Neck of the tromb your Finger into a Womans a T. 7. f. 2. Y. â–¡ sheath or Scabberd that is the Neck of her Womb you wil feel it b T. 7. f. 3. E E. â–¡ Wrinkled and if you carry your Finger higher you wil find the c T. 7. f. 3. D. â–¡ in most Orifice of the Womb for so faâ— a long Finger is able to reach All that space is called Collum d T. 7. f. 2. Y. f. 3. E E. â–¡ Vteri the Neck of the Womb or the Sheath of the Mans Yard because it receives the Yard like a sheath or Scabbard in the Act of Generation In Virgins after the Nymphes we meet with a Membrane or thin Skin drawn before Hymen the Orifice peirced through with a very little hole This Membrane is called e T. 7. f. 7. A. â–¡ f. T 7. f. 5. B B â–¡ Hymen If this be found we find no Carunculae Myrtiformes if this be not found those Myrtle formed smal portions of flesh are so swelled that they fil the whol Orifice or passage into the Womb â—o that you can Scarse put in your little Finger without paining the party so great is the narrowness of this passage by reason of the foresaid Caruncles or Myrtle-Shap'd fleshy Excreâ—cences being united together by certain Membranes It is to be observed that those Myrtle-shap'd little bitts of flesh are wholly obliterated in Child-birth and not to be seen until the external Orifice of the Womb begin to contract it self again and to grow strait which argues that they are nothing but plaites or Fouldings-in of this Orifice which are unfolded and stretched or smoothed in the time of Travail that the Child may more freely come forth even as the Neck of the Womb is very thick that it may be the more easily widened in the Birth Hence I conjecture and conclude that these Carunculae may more fitly be termed Carnositates and Plicaturas Orificii externi certain fleshynesses and foldings of the external Orifice of the Womb. These things being thus observed we must proceed to dissection that the structure Lips of the Womb. of these Parts may be discovered The f Lips of the Womb are made up of the Cuticula or Scarf-Skin and the Skin on which the Haires grow and they have underneath Fat and a fleshy Membrane which seemes to be of the Nature of a Muscle It seemes to be spred in that place that it may serve to draw the Lips together but inasmuch as it reaches into the Clitoris it does in some sort resemble the Muscles of a Mans Yard Yet those in the Clitoris are different from the other Those who have their Privity plumpe and Pappy and the Lips thereof thick the motion of their Muscles is very smal and hard to be discerned The Nympha a T. 7. f. 5. C C â–¡ in young Women is soft but as they grow in Years and by frequent The Nympha Copulation it is hardened and becomes almost like a Gristle It is a production of the Skin of the Lips or by Nature so made and there placed to direct the stream of the Urine b T. 7. f. 4. I I. K. f. 5. A â–¡ Clitoris being the seat of Lasciviousness and Lust in Women that delight in The Clitoris mutual confrictions is termed Tontigo or the Womans Yard It is made up of two Nervous Ligaments not at al hollow as those of the Mans Yard they proceed from the Tuberous or bunching Part of the Huckle-bone and when they are come so far as where the bones of the Pubes are joyned together they receive another body placed between them which is white and being joyned together they make up the Clitoris which imitates a Mans Yard as the Brests of Men have a resemblance to Womens Dugs The Ligaments of the Clitoris have Muscles fastened unto them as in Men proceeding from the same place as those in Men and they are covered with Skin and that Skin in the extremity or end thereof is folded back like a Mans Fore-Skin Not without cause therefore is this Part called the Womans Yard or Prick The round c T. 7. f. 2. S S. f. 3. and 4. F F. â–¡ Ligaments of the Womb do reach unto this Part whence it comes
to The Wombs Ligaments pass that the Clitoris being rubbed with the hand the ends of those Ligaments are likewise chated and heated and the Tickling is extended as far as the Womb and Testicles whence they arise and through which they have passage Those Ligaments of the Womb are somwhat hollow as far as to the Groines whence it comes to passe that a virulent matter being â—â—om the Genitals expelled hither does breed Pockie Buboes or Swellings and other Tumors which are not at al Malignant The Sheath is Compounded or made up of two Coates the one is internal and Membranous the other is external and altogether fleshy like a Muscle that it may open and contract it selfe and in the Act of Generation Squeeze and Milk the mans Yard But the inner Coat is wrinkled like the Roofe of an Oxes Mouth a T. 7. f. 2. Y. f. 3. E E. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration Having diligently surveyed these Parts you shal now consider the Diseases Common Diseases of these Parts Closure which are wont to happen upon them And in the first place the external Orifice or passage into the Womb is somtimes naturally shut up the Lips being closed together This often happness in Girles newly borne But this closure is more frequently found to be in the Nymphes or instead of the Myrtle-shap'd Carnosities we meet with the Hymen fleshy and unboared Somtime after hard labour in Child-birth these Parts being torne do grow to one another This natural growing together of those Parts in Children must be separated and so it must in Women when it comes by accident I have seen some women conceive notwithstanding this growing together there being a little hole left for the Seed to enter at being eagerly attracted by the hungry womb When the time of their delivery was come by reason of much moisture flowing unto those Parts this closure did of it self open Maides and women that are thus closed up are termed in Greek Atretae imperforated persons such as are unboared or unbroached Somtimes the wideness and openness of these Parts is so great that it proves Laxity loathsome and hurtful to Women Namely such as have undergone hard Labor in Child-Birth so that it is needful to straiten the same with Medicaments Somtimes in Women that have never had Children by reason of over-frequent carnal Conjunctions these Parts are so opened and widened that they seek to Physitians that they may recover their former straitness and so bring their Hogs to a better Market Howbeit Virginity lost cannot be repaired it may be couterfeited by Art but it is not the Part of an honest Physitian to teach those Arts it belongs only to Adulterers and Bawds or such as get their living by prostitution of the Bodies of yong Women Furthermore the Lips have their peculiar Diseases they are Inflamed Swelled Peculiar Diseases of the Lips Vlcerated from a common or extraordinary Cause viz. The Whores-Pocks Also they are subject on their inner side to Warts Pushes termed Thymi resembling the Color of Flowers of Time and certain smal Tumors called Condylomata resembling the Joynts of a Mans Fingers Of the Nymphs The Nymphoe in somè Women yea and in some nations do grow to such a filthy greatness that they hang without the Lips and then they must be cut They are made ruff with Pustles or Pushes but more often defiled and made ugly with the foresaid Thymi Warts and Vlcers springing from the Whoremasters Pocks Of the Clitoris The Clitoris is somtimes exceeding long resembling a Mans Yard it is then termed Cercosis Caudatio the Long-Taile Disease so that some Women do abuse that Part one with another when it is longer and thicker than ordinary Such are those which are termed Hermaphrodites or Rubsters for it was never known neither is it possible that a Woman should be turned or transformed into a Man But a Man being at his Birth reputed for a Woman as aforesaid by the coming forth of his Genital Parts may be turned into a Man that is to say be acknowledged for such Somtimes within the Sheath there hangs a fleshy Excrescence which reaches Of the Sheath as far as the Lips and farther very deformed and troublesome and somwhat like a Mans Yard It is rooted near the inner Orifice of the Womb or it rises from the sides of the sheath far within It must be cut up by the Roots or else it wil grow again being a great trouble to marryed Women because it hinders the entrance of a Mans Yard in the carnal Embracement Near the Caruncles or Carnosities before mentioned there appeares within a Of the Caruncles Vein two or three which are pretty ful and drop Blood out like the Haemorrhoides and are somtimes exulcerated and may degenerate into Malignant Ulcers unless they be wel looked to Within the Sheath in the upper Part in the very Orifice of the Womb a Malignant An Vlcer Scirrhous Tumor is bred which at last degenerates into a Cancerous Ulcer A sad and miserable Disease if it arise through fault of the Womb and other Parts of the Body If the said Ulcer proceed from the Whoremasters-Pocks as oftentimes it fals out it is curable provided the foresaid Orifice be not wholly eaten up and that the Ulcer have not crept into the inner Parts of the Womb. That may be perceived not only by the Instrument called Speculum Matricis with which we look into the Womb but also by putting up of a bodies Finger Chap. 37. Of the internal Parts of a Woman which serve for Generation THe external Parts being diligently viewed and accurately dissected the Parts The Way of shewing these Parts of the Fundament come next to be cut up and then the Symphysis or growing together of the bones of the Pubis being discovered the Gristle placed between the bones must be cut asunder with a very sharp Pen-Knife that the Thighs may be more easily displayed and that their may be room enough made to handle the internal Parts The internal Parts may be divided into those which make up or belong unto the Internal Parts twofold Body of the Womb and those which prepare the Seminal matter We must begin with the latter The Vasa Spermatica deferentia that is the a T. 7. f. 1. a b. â–¡ carrying Spermatick Vessels Vasa Deferentia are made up like those in Men of the Spermatick b T. 7. f. 2. I M. â–¡ Veine and the Spermatick c T. 7. f. 2. K L. â–¡ Artery They have the same Rise in Women as in Men. Herein only they differ that they are not so straitly united nor with so many turnings as to make a broad d T. 6. f. 3. and 4. A A. T. 7. f. 2. c c. â–¡ Parastata which is not in Women They are divided into three Parts whereof one is carryed into the Stones the other to the Bottom of the Womb and the third creeps along to
deliver an exact Pathology or Description of Diseases but only to hint at such Diseases as are known by knowing the Natural Constitution of the parts of the whol Body Chap. 37. Of the Pains of the Loyns THere is nothing which we more frequently meet with in Hippocrates and in the Practice of Physick than Pains of the Loyns whether they be primary or secondary that is to say Attendants of other Diseases which are oftentimes neglected by Physitians as Symptomatical unless they be very stubborn and solitary without a Feaver The Causes of which pains are not accurately enough declared neither is their Cure sufficiently explained by al Practitioners This knot I shal endeavor to unty and illustrate The parts therefore of the A muster of such parts as are in the loyns lower Belly being demonstrated and the Guts taken away we shal see the Loyns a T. 10. f. 1. T. 14. all the Tabl. â–¡ covered with Muscles both within and without and fleshy b T. 10. f. 7. H H. â–¡ portions of the Midrif reaching down to the Os Sacrum and the Trunk of the Vena c T. 12. f. 1. c. â–¡ Cava descendent also the d T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ Aorta and the two e T. 5. f. 5. B C. â–¡ e T. 5. f. 5 B C. â–¡ Kidneys And if you shal cal to mind the cleaving of the Mesentery to the Loyns and shal observe the Lumbary or Loyn f T. 12. f. 1. a a. â–¡ f T. 12. f. 1. a a. â–¡ Veins produced from the Trunk of the Vena Cava and the Arteries proceeding from the g T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ g T. 12. f. 4. a a. â–¡ Aorta both conveighed into the holes of the Vertebra's as far as the marrow of the Back Al these things being diligently viewed and considered wil give great light to our Consultation Galen complains in his Commentary upon Text 7. of the Second Book of Proâ—heticks and upon Text 8. of the Third Book of the same Work of the Obscurity of the pains of the Loyns because of the Ignorance of those Parts which compound and work upon the Loines yet some causes he assignes of those pains and Ludovicus Duretus that same sublime Interpreter of Hippocrates has added others but they have not assigned all I wil therefore do my endeavour to clear this point And in the first place it is fit to take notice that this pain is by the Greeks called The Name with its Elymology in one word Osphualgia the Latines term it Lumbago and he that is made weak by pain in his Loins is called Elumbis vel Elumbatus disloined or unloined In the French 't is termed Erne as it were a Rene from the Kidney which lies in the Loines and when the pain arises from a Convulsion of the Fibres the common people say their Kidneys are torn in sunder If this pain of the Loins be eased with Clysters the Humors being emptied which were shut up in the Guts or Mesentery the Common People say that their Reins or Kidneys are wel dis-burthened Now that our enquiry touching pains of the Loins may be clear and Methodical The Authors Method it is necessary in the first place to distinguish the Parts constituting the Loins which are pained and the bordering Parts which as efficient Causes do give occasion to those pains not neglecting the more remote Parts Then we shal enquire into the common internal and external Causes of those pains and to sum up al in a word we shall consider the Parts which send the Humor and the Parts which receive the same The Parts therefore which make up the Loines and are the subject of the pains Parts which constitute the Loins and Are the subjects of Pains are these The a T. 1. f. 2. B B. â–¡ Skin with the b f. 2. D D. â–¡ fleshy Membrane the c T. 10. and 14. c. â–¡ Muscles which are spread upon the five d T. 2. f. 1. â–¡ Vertebraes both without and within with the e f. 5. and 6 â–¡ Os Sacrum Within the f f. 2. a. â–¡ Cavities of the Vertebraes the Marrow of the back with its Membranes and a numerous company of g T. 18. f. 5. 11. 14. â–¡ branches of Nerves and the Membranous Ligaments which knit the Vertebra's one unto another Also we must observe how the h f. 5. A. â–¡ Marrow of the back is in the Loins parted into an innumerable company of i f. 5. o. â–¡ threads like an Horse-Tail and that the whol Back-bone is moved in the Loines by an Articulation of the first Vertebra of the Loines with the last Vertebra of the Back They are deceived who think that by the word Loins Hippocrates understands only the Parts included viz. The k T. 18. f. 5. II. o. T. 3. f. 8 o. p. c. Nerves the a T. 10. f. 2. T. 14. â–¡ Muscles of the Loins the Spinal b T. 18. f. 5. A. â–¡ Marrow with its Membranes and the c T. 5. f. 1. B C. f. 2. C D. â–¡ Kidneys for besides al these Hippocrates comprehends under the term Loins the d f. 1. D. f. 2. F. â–¡ great Vein and e f. 1. E. f. 2. G. â–¡ Artery and the f f. 1. H I. f. 2. L L. N N. â–¡ Spermatick Vessels and the g f. 2. H I. a a. b b. c. â–¡ Vessels of the Kidneys the h f. 7. F F. T. 12. f. 1. and 4. ζ ζ c. â–¡ Bladder the i T. 7. f. 1. X X V V. â–¡ Womb the k T. 4. f. 6. II. â–¡ Hemorrhoides and the thick l T. 3. f. 4. I K M. â–¡ Guts But I would fain see the places which severally demonstrate those Parts Now the neighbouring Parts which are able to hurt the Loins by reason of their Parts bordering upon the Loins which are The special Causes of their Pains nearness or heavyness or by disburthening their Humors into them are the Mesentery m f. L A A. c. â–¡ which is knit unto the Loins the lower Part of the n f. 4. K. â–¡ Gut Colon the two o T. 5. f. 1. B C. f. 2. C D. â–¡ Kidnys which touch upon and cleave unto the Loins by their p f. 2. A A. â–¡ fatty Membrane the Trunks of q f. 1. D. f. 2. F. â–¡ Vena Cava and r f. 1. E. f. 2. G. â–¡ Aorta which are spread along in the Loines and the Vessels springing out of them which are propagated into the Muscles of the Loins and the Back-bone Of which sort are the Veins and Arteries of the s T. 12. f. 1. and 4. α α α. â–¡ Loins alâ—o the Haemorrhoid t T. 4. f. 6. I I. â–¡ Veins which pass down al a long the Loins into the Fundament as also the u T. 6. f. 1. 2. c. â–¡
Spermatick Vessels which swel with Spermatick Humor which in their progress do send branches unto the Loines In Women the x T. 7. f 1. d f. 2. R T c. â–¡ Womb with its y f. 2. Q Q. S S. â–¡ Ligaments and z f. 2. o o. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Testicles may hurt the Loins but especialy in a Woman with Child by reason of the weight of the Womb and Child The Veins and Arteries of the Iliac α T. 12. f. 1. and 4. D D. â–¡ branches which are spread abroad through the Os Sacrum may vex the Loines The remote Parts which hurt the Loines are the a T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Liver by the Vena b f. 1. F F f. 6. the whol â–¡ Porta Remote Parts and c f. 1. G H. â–¡ Mesentery and the d T. 17. and 18. â–¡ Head whils it disburthens it self of its Superfluities into the e T. 18. f. 5. A. â–¡ Marrow of the Back according to Hippocrates in his Book de Glandulis The Humor descends through the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow as far as the Loines and it cannot easily go farther by reason that the Marrow of the Back is their divided into a f f. 5. o. â–¡ Million of Threds We must also observe the common Causes of the Pains which are frequently Common Causes of Pains found in Pains of the Loines as internal Rheumatismes or Fluxes of Humors and external by the Veins or an Humor between the Skin whith flowes from the Head betwixt the Muscles and Fleshy Membane Oftentimes the btanches of the Vena Cava and Aorta do carry a Patt of boiling and Superfluous Blood out of the greater Channels into the Loines which they Disease either in the Muscly Parts or in the Membranous Parts or in the marrow of the Back which is the Cause that a Palsie follows the Colick or an Arthritis degenerates into the Colick and the Colick is changed into the Sciatica Also outward Impostumes of the Kidneys and passions of the Gut Colon being either distended or exulcerated are Communicated to the Loines within and without in the Loines may arise Tumors Impostumes and Ulcers yea and the Loins are distorted by flux of Rheum or some swelling Their Fibres are distended by the Cramp Many times pains of the Loines are stirred up by external Causes as External Causes a fall on the Back or a Blow with a thick Stick or some other massie thing These things being premised and wel understood it is easie to explain very obscure Certain places in Hippocrates expounded places in Hippocrates touching pains of the Loines which you shal find in the Commentaries of Duretus upon the Coick Prognosticks of Hippocrates and others collected together in the Commentaries of Marinellus upon Hippocrates in the word Lumbi There are two kinds of Loine Symptomes for some are in the Loines and others spring from the Loines both of them are by Hippocrates judged to be very stubborn and hard to deal with In his Coicks he hath pronounced absolutly and without exception Such as have pains in their Loines are in a very bad condition And in the same Book Diseases which arise from pain of the Back are hard to cure And how wil you understand those places unles by a clear knowledg of the the Parts sending and Parts receiving as I declared before Certain it is if in the beginning of Diseases their be pain in the Loines with heavyness and a Feaver Blood very hot or in great plenty is contained within the greater Vessels which being more inflamed if not timely prevented may be carried into the Head or into the Lungs from whence greivous Diseases may follow In other places he does particularly explain the Causes of Lung pains If I should recite those places I should fil twenty Leaves and upwards wherefore I wil take in my Sailes and dispatch al in a word Pains of the Loines in acute Malignant Danger of these pains in Feavers Feavers or other Feavers in the beginning are dangerous for they signifie a great Tumult in the Blood and irritation of Humor within the greater Vessels which is much to be feared if a speedy course be not taken to prevent what may follow by a plentyful blood letting especially in the Feet to hinder the recourse of the blood to the upper Parts of the Chest or Head where it is wont to produce divers terrible and deadly Symptomes We ought therefore to be very fearful of pains in the Loines which persevere in Feavers although Blood have been often let because in the Region of the Belly Humors lie extreme deep which may take their course suddenly to some of the nobler Parts if they be not diligently Purged forth And therefore to cure such like pains of the Loins Hippocrates was went to Their Cure open the Veins of the Ham or Foot which is confirmed by him in his Coicks the pains of the Loins proceed from aboundance of blood there and blood-lettings that are caused by pains of the Loins are large and plentyful These things declare the necessity of blood-letting when the Loins are pained with a Feaver Purging must not be omitted that the Vault of the lower Belly being loaded with Excrements may be emptied and clensed out of Aphor. 20. Book 4. Though Hippocrates has written that such as complain of pains in their Loins are looâ—eâ— bellyed than ordinary that saying does not take away the necessity of Purging in these cases Bleeding at the Hemorrhoid Veins is good both for the Kidneis and for pains of the Loins and therefore the Hemorrhoids are to be provoked A lasting pain of the Loins without Heat or any Inflammatory disposition unless it can be discussed with Fomentations after purging blood-letting often repeated the Humor must be drawn out with Cupping-Glasses and Scarification and by Application of Vesicatories or making Issues on each side of the Back-bone also with a Bath of fresh water qualified with Herbs or by sitting in natural Baths or having their water Pumped from on high upon the Parts affected For the pains of the Loins are more vehement and stubborn if the serous matter be conteined within the Muscles as far as the Vertebras and they are yet worse and harder to be cured if they come to the Marrow of the Back But those Symptomes which are thought to arise from the Loins do not arise from the Parts which constitute or make up the Loins but from the neighbouring Parts which being spread upon the Loins do cause pain and transfer their Humors into other Parts by a quick or slow motion by the Veins and Arteries such as are Vena Cava and Aorta the Haemorrhoid Veins and the Mesaraicks Out of Galen The End of the Second Book THE THIRD BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK Chap. 1. Of the Chest LET us proceed unto the Parts of the Chest Now the Chest
Putrefaction of the Humors Putrid Imputrid Malignant An Imputrid Feaver is caused only by the fervency of the Spirits and Humors contained in the Vessels or fixed in the solid Parts A Malignant Feaver is caused by extream Pucrefaction or by divers Symptomes greivously afflicting the noble Parts a Well-affected Feaver has none of al these A great Feaver is the Non-malignant same with a Malignant and a little Feaver differs not from a Well affected Hence are al the differences of Feavers taken a spirital Feaver is continual indeed yet lasts but a Day and is therefore termed Ephemera a Sanguin Feaver is also continual and threefold Encreasing standing at a stay and decreasing Putrid or Imputrid It is by some termed continens to distinguish it srom the rest of the Humoral Feavers Cholerick Melancholick and Flegmatick Feavers are continual when the Humors from whence they arise do Putrifie in the great Veins when they Putrifie in the little Veins or out of the Veins they make Intermitting Feavers An Hectick Feaver is also continual but slow and lingering The Return of intermitting Feavers is termed their fit the more than ordinary The sit of a Feaver It s Exacerbation Circuit Tertian Feaver Quartans Quotidians violence of continual Feavers it called their Exacerbation The beginning of a â—iâ— is called Invasio the time of Remission and Exacerbation of intermission and accession is termed Periodus or Circuitus the Period or Circuit Now the Accessions or exacerbations of Feavers are various according to the various motion of the Humor They come every third day by reason of the proper motion of Choler whence al bilious intermitting Feavers are called Tertians or third day Agues as the Quartans come every fourth day because the Melancholick Humor is moved upon that day as Flegm is moved every day whence quotidian Agues are Flegmatick Quintan Septan Nonan or sift seventh and ninth day Agues as they are exceeding rare so ate they not comprehended under any Rules of Art The Proper Symptomes of the beginnings of Ague-fits do shew the sort of Ague what it is so a shaking shewes a Tertian Ague A grinding cold fit that makes a man think it would break his bones argues a Quartan and for the fit to begin with a mere simple coldness is the token of a Quotidian A double tertian comes every day as the Quotidian does but with extream shaking whereas the Quotidian comes only with a coldness Confused and implicated Feavers are made of those Feavers which we have Confused now explained Confused or mixed Feavers are made by mixiture of the Humors as a Bastard Tertian is made by a mixture of Choler and Flegm But Implicated Implicated Feavers are stirred up by Vicissitude of Humors put into Putrefaction or Commotion where upon there is observed in them distinct sits one following another as in a double Tertian and in a double and triple Quartan and in a Semitertian which is nothing else but a complication of a continual Quotidian and an Intermittent Tertian and in the Feaver called Triteophyaea which lasts thitty hours and longer Two Agues are observed to follow one another so that the first being not quite Erratick finished another which is worse succeeds and follows the same But iâ— these sits are inordinat keeeping no certain Course and returning upon several daies they make such Agues as are termed Erraticae wandring giddy Agues There are other differences of Feavers taken from the Symptomes yet so as they In respect of Symptomes may be reduced to these sorts I have spoken of as the Feaver Epiala Leipyria Typhodis Elodis Pestilens Causus for they are al Humoral and distinguished by some remarkable Symptomes In the Feaver Epiala there is a sence of heat and cold by reason of the unequal Epiala Leipyria motion of the Morbifick matter In Leipyria the outward Parts are cold and the inner Parts burn with Heat because the Feaverish Heat is drawn inwards Typhodis and Eleodis are in which the Patient sweats much without any ease Typhodes thereby A Pestilential Feaver is no other than a putrid but it Springs from an extream and remarkable putrefaction and so deadly that more die than recover Causus is a name signifying extream Heat and burnning such as is in a continual Burning Feaver Feaver arising from Choler so that a Cholerick continiual Feaver by way of Eminency is so termed Cremnodes Febris the Feaver so called is said to proceed from an Inflammation Symptomatical Feavers of the Lungs but such Feavers as are caused by Inflammation of the Internal Parts are Symptomatical neither are they properly termed Feavers For here we speak of a Feaver only as it is an hot distemper of the Heart primarily affected Chap. 9. Of the Vessels viz. Veins Arteries and Nerves conteined within the Chest I Have a few things to speak of one Part of the Trunk of Vena Cava for In the Chest are Veins the whol Trunk has been sufficiently explained in our Chapter of the lower Belly You shal observe that the Trunk piercing through the Midrif does receive that same a T. 12. f. 1. r r. c. Hepatick branch which arises from the top of the Liver and carries Blood Hepatica into the Cava and from that same Oblique insertion unto the opening of the Trunk in the right Ventricle of the heart there is the distance of two Fingers breadth From whence we may gather that Blood is carried directly from the Liver to the Heart although it is mixed with other blood ascending by Circulation That same opening of the Vena Cava and its cleaving to the right Ventricle of the heart is contained and to be seen within the Pericardium which when the Trunk has passed through it ascends unto the Claves And therefore you may know that the blood ascending unto the heart by Circulation does also come as far as the Throat and is derived into the upper Limbes with that blood which descends from the Head by the Veins You shal observe that this Trunk does afford no branches to the heart except the a T. 12. f. 2. â–¡ Coronaria but only to other parts of the Chest and how blood shed out of Coronaria the left Ventricle of the heart into the Lungs may be revelled by Blood-letting seeing it has two Doors to be broken open in the heart before it can come to the Trunk of Vena Cava which hinder the flowing back of the Blood from the Lungs You shal consider if the b T. 11. f. 3. and 6. B. â–¡ Anastomosis of the Arteria Venosa with Vena Cava he remaining by which the foresaid Reflux may be made or whether the blood of the Lungs ought not to return into the left Ventricle of the heart that it may be made vital and then speedily to be cast into the Aorta from thence to be forthwith delivered over into the Veins Then you are to search
somtimes Amaurosis Amaurosis Diseases and Symptomes of the Sight Sight abolished is called Caecitas Blindness when it is diminished only t is Caecitas Amblyopia Myopsis Nyctalops termed Amblyopia thick sightedness and it is accounted twofold Myopsis and Nyctalops In the former the Patient is Pore-blind and is fain to look close to what he would discern and to hold his Eye-Lids almost shut together In the latter the Patient can see only by day but very little or nothing at al by night or very obscurly the other differences of sight diminished are comprehended under the general name of Amblyopia Sight depraved is a fals perception of things before the Eyes its termed Parorasis Hallucination or Hallucination The Causes of these Symptomes are no other than those Diseases of the Eyes Causes of blindness of Anchylo-Blepharon which we have before recounted For the Cause of blindness is the Obstruction of the Optick Nerve Glaucoma Leucoma Hypopion Hypochyma Proptosis the larger Mydriasis a Pterygium or Film covering the whol sight of the Eye Anchylo-Blepharon or Gluing together of the Eye-Lids Imminution or Impairing of the sight is caused by the other Diseases of the Eye-Lids As by a thin Scar of the Cornea called Nephelion and Achlys and by a Leucoma and a smal Mydriasis which touches but Part of the Sight Myopsis Nyctâ—uopsis Dry distemper of the Humors of the Eyes cause Myopsis the over Humidity and thickness of the said Humors makes a Man that he cannot see in the Night The Causes of sight depraved is an Hypopion beginning or an Hypochyma Namely when the Humor is not yet united and grown together so that the visive Spirit can pass too and fro between the Parts of the Humor through the empty spaces whence it is that some see flies as it were and certain dark bodies move before their Eyes When true objects presented to the Eyes have a fals Appearance the sight is Hallucination Amalops depraved and termed Amalops so al things appear Yellow to such as have the Jaundice But that kind of Symptome happens when the Cornea which is spred out before the sight of the Eye is infected with Blood or Choler The Animal action of the Eye is hurt somtimes as Feeling and Motion the Eyes pain Feeling of the Eye is hurt by extream Pain thereof which notwithstanding according to the Judgment of Celsus remains within the Eyes and draws not the Brain into consent as Pain of the Eares is wont to do The Causes of al Pains in the Eyes is a distemper or Solution of Unity The hurting of the Eyes Motion is either a Palsie Convulsion or Trembling Palsie Convulsion Trembling In the Palsie and Convulsion the Eyes become stif and fixed in that sort of Convulsion called Tetanus they are unstable as in the Trembling The Natural Action of the Eyes is likewise hurt as Nutrition To the Jrregularity of the Excrements of the Eyes does belong the Involuntary shedding of Tears It s caused by a moist or cold distemper of the Eyes or from Flowing out of tears pricking by a sharp Humor or some external Cause or from the Erosion of that same Caruncle which is in the greater corner of the Eye Hereunto likewise belongs the filth of the Eyes which is by the Greeks called Laeimai Laeimai they are caused by an extream distemper of the Eye which makes a dissolution or melting down of matter The simple insirmities of the Eyes are the spotts and Scars of the Conjunctive Spots and Horny Coates which are both Diseases and Symptomes The Duskynes and obscurity of the Eyes is when the Bal of the Eye does not Obscurity represent any outward object to him that looks upon it which is a token of Death in an Acute Feaver Chap. 4. Of the Ear. THe Ear being the Instrument of hearing is divided into the a T. 20. f. 1. and 2. â–¡ External The Ears Parts Part broad and gristly and the b f. 3 4. c. â–¡ Internal which lies hid in the Os petrosum The external Part is termed c f. 1. and 2. â–¡ Auricula made up of a d f. 2. B B. â–¡ Gristle which is covered with a Skin ful of e f. 2. A A. â–¡ Folds and made hollow with divers f f. 1. A A. B B. â–¡ windings with an hole g f. 1. G G. â–¡ through the same placed upon the side of the Head just against the hole of Windings h f. 3. A. â–¡ Os Petrosum It is more beautyful when smal for a great pair of Asses Ears are uncomly The Ear was placed as it is for the Conveniency of hearing and if the Scituation of the Ear inverted would not have been deformed it had been more commodious for hearing then placed as it is upright and Joyned to the Temporal Bone For we see such as are thick of hearing put the hollow of their hand behind their Ear that they may hear the better In the Ear you shal observe two Parts one is called i f. 1. G. â–¡ Tragus and Tragus Antitragus the other k f. 1. D. â–¡ Antitragus the Names of the other Particles of the Ear are useless In the Auricula is conteined the first passage or Hole of the Ear and reaches Hole of the Ear as far as the m f. 4. B B. â–¡ Tympanum or Drum its entrance is fenced with Hairs to keep out dust and crawling Bugs that might otherwise enter in There is a T. 20. f. 3. C. â–¡ collected the Ear-Wax Cholerick Excrement of the Ear called Ear-Wax which Bird-Limes and intangles any Dust or creeping thing that would pass that way It s termed Marmoratum The internal Ear Concluded in the Os Petrosum is altogether boney and divided Concha into three Cavities The first Cavity is the b f. 6. B. C. f. 7. within A. B. â–¡ Concha In the extremity of the first c f. 4. B B. f. 5. B. â–¡ hole is the Membrane streched out which terminates upon the d f. 3 B. f. 4. A A. c. Drum it has a string that runs cross it as we see the Military Drums have The Drum l f. 3. B. f. 4. A. c. â–¡ Furthermore we observe three littel Bones the e f. 4. G. f. 5. E. f. 7. A. â–¡ Maller the f f. 7. B. â–¡ Anvil and the g f. 7. C. â–¡ Stirrup Four little Bones others ad a h f. 7. D. â–¡ fourth which is a little Scal of a bone such as is found in the Carotick Artery near the Os Sphenoides But this is vain and unuseful Fortunatus Plempius places another Membrane at the other extremity of the Concha but how or where it is extended he does not explain whether at the two petty windores whereof the one is the entrance of the labyrinth and the other of the Cochlea or
that same boney a T. 15. f. 6. â— â–¡ partition placed between the bones of the Nose being a continuation of Os Vomeris The Nose is cloathed externally with the Cuticula and Cutis under which lie the Membrane Muscles b T. 15. f. 1. G H. c. â–¡ Muscles The inner Parts of the Nose are invested with a Membrane sprinkled with fleshy Fibres by the help of which the Pinnacles of the Nose are contracted when the breath is strongly drawn in as the said Pinnacles are widened by other external Muscles the description whereof you shal find in my History of the Muscles Book the 5. To the Nose do belong the Seive like plate of the Colander bone and the Mamillary or Teat-like Productions ending at these bones and given out to be the Organs or Instruments of Smelling Some would doubt whither those Caruncles or little bits of Flesh which are thrust into the Spungy bones are the proper Instruments of smelling or only some way subservient thereunto because when they are overmoistened or by any Diseases impaired the smelling is depraved or wholly lost c T. 15. f. 5. C C. â–¡ d T. 18. f. 3. a a. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Gristly Parts of the Nose are Inflamed Bruised and Vlcerated the Diseases of the whole Nose hony Parts are broken al of them are troubled with distempers but especially with organick Diseases springing from a bad Conformation as when the Nose is crooked inwards like a saddle which is oftimes caused by external Causes but if a Child be born with a Saddle-Nose it may be then raised and rectified For as Plato reports in his Alcibiades if the King of Persia had a Daughter so born they did thrust Pipes into the Childs Nose and reduce it by little and little to its right shape by widening the bones and Gristles whiles they were yet Waxy and pliable An over great and high Nose cannot be cut shorter without making the party more deformed If in persons grown up the Nose be Swelled with Tuberous Excrescencies of Flesh that fault may be mended by cutting of the said luxuriating Flesh The inside of the Nose is apt to Swel and is infested with Inflamatory bunches Of the inside Tubercula Ozena which come to suppuration but far within in the Spungy bones and their Caruncles there is bred a filthy stinking Ulcer called Ozaena which is offensive both to the Patients and al that come near them and is very hard to cure Somtimes the little bones are corrupted and come out at the Nostrils The Caruncles being swelled with or without an Ulcer cause the Polypus which fals into the Nostrils or it fils Polypus the hollow places above the Palate reaching as far as the Throat The Polipus is neatly discribed by Celsus in his sixt Book Chapter the eight Unless it be of a Malignant Color and painful it may safely be cut away by the Roots if possible which is the true Cure for otherwise it wil grow again if any Part be left remaining after section A Malignant Cancerous Polypus must not be medled withaleither by cutting burning or caustick Medicaments for if it be exasperated it eates and devours the whol Face Symptomes of the Nose are either its action hurt or simple affections thereof Symptomes of the Nostrils Smelling lost or the Irregulary of what is voided forth The action of the Nose is Smelling which is abolished diminished or depraved The Causes of the smel diminished or abolished are the same to wit the obstruction of the inward passages of the Colander-bones and the Mammillary productions in which the â—melling is exercised Diminished If the foremost Ventricles be stopped other parts of the Nose remaining intire it is known by the perfection of speech which shews that the Colander and Spungy bones with the Mammillary Productions are free The Smelling is depraved when al things seem to stink and when the Patient depraved perceives a stink in his Nose which is likewise discerned by the standers by The true Cause of this Symptome is a putrified Humor congealed in those Cavities If the Putrefaction be within the Scul the stink is not perceived by the Patient but is discerned by those which converse with him as Fernelius judiciously observes Simple affections of the external Nose are spors which are black and blew or red Spots and deforme the same They must be taken away or corrected with some Fucus if there be no other Remedy The Irregularity of Excretions consists in Bleeding at the Nose and in a Nose-bleeding Coryza Flux of Serosities therefrom which causes the Coryza or Grauedo or a continual Nose-dropping Hippocrates in his sixt Book of Aphorismes saies Such as have running Noses are unhealthy In bleeding at the Nose the blood either comes from the Nostrils opened by Cause of Nose-bleeding picking or from that same long Cavity of the Dura Mater which reaches unto the Nostrils if the Veins be opened by the sharpness of the blood or the abudance thereof after it has flowed a while it must be stopped by opening a Vein in the Arm unless the blood flow critically Fernelius would have al bleedings at the Nose to be stopped be they what they wil and would have a Vein opened to that end contrary to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Blood coming from the inner Parts of the Nose may be stopped but it is very hard to stop the same when it comes from the Menings or Coates of the Brain Dropping of blood from the Nose in burning and Malignant Feavers is bad both It s Cure as a Cause and a signe because it does not ease the Patient and it shews a Plenitude in the brain and that nature being weak is not able to disburthen herself In such a case great care is to be taken of the head by Revulsion and Derivation of the blood and by cooling of the Head for fear of Inflamation or some Sleepy Disease If bleeding at the Nose be stopped in young people accustomed thereunto and their brains Ake through fullness they must be let blood The Ancients did open the inward Veins of the Nose which Practice is left off because the way they did it is to us unknown Fernelius writes that Wormes as long as ones Finger have been found in Saddle-Noses being there bred which at last made the Patients mad and killed them those Wormes were thought to have been cast out of the brain where as indeed they were born and bred in the Cavities of the Nose For Wormes bred in the Ventricles of the brain cannot come out unless they should eat a sunder or break the Sieve-like table of the Colander-bone That which Fernelius has written is worthy of consideration in reference to Diseases of the Head That in Nose-bleedings the blood comes out not from the brain but out of the Veins of the Nostrils The Veins saith he do run into the Nose not from the inner
bone and those bones are not reckoned to appertain unto the Back-bone the best way is to begin our description of the Limbs from them viz. Of the Arm from the Shoulder-blad and of the Leg from the Huckle-bone Of the Shoulder-blade and the Arm from the Shoulder to the Elbow The Axillary Kernels The Shoulder-blade i f. 1. A. â–¡ Joyned to the k f. 1. C. â–¡ Arm makes a Joynt in the bending of which Joynt beneath Kernels are placed which are counted to be the Close stooles of the Chest or Heart as the Parotides or Kernels behind the Ears are of the brain into which those Parts do empty their Excrements The place of these Kernels is called the Arm-Pit Diseases of the Kernels These Kernels do frequently Swel Impostumate are infected with the Kings-Evil and subject to Buboes yea such as accompany the Whores-Pox as in the Groin Of the whol Joynt This Joynt is liable to be disjointed but it is more often vexed with the Gout Rheumatisme and other Fluxions The strong smel of the Arm-Holes proceeeds from these Kernels Upon which Martial has wittily and neatly played in one of his Epigrams Laedit te quaedam mala fabula qua tibi fertur Valle sub alarum trux habitare caper Hunc metuunt omnes neque mirum nam mala valde est Bestia That is An ill Report your Credit Sir does wound How that a stinking Goat has dwelling found Within your hollow Arm-Pits shady Grove A beast which al Men fear and none do love And good Cause why c. Of the Cubit or part of the Arm from the Elbow to the Hand The Articulation of the Brachium with the Cubit is more hardly disjoynted admits Fluxions which do there breed divers Tumors hard to cure In which case The Diseases of the Joynts of these Parts unless diligent care be taken the very bones are altered and the Cubit is made crooked and such as are on that manner crook't are by Hippocrates termed Galliaggones If such a croockedness be caused by a retraction of the Muscles it is more easily cured than if it come from a repletion of the Cavities by a thick clammy condensed and dryed Humor The Articulation of the Cubit to the Wrist is subject to many Diseases the Gout the Rheumatisme the Tumor Ganglium which possesses the tendons of the Muscles Flegmatick Knobs and other Tumors Of the Hand The Hand is divided into the c f. 1. F. â–¡ Wrist the d f. 1. G H. â–¡ After-Wrist and the e f. 1. l. Fingers To Diseases of the Hand these Parts the Diseases lately named are common A Disease in number is here usual in Children from the Womb viz. A Sixt Finger growing to the Thumb oâ— little Finger It is easily taken away by the Incision Knife Of the Nailes The Fingers are cerminated and closed up by the Nailes which are liable to Diseases of the Nails divers Diseases in Figure in Magnitude whâ—l they grow thick wrinkled unequâ—l rough â—ooked as in leprous persons they are also Cleft and fal off in the time of Sickness and afterwards breed again The Color of the Nailes is changed in time of Sickness Also there is a sore Disease of the Nailes termed a Whiâ—e-Loafe oâ— Felon A Whey iâ—h very sharp Humor is bred under the Naile near the bone which causes most bitter and intollerable pains and brings an Inflamation first of the Hand and after of the Arm also unless the Humor be let out by cutting the pappy flesh of the Finger to the very bone The Pappy Ends of the Fâ—â—gers are aften corrupted and puâ—rifie and somtimes Of the Pappy Ends of the Fingers the last Joynt of a Finger must of necessity be out off by reason of a sphacelation of the bone Paronycâ—ia Grâ—corum viz. Opening of the Skin at the corners of the Nailes and Issuing of blood thereaâ— is a â—leight Disease which does not affect the tendons and Nerves of the Fingers Ends as that Panaritium Arabum a Disease of this Part described by the Arabiaâ— Physitians The Ancient Phylosophers and Physitians were wont to Divine and tel Fortunes by the Nails of Mens Fingers touching which kind of Divination Camillus Baldus has lately written g f. 1. A. â–¡ a T. 21. f. 1. C. â–¡ b f. 1. D E â–¡ Chap. 3. Of the Inferior Limbs The Inferior Limbs are commonly divided into three Parts The Thighs the Diseases of the inferior Limbs Shank and the Foot The Os Ilium is joyned to the Thigh and from thence we are to â—ake measure of the length of the Leg. In the bending of the Os Ilii and the Thigh are placed many Kernels above and beneath in which divers Buboes arise both Pestilential Venereal and springing from common Causes of which we have spoken in our Chapter of the Perâ—â—oâ—eum These inferior Limbs are liable to the same Diseases with the superior which I wil not repeat Proud Flesh is often bred in the hinder parts by contusion of the Thighs occasioned by long and hard sitting or riding Fernelius does elegantly explain the material Cause hereof It is not caused by afflux of Humors but only by the nourishment of the Part which being ulcerated within or without if it be not stopped it is by continual access of Nutriment spread abroad and swelled and produces oftentimes as it were certain Pipes of Veins and Arteries by which it is nourished So when the Skin remaining whol the Flesh underneath is bruised and â—orn a mighty Swelling does arise by little and little without any pain but furnished with exquisite sence and Natural Heat In the Joynt of the Thigh about the Cavity of the Huckle bone is bred the Gout The Sciatica called Sciatica If the Humor flow into the Aceâ—abulum and cause the Head of the Thigh-bone to slip out of its place it breeds a Disease in Scituation hard to cure and which at last causes the Patient to hault If a very sharp puâ—rid Humor does corrode and bring corruption into the Joynt The Hip-Consumption it produces a Disease called Phthisiâ— Coxaria the Hip-Consumption which makes an end of the Patient by degrees If an Humor flow into that part where the great Nerve arises which creeps up and down the hind parts of the Leg Notha Ischias The Bastard Sciatica oâ— a Bastard Sciatica is produced Swellings of the Knee either springing from a Flegmatick Humor or from Inflamation Swellings of the Knee are oftentimes very dangerous or long-lasting and at last do hasten the Patients Death The Foot is divided into the a T. 21. f. 1. O. â–¡ Taâ—sus b f. 1. P. â–¡ Metatarsus and the c f. 1. Q. â–¡ Toes The first Bone of the Tarsus called d f. 5. B. â–¡ Pteâ—na is subject to a Disease springing from Cold or Fluxion which iâ— called Pernio a Kibe And because this Bone receives a very Kiâ—es thick
and Foot are contrary in the hand they are like one another for the conveniency of taking up of any thing in the Leg and Foot they are contrary to make us stand firme and for the performance of different actions For the flexion or bowing of the Thigh is performed forwards the bowing of the Leg is performed backwards the bowing of the Foot is done â—orwards the bowing of the Toes of the Foot backwards The Foot is bowed by two Muscles seated before which are called Tibiaeus and Foot-benders Peronaeus The Tibiaeus c T. 23. f. 1. K. â–¡ anticus taking its rise from the upper Epiphysis of the Leg neare Tibiaeus anticus the Fibula and cleaving to the Tibia all along about the middle of the bone it degenerates into a Tendon which beneath the d T. 23. f. 1. ζ. â–¡ Ring-fashion'd Ligament of the Foot is â—â—it into two Tendons the one of which is inserted into the Oâ— primum innominatum or first nameless bone and the other is lengthened out as far as to the Bone of the Meâ—ataâ—sus which is placed undeâ— the Great Toe The Peronaeâ—â— a T. 23. f. 1. L L. â–¡ Antâ—â—â—â— is in itâ— Original â—oyned to the Peronaeus Posticus although Perâ—â—â—us anticus though both â—â—â— Tendons are dâ—awn through the cleft of the external Ankle yet in their â—nd and inseâ—â—ion they are separated The Anticus has its rise from the middle and external part of the Perone and being led through the cleft of Malleolus externus it is inserted on the foreside into the bone of the Metatarsus which susteines the little Toe The Foot is extended by the after Muscles The first and outmost are the Extenders b T. 23. f. 1. d d. f. 2. D D. f. 3. K K. â–¡ Gemellâ— or twins so called because they are equal â—n Bulke Strength and Action They are alâ—o termed Gastrocnemij because they make the Belly or swelling of the Calf oâ— the Leg and the one of them is internal placed in the inner side of the Tiâ—iâ— or shank the other is external and possesses the outside thereof The internal Twin-Muscle arises from the inner knob of the Thigh the external Gemellus internus externus Twin-Muscle arises from the exâ—ernal knob of the said Thigh They are severed in theâ— beginning but grow together at lâ—st into one Belly which by a strong Tendon is â—engthened out unto the hinder part of the Heel Vesalius was the first that obâ—erved that To several beginnings of every one of them there are several little c T. 23. f. 3. o o. â–¡ Bones placed like unto Seâ—amine Seeds or like Tares or Veâ—ches to the end that with their smooth and slippery surface being placed between the Muscles and the Bones they may hinder the Muscles from being hurt when the leg is turned this way or that way Plantaris Plantaris d T. 23. f. 3. M. â–¡ Musculus which luâ—ks between the Twins and the Soleus arises from the external knob of the thigh being fleshie on the upper part and quickly ending into a very â—mal and longish tendon it is drawn under the Heel by the inner Ankle-bone and diffused into the sole of the Foot It performes the same office in the Foot as in the hand that the Foot might answer to the hand and that whilest the Foot is hollowed the Skin by the Tendons lieing under might be firmly fastened The a T. 23. f. 3. f. 3. L L. â–¡ Soleus a broad and thick Muscle takes its original from the upper part of Soleus the Leg or from the upper and hinder closure of the Tibia and Perone and is inserted by a tendon mixed with the Gemelli or Twins into the hinder part of the Heel Under the Muscle Soleus remarkeable vessels have their passage both Veins and Arâ—eries and Nerves whence it comes to pass that the pains of the Calfe of the Leg are deep and lasting Of the Tâ—ins and the Soleus mingled together in their inferior parts is made that The Chorda of Hippocrates same common Tendon which is so exceeding thick and strong which Hippocrates terms the Choâ—da mâ—gna the Hurts Bruiâ—es and wounds whereof do cause death The foot is extended by two hinder Muscles the Tibiaeus posticus and the Peronaeus Tibiaeus posticus posticus The Tibiaeus posticus does arise from the upper part of the Tibia and being aâ—â—â—xed to the whole bodie thereof through the cleft of the inner Anckle bone it produces two Tendons the one of which ends at the Scaphoidean Bone and the other is carried as far as to the primum Os innominatum The Peronaeus c f. 23. f. 2. F F. â–¡ Posticus does arise from the upper and hinder part of the Peronaeus posticus Perone And being carried with the Peronaeus anticus through the cleft of the external ankle bone into the bone of the Metatarsus which sustaines the greate toe under the sole of the Foot it transmits its broad hard and gristly kind of Tendon under the Tendinous head of that Mass of flesh which does produce its internal inter-osseans The Muâ—cles Peronaeus anticus and Posticus as they are distinct in their original so are they also distinct in their insertion although they are drawen through the pulley of the external ankle but the Tendon of the other Peronaeus Flexor is iâ—serted into the outside of the Os metatarsi which susteines the little Finger The Tendon of the other Peronaean Muscle whose office is to extend the part being scituate behind is carryed further and more inwardly under the Mâ—scle called Pediaeus These two tendons are separated one from another bâ—â—ng inclosed in two distinct sheaths or scabberds of a nerve-gristly substance b f. 2. E E. â–¡ Chap. 43. Muscles of the toes THe Toes have their proper Muscles fitted to procure their bending extending The Annular Ligament and lateral motion from one side to another also their tendons are comprehended within a Ring-fashioned or circular and transverse a T. 23. f. 1. g. â–¡ ligament which does incompass them beneath the Ankles just as we see in the Wrist They are extended by the Musculuâ— longus and Brevis Toe-stretchers cnimodactylius The longus or b T. 23. f. 1. M M. â–¡ long-Toe-stretcher called in Greek Cnimodactylius takes its rise from the fore and inner side of the Tibia there where it is joined to the Fibula lurking close under the Tibieus anticus and goes down-right all along the Fibula till haveing passed the Ring-fashioned ligament it ends into the three Articulations of the c T. 23. f. 1. f f. â–¡ foure Toes that it might at once and by one motion move the three â—oyntings of the foure Toes aforesaid Brevis Digitum tensor or the d T. 23. f. 2. G. â–¡ short Toe-stretcher or Pediaean Muscle springs Pediâ—us out of the Heel and the external and
Epicurus contradicting aristotle maintaines as possible in the 8. Booke of Athenaeus his Deipnosophists Aldrovondus has observed that among Fowles the Estrich has solid bones void of marrow But in case a bone should be deprived of its Gristly Crust and of its periostean Membrane it is moved with difficulty and has no feeling at all If a bone become uneven and prominent so as to have bunches upon it it is termed Exostosis which is an effect and concomitant of the venereous pocks when it is of long standing and confirmed howbeit it may spring from some other cause Finally being depraued and mishapen or disjointed it hinders and mars the Action of the whole body or its parts and being divided in its substance it argues solution of Continuity by some cleft or fracture and although a broken bone by the mediation of a Callus becomes soddered together one the outside Yet does it still remaine divided within Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment Sence and Marrow of the Bones While the Bone did live and was nourished it had a twofold sustenance the one The remote matter that nourishes the Bones remote the other conjunct or immediate according to Aristotle in his Book of the parts of live-wights The remote Sustenance of the Bones is the thicker and more earthy part of the blood The next or immediate is the marrow or marrowy liquor which is contained in the hollownes and porositie of the bones Hippocrates in his The immediate matter Book de Alimento saies that the marrow is the Nutriment of the bones and therefore it is that they are Joined together or soddered up by a callus How can it be Whether the Bones have Veines may some man say that the blood should nourish the bones seeing they have no veines which are the channels to conveigh blood to all parts Hippocrates saies in his book de Ossium Natura that of all the bones the lower Jaw-bone alone has veines Galen indeed in his 8. Booke de Placitis attributes unto every bone a Veine greater or Lesser according to the Proportion of the Bones and in his Comment upon the first Booke of Humors he saies that there is a Vessel distributing blood allowed to every bone But he confesses in the last chapter of his 16. Booke de Vsu Partium that the veines of the Bones are so small and fine that thay are not so much as visible in the larger sort of Animals or Live-wights because nature according to the Necessity and Indigence of the Parts bestowes upon some greater upon other lesser Veines moreover the little holes which are found about the extremities of the bones Whether they have Arteries do manifestly declare that somwhat there is which goes into the said Bones now their is nothing goes into the bones but little Veines If we beleive Platerus the Arteries doe no where enter into the bones seeing the spirits can easily penetrate Or Nerves into any of the bones without the service of the Arteries to carry them Neither do I conceive that there are little nerves diffused through the substance of the Bones to give them the sense of feeling because all the feeling they are capable of is by means of the periostean Membrane which does incompass them Nevertheles Nicolas Massa call's God to witnes that he saw a Man who had an ulcer in his thigh so that the bone was bare in which bone there was a sence of paine so that he could not endure to have it touched with a rough instrument in regard of the paines it caused and it was freed from the periostean Membrane Yea and he bored the bone and found that it had the sense of feeling within the same which he therefore thought good to declare that Anatomists might be moved to consider whether some branches of nerves do not Penetrate into the substance of the bones â— Threefold Marrow of the Bones We canot looke into the Cavities and Marrowes of the Bones unles they be first broken I observe a threefold Cavity of the bones and a threefold marrow In the greater Cavites of the larger Bones the Marrow is reddish in the lesser Cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white In the spungy bones there is contained a marrowy Liquor In the meane while you shall observe that the marrow within the Cavity of the Whether the Marrow of the Bones be compast with a Membrane Bones is compassed with no membrane neither is it made sensible by any little nerves penetrating the substance of the bone as Paraeus does imagine Hippocrates himselfe in his Booke de Principlis was the first that noted this The Marrow of the Back-bone is not like that marrow which is in other Bones for it alone has membranes which no other marrow has besides it Chap. 5. Of Articulations or Jointings of the Bones LET us proceed to the Joinings-together of the Bones To the Articulation of the Bones there concurs an Head There does concur to the Articulations of the Bones the Head the Cavitie the Gristle the Flegmatic moisture and the Ligament Every Head is in its owne nature and original an Epiphysis but in process of time it degenerates into an apophysis The Head is within of a Light spungie and porous substance being filled with blood or with a marrowy Juyce on the outside it is covered with a very hard shell or bark very thin and compact which is crusted over with a smooth and polished Gristle Now the Head of a Bone is a T. 21. f 1. d d. f 4. a. â–¡ great and long or short and flat which is termed b T 21. f 1. 2. I I. â–¡ Candylos The Cavity of the Bone which receives the Head is also crusted over with a Gristle A cavity which if it be deep it is called in Greek a T 21. f 4. B. â–¡ Cotyle if shallow 't is called b T 21. f 4 F. â–¡ Glene It is somtimes encreased with a Gristlie brim lest the bones should too easily slip A Gristle aside and fal out of their places And in the Cavities themselves there is contained a clammy thick and Oyly A flegmatick Humor Pituitous Humor to procure a more easie and expeditious motion of the Bones so we grease the Axle-trees of Coaches and Carts that the wheels may turn more easily and quickly Through want of the foresaid Humor in such as have the consumption and are extreamly dried while they go and stir their Limbs one may hear as it were their bones knock one against another and rattle in their Skins As is proved by a memorable History recorded by Symphorianus Campegius in the Medicinal Histories of Galen and as I my self have often times seen Now that the bones might be so knit together as to make a Joynt there is need A Ligament of a Ligament or Band whose substance is broad and round its color white or bloody such as is the round Ligament which fastens
the c T 21. f 7. a a. â–¡ Leg and the d T 21. f 8. a â–¡ Thigh and that which unites the e T 21. f 5. A. â–¡ Astragalus with the f T 21. f 5. B. â–¡ Pterna and that of the Astragalus with the three Bones of the Tarsus which are termed g T 21. f 5. E E E. â–¡ Aeneiformia For these bloody or bloodyish Ligaments are alwaies interposed between the bones and are very hard but those which are drawn about the Articulations do alwaies appear white So the Nerve-Gristly Ligaments which are interposed between the Os Sacrum and Os Ilium are observed to be bloody in a Woman newly delivered of her Child Now every Conjunction of the Bones is made by Nature either for Motions Why the bones are articulated sake or for Perspiration or for the Passage of some certain Substance or for the differencing of Parts or for Security and to preserve from violence Conjunctions of the bones for Motions sake are seen in the Fingers Wrists Elbows Shoulders Hips Shanks Ankles Ribs Spondyls in a word in al movable Articulations For Perspirations sake we see bones joyned together in the Sutures of the Skul For to give passage to some substance or other we see the like conjunction at the production of the Pericranium and at the through-fare of some certain Vessels which go partly out and partly in to which intent the Sutures of the Skull were contrived For Securities sake and to avoid the violence of breaking c. we see the said Conjunction in al such bones as are compounded of divers smaller ones For the differing of parts certain conjunctions of bones seem to have been contrived in the Bones of the upper Jaw Having laid this Foundation out of Galens 11. Book de Vsu Partium chap. 18. it is an easie matter to prove the sorts and differences of Articulations out of the Doctrine of Galen himself The Bones are joyned one with another some by Articulation or joynting others Two-fold conjunction of bones What a joyne is Sorts of joynts by Symphysis or cleaving together A Joynt termed Articulus is a Connexion of Bones ordained either for motion or for some other Cause In respect of motion there are two sorts of Joynts The one is contrived for manifest and strong motion which is called Diarthrosis The other is ordained for an obscure and difficult motion or for none at all and it is called Synarthrosis Of the former kind of conjunction of bones viz. Diarthrosis there are three Particulars of eaâ—â— sort sorts Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Gynglymos Of the second kind of Articulation viz. Synarthrosis there are in like manner three sorts Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Gynglymos because Synarthrosis and diarthrosis do differ only in the quantity of the motion as Galen does teach in his Book de Ossibus which also he manisestly declares in his Book de Dissect Muscul Chap. 22. neare the end and in the 13. Book de Ossibus But because a Synathrosis is ordained not only for motion but for some other cause as namely for perspiration the transmission of some substance the differencing of Parts and to save from harm by stress and violence it comprehends three other sorts under it viz. Sutura Harmonia and Gomphosis These six differences of Synarthrosis or joynting may be proved by sense and by Examples of the sorts Example The a T. 10. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. c. â–¡ Ribs are joyned to the b f. 2. A A. â–¡ Brest-bone by an Arthrodia which in regard of motion may be referred to a synarthrosis The c T. 21. f. 1. 2. F. â–¡ Bones of the wrist are coarticulate with the bones of the d f. 1. H H. f. 2. G. â–¡ Metacarpum Galen de usu partium Lib 2 Chap. 8. but that synarthrosis is made by the way of Arthrodia The e f. 5. A. â–¡ Astragalus is joyned to the f f. 5. C. â–¡ Scaphoides with an obscure motion which is Enarthrosis Lib. de Ossibus Chap. 24. Gynglymos is found in the Vertebras of the g T. 10. f. 3. â–¡ Back which is to be counted as a kind of Synarthrosis the Gynglimos of the other Vertebras is a kind of Diarthrosis Galen in his 26. Book de Compos Med. secundum locos and in his 12. Book de usu Partium calls the sutures h T. 15. f. 1. a a. c. â–¡ of the Head synarthroses Also he cals the harmonia of the i T. 8. f. 4. D. â–¡ inferior Jaw-bone synarthrosis in his Comment upon the Ninth part of the second book de Fracturis The bones of the Steâ—â—â—n or Brest-blade k T. 10. f. 2. A A. â–¡ being immovable are joined together by a synarthrosis From Galen in his book de Ossibus and other places of his Writings I could prove that the Jaw-bone and the bones of the Brest-blade are Joined together by symphysis because they grow together as the Person comes to yeares so that no markes are remaining of their former distinction So Galen in his Book de Ossibus calls the Conjunction of the inferior Jaw-bone with the Chin Symphysis Symphysis is an immovable union of the Bones which is performed either with Symphysis what it is Its Differences somwhat intermediate or without In regard of the threefold Medium some Symphysis is called Synchondrodis from the Cartilage Gristle which is the Medium of the Union a second is termed syneurodis from the nerve which is the medium a third is called Syssarcodiâ— from the fleshy Medium To which we may ad a fourth termed Neurochondrodis because the Union is made by a Medium which is of a mixt nature being partly nervy and partly gristly But more may be seen of this in Galen his Doctrine of Bones The differences of symphysis do appeare in the bones of the a lower Jaw in the Its differences exempliâ—ied Bodies of the b Vertebras in the bones of the c share one with another and in the conjunctions of the d â—lâ—an bones with the e Os sacrum in the growing together of the vertebras of Os sacrum one to another and of the epiphysis and in the conjunction of the Os â— Sphenoides with the Occiputs bones and in the conjunction of other bones which in children were divided but in persons come to years they are found growing together by Symphysis sine Medio such as are described by Galen in his Book de Ossibus The Ligaments which knit the bones together and that flegmatick humor wherewith the bones are smeared and the Gristles both such as are common to divers bones articulated together and likewise such as are proper to the particular bones to crust the ends of each of them al these shal be treated of in our particular Muster and Surveigh of the Bones The Medicinal Consideration General diseases of the Bones-Caries The General Diseases of the Bones are Caries or Rottenness
Pomgranate as resembling the flower of that Apple Galen conceives that it is placed there to defend the stomach and the Septum It s Vse Transversum But because the stomach is far distant there from it seemes to be framed only for the midtifs sake or rather to hold up the Liver fastened thereto by a ligament Amatus Lusitanus in the 95. Cure of his fift Centure observes that the Cartilago It s Hole Xiphoides is bored through for perspirations sake that the filthy vapors of the the stomach might by that hole breath out which is a simple Conceit For unless the Cartilage is bipartiâ—e it is perforated to give passage for the vena mammaria interna and in wounds if there be no hole in the Brest-bone it is found in the Cartilago Xyphoides This Cartilage being preâ—sed down and crooked in does so hurt the Liver being It s crooking seated beneath it that infants are by that means killed with an Atrophy or Consumption and in growen persons it â—auâ—es perpetual vomiting until it is reduced to a natural posture Chap. 15. Of the Ribbs Every Rib does consist of a twofold substance the one of which is a T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. c. â–¡ boâ—y which Twofold substance of the Ribbs makes up the greatest part â—â— of the Rib the other is b T. 8. f. 2. C C. â–¡ gristlâ—e of unequal length which is joined to the Brest-bone by that sort oâ— Articulation which is called Arthrodia that in the â—â—seing and falling of the Chest it may yeild more easily But they have another aâ—â—â—culation with the vertebras of the Back-bone which is twofold in every Rib. Now there are seven which are called true and perfect Ribs because they are The true Ribs joyned to the Brest-bone by way of Arthrodâ—a unto which sometimes an eighth is added which has been found more than once in the dissection of some bodies being fastened to the Rooâ—e of the Cartilago mucroâ—ata And â—his is the Cause why Aristotle whom Plinie thought it no disparagement to imitate has reckoned up sixteen true Ribs The five lower are called d T. 8. f. 2. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Bastard and Imperfect Ribs because they do not The Bastard Ribs reach unto the Brest-bone but are terminated in a long Cartilage which is reversed upwards and so grov one unto another c T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. â–¡ Chap. 16. Of the Back-Bone The Musculous flesh wherewith the Back-bone is covered being removed its admirable The shape of the Back-bone figure is eâ—silâ— discerned which is partly streight and partly oblique somtimes bending inward and sometimes outward which Hippocrates first discovered and Duretus Hippocrates his Ghost has described in Coacis Every where between two vertebras a thick cartilage is placed in the middle The Gristles of the Vertebrasâ— like glue Galen â—â— his Booke de Ossibus writes that it is an hard and in some sort Gristlie Ligament All the vertebrae oâ— turning Joynts of the Back are covered on the outside with Their Membranes an hard membrane and within they have a strong membranous ligament drawen a long from the higâ—est vertebra as low as to the Os sacrum which is there placed and wrapped about besides two other membranes to defend and preserve the spinal Marrow I have often found in bodies that were hanged and burnt and have been informed A fable of the Cabalists touching a bone which they cal Luz by the Executioner that it is a ridiculous fable which the Cabalists relate of a certaine Vertebra viz. that in the Back is found a certaine Vertebra which they have termed Luz out of which as from a seed the Bones shal be regenerated and spring up at the General Resurrection This Bone Luz â—o called Cornelius Agrippa and Vesalius wil have to be in the foote Howbeit Hieronymus Magius in his sift Book de Exustione Mundi relates that Adrianus learned experimentally of Rabbi Joshua Ben Anime that the foresaid Bone is one of the Vertebra's of the Back For he found in the Back bone one bone that a milstoneturning upon it would not breake the fire could not burne it the water would not dissolve it and at last being layed upon an Anvil and smitten with a sledge or smiths-hammer it was so far from being broken in the least that the Anvil was crackt and the sledge broken the Bone receiveing in the meane while no detriment Which is as false as false can be For all the Vertebrae may be broken in peices burnt and reduced to ashes Whence we may judge what credit is to be given to the Cabalists who in things manifest do so impudently mock and abuse us If Aristotle had observed the structure of the eleventh or twelfth vertebras he The structure of the Loines would not have written in his third Book de part Anima That the Back is fleshy but the Loines without flesh because the Bending-places of al parts are voide of flesh But the Loines are more fleshy than the Back But the Articulation of the twelfth vertebra is different from al the rest being the Cause of all Motion which is performed thereupon for both above and beneath it receives and is not received as is observed in other Articulations of the Vertebrae From the Loines you shal descend to the Coccyx or Crupper-Bone and you shal observe its structure consisting of three bones its spungy reddish substance and Crupper bone triangular shape Which Part we read does in some Nations sprout out like a taile Pliny records in the 22. the Chapter of his seventh Book that in India there is a race of Men that have hairie tailes and are incredible swift And Paulus venetus in the 28 Chap. of the fift Book of his Travells does avouch that in the Kingdom of Lambri there are men that have tailes like doggs a span long who dwel not in Cities but in the Mountaines The Nubiensian Arabick Geographie mentions a tailed Nation in an Island of the Eastern seas which is called Namaneg Page 70. I suppose that it is but a fable which Historians relate touching the Kentish-long-tailes in England how that God to revenge the Injury done to Tho. Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury caused Tailes to sprout out of the Kentish Crupperbones When the Crupper-bone suffers a Luxation inwards a man cannot according to Avicen draw his Ankles towards his buttocks neither can he bend his Hams which is confirmed by the Experience of Ambrosius Pareus This Impediment is caused by compression of a very thick nerve seated on the hind-side of the Leg which creeps along neare the Crupper-bone The said bone is easily reduced by a mans finger put into the fundament In the next place you shal fal to dissect the Vertebras of the back that you may contemplate the admirable fabrick of the spinal Marrow wiz how in the extreem The way to dissect the verâ—â—a's
the wrist and to this bone the Muscle Cubiteus flex or carpi does adhere The three wristbones of the first order being joyned together do make a cavity Their Articulation which receives two Bones of the second order which being joyned one with another do make the joints Head whence you may know that the first order is obscurely moved with the second and that c the articulation is by way of Arthrodia and in a dead body having taken away the tendons you may discover this motion The rest of the wrist bones being articulated with the Metacarpium do cause no motion at al or a very obscure one It is very rare to find nine bones in the wrist howbeit some have found so many Chap. 19. Of the Metacarpium Fingers and Sesamoidean Bones After the wrist followes the b T. 21. f. 1. H H. f. 2. G. Metacarpium which is framed of five bones if we beleive â—elsus and Rufftus whom Plinie does favour when he attributes only two joints unto the thumb Lib. 11. Cap. 43. Galen does better who separates the first bone of the a T. 21. f. 1. G G. f. 2. H. â–¡ Thumbe from the Metacarpium Of how many Bones the Metacarpium consists because it is joined to the wrist by an Arthrodial diarthrosis with evident motion But the bones of the metacarpium are articulated to the wrist by way of synarthrosis without motion Ad hereunto that this bone is shorter than the bones of Metacarpium is not conterminous to them has a contrary situation and a different motion For the Thumb is termed pollex a pollendo because it alone is equivalent to the The Bones of the Thumb other four fingers That it might be strong and substantial it was requisite that it should have three bones that it might performe manifest and strong motions it has peculiar muscles and they are affixed unto the first Bone When the Athenians would render the Aeginetae their emulators wholy unfit for warfare and Navigation they cut their Thumbs of And we cal such as are casheired for their cowardize Polletrunci thumb-les companions They were by the antients in way of merriment termed Murci The Metacarpium therefore is compounded only of four bones two of which are immoveable the other two which are under the ring finger are manifestly moved In that same space where the Thumb is joyned to the Brachialis there is a certaine cavity in which the Arabian Cautery was usually celebrated which is largely and elegantly described by Gesnerus in his Appendix to the Art of Chirurgery And it is no wonder if some at this day undertake to cure the venereal pox by applying mercurial water to this part which eaâ—es through the skin and peâ—ces so deep as to flux the patient In the hollw of the hand a transverse ligament is observed which connects the The Ligaments of the Hand The Sesamoidean Bones row of fingers to the bones of the Metacarpium Within the palme of the Hand you shal find divers Sinewy-Ligaments There are a few sesamoidean bones found in the Inside of the Hand There are none in the outside They are found hidden among the first jointings of the fingers The Thumb in its second and third joint has some sesamoidean bones in the first joint it has none Now to find the sesamoidean Bones either in the hand or foot you shal this do The way to find those Bones You shal so cut out the tendons that stretch out the fingers that you be careful not to take away the cartilages of the joints which are under them which may seeme to be the sesamoidean bones Under these tendons most frequently in the hand especially in hard bodies you shal perceive a certaine hardness sometimes gristlie sometimes bony Then you shal cut crosswise the Ligaments of al the joints until you make them appeare their inside in the hand their outside in the foote in which side you shal find the sesamoidean bones haveing first cut asunder the ligaments wherewith they are infolded or drawing them a little back upwards towards the roots of the fingers Chap. 20. Of the Os a T. 2. f. 3. 4. A. c. T. 21. f. 2. A. â–¡ Ilium and b T. 21. f. 1. K. f. 2. C. â–¡ Thigh-bone From the Armes you shal proceed unto the Inferior Limbs Their Ligaments Between the Os sacrum and the Tuberous bunching out of the Ischium there intercedes a Great and strong Ligament Beneath the seame or growing together of the share-bone there is another Ligament stretched out And a c T. 21. f. 7. a a. â–¡ T. 21. f. 7. b. â–¡ circular Ligament comprehends the Articulation of the Thigh with the socket of Os Ischij which being cut away another d Ligament somwhat long and bloody appeares The said bloodyness is caused by reason of Certaine little veines which creepe through the Acetabulum of the Huckle-bone That same Ligament which is brought out of the top of the thigh-bone is fastened and strongly driven into a cleft which is in the foreside of the Acetabulum which being relaxed and drawn from its place there fals out such an halting as is incurable in which the Thigh though perfectly put in Joint will still stip out again That same tabes Coxaria Pâ—â—isis ischiadica mentioned by Hippocrates in his Consumption of the Hip. Book De morbo Sacro and elswhere it is worth youre observation when by reason of an Impostume or a fluxion into the Hip-bones Cavity of Acetabulum the Ligaments cotrupt and putrify and the Hip grows lank and leane It was an ingenious observation of Hippocrates all Bones vitiated cease to grow if the part containing be corrupted it infects the part contained wherefore if the Huckle-bone be corrupted the Thigh-bone cannot remain untainted which disease I have often observed The oval hole of the a T 2. f 3. 4. B. â–¡ Huckle-bone called thuroides from its resemblance of a The ovall hole of the Huckle-bone door is ascribed unto the share It was contrived for lightnes sake and is exactly covered with an hard membrane which does sever the Musculos obturatores which rest on either side thereupon That is false which Aristotle has written in his fourth Book of the Live-wights Chap. 10. that no four footed Beast has Huckle-Bones The natural shape of the hip In the Thigh-bone you shall observe the b T 21. f 1. K. f 3. G. shape thereof bunching out on the foreside and saddle-fashiond behind for the convenience of sitting and firme walking Which figure Hippocrates observs in his Book of fractures and advises when this bone is broken that care be taken to preserve the same For such whose Thigh-bone is streighter than it ought to be are crook-legd and are same in their knee and they cannot stand nor goe with-out trembling But they whose thigh-bones are very crooked they stand more firmly either on one Leg or on both than they who
have streight thigh-bones The Neck of the Thigh-bone is somwhat long-fashioned and oblique that it The Neck of the Thigh-bone why long-fashioned may pass along the tendon of the Rotator Infernus But Galen supposes it was made for that end viz. to leave space for muscles which were to be placed in the lower part and for great Veins Arteries nervs and kernels which are quartered neare the divisions of the Vessels They whose Thigh-bone is shorter-necked than ordinary have their groins narrow and compressed and when they walk are constrained to halt on one side and are termed Vatii so sais Galen in his third Book de Vsu Partium For the Thigh-bone does contribute much to the rectitude and stability of the Body by that same oblique Longitude of its Neck whence the cause may be given why men naturally halt to the one side or the other or to both sides their Feet and Legs being of equal length which no man yet assigned nor observed The lower end of the Thigh-bone Joind to the Leg is termed the Knee which is Ligaments of the Knee fastned by a two-fold ligament One of them is b circular and compasses both the Bones round about The other being c placed between the two bones is somwhat Long-fashioned and bloodyish through neighbourhood of such veins as descend through the Ham into the Leg it arises from the middle-space of the knobs of the Thigh-bone and is inserted into the middle Eminency of the Knobs of the shank Sick people often speak of this Ligament when they talk of a burning heat in their Knees Upon the Knobs of the shank-bone two semicircular Gristles are fastened which hold the same Knobs more stable that they may not swerve in violent motions and contorsions of the thigh See Galen touching the of the shank-bone in its Articulation with the Thigh-bone Lib. 2. de fracturis That Part which is opposite to the knee behind is termed Poples the Ham being The void space in the Ham. empty and void The Uessells which pass that way being removed an empty space is observed interposed between the two knobs which Pliny seems to have understood in the 45. Chapt. of the. 11. Book of his Natural History In the knee it self the conjunction of both as well the right as the left is on the foreside double it should be on the hinder side there is a certain emptiness like cheeks which being perced the spirit flâ—es out as from a Cut Throat Wherefore I have alwaies observed the wounds of the Ham to be deadly not only Why wounds in the Ham are deadly for the dissipation of the spirit but also by reason of cutting assunder such remarkable vessels viz. Veines Atteries and nerves which creepe through that hinder part of the thigh which being cut inevitable death follows The society and sympathy between the knees and Cheeks is wonderful which is Whence proceds that sympathy which is between the knees and the cheeks described by the Author of that Book De Ordine Membrorum which is falâ—ely ascribed to Galen How that the knees being affected and afflicted the eyes condole and weepe by reason of that old acquaintance of the knees and eyes or Eye lids in the womb where the child touches its Eyes and Sustaines them with its knees Chap. 21. Of the Patella Upon the Articulation of the thigh and leg a smal bone is placed which they It s connexion call a T. 21. f. 1. LL. â–¡ Mola or Patella the whirle bone of the Knee It growes unto the knee not fastened by any Ligaments but only being a T. 21. f. 8. d. â–¡ glewed to the tendons of the muscles of the shanke it is so held close upon the knee If you take a diligent view you shal observe a Ligament somewhat bloody which It s use does firmely knit and bâ—nd the Patella to the hard fat which is palced beneath The office of this bone is to defend the joint to guard the bowing and bending of the Part and to render the motion more facil for it hinders the extension of the leg from passing out of a right line and when we sit with our knees bent it keepes the thigh from luxation forward And because the whole Body inclâ—nes forward it hinders us from falling when we go downe a steepe Hil. This Galen found by experience in a certaine young man that was a wrastler in whom as he was wrastling the Patella was disjointed and did aâ—câ—nd towards the thighbone whereupon two inconveniences followed viz. a dangerous bending in his knee and a trouble in going down Hil and therefore he could not go down hil without a staf Paraeus observes in the 22. Chapter of his 14 Book that he never saw anie that had the Patella broken but they halted I have seen such whose Patella was luxated and drawn upwards who could not so easily go up hil and down-hill as formerly Notwithstanding Vesalius in his Surgery denies that the Patella confers any thing Vesalius his opinion touching the use of the Patella to the firmnes of the joint and that a man does halt when it is broken or taken out as he avers he had found by many examples only he saies it is placed upon the knee for to defend and secure the joint And he goes not much from the same opinion in his Anatomy where he saies it performes the same office in the knee which the Sesemoidean bones do in other joints Hippocrates in his book de locis in Homine assignes another use of this Bone namely to prohibit moisture from descending out of the flesh into such a loose joint as the knee is Seeing thereâ—ore the Necessity of the Patella is so graeat I conceive it is but a fable which is reported of the Thebans who that they might be able to run more swiftly took certaine Bones out of their knees Yet there have bin found about Nova Zembla certaine Pigmies or little Men who could bend their knees backward and forward and were so swift of foot that none could overtake them if we give credit to the relations of seafaring Men. Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula The Tibia has two Bones the one a T. 21. f. 1. M. f. 4. D. â–¡ larger and more inward which â—eaâ—â—s the The rason of these names name of the whole the other is smaller and more external called b T. 21. f. 1. N. f. 4. E. â–¡ Fibula But Perone which is rendred fibula does signifie two things in Hippocrates the whole Fibula and appendix of that bone as Galen expounds it in his Interpretation of the words of Hippocrates It is termed Perone from peiro which signifies to boare or thrust through T is called Fibula in Latine from the Greek word phible which signifies smal and lank howbeit in Latine writers of Architecture certaine beames or joices of wood placed to give strength to other parts of the building are termed Fibule
Deafness whence it proceeds Page 193 Diabetes what it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Diaphragme its originall motion and use Page 231 see midrif Diastole what it is and wher Page 107 Digestion how it is caused Page 53 Dropsie how defined and whence it proceeds Page 59 Drum of the Ear what it is Page 193 Dugs of Women their substance scituatiod magnitude shape the teats and the circle about them their diseases Page 95 96 Dugs and Womb their consent how caused Page 97 E Ears the passage of them and the Bony Circle 21. Their parts windings Nervs and diseases Page 191 192 Ear external its Muscles common and proper Page 219 Inside thereof it s three Cavities and why the drum thereof is placed obliquely Page 272 273. It s Mallet anvil and stirrup Muscles Ligaments and drumstring ibid Ears Noises in them their cause and cure Page 193 The passages from them to the palate Page 269 Egyptians their operation in cutting out the stone not to be approved Page 72 Eyes their Scituation Parts Membrane Muscles Kernels c. Page 136. 137 Eyes their divers Diseases and their names Page 138 c. Eye the Orbitary bones thereof how many Page 12 Picolominus his error touching their number ibid Their Muscles are six Page 219 Eye-holes the bones thereof Page 22 Eye-lids their Muscles four Page 218 Elephantiasis of the Arabians what it is Page 213 Empyema what we are to understand thereby Page 96 Emphysema what dstemper of the eyè Page 139 Epididymis what it is Page 78 Epiglottis what is meant thereby Page 207 Its diseases Page 208 Excretion of Blood Choler Serum Quittor c. Page 194 Exostosis what it signifieth Page 266 Exostosis of the Skul what it is Page 270 F Face what it is And its Parts Page 11 Its description and diseases Page 194 195 Fallingsickness whence it proceeds Page 134 Falx a partition so termed Page 122 Fat its definition and division Page 27 Feavers continual and intermittent seated in the trunk of the Vena Cava Page 64 Feavers different either in respect of their Cause matter or manner c. Page 111 Fibre its definition and description Page 27 Fingers their Muscles Page 228 229 Their pappy ends Page 212 The best way of dissecting them Page 247 Flegm whether or no it may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Page 269 By what waies the flegm of the nose passeth Page 269 Flesh its definition and description Page 27 Proud Flesh in head-wounds whence it proceeds Page 267 Foot its division into Tarsus Metatarsus and Toes Page 18 c. Its Muscles and Motion Page 236 237 c. The Sesamoidean bones belonging thereto and its ligaments Page 285 Forehead Muscles should rather be they called the Eyebrow Muscles Page 218 Forinx what meant thereby Page 123 French Maidens why they have their right shoulder higher than the left Page 280 Frontal Muscles two of them Page 228 Fundament in what order to be dissected Its Name Muscles and their use Page 76 77 Its diseases sometimes closed up ibid G Gall The Bladder thereof its name substances scituation bottom neck sinews bigness shape communion vessels diseases Page 59 60 Gargareon Vvula or mouth-palat Its Muscles Page 223 Gelding How it may be made insensible Page 76 Genitalls Of a man and first of the yrad its parts skin foreskin bridle membrane vessels muscles the hollow ligaments their internal substance the Nut there of and its diseases Page 73. 74 see Yard Gongroni What kind of Tumor Page 201 Gonorrhea Virulent theseat thereof Page 79 What vein to be opened in the cure thereof Page 80 Greensickness What it is and the cause thereof Page 195 Groyns What to be observed therein Page 76 Gullet Its membrane kernels and obstruction Page 209 Gums Their natural and preternatural constitution Page 204 Their Vlcers or Aphthae Page 204 Guts Their substance scituation longitude general division and specialy their cavity and use Page 46 Their names â—…ments fat shutters connexion and Medicinal consideration Page 46 47 48 Gut Duodenum The Biliar pore thereof Page 46 Gut Ileum Its descent Page 76 H Ham Why the wounds therein are deadly Page 284 Hairs gray what kind of Symptom Page 120 Hallucination What meant thereby Page 142 Hand Its division into three parts Page 16 The two muscles thereof Page 227 228 The Void space therein Page 283 Head What it is and its division Page 8 The sutures thereof Page 21 The form thereof Page 30 Why placed in the highest Place its size shape division and the general diseases thereof Page 118 119 Its Muscles proper and common Page 218 223 Whether an issue may be made in the crown Page 268 Its moâ—â—â—n and ligaments Page 272 Head Dropsie What it is and whence it proceeds Page 121 Head Which Vertebra it is moved upon Page 272 Heart Whether it be the original of vena cava and whether it and the Arteries are moved at the same time Page 108 109 Heart The Nobility thereof its substance scituation bigness shape vessels Ears pulse and the cause thereof according to our Author Page 107 How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the heart Page 108 Whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs and what kind of blood is circulated Page 108 It s right and left ventricle their vessels and valves Page 109 110 Heart It s usual diseases Page 110 Heart the Septum medium of it what it is Page 110 Heartburning Whence it proceeds Page 55 Heart Eaten by worms bred in the blood Page 66 Heart The original of Vena Cava Page 108 Hemorrholds What they are and where Page 77 Hermaphrodites Who so to be termed Page 75 Hildanus His way of taking out the stone not to be approved of Page 72 Hip The consumption thereof Page 283 It s natural shape ibid Hippocrates Certain places in him expounded Page 92 Hoatsness Whence it proceeds Page 208 Hofmans Arguments touching the breeding of the Animal spirits answered Page 128 c. His tenent disturbs the practice of Physick Page 130 Huckle bone The Oval hole thereof Page 283 Hydrocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Hymen In Virgins what it is Page 81 I Jaws Two the bones thereof Page 11 12 22 The lower Jaw its Muscles on either side six Page 221 Iliacus Muscle its original Page 234 Ilium The bones thereof its parts Page 17 How its motion is performed Page 42 Ilium and os sacrum Joyned together their motion and by what Muscles they are moved forwards and backwards Page 232 282 Indigestion Ill digestion and Slow digestion from whence they al proceed Page 55 Infants What diseases are proper to them Page 90 Intercostals internal what they are Page 230 Interosseans what Muscles they are Page 29â— Joints Gallens doctrine concerning them Page 8 Ischuria What it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Issues in what places they are commonly made Page
humor worms bred therein Page 100 Pericranium and Periostium What they be Page 119 Perineum opened and in what manner Page 72 Peritoneum what it is its temperature substance original scituation quantity figure color connexion communion use and Medicinal consideration Page 42 43 The process thereof Page 76 Peripneumonia Whether there may be any or no how it is caused according to our Author it 's difference from a Pleurisy Page 99 100 Pharinx What it is and its Muscles Page 209 222 Phymosis and Paraphymosis what diseases Page 74 75 Piss-bladder Its substance coates magnitude shape holes Muscles vessels diseases Page 70 71 Its key an instrument so called Page 72 Piss-bladder perforated its ulcers cleansed ibid Plethory What it is and whence it proceeds Page 65 Pleura What it is Its thickness Page 97 98 Pleurisy How the pains of the sides are knowen from it and how they differ in their scituation and matter Page 98 99 Differnce of it from a Peripneamunia Page 100 On which side the blood is to be-taken away in a plerisie ibid And out of what vein ibid Pneumatocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Polypus in the Nose the cause thereof Page 198 Priapismus What disease it is Page 74 Processus vermiformis Where it is placed Page 123 Psoas Muscls what and where it is Page 234 R Radius what it is and its Muscles Page 226 The best way of dissecting its Muscles Page 247 Why it is joyned to the Cubitus Page 280 Respiration or fetching of breath the necessity thereof it is either free or forced its Organs wherein natural respiration consists whether perspiration may supply its use Page 105 106 Respiration unnatural the differences thereof it is somtimes needful in healthy persons Page 107 Rete Mirabile what it is Page 124 Rhagosis what kind of laxity it is Page 78 Rheumatism an experiment of Alexander Benedictus for it Page 218 Rheumatismus what Catarrh so called Page 135 Ribs the true and bastard ones their two fold substance Page 275 Rhomboides what kind of Muscle it is Page 244 Rumination what kind of disease it is and from whence it proceeds Page 56 S Saphena vein what and where it is Page 257 Sarcocele what it is and why so termed Page 78 Scapula or shoulder blade its articulation with the Arm its Muscles Cavity Ligament c. Page 278,279 The parts of it how named by Galen and how by Celsus ibid Sciatica the bastard one what it is Page 258 Sciatica gout where it is bred Page 213 Seed the matter of it threefold how it is voided Page 79 Seed suppressed whether hurtful to Women Page 86 Seed vessels and Seed bladders why wrinkled from whence the texture of veins among them they are the seat of a virulent Gonorrhea Page 79 Scoliosis what it is and the cause thereof Page 278 Sceleton what it is and its division Page 8 Septum or Speculum Lucidum what so called and why Page 122 Sesamoidean Bones which they are Page 282 The way to find them ibid 285 Shoulder blades The Muscles thereof four Page 224 Shoulder the extremities thereof Page 15 Shoulder why the french Maidens have the right higher then the left Page 280 Siriasis or dog day madness what it is Page 131 Smelling Lost Diminished depraved the Causes thereof Page 198 Sneezing whence it is Page 199 Sphenoides Sinus its use Page 269 Sphincter of the mouth what Muscle it is Page 220 Skin its division Searf skin its substance Original Figure Color Connexion Vse and how beautified Page 34 35 Its diseases Page 211 Skin called Derma or the true skin its Substance Temperature c. whether lost can be regained Page 35 36 Skul what it is its natural Figure Page 8 The number of the Bones thereof Page 9 The holes and pits thereof Page 10 11 What is principally to be observed therein and why it is double Page 267 The Primary diseases thereof Page 270 Spawling or Salivation whence it proceeds Page 56 Spinal Marrow the natural constitution thereof its Original and Progress and how many Nerves proceed from it together with its dignity Page 276 277 Speech abolished the cause thereof Page 206 Spirits Animal how they are carried through the Nerves Page 277 Squinsie what kind of tumor it is Page 201 Squinzie an horrid Symptome somtimes killing a man within fifteen or twenty hours Page 208 Spleen described its Substance Color greatness Parts Scituation Temper Shape Connexion Page 61 and 62 Its Actions controverted and divers opinions thereof Page 61 62 Sternum what it is Fallopius his observations concerning it Page 23 Sterility whence it proceeds Page 87 Stammering whence it proceeds Page 286 Stisis what disease it is where Page 278 Stomach the Membranes thereof its Scituation Size Figure Orifices its Bottom inner Surface Action digestion Communion with other Parts great sympathy with the Kidneys communion with the whol body and medicinal consideration Page 52 53 54 55 56 57 Stone ease for old men that have it Page 72 Stone suckt out and cut out of the bladder ibid The french and Italion way the best Page 73 Stones their Coats Substance Scituation Figure Action Diseases Page 77 78 Their several Muscles Page 232 Suffusion what we are to understand thereby Page 141 Sutures what they are and how manifold Page 9 Whether Blackmoors have any in their Skuls Page 268 Sweetbread or Pancreas what it is its Substance Scituation Vessels Vse Page 50 Systole what to be understood thereby Page 107 Sweats bloody whence they proceed Page 259 Symphysis what it is and its differrences Page 265 T Tast Vitiated and depraved the cause thereof Page 206 207 Temples the bones thereof Page 21 Teeth and Gums their Nature Parts Basis and root Page 13 Their Number and Order Page 13 202 At what time they appear Page 22 Where the hinder Teeth lie when they first break out their generation ibid Teeth-sickness Page 90 Whether they breed in all ages and whether they may be fastened in the place of those drawn out Page 203 Teeth the way to shew the Vessel appert aining unto them what must be observed in a Tooth that is drawn out Page 271 Tooth-ach the cause thereof Page 203 How the spungy Excrescence is taken out of the Tooth-hole Tendon what it is and its Original Page 40 Tenesmus what disease so called Page 77 Testicles or Stones their Muscles Page 232 Thigh and the bone thereof Knee Ham Knee-pan c. Page 17 282 Its motion and various Muscles Page 233 c. Thigh-bone the Neck thereof why long fashioned Page 283 Thumb its Muscles Page 229 The best way of dissecting its Muscles Page 247 The bones thereof Page 282 Tibia and Fibula the reason of their names Page 285 Tonsils their diseases Page 205 Tongue its Substance Scituation Magnitude Vessels Kernels Muscles and diseases Page 205 206 Whether its Substance wil grow again Page 206 Tongue-tyed who they are Page 206 Toes their proper Muscles Page
and blockishness Symptomes consisting Or in the Cavities and passages in the Cavities and passages are very many appertaining to Sence and Motion and to sleeping and waking as dead sleep sleeping Trance Sympâ—omes of Motion are Walking in ones sleep to be taken stiff as it were blasted or Planet-struck the Night-Mare Convulsion Falling-sickness Unquietness and tumbling Sâ—ivering Shaking Trembling Palsies Feebleness of the Limbs and Apoplexy Symptomes in the undue proportion of what should be voided forth do belong Symptomes of the Membranes Pain to the passages and Cavities as a Caâ—arrh Rbeumatismus Bleeding at Nose All these Symptomes â—foresaid I wil now declare particularly The Head-ach either occupies the Pericranium or the Meninges if the Pericranium the pain is outwards if the Meninges the pain is inward Each of these pains reaches unto the Eyes because the internal Membranes do produce the Coats of the Eye called Cornea and Vvea and the Pericranium produces the Coat Conjunctiva The kind of the Pain shews the Nature of the Disease A sharp and biting pain does argue a Cholerick Distemper of the Head a heavy pressing pain shews a Flegmatick Distemper a panting or pulsing pain argues somwhat of an Inflamation A pricking pain shews an Erosion or gnawing caused by a sharp Humor or a Worm which is rare A stretching pain argues abundance of Humor or of windy Spirits which distend the Membranes Now the Pain is either in the whol Head or in the half or in some one particle thereof If it infest the whol Head it is called Cephalalgia if half the Head Hemicrania because the brain is divided into two parts If the pain possess one part as if a Nail were driven in there the Arabians call it Clavus and Ovum the Nail or Egg. If the pain of the Head be of long Continuance it is termed Cephalaea which together with the Hemicrania is periodical but the Cephalalgia is a continual universal Head-ach A continual Pain of the Head joyned with a continual Feaver and signs of malignity is exceeding dangerous according to Hippocrates in the Second of his Prognosticks Pains of the Head are Primary and Proper or Secundary and by Sympathy from other parts These are not so dangerous as the former The Principal Actions of the Brain Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Symptomes of the Substance of the brain are diminished depraved and abolished Depravation of the Fantasie and Reason is Raving the Imminution thereof is Foolishness There is a three-fold Hurt of the Memory but the Abolition thereof has only found a name being called Oblivion The Cause of Foolishness is every great distemper of the brain which is known Foolishness by its Causes as by signs or some ill shaping of the Head which is easily discerned Dotage or Raving consists in absurd Thoughts Words or Deeds The Sayings Dotage of such as rave are estranged from Truth and Reason or not to the point in hand their Deeds are either unusual or undecent their Thoughts are absurd ridiculous and Chymerical The manner of Raving ought to be distinguished to know the differences of the Melancholy Melancholly which causes the same for a Delirium or raving with depravation of the Fansie is termed Melancholly which consists in a false Opinion touching things past present and to come which being manifold it is defined by vain fear anxiety or sorrow Again Melancholly is either Primary or Secondary The Primary has its Original in the brain the Secondary springs from the Hypochondriacal parts whence it is termed Hypochondriaca Melancholia which is either Humoral or Flatulent the former is the worse of the two and brings at last Madness and Out-ragiousness The Melancholy Ecstasie is an excess of Melancholy which is three-fold An Ecstasie Ecstasie simply so called an Ecstasie with silence an Ecstasie with a Frenzy they are caused by black Choler according to the divers degrees of its Adustion Foolishness with laughter is better and safer than with seriousness and fierceness Raving without a Feaver is so much the better by how much the Parts under the short Ribs or the Brain are less heated The Resting and binding up of the Sences is Natural Sleep The breaking off or hindrance of sleep is Watching Either of which being out of measure is hurtful Coma or Dead sleep If Sleep be profound 't is called Coma or Carus Dead-sleep If this Symptome be mixed of Sleep and Watching so that the Patient seems to incline to sleep with his Eyes shut but is not able to sleep it is termed Coma-Vigilans the Drowzy Watch. But if one that has a sleeping Disease upon him every time he is awakened does rave and talk idlely the Disease is called Typhomania And if a man lie stiff with his Eyes open and when he comes to himself remembers The Night-Mare what was done about him it is termed Incubus the Mare which is wont to happen in the right to such as lie upon their backs or have glutted themselves with feasting and it seems that they are choaked by some Devil lying upon them or by some Theif that has laid hold upon them to Rob and Murther them The abolition of al sence and motion saving Respiration is called Catalepsis or Catalepsis Catoche whereby a Man is Frozen as it were in that posture he was in when the fit seazed upon him It springs from a Cold distemper of the Brain with Flegm Carus is a deep Sleep which comes upon Feavers and wounds of the temporal Carus Muscles or from an hot and moist distemper or from much evaporation with serosities moistening the substance of the brain A Lethargy is an Imminution of sence and Motion and also of the Memory of A Lethargy necessary things It Springs from a Primary hot and moist distemper of the brain joyned with a putrid Humor which provoks a Feaver and cherishes and keepes it up a long time There is also Dotage adjoyned Touching this Disease there is a saying of Hyppocrates in his Coicks Page 75. Which explaines all the Symptomes thereof The existence or particular Nature of the Lethargy and Coma consists in a loosness as that of the Catalepsis in a Tension or bending Those that are in a Lethargick Sleep at last become Apoplectick An Apoplexy does oft times primarily and unexpectedly invade a Man and somtimes An Apoplexy it followes some other Sleepy disease It is an Abolition of sence and motion with respiration hurt which at last brings snoring and suffocation by reason thick Flegm flowing out of the Funnel and obstructing the Larynx or Wesand It is Caused by a Repletion of the Ventricles of the brain either with a pituitous or Wheyish Humor or with blood some smal Artery of the Rete Mirabile being broken in the Basis of the Brain or blood being carried aloft in a Plethorick body by the fourth Channel rushes into the Ventricles If it be Simple and meer Whey by strength of Nature out of