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cause_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v in_o question_n without_o any_o study_n which_o be_v the_o four_o sciential_a question_n these_o whether_o the_o thing_n be_v what_o it_o be_v how_o it_o be_v and_o wherefore_o it_o be_v whereof_o the_o first_o enquire_v of_o the_o subject_n whether_o it_o be_v the_o second_o of_o the_o predicate_v as_o what_o it_o be_v the_o three_o how_o it_o be_v that_o be_v to_o say_v how_o the_o predicate_a be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o the_o four_o ask_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v speak_v of_o the_o subject_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a now_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a or_o probable_a chap._n xxi_o of_o a_o syllogism_n dialecticall_a what_o be_v a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n a_o dialecticall_a syllogism_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o probable_a and_o credible_a proposition_n what_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v probable_a thing_n probable_a according_a to_o aristotle_n be_v these_o that_o seem_v 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be_v betwixt_o figure_n and_o form_n figure_n according_a to_o some_o be_v that_o which_o be_v enclose_v with_o one_o bind_v or_o limit_n or_o with_o many_o as_o a_o circle_n environ_v with_o one_o round_a line_n call_v the_o circumference_n or_o as_o a_o triangle_n or_o foure-square_a figure_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v enclose_v with_o three_o line_n and_o the_o other_o with_o four_o and_o such_o like_a but_o form_n be_v the_o draw_v or_o describe_v of_o the_o say_a figure_n again_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o figure_n be_v compare_v to_o a_o image_n represent_v some_o lively_a thing_n and_o form_n be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o due_a proportion_n and_o feature_n of_o the_o same_o some_o again_o do_v attribute_n figure_n to_o thing_n without_o life_n and_o form_n to_o thing_n that_o have_v life_n brief_o set_v down_o in_o this_o verse_n follow_v formam_fw-la viventis_fw-la picti_fw-la dic_fw-la esse_fw-la figuram_fw-la english_v thus_o the_o shape_n of_o paint_a thing_n 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cause_n efficient_a of_o the_o decree_n anger_n or_o wrath_n be_v the_o boil_a of_o the_o blood_n about_o the_o heart_n through_o the_o stir_v up_o of_o choler_n of_o the_o end_n thus_o a_o house_n be_v a_o building_n make_v to_o defend_v our_o body_n from_o the_o injury_n of_o the_o air_n and_o weather_n may_v not_o a_o good_a definition_n be_v make_v of_o many_o of_o these_o cause_n join_v together_o yes_o indeed_o give_v example_n loe_o here_o the_o example_n of_o demosthenes_n in_o define_v what_o law_n be_v law_n say_v he_o be_v the_o invention_n and_o gift_n of_o god_n and_o the_o decree_n of_o wise_a man_n the_o correction_n of_o crime_n either_o rash_o or_o advise_o commit_v and_o a_o common_a covenant_n or_o consent_n of_o the_o city_n according_a to_o the_o which_o all_o man_n ought_v to_o live_v in_o this_o definition_n the_o first_o and_o chief_a cause_n efficient_a be_v god_n the_o second_o cause_n efficient_a be_v the_o common_a covenant_n or_o consent_n of_o the_o city_n 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all_o the_o part_n of_o some_o whole_a thing_n or_o else_o all_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o some_o general_a kind_n give_v example_n of_o both_o these_o way_n of_o the_o first_o thus_o a_o house_n be_v a_o building_n have_v a_o foundation_n wall_n and_o cover_v of_o the_o second_o way_n thus_o a_o sensible_a body_n be_v that_o which_o comprehend_v both_o man_n and_o bruit_n beast_n when_o be_v a_o definition_n say_v to_o be_v make_v by_o heap_v up_o of_o accident_n when_o a_o thing_n be_v rather_o describe_v then_o define_v by_o such_o common_a and_o proper_a accident_n as_o do_v belong_v to_o the_o same_o as_o fire_n be_v a_o element_n that_o be_v hot_a and_o dry_a and_o exceed_v all_o other_o element_n in_o lightness_n and_o therefore_o this_o last_o kind_n of_o definition_n ought_v rather_o to_o be_v call_v a_o description_n then_o a_o definition_n which_o be_v usual_a to_o the_o poet_n orator_n and_o historiographer_n in_o describe_v either_o person_n fact_n or_o thing_n also_o to_o the_o physician_n in_o describe_v their_o simple_n as_o root_n plant_n herb_n and_o such_o like_a chap._n ii_o of_o the_o precept_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o definition_n how_o many_o precept_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v a_o true_a definition_n these_o three_o first_o that_o it_o brief_o express_v the_o whole_a power_n and_o nature_n of_o the_o thing_n define_v second_o that_o there_o be_v nothing_o therein_o superfluous_a nor_o any_o thing_n want_v three_o that_o the_o definition_n be_v not_o common_a to_o many_o thing_n but_o proper_a to_o that_o thing_n only_o which_o be_v define_v so_o as_o it_o may_v make_v it_o to_o differ_v from_o all_o other_o thing_n what_o order_n be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v a_o dialecticall_a definition_n first_o you_o must_v know_v in_o what_o predicament_n the_o thing_n be_v contain_v which_o you_o will_v define_v to_o the_o intent_n that_o in_o descend_v from_o the_o most_o general_a kind_n down_o towards_o the_o most_o spâ—…ciall_a kind_n of_o the_o same_o predicament_n you_o may_v find_v out_o by_o the_o way_n that_o which_o be_v next_o general_a kind_n to_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v define_v which_o next_o general_n kind_n be_v find_v out_o you_o must_v then_o seek_v out_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n the_o proper_a cause_n effect_n or_o common_a accident_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v define_v what_o virtue_n be_v you_o must_v resort_v to_o the_o predicament_n of_o quality_n wherein_o virtue_n be_v contain_v then_o in_o descend_v from_o quality_n proceed_v to_o habit_n from_o habit_n to_o habit_n of_o the_o mind_n which_o be_v twofold_a that_o be_v to_o say_v intellectual_a and_o moral_a and_o not_o find_v it_o under_o habit_n intellectual_a proceed_v to_o habit_n moral_a for_o that_o be_v the_o next_o general_a kind_n to_o virtue_n that_o do_v seek_v out_o the_o difference_n or_o property_n true_a cause_n or_o effect_v the_o difference_n be_v to_o be_v good_a wherein_o it_o differ_v from_o vice_n for_o vice_n be_v also_o a_o moral_a habit_n as_o well_o as_o virtue_n the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v to_o incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o right_a reason_n or_o true_a judgement_n so_o shall_v you_o make_v a_o true_a definition_n of_o virtue_n in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o good_a moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v always_o according_a to_o true_a judgement_n and_o after_o this_o sort_n you_o may_v learn_v to_o define_v any_o other_o thing_n chap._n iii_o of_o division_n what_o be_v division_n division_n be_v the_o part_n or_o divide_v of_o a_o word_n or_o thing_n that_o be_v more_o general_a unto_o other_o word_n or_o thing_n less_o general_a for_o division_n be_v twofold_a that_o be_v of_o a_o name_n and_o of_o a_o thing_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v the_o division_n of_o a_o name_n when_o some_o equinoke_n or_o doubtful_a word_n be_v divide_v into_o his_o manifold_a signification_n as_o this_o word_n wolf_n into_o a_o man_n have_v that_o name_n into_o a_o fourfooted_a beast_n into_o a_o ulcerous_a sore_n and_o into_o a_o certain_a fish_n each_o one_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o wolf_n which_o kind_n of_o distinction_n or_o division_n be_v very_a necessarâ—…e_n to_o avoid_v ambiguity_n of_o speech_n which_o ambiguity_n cause_v many_o time_n great_a error_n how_o manifold_a be_v the_o division_n of_o a_o thing_n it_o be_v threefold_a that_o be_v substantial_a partible_a and_o accidental_a when_o be_v it_o proper_o say_v to_o be_v substantial_a when_o any_o general_a kind_n be_v divide_v by_o his_o special_a difference_n into_o his_o proper_a special_a kind_n as_o thus_o of_o sensible_a body_n one_o be_v reasonable_a as_o man_n and_o another_o be_v unreasonable_a as_o a_o bruit_n beast_n when_o be_v this_o kind_n of_o division_n to_o be_v use_v when_o the_o special_a kind_n lack_v proper_a name_n as_o most_o common_o the_o special_a kind_n subalternate_a do_v which_o may_v be_v divide_v again_o as_o general_a kind_n into_o more_o special_a kind_n as_o for_o example_n of_o unreasonable_a beast_n some_o be_v terrestrial_a some_o be_v aquaticall_a and_o some_o airy_n again_o every_o one_o of_o these_o may_v be_v divide_v into_o their_o special_a kind_n even_o until_o you_o come_v to_o the_o low_a of_o all_o and_o unto_o the_o individuum_n comprehend_v under_o the_o same_o and_o that_o not_o only_o of_o thing_n contain_v in_o the_o predicament_n of_o substance_n but_o also_o in_o any_o other_o predicament_n of_o accident_n as_o of_o magnitude_n one_o be_v long_o as_o a_o line_n another_o be_v broad_a as_o a_o superficies_n and_o another_o be_v thick_a as_o a_o body_n this_o division_n though_o it_o â—…e_v of_o accident_n contain_v
such_o part_n in_o order_n but_o if_o all_o the_o part_n which_o the_o thing_n contain_v have_v not_o oneself_o end_n but_o diverse_a then_o divide_v it_o by_o such_o difference_n as_o every_o part_n may_v have_v his_o proper_a end_n moreover_o if_o the_o form_n matter_n or_o cause_n efficient_a have_v diverse_a respect_n and_o consideration_n than_o according_a to_o that_o diversity_n make_v diverse_a division_n and_o first_o declare_v what_o be_v common_a to_o all_o the_o part_n in_o general_n and_o what_o be_v proper_a to_o every_o one_o in_o particular_a final_o if_o some_o one_o whole_a thing_n lie_v hide_v than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v find_v out_o by_o look_v into_o some_o of_o the_o particular_a part_n thereof_o and_o these_o be_v all_o the_o chief_a point_n contain_v in_o the_o latin_a treatise_n which_o my_o friend_n aâ—…ontius_n write_v the_o methodo_fw-la and_o though_o that_o petrus_n ramus_n make_v but_o one_o kind_n of_o method_n that_o be_v to_o say_v to_o proceed_v from_o the_o first_o principle_n or_o element_n yet_o i_o be_o sure_a he_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o to_o go_v forward_o and_o backward_o be_v two_o diverse_a thing_n though_o not_o contrary_a as_o do_v well_o appear_v by_o the_o compositive_a and_o resolutive_a method_n before_o define_v i_o do_v not_o yet_o perfect_o understand_v by_o all_o this_o with_o what_o method_n a_o simple_a question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v therefore_o i_o pray_v you_o show_v the_o true_a way_n and_o order_n thereof_o the_o method_n or_o way_n in_o handle_v a_o simple_a question_n depend_v upon_o these_o 9_o interrogative_n that_o be_v to_o say_v 1._o first_o what_o signification_n the_o name_n or_o word_n have_v whereof_o the_o question_n be_v make_v and_o how_o it_o be_v to_o be_v take_v 2._o second_o whether_o there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n or_o not_o 3._o three_o what_o it_o be_v 4._o four_o what_o be_v the_o part_n or_o special_a kind_n thereof_o 5._o five_o what_o be_v the_o cause_n 6._o six_o what_o be_v the_o effect_n 7._o seven_o what_o thing_n be_v incident_a or_o appertinent_a unto_o it_o 8._o eight_o what_o thing_n be_v like_a unto_o it_o 9_o and_o ninth_o what_o thing_n be_v contrary_a to_o it_o all_o which_o question_n aristotle_n reduce_v into_o these_o four_o that_o be_v to_o say_v whether_o it_o be_v what_o it_o be_v what_o manner_n of_o thing_n it_o be_v and_o why_o it_o be_v give_v example_n of_o a_o simple_a question_n handle_v according_a to_o the_o nine_o question_n before_o recite_v as_o for_o example_n if_o we_o have_v to_o treat_v of_o virtue_n first_o we_o must_v show_v the_o diverse_a signification_n of_o virtue_n for_o virtue_n signify_v sometime_o power_n and_o ability_n as_o when_o we_o say_v virtue_n attractive_a virtue_n digestive_a or_o virtue_n expulsive_a but_o here_o virtue_n be_v to_o be_v take_v for_o a_o moral_a habit_n bring_v forth_o good_a and_o commendable_a action_n second_o whether_o virtue_n be_v or_o not_o it_o plain_o appear_v by_o the_o diverse_a do_n of_o man_n whereof_o some_o be_v good_a some_o be_v bad_a three_o what_o virtue_n be_v we_o know_v by_o the_o definition_n thereof_o in_o say_v that_o virtue_n be_v a_o moral_a habit_n incline_v man_n will_n to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v always_o good_a and_o agreeable_a to_o true_a judgement_n four_o the_o kind_n of_o virtue_n be_v diverse_a as_o prudence_n justice_n temperance_n fortitude_n modesty_n and_o such_o like_a five_o the_o cause_n of_o virtue_n be_v also_o diverse_a for_o the_o cause_n efficient_a thereof_o be_v good_a and_o man_n will_n obedient_a to_o true_a reason_n and_o to_o true_a judgement_n the_o matter_n or_o subject_n of_o virtue_n be_v the_o mind_n or_o heart_n of_o man_n the_o final_a cause_n be_v blessedness_n six_o the_o effect_n of_o virtue_n be_v tranquillity_n of_o the_o mind_n and_o many_o prosperous_a success_n and_o also_o public_a utility_n and_o peace_n seven_o thing_n incident_a to_o virtue_n be_v these_o the_o honour_n praise_n and_o commendation_n of_o good_a man_n eight_o thing_n of_o affinity_n or_o like_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o good_a inclination_n disposition_n or_o good_a natural_a affection_n as_o to_o be_v love_v kind_a and_o merciful_a nine_o thing_n contrary_a to_o virtue_n be_v all_o manner_n of_o vice_n as_o pride_n covetousness_n hypocrisy_n dissimulation_n etc._n etc._n what_o method_n be_v to_o be_v obsern_v in_o handle_v a_o compound_n question_n a_o compound_n question_n be_v to_o be_v handle_v by_o argue_v and_o reason_v on_o both_o side_n whereof_o we_o shall_v treat_v hereafter_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n we_o have_v to_o speak_v of_o a_o proposition_n without_o the_o which_o no_o argument_n can_v be_v make_v for_o all_o argument_n do_v consist_v of_o proposition_n here_o end_v the_o second_o book_n the_o art_n of_o logic_n the_o three_o book_n chap._n i._n of_o a_o proposition_n what_o be_v a_o proposition_n it_o be_v a_o perfect_a speech_n whereby_o something_o be_v manifest_o declare_v to_o be_v true_a or_o false_a whereof_o be_v such_o speech_n special_o compound_v of_o noun_n and_o verb_n which_o noun_n will_v be_v of_o the_o nominative_a case_n and_o the_o verb_n of_o the_o indicative_a mood_n as_o when_o i_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n for_o the_o logician_n do_v seldom_o allow_v any_o such_o speech_n as_o be_v either_o of_o the_o optative_a imperative_a interrogative_n or_o vocative_n mood_n as_o i_o will_v to_o god_n i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n this_o speech_n be_v not_o account_v to_o be_v so_o true_a or_o certain_a as_o to_o say_v i_o have_v a_o good_a horse_n of_o how_o many_o part_n do_v a_o proposition_n consist_v of_o three_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o subject_n predicat_fw-la and_o copulat_fw-la what_o be_v the_o copulat_fw-la it_o be_v the_o verb_n substantive_n call_v in_o latin_a sum_n es_fw-mi fui_fw-la that_o be_v to_o be_v which_o do_v couple_n or_o join_v the_o predicat_fw-la with_o his_o subject_n as_o when_o we_o say_v man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n here_o in_o this_o proposition_n the_o word_n man_n be_v the_o subject_n and_o the_o word_n sensible_a body_n be_v the_o predicat_fw-la and_o the_o verb_n be_v be_v the_o copulat_fw-la which_o copulat_v be_v not_o always_o incident_a to_o every_o proposition_n and_o special_o when_o the_o predicat_fw-la be_v some_o other_o verb_n and_o not_o the_o verb_n substantive_a as_o plato_n dispute_v socrates_n walk_v which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o plato_n be_v dispute_v socrates_n be_v walk_v how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o proposition_n divide_v three_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v according_a to_o substance_n quality_n and_o quantity_n according_a to_o substance_n thus_o of_o proposition_n some_o be_v say_v to_o be_v categoricall_a that_o be_v simple_a and_o some_o hypotheticall_a that_o be_v compound_n of_o which_o compound_v proposition_n we_o mind_n not_o to_o speak_v before_o we_o have_v treat_v of_o all_o thing_n belong_v to_o a_o categoricall_a and_o 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always_o join_v to_o the_o verbo_fw-la how_o many_o way_n be_v a_o simple_a proposition_n divide_v according_a to_o quantity_n four_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v to_o say_v into_o a_o universal_a particular_a indefinite_a and_o singular_a proposition_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v universal_a when_o some_o universal_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o word_n be_v say_v to_o be_v universal_a sign_n these_o all_o every_o whatsoever_o whosoever_o none_o no_o body_n not_o one_o none_o at_o all_o every_o where_o no_o where_o and_o such_o like_a as_o every_o man_n be_v a_o liar_n no_o man_n be_v true_a when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o particular_a proposition_n when_o some_o particular_a sign_n be_v add_v to_o the_o subject_n which_o call_v you_o particular_a sign_n these_o some_o any_o many_o few_o and_o such_o like_a as_o some_o man_n be_v wise_a few_o be_v wise_a when_o
division_n either_o perfect_a or_o unperfect_a and_o according_a to_o the_o four_o division_n either_o demonstrative_a dialecticall_a or_o sophistical_a whereof_o we_o come_v now_o to_o speak_v and_o first_o of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a what_o be_v a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o necessary_a immediate_a true_a certain_a and_o infallible_a proposition_n be_v first_o and_o so_o know_v as_o they_o need_v none_o other_o proof_n what_o mean_v you_o by_o necessary_a and_o immediate_a proposition_n necessary_a proposition_n be_v those_o which_o can_v be_v otherwise_o as_o those_o which_o do_v consist_v of_o the_o general_a kind_n of_o the_o special_a kind_n of_o the_o difference_n or_o of_o the_o property_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o and_o therefore_o aristotle_n make_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o a_o demonstrative_a and_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n for_o a_o demonstrative_a proposition_n consist_v of_o matter_n natural_a be_v necessary_o true_a and_o can_v be_v otherwise_o but_o a_o dialecticall_a proposition_n consist_v of_o matter_n contingent_a or_o casual_a be_v only_o probable_a and_o may_v be_v otherwise_o what_o be_v immediate_a proposition_n immediate_a proposition_n be_v those_o which_o be_v first_o and_o have_v none_o before_o they_o whereby_o they_o can_v be_v pron_v as_o every_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v aristotle_n also_o set_v down_o three_o property_n or_o condition_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o a_o demonstrative_a proposition_n which_o be_v those_o property_n these_o to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o by_o itself_o and_o universal_o what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v of_o all_o it_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v know_v to_o be_v altogether_o and_o always_o in_o the_o subject_n either_o as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o substance_n thereof_o as_o when_o it_o be_v a_o general_a kind_n the_o special_a kind_n the_o difference_n or_o the_o property_n as_o some_o inseparable_a accident_n always_o incident_a to_o the_o say_a subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n or_o every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n or_o every_o man_n be_v apt_a to_o speak_v or_o every_o swan_n be_v white_a or_o every_o fire_n be_v hot_a what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v by_o itself_o that_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v either_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o a_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n or_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n what_o be_v to_o be_v speak_v universal_o it_o be_v when_o the_o predicate_a be_v in_o the_o subject_n and_o in_o every_o such_o subject_n by_o itself_o and_o first_o as_o when_o i_o say_v a_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n here_o this_o predicate_v sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v not_o only_o speak_v of_o man_n but_o of_o every_o man_n in_o general_a by_o itself_o and_o first_o for_o if_o you_o shall_v say_v peter_n or_o socrates_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n here_o the_o predicate_a be_v not_o speak_v of_o any_o of_o these_o as_o first_o but_o in_o the_o second_o place_n because_o they_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n man_n for_o general_a kind_n be_v say_v to_o be_v before_o special_a kind_n and_o special_a kind_n before_o individuum_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v demonstration_n in_o this_o sort_n demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n make_v of_o such_o proposition_n as_o be_v true_a first_o immediate_a and_o manifest_o know_v and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n first_o and_o immediate_a here_o be_v all_o one_o signify_v such_o proposition_n as_o need_v not_o to_o be_v prove_v or_o make_v more_o evident_a by_o any_o other_o former_a proposition_n again_o the_o premise_n must_v be_v more_o know_v than_o the_o conclusion_n for_o otherwise_o it_o shall_v neither_o be_v demonstration_n nor_o yet_o good_a syllogism_n final_o the_o premise_n must_v render_v the_o very_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o therefore_o aristotle_n in_o another_o place_n say_v that_o demonstration_n be_v a_o syllogism_n cause_v knowledge_n and_o science_n what_o be_v science_n it_o be_v a_o firm_a and_o assure_a knowledge_n of_o any_o thing_n what_o be_v to_o know_v we_o be_v say_v to_o know_v a_o thing_n when_o we_o know_v the_o true_a cause_n thereof_o and_o that_o it_o can_v be_v otherwise_o for_o to_o make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n we_o must_v not_o only_o show_v that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o thing_n as_o we_o go_v about_o to_o prove_v but_o also_o we_o must_v show_v the_o cause_n why_o it_o be_v so_o for_o as_o aristotle_n say_v every_o discipline_n and_o doctrine_n intellective_a depend_v upon_o a_o former_a knowledge_n which_o be_v twofold_a whereof_o the_o one_o be_v to_o know_v that_o the_o principle_n that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o premise_n of_o the_o demonstration_n be_v true_a and_o the_o other_o be_v to_o know_v the_o true_a signification_n of_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o question_n for_o unless_o a_o man_n know_v what_o the_o name_n of_o the_o subject_n signify_v whereof_o the_o question_n rise_v and_o also_o the_o proper_a quality_n of_o the_o same_o how_o shall_v he_o be_v able_a to_o judge_v whether_o the_o proof_n which_o be_v bring_v in_o to_o prove_v the_o question_n withal_o be_v to_o the_o purpose_n or_o not_o again_o unless_o he_o know_v the_o premise_n to_o be_v true_a the_o demonstration_n shall_v breed_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n in_o he_o give_v example_n of_o a_o syllogism_n demonstrative_a let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v apt_a to_o learn_v here_o you_o see_v that_o in_o this_o syllogism_n the_o premise_n be_v true_a and_o first_o do_v render_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n and_o thereby_o do_v imply_v a_o most_o true_a consequent_a for_o whoso_o will_v go_v about_o to_o demonstrate_v any_o of_o the_o premise_n by_o some_o other_o former_a or_o more_o know_a proposition_n shall_v lose_v his_o labour_n since_o there_o be_v none_o before_o they_o more_o certain_a nor_o more_o know_v to_o prove_v this_o conclusion_n withal_o then_o they_o for_o to_o understand_v the_o truth_n of_o these_o premise_n it_o suffice_v only_o to_o know_v the_o signification_n of_o the_o term_n and_o to_o have_v some_o experience_n of_o the_o thing_n call_v man_n and_o therefore_o this_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n be_v call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n syllogismus_fw-la scientificus_fw-la because_o it_o yield_v the_o perfect_a knowledge_n and_o science_n of_o the_o thing_n in_o question_n chap._n xviii_o of_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n whereof_o depend_v the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n of_o three_o thing_n that_o be_v of_o universal_a experience_n of_o principle_n and_o of_o natural_a knowledge_n that_o a_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n for_o these_o be_v three_o infallible_a rule_n of_o certitude_n or_o truth_n in_o all_o kind_n of_o doctrine_n what_o be_v universal_a experience_n universal_a experience_n be_v the_o common_a judgement_n of_o man_n in_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v to_o be_v perceive_v and_o know_v by_o the_o outward_a sense_n as_o fire_n to_o be_v hot_a the_o heaven_n to_o turn_v round_o about_o wine_n and_o pepper_n to_o be_v hot_a in_o operation_n woman_n to_o bring_v forth_o child_n and_o not_o man_n which_o thing_n all_o man_n unless_o they_o be_v mad_a and_o out_o of_o their_o wit_n must_v needs_o confess_v to_o be_v true_a what_o be_v principle_n principle_n be_v certain_a general_a conception_n and_o natural_a knowledge_n graft_v in_o man_n mind_n of_o god_n to_o the_o intent_n that_o by_o the_o help_n thereof_o he_o may_v invent_v such_o art_n as_o be_v necessary_a in_o this_o life_n for_o man_n behoof_n for_o by_o the_o natural_a knowledge_n of_o the_o mind_n we_o understand_v number_n order_n proportion_n and_o all_o other_o necessary_a art_n and_o science_n how_o do_v aristotle_n define_v principle_n in_o this_o manner_n principle_n be_v true_a proposition_n have_v credit_n of_o themselves_o and_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n how_o many_o division_n do_v the_o schoolman_n make_v principle_n diverse_a rehearse_v those_o division_n the_o first_o be_v of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v speculative_a and_o some_o practive_a the_o speculative_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n or_o proposition_n whereof_o natural_a philosophy_n or_o the_o mathematical_a science_n be_v ground_v as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o his_o part_n those_o thing_n which_o be_v equal_a to_o a_o three_o be_v equal_a among_o themselves_o of_o one_o simple_a body_n
true_a signification_n thereof_o as_o this_o latin_a word_n hara_n signify_v a_o swine_n cote_n be_v pronounce_v without_o h_n do_v signify_v a_o altar_n in_o english_a let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n every_o hare_n be_v swift_a on_o foot_n but_o this_o be_v a_o hair_n that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o cloth_n to_o dry_a malt_n therefore_o it_o be_v swift_a on_o foot_n of_o like_a sort_n be_v this_o old_a jest_n of_o a_o master_n that_o say_v to_o his_o servant_n go_v heat_n this_o capon_n leg_n who_o immediate_o do_v eat_v it_o then_o his_o master_n be_v angry_a say_v i_o bid_v thou_o heat_n it_o with_o a_o h_z no_o sir_n say_v the_o servant_n i_o do_v eat_v it_o with_o bread_n likewise_o this_o fallax_fw-la may_v chance_v by_o not_o observe_v the_o right_a quantity_n of_o syllable_n in_o any_o word_n as_o populus_fw-la have_v o_fw-la long_o be_v a_o popple_n tree_n but_o have_v o_o short_a it_o signify_v a_o people_n or_o when_o a_o word_n use_v interrogative_o be_v make_v to_o have_v a_o affirmative_a signification_n as_o for_o example_n caiphas_n say_v to_o christ_n be_v thou_o a_o king_n ergo_fw-la he_o confess_v christ_n to_o be_v a_o king_n or_o when_o a_o word_n pronounce_v ironious_o be_v turn_v to_o good_a earnest_n in_o speak_v one_o thing_n and_o mean_v another_o as_o thus_o my_o master_n say_v come_v hither_o you_o honest_a man_n ergo_fw-la he_o say_v that_o i_o be_v a_o honest_a man_n when_o indeed_o he_o call_v he_o knave_n the_o fallax_fw-la of_o form_n or_o manner_n of_o speech_n may_v be_v diverse_a orationis_fw-la way_n as_o first_o when_o word_n be_v false_o suppose_v to_o be_v like_o either_o in_o signification_n in_o case_n or_o in_o gender_n or_o to_o be_v of_o ownself_o predicament_n because_o they_o be_v like_a in_o termination_n as_o poeta_fw-la in_o english_a a_o poet_n and_o poema_n in_o english_a a_o poesy_n or_o poetical_a work_n these_o two_o word_n because_o they_o end_v both_o in_o a_o ergo_fw-la they_o be_v both_o of_o the_o masculine_a gender_n also_o colour_v and_o number_v be_v like_a in_o termination_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v of_o oneself_o predicament_n and_o yet_o the_o first_o belong_v to_o the_o predicament_n of_o quality_n and_o the_o other_o to_o quantity_n second_o when_o a_o word_n be_v use_v in_o oneself_o argument_n sometime_o according_a to_o his_o proper_a signification_n and_o sometime_o as_o a_o term_n of_o art_n as_o for_o example_n god_n be_v every_o where_o every_o where_o be_v a_o aduerbe_n therefore_o god_n be_v a_o aduerbe_n a_o mouse_n eat_v cheese_n but_o a_o mouse_n be_v a_o syllable_n ergo_fw-la a_o syllable_n eat_v cheese_n here_o mouse_n in_o the_o mayor_n have_v his_o proper_a signification_n and_o in_o the_o minor_a be_v use_v as_o a_o term_n of_o art_n and_o the_o like_a be_v to_o be_v say_v of_o the_o word_n every_o where_o in_o the_o first_o example_n three_o when_o a_o word_n have_v not_o his_o proper_a signification_n or_o be_v not_o use_v according_a to_o the_o true_a phrase_n of_o speech_n wherein_o it_o be_v utter_v as_o thus_o whatsoever_o thou_o have_v not_o lose_v thou_o have_v still_o but_o thou_o have_v lose_v no_o horn_n ergo_fw-la thou_o have_v horn_n here_o this_o word_n to_o lose_v have_v not_o his_o proper_a signification_n for_o we_o be_v say_v to_o lose_v proper_o that_o which_o we_o have_v and_o not_o that_o which_o we_o never_o have_v and_o final_o this_o fallax_fw-la be_v call_v the_o common_a refuge_n and_o receptacle_n of_o all_o such_o kind_n of_o sophistry_n hitherto_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o word_n now_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o thing_n chap._n vi_o of_o the_o fallax_n in_o thing_n of_o these_o fallax_n there_o be_v seven_o kind_n that_o be_v to_o say_v fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la à _fw-la dicto_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la ad_fw-la dictum_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la ignoratio_fw-la elenchi_fw-la petitio_fw-la principij_fw-la fallacia_fw-la consequentis_fw-la cansa_n pro_fw-la nâ—…n_fw-la cansa_fw-la plura_fw-la interrogata_fw-la pro_fw-la uno_fw-la responsu_fw-la which_o may_v be_v english_v thus_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o accident_n the_o fallax_fw-la of_o speech_n respective_a in_o stead_n of_o speech_n absolute_a ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v petition_v of_o the_o principle_n a_o cause_n that_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n indeed_o and_o many_o question_n comprehend_v in_o one_o define_v what_o these_o be_v and_o give_v example_n fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la may_v be_v diverse_a way_n as_o first_o when_o any_o accidentis_fw-la thing_n belong_v only_o to_o the_o substance_n of_o some_o thing_n be_v attribute_v also_o to_o some_o accident_n of_o the_o say_a substance_n and_o contrariwise_o as_o thus_o whatsoever_o thou_o have_v buy_v thou_o have_v eat_v but_o thou_o have_v buy_v raw_a flesh_n ergo_fw-la thou_o have_v eat_v raw_a flesh_n here_o the_o consequent_a be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o the_o mayor_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o substance_n and_o the_o conclusion_n to_o the_o quality_n another_o example_n what_o i_o be_o thou_o be_v not_o but_o i_o be_o a_o man_n ergo_fw-la thou_o be_v none_o here_o in_o this_o the_o mayor_n have_v respect_n to_o the_o quality_n and_o the_o conclusion_n to_o the_o substance_n second_o when_o accident_n be_v not_o right_o join_v together_o as_o when_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o body_n be_v join_v with_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o homer_n be_v a_o poet_n and_o homer_n be_v blind_a ergo_fw-la homer_n be_v a_o blind_a poet_n here_o the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o to_o be_v blind_a and_o to_o be_v a_o poet_n be_v diverse_a quality_n whereof_o the_o one_o belong_v to_o the_o mind_n and_o the_o other_o to_o the_o body_n and_o therefore_o be_v not_o right_o join_v together_o three_o as_o melancthon_n say_v when_o a_o accidental_a cause_n be_v be_v make_v a_o principal_a cause_n as_o thus_o elias_n be_v a_o holy_a prophet_n but_o elias_n be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n ergo_fw-la i_o be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n be_o a_o holy_a prophet_n here_o the_o conclusion_n be_v to_o be_v deny_v because_o to_o be_v clad_v with_o camel_n hair_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n of_o elias_n holiness_n but_o i_o think_v that_o this_o and_o such_o like_a example_n do_v belong_v rather_o to_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o causa_fw-la pro_fw-la non_fw-la causa_fw-la whereof_o we_o shall_v speak_v hereafter_o then_o to_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o accident_n the_o fallax_fw-la a_o dicto_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la ad_fw-la dictum_fw-la simpliciter_fw-la quid_fw-la chance_v when_o we_o go_v about_o to_o make_v a_o thing_n to_o seem_v absolute_a that_o be_v speak_v in_o some_o respect_n or_o to_o be_v in_o all_o when_o it_o be_v but_o in_o part_n as_o a_o moor_n have_v white_a tooth_n ergo_fw-la a_o moor_n be_v white_a again_o it_o may_v be_v in_o respect_n by_o reason_n of_o time_n place_n person_n comparison_n and_o such_o like_a of_o time_n as_o thus_o i_o see_v john_n yesterday_o but_o i_o see_v he_o not_o to_o day_n ergo_fw-la i_o do_v see_v he_o and_o not_o see_v he_o of_o place_n thus_o it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o buy_v and_o sell_v in_o the_o church_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v not_o good_a to_o buy_v and_o sell._n of_o person_n thus_o a_o magistrate_n may_v kill_v a_o thief_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n may_v kill_v a_o thief_n of_o comparison_n thus_o riches_n be_v not_o good_a to_o he_o that_o can_v use_v they_o ergo_fw-la riches_n be_v not_o good_a have_v now_o to_o speak_v of_o the_o fallax_fw-la call_v the_o ignorance_n elenchi_fw-la of_o the_o elench_v i_o think_v good_a to_o call_v again_o to_o your_o remembrance_n the_o definition_n of_o a_o elench_v before_o brief_o set_v down_o which_o be_v a_o syllogism_n right_o gather_v a_o conclusion_n contrary_n to_o the_o assertion_n of_o the_o respondent_fw-la which_o contrariety_n consist_v of_o four_o principal_a point_n or_o respect_n whereof_o if_o any_o be_v want_v than_o the_o contrariety_n be_v not_o perfect_a which_o be_v those_o four_o point_n first_o that_o it_o be_v to_o oneself_o thing_n second_o in_o oneself_o respect_n three_o in_o oneself_o manner_n and_o four_a in_o or_o at_o oneself_o time_n for_o if_o you_o be_v deceive_v at_o any_o time_n by_o some_o false_a elench_v in_o think_v that_o it_o right_o gather_v a_o conclusion_n mere_a contrary_n to_o your_o assertion_n when_o it_o be_v not_o so_o indeed_o by_o reason_n that_o it_o fail_v in_o some_o part_n requisite_a and_o incident_a to_o a_o true_a elench_v than_o it_o may_v be_v right_o say_v that_o you_o be_v deceive_v by_o ignorance_n of_o the_o elench_v which_o fallax_fw-la as_o aristotle_n say_v comprehend_v almost_o all_o other_o and_o therefore_o he_o make_v a_o long_a and_o obscure_a definition_n of_o a_o elench_v rehearse_v all_o the_o particularity_n thereof_o nothing_o apt_a to_o be_v utter_v in_o our_o english_a tongue_n yet_o i_o pray_v
you_o to_o give_v example_n of_o the_o four_o chief_a point_n before_o mention_v of_o the_o first_o let_v this_o be_v your_o example_n four_o be_v double_a to_o two_o but_o not_o to_o three_o ergo_fw-la four_o be_v double_a and_o not_o double_a this_o be_v not_o to_o oneself_o thing_n of_o the_o second_o thus_o this_o piece_n of_o timber_n be_v double_a in_o length_n to_o that_o piece_n but_o it_o be_v not_o double_a to_o the_o same_o in_o breadth_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v to_o oneself_o thing_n both_o double_a and_o not_o double_a to_o oneself_o thing_n but_o not_o in_o oneself_o respect_n of_o the_o three_o thus_o this_o prince_n rule_v mighty_o but_o not_o merciful_o ergo_fw-la he_o rule_v and_o not_o rule_v this_o be_v not_o in_o like_a manner_n of_o the_o four_o thus_o i_o see_v john_n yesterday_o but_o not_o this_o day_n ergo_fw-la i_o see_v he_o and_o see_v he_o not_o this_o be_v not_o in_o oneself_o time_n and_o all_o these_o four_o way_n in_o my_o opinion_n be_v comprehend_v in_o the_o second_o point_n which_o be_v when_o any_o thing_n be_v speak_v not_o absolute_o but_o in_o diverse_a respect_n wherefore_o it_o differ_v not_o much_o from_o the_o fallax_fw-la of_o speech_n respective_a before_o declare_v save_v that_o this_o fallax_fw-la be_v more_o general_a and_o comprehend_v more_o kind_n of_o fallax_n then_o that_o do_v petition_v of_o the_o principle_n be_v when_o the_o antecedent_n do_v not_o principij_fw-la prove_v the_o consequent_a which_o chance_v most_o common_o three_o manner_n of_o way_n that_o be_v either_o when_o the_o proof_n be_v as_o little_o know_v as_o the_o thing_n that_o be_v to_o be_v prove_v second_o when_o the_o proof_n be_v less_o know_v than_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v prove_v three_o when_o the_o proof_n and_o the_o thing_n to_o be_v prove_v do_v not_o differ_v but_o be_v all_o one_o speech_n signify_v oneself_o thing_n call_v of_o the_o greek_n tautologia_fw-la give_v example_n of_o these_o three_o way_n of_o the_o first_o thus_o the_o sun_n move_v not_o but_o stand_v still_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o heaven_n give_v light_n to_o all_o the_o world_n ergo_fw-la the_o earth_n be_v movable_a or_o thus_o the_o heaven_n be_v not_o make_v of_o elemental_a matter_n subject_a to_o corruption_n ergo_fw-la the_o heaven_n be_v incorruptible_a here_o in_o both_o these_o example_n the_o antecedent_n be_v as_o doubtful_a as_o the_o consequent_a and_o therefore_o prove_v nothing_o of_o the_o second_o way_n thus_o every_o sensible_a body_n sometime_o sleep_v ergo_fw-la man_n sometime_o sleep_v here_o it_o be_v more_o to_o be_v doubt_v whether_o all_o sensible_a body_n all_o beast_n fowl_n and_o fish_n do_v sometime_o sleep_v or_o not_o then_o whether_o man_n do_v sometime_o sleep_v for_o it_o be_v a_o easy_a matter_n to_o know_v the_o nature_n and_o property_n of_o one_o special_a kind_n then_o of_o all_o or_o many_o kind_n of_o the_o three_o way_n thus_o john_n be_v learn_v ergo_fw-la john_n be_v learn_v the_o soul_n do_v live_v ever_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v immortal_a the_o fallax_fw-la of_o the_o consequent_a chance_v two_o manner_n of_o consequentis_fw-la way_n that_o be_v either_o when_o we_o think_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v convertible_a with_o the_o antecedent_n but_o it_o be_v not_o so_o in_o deed_n or_o else_o when_o we_o think_v that_o upon_o the_o contrary_a of_o the_o antecedent_n the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a must_v needs_o also_o follow_v give_v example_n of_o both_o these_o way_n this_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n now_o if_o i_o will_v hereof_o by_o conversion_n conclude_v thus_o it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o man_n this_o be_v no_o good_a consequent_a for_o every_o sensible_a body_n be_v not_o a_o man_n likewise_o when_o it_o rain_v the_o ground_n be_v wet_a ergo_fw-la when_o the_o ground_n be_v wet_a it_o rain_v for_o these_o speech_n be_v not_o convertible_a of_o the_o second_o way_n thus_o it_o be_v a_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v a_o sensible_a body_n it_o be_v no_o man_n ergo_fw-la it_o be_v no_o sensible_a body_n here_o you_o see_v that_o this_o proposition_n it_o be_v no_o man_n be_v the_o contrary_a of_o the_o first_o antecedent_n which_o say_v it_o be_v a_o man_n of_o which_o contrary_a the_o contrary_a of_o the_o consequent_a do_v not_o necessary_o sollowe_v for_o though_o it_o be_v no_o man_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v some_o other_o sensible_a body_n this_o fallax_fw-la comprehend_v all_o such_o false_a argument_n as_o do_v not_o observe_v the_o rule_n of_o right_a and_o true_a consequent_n before_o give_v the_o fallax_fw-la of_o non_fw-la causa_fw-la pro_fw-la causa_fw-la be_v when_o that_o thing_n be_v causa_fw-la make_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v not_o the_o cause_n in_o deed_n as_o wine_n be_v naught_o because_o it_o will_v make_v a_o man_n drink_v of_o which_o drunkenness_n wine_n be_v not_o the_o cause_n but_o the_o intemperance_n of_o the_o man_n and_o his_o immoderate_a use_n thereof_o for_o many_o thing_n that_o be_v good_a of_o themselves_o may_v be_v abuse_v yea_o even_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o yet_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o gospel_n be_v not_o cause_n thereof_o but_o the_o malice_n of_o responsu_fw-la man_n abuse_v the_o same_o the_o seven_o and_o last_o fallax_fw-la be_v when_o unaduised_o and_o without_o use_v any_o distinction_n you_o make_v a_o answer_n to_o many_o question_n as_o though_o they_o be_v but_o one_o as_o for_o example_n the_o sophister_n see_v two_o man_n stand_v together_o whereof_o the_o one_o be_v blind_a and_o the_o other_o have_v his_o fight_n will_v ask_v you_o perhaps_o whether_o they_o see_v or_o not_o whereunto_o if_o you_o answer_v direct_o either_o yea_o or_o no_o you_o be_v by_o and_o by_o take_v for_o if_o you_o say_v that_o they_o see_v than_o you_o grant_v that_o the_o blind_a man_n also_o see_v and_o if_o you_o say_v that_o they_o do_v not_o see_v than_o you_o grant_v that_o he_o which_o see_v be_v blind_a but_o if_o you_o answer_v that_o the_o one_o see_v and_o the_o other_o not_o you_o shall_v by_o such_o distinction_n easy_o avoid_v the_o sophister_n cavillation_n for_o diverse_a question_n huddle_v up_o in_o one_o do_v always_o require_v diverse_a answer_n and_o thus_o i_o end_v with_o the_o order_n of_o confute_v all_o false_a elenche_n and_o fallax_n the_o knowledge_n whereof_o be_v very_o necessary_a for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o truth_n which_o god_n love_v who_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o all_o truth_n yea_o and_o very_a truth_n itself_o to_o who_o be_v all_o honour_n glory_n and_o praise_n world_n without_o end_n amen_n finis_fw-la b_o a_o c_o from_o the_o definition_n of_o the_o subject_n lib._n 3._o cap._n 1._o 1_o equivocatio_fw-la 2_o amphibologia_fw-la 3_o compositio_fw-la 4_o divisio_fw-la 5_o accentus_fw-la 6_o forma_fw-la orationis_fw-la 1_o fallacia_fw-la accidentis_fw-la 2_o dictum_fw-la secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la 3_o ignoratio_fw-la elenchi_fw-la 4_o petitio_fw-la principij_fw-la 5_o fallacia_fw-la consequentis_fw-la 6_o causa_fw-la pro_fw-la non_fw-la causa_fw-la 7_o plura_fw-la interrogata_fw-la pro_fw-la uno_fw-la responsu_fw-la
part_n the_o soldier_n or_o in_o name_n as_o substance_n quantity_n quality_n and_o such_o like_a absolutes_n of_o the_o property_n of_o relation_n how_o many_o property_n do_v belong_v to_o relation_n five_o first_o to_o have_v contrariety_n as_o virtue_n and_o vice_n science_n and_o ignorance_n but_o this_o property_n belong_v not_o to_o all_o for_o double_a and_o the_o one_o half_a have_v no_o contrariety_n nor_o the_o father_n and_o the_o son_n what_o be_v the_o second_o property_n the_o second_o be_v to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o as_o to_o be_v more_o like_a or_o less_o like_a or_o more_o equal_a or_o less_o equal_a yet_o this_o belong_v not_o to_o all_o for_o double_a have_v neither_o more_o or_o less_o nor_o one_o father_n be_v say_v to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o than_o another_o what_o be_v the_o three_o property_n the_o three_o be_v that_o all_o relative_n which_o be_v relative_n indeed_o be_v convertible_a for_o he_o be_v a_o father_n that_o have_v a_o son_n and_o he_o be_v a_o son_n that_o have_v a_o father_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v the_o four_o property_n the_o four_o be_v that_o one_o correlative_a be_v not_o before_o another_o but_o be_v both_o together_o as_o the_o father_n be_v call_v no_o father_n until_o he_o have_v beget_v a_o child_n and_o a_o child_n be_v call_v no_o son_n before_o he_o be_v beget_v of_o the_o father_n for_o this_o be_v a_o general_a rule_n of_o correlative_n if_o the_o one_o be_v the_o other_o must_v needs_o be_v if_o the_o one_o be_v take_v away_o the_o other_o must_v also_o be_v take_v away_o what_o be_v the_o five_o property_n the_o five_o be_v that_o whosoever_o assure_o know_v the_o one_o correlative_a must_v needs_o know_v the_o other_o for_o whosoever_o certain_o know_v that_o i_o be_o a_o father_n must_v needs_o also_o certain_o know_v that_o i_o have_v a_o child_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o all_o that_o be_v correlative_n indeed_o to_o who_o this_o property_n only_o belong_v as_o aristotle_n say_v chap._n xii_o of_o action_n what_o be_v action_n action_n be_v some_o accidental_a form_n or_o shape_n whereby_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o do_v or_o to_o work_v upon_o his_o subject_n what_o mean_v you_o here_o by_o this_o word_n subject_a the_o thing_n that_o suffer_v as_o the_o water_n be_v the_o subject_n whereon_o the_o fire_n induce_v the_o shape_n of_o heat_n for_o here_o the_o water_n be_v say_v to_o be_v passive_a and_o the_o fire_n active_a how_o be_v action_n divide_v into_o action_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o of_o the_o body_n the_o action_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v those_o which_o the_o soul_n do_v for_o according_a to_o his_o power_n vegetative_a his_o action_n be_v to_o nourish_v to_o increase_v and_o to_o engender_v and_o according_a to_o his_o power_n sensitive_a to_o see_v to_o hear_v to_o smell_v to_o taste_v to_o feelâ—…_n and_o according_a to_o his_o power_n intellective_a to_o understand_v to_o will_v â—…o_o will_v and_o such_o like_a the_o action_n of_o the_o body_n be_v those_o that_o do_v immediate_o belong_v to_o some_o body_n or_o corporal_a accident_n as_o to_o cut_v to_o strike_v to_o heat_n to_o cool_v to_o moisten_v to_o dry_a to_o make_v white_a to_o make_v black_a and_o such_o like_a be_v there_o no_o other_o division_n of_o action_n yes_o diverse_a but_o such_o as_o do_v rather_o belong_v to_o natural_a philosopher_n and_o to_o divine_n then_o to_o logician_n and_o therefore_o we_o leave_v to_o speak_v any_o further_a of_o they_o what_o do_v this_o predicament_n comprehend_v all_o noun_n and_o verb_n of_o the_o active_a signification_n as_o these_o noun_n generation_n corruption_n augmentation_n diminution_n alteration_n move_v from_o place_n to_o place_n and_o such_o like_a also_o all_o verb_n active_a as_o to_o engender_v to_o corrupt_v to_o increase_v to_o diminish_v to_o alter_v or_o change_v and_o to_o move_v from_o place_n to_o place_n and_o such_o like_a verb_n of_o the_o active_a signification_n how_o many_o property_n do_v belong_v to_o action_n two_o first_o to_o admit_v contrariety_n not_o simple_o but_o per_fw-la accidens_fw-la as_o to_o kindle_v and_o to_o extinguish_v second_o to_o be_v more_o or_o less_o and_o yet_o accidental_o as_o one_o fire_n to_o burn_v more_o and_o another_o less_o one_o water_n to_o cool_v more_o and_o another_o less_o chap._n xiii_o of_o passion_n what_o be_v passion_n it_o be_v the_o relation_n or_o application_n of_o the_o patient_a to_o the_o agent_n as_o for_o example_n while_o the_o water_n suffer_v to_o be_v heat_v by_o the_o fire_n this_o sufferance_n be_v call_v passion_n what_o do_v this_o predicament_n comprehend_v all_o verb_n of_o the_o passive_a signification_n as_o to_o be_v engender_v corrupt_v increase_v diminish_v or_o alter_v and_o such_o like_a what_o property_n do_v belong_v to_o passion_n the_o same_o that_o have_v be_v say_v before_o to_o belong_v unto_o action_n chap._n xiiii_o of_o the_o predicament_n where_o call_v in_o latin_a vbi_fw-la how_o define_v you_o the_o predicament_n vbi_fw-la ubi_fw-la be_v to_o be_v in_o some_o place_n as_o when_o a_o body_n be_v enclose_v within_o a_o place_n and_o therefore_o be_v define_v of_o some_o to_o be_v the_o description_n of_o the_o place_n wherein_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v or_o to_o be_v do_v or_o make_v as_o in_o the_o heaven_n in_o the_o earth_n in_o the_o temple_n in_o the_o house_n and_o such_o like_a how_o be_v this_o predicament_n divide_v into_o vbi_fw-la simplex_fw-la and_o vbi_fw-la compositum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v simple_a and_o compound_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v simple_a when_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a be_v in_o some_o indivisible_a place_n as_o a_o angel_n in_o puncto_fw-la or_o when_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a be_v in_o a_o place_n divisible_a as_o a_o angel_n in_o the_o temple_n for_o the_o temple_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o many_o part_n though_o the_o angel_n can_v when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v compound_n when_o some_o divisible_a body_n be_v contain_v in_o a_o place_n divisible_a as_o the_o be_v of_o thing_n corporal_a in_o the_o water_n or_o in_o the_o air_n for_o corporal_a thing_n be_v so_o divisible_o place_v in_o their_o place_n as_o every_o part_n of_o the_o thing_n place_v be_v answerable_a to_o every_o part_n of_o the_o place_n wherein_o they_o be_v contain_v and_o so_o contrary_o as_o to_o the_o part_n of_o a_o man_n body_n environ_v with_o the_o air_n one_o part_n of_o that_o air_n be_v answerable_a to_o the_o head_n another_o to_o the_o foot_n and_o so_o consequent_o of_o all_o the_o rest_n and_o therefore_o the_o schoolman_n say_v that_o ubi_fw-la compositum_fw-la be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n circumscriptive_o but_o ubi_fw-la simplex_fw-la be_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n definitive_o that_o be_v to_o say_v in_o some_o certain_a place_n though_o not_o according_a to_o the_o position_n or_o order_n of_o place_v the_o part_n but_o when_o a_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o a_o place_n circumscriptive_o than_o such_o place_n and_o thing_n may_v be_v both_o divide_v according_a to_o the_o part_n of_o position_n or_o place_n as_o this_o part_n here_o and_o the_o other_o part_n there_o whereof_o spring_n these_o difference_n above_o beneath_o before_o behâ—…nde_n on_o the_o right_a side_n on_o the_o left_a side_n and_o such_o like_a and_o final_o this_o predicament_n comprehend_v whatsoever_o answer_v to_o this_o question_n where_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v or_o to_o be_v do_v what_o property_n do_v belong_v to_o the_o predicament_n where_o three_o first_o to_o admit_v no_o contrariety_n for_o though_o to_o be_v above_o and_o beneath_o seem_v to_o be_v contrary_a yet_o that_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v physical_o and_o not_o dialectical_o second_o it_o admit_v neither_o more_o nor_o less_o for_o to_o be_v in_o the_o temple_n be_v no_o more_o to_o be_v in_o place_n then_o to_o be_v in_o the_o market_n or_o in_o any_o house_n but_o the_o three_o and_o chief_a property_n of_o vbi_fw-la be_v to_o contain_v chap._n xv._n of_o the_o predicament_n when_o call_v in_o latin_a quando_fw-la how_o define_v you_o this_o predicament_n this_o be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o relation_n or_o application_n of_o a_o thing_n measure_v by_o time_n unto_o time_n itself_o and_o contain_v the_o difference_n of_o time_n whereby_o any_o thing_n be_v say_v to_o be_v to_o have_v be_v or_o shall_v be_v to_o do_v or_o to_o suffer_v and_o to_o speak_v brief_o it_o comprehend_v all_o word_n that_o answer_v to_o this_o question_n when_o as_o yesterday_o to_o morrow_n the_o next_o day_n and_o such_o like_a how_o be_v quando_fw-la divide_v two_o manner_n of_o way_n for_o sometime_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v definite_a that_o be_v certain_a as_o in_o this_o or_o that_o hour_n day_n or_o year_n which_o be_v
there_o be_v but_o one_o natural_a move_a and_o such_o like_a the_o principle_n practive_a be_v those_o natural_a knowledge_n whereby_o man_n manner_n be_v govern_v for_o by_o this_o natural_a light_n we_o know_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o good_a and_o evil_n as_o for_o example_n these_o be_v principle_n practive_a god_n be_v to_o be_v honour_v and_o obey_v justice_n be_v to_o be_v embrace_v civil_a society_n be_v to_o be_v maintain_v and_o the_o disturber_n thereof_o to_o be_v punish_v these_o and_o such_o like_a proposition_n be_v natural_o receive_v of_o all_o man_n as_o infallible_a verity_n again_o of_o principle_n some_o be_v call_v general_n and_o some_o proper_a the_o general_n be_v those_o that_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o many_o science_n as_o these_o the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n if_o equal_a be_v take_v from_o equal_a equal_a do_v remain_v and_o such_o like_a the_o proper_a principle_n be_v those_o that_o be_v proper_o belong_v to_o some_o one_o certain_a science_n as_o a_o line_n to_o be_v a_o length_n without_o breadth_n be_v a_o principle_n of_o geometry_n again_o this_o proposition_n every_o thing_n be_v or_o be_v not_o be_v a_o principle_n of_o logic_n and_o to_o be_v short_a every_o science_n have_v his_o proper_a principle_n of_o which_o some_o be_v call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n and_o some_o position_n wherefore_o be_v they_o call_v dignity_n or_o maxim_n for_o that_o they_o be_v worthy_a to_o be_v credit_v for_o their selfe_o sake_n for_o so_o soon_o as_o we_o hear_v they_o in_o such_o speech_n as_o we_o understand_v we_o natural_o know_v they_o to_o be_v true_a without_o any_o further_a proof_n as_o these_o take_v equal_a from_o equal_a and_o equal_a will_v remain_v the_o whole_a be_v more_o than_o any_o of_o his_o part_n etc._n etc._n what_o be_v position_n position_n be_v those_o principle_n which_o although_o they_o need_v no_o other_o proof_n yet_o they_o be_v not_o so_o easy_o understand_v of_o all_o man_n at_o the_o first_o utter_v as_o maxim_n be_v for_o in_o these_o beside_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o term_n it_o be_v needful_a to_o have_v also_o some_o experience_n as_o in_o these_o principle_n every_o thing_n that_o be_v compound_v of_o matter_n and_o form_n be_v movable_a whatsoever_o be_v heavy_a tend_v natural_o downward_o and_o whatsoever_o be_v light_n tend_v upward_o again_o of_o position_n some_o be_v call_v definition_n and_o some_o supposition_n and_o of_o supposition_n some_o be_v call_v petition_n call_v in_o latin_a postulata_fw-la and_o some_o supposition_n assumpt_v define_v these_o kind_n 1_o definition_n show_v what_o the_o thing_n be_v 2_o supposition_n be_v that_o which_o suppose_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v or_o not_o to_o be_v as_o the_o geometrician_n do_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v punctum_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o prick_n or_o a_o thing_n indivisible_a have_v neither_o length_n breadth_n nor_o depth_n 3_o petition_n be_v a_o proposition_n ask_v and_o grant_v to_o be_v true_a as_o this_o be_v a_o petition_n in_o geometry_n that_o a_o man_n may_v draw_v a_o right_a line_n from_o one_o point_n to_o another_o 4_o supposition_n assumpt_v be_v when_o a_o manifest_a supposition_n be_v assumpt_v to_o prove_v another_o thing_n withal_o as_o to_o prove_v that_o demonstration_n consist_v of_o true_a proposition_n the_o disputer_n will_v assumpt_v this_o assertion_n which_o say_v that_o of_o false_a thing_n there_o be_v no_o certain_a knowledge_n and_o truth_n be_v not_o know_v but_o of_o true_a thing_n what_o be_v the_o three_o thing_n whereof_o the_o certainty_n of_o man_n knowledge_n depend_v it_o be_v the_o knowledge_n that_o man_n have_v in_o judge_v of_o consequent_n which_o be_v not_o altogether_o artificial_a but_o partly_o natural_a for_o god_n think_v it_o not_o sufficient_a for_o man_n behoof_n to_o know_v simple_a proposition_n as_o principle_n or_o common_a conception_n get_v by_o experience_n unless_o he_o can_v also_o compare_v they_o together_o and_o join_v thing_n like_a and_o agreeable_a together_o and_o sever_z thing_n unlike_a and_o disagree_v one_o from_o another_o and_o by_o such_o comparison_n and_o composition_n to_o find_v out_o thing_n before_o not_o know_v and_o to_o the_o intent_n we_o shall_v not_o err_v or_o wander_v out_o of_o the_o right_a way_n god_n have_v show_v we_o a_o order_n and_o prescribe_v certain_a bound_n and_o limit_n of_o necessity_n to_o be_v observe_v in_o such_o composition_n which_o bound_n be_v syllogism_n right_o make_v for_o so_o do_v the_o consequent_n plain_o appear_v and_o because_o that_o proportion_n be_v know_v by_o nature_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v you_o a_o example_n in_o number_n for_o three_o know_a number_n be_v place_v in_o true_a order_n of_o a_o syllogism_n a_o four_o number_n unknown_a of_o necessity_n do_v follow_v as_o in_o this_o question_n if_o one_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n what_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n worth_n marry_o ten_o groat_n which_o be_v prove_v by_o a_o syllogism_n in_o this_o manner_n every_o pound_n of_o wax_n be_v worth_a a_o groat_n but_o here_o be_v ten_o pound_n of_o wax_n ergo_fw-la they_o be_v worth_a ten_o groat_n and_o like_o as_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o syllogism_n arithmetical_a the_o proportion_n which_o be_v to_o be_v judge_v by_o man_n natural_a knowledge_n do_v show_v the_o consequent_a to_o be_v infallible_a even_o so_o the_o consequent_n in_o other_o syllogism_n be_v show_v to_o be_v infallible_a by_o such_o demonstration_n as_o be_v not_o far_o fetch_v or_o doubtful_a but_o be_v manifest_a plain_a and_o evident_a chap._n xix_o of_o the_o two_o kind_n of_o demonstration_n how_o do_v the_o schoolman_n divide_v demonstration_n into_o two_o that_o be_v perfect_a and_o unperfect_a and_o they_o call_v the_o perfect_a demonstratio_fw-la propter_fw-la quid_fw-la and_o the_o unperfect_a demonstratio_fw-la quia_fw-la est_fw-la it_o be_v perfect_a when_o it_o proceed_v from_o the_o proper_a cause_n to_o the_o effect_n call_v of_o the_o schoolman_n à _fw-la priore_fw-la for_o in_o that_o demonstration_n the_o antecedent_n contain_v the_o proper_a and_o true_a cause_n of_o the_o consequent_a as_o when_o we_o say_v the_o sun_n be_v up_o ergo_fw-la it_o be_v day_n what_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o a_o perfect_a demonstration_n that_o the_o predicate_v of_o the_o conclusion_n which_o be_v also_o predicate_v in_o the_o mayor_n be_v first_o properly_z always_o and_o that_o real_o and_o accidental_o incident_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o mayor_n and_o to_o every_o thing_n contain_v under_o the_o same_o which_o subject_n must_v be_v some_o general_a kind_n and_o the_o very_a mean_a or_o proof_n of_o your_o conclusion_n as_o for_o example_n if_o you_o will_v prove_v a_o cock_n to_o be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n it_o be_v not_o a_o sufficient_a demonstration_n to_o say_v that_o every_o fly_a beast_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n for_o some_o beast_n fly_v that_o have_v no_o feather_n as_o back_n that_o fly_v in_o the_o night_n season_n but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o every_o bird_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n &_o every_o cock_n be_v a_o bird_n ergo_fw-la every_o cock_n be_v a_o feather_a fowl_n you_o shall_v make_v a_o perfect_a demonstration_n because_o the_o subject_n and_o predicate_v of_o the_o mayor_n have_v such_o condition_n as_o be_v before_o require_v for_o this_o mayor_n show_v the_o thing_n to_o be_v and_o also_o wherefore_o it_o be_v which_o be_v do_v so_o often_o as_o the_o predicate_a be_v the_o true_a definition_n of_o the_o subject_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n endue_v with_o reason_n or_o else_o some_o chief_a part_n of_o the_o definition_n as_o when_o i_o say_v every_o man_n be_v endue_v with_o reason_n as_o have_v be_v say_v before_o for_o every_o good_a demonstration_n be_v either_o make_v of_o a_o true_a definition_n or_o take_v from_o the_o general_a kind_n special_a kind_n or_o else_o from_o the_o special_a difference_n or_o property_n yea_o and_o sometime_o they_o may_v be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o proper_a cause_n and_o effect_n of_o perpetual_a adiacent_n otherwise_o call_v common_a accident_n of_o proper_a act_n of_o contrariety_n and_o of_o divine_a authority_n whereof_o you_o have_v have_v example_n before_o in_o the_o treatise_n of_o place_n and_o seat_n of_o argument_n when_o be_v it_o say_v to_o be_v a_o unperfect_a demonstration_n when_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a imply_v a_o true_a consequent_a but_o yet_o be_v not_o first_o neither_o do_v they_o show_v the_o original_a cause_n of_o the_o conclusion_n as_o in_o this_o example_n every_o sensible_a body_n be_v nourishable_a but_o every_o man_n be_v a_o sensible_a body_n ergo_fw-la every_o man_n be_v nourishable_a here_o though_o the_o premise_n be_v true_a proposition_n yet_o they_o be_v