Galen's Art Of PHYSICK Proemium CHAP. I. ALL the order and Method of Physick so far as concerns Order may be reduced to these three Heads 1. The first consists in Notion which is done by Resolution 2. The Second consists in Composition of those things which are found out by this Resolution And 3. The Third of the Dissolution of Definition This Third contains not only the Dissolution of Definition or defining Diseases but also an explication Resolution Division Explanation or Exposition upon them this is the Basis of our Work at this time and indeed this laies down the Way and Order to the whol Practice of Physick and truly excels the other two as much as the Light of the Sun doth the Light of the Moon and we have drawn it into a very short Compendium that so we may benefit your Judgment and not burden your Memory we have devided it into an hundred Chapters whereof this is the first each of the rest contain easie Rules of Definition yea so easie that a Child of seven yeeâ—s old may understand them and so short that they will not be burdensom to the weakest Memory and although some of the Chapters be very short yet they contain very necessary Rules distinct fâ—om the rest and he knows nothing that knows not this That Order and Method help the Memory much But put all the Chapters together and they compleatly contain the Definition and Explanation of the whol Art for from these do all Diseases arise and in these doth the very Essence of Physick consist As for the Contemplative part of Physick that hath been largely peâ—formed by us in many Treatises which any that pleaseth may make use of We come now to the matter it self only we desire you to take notice that these Heads are more largely discoursed of here and there in other of our Treatises only we drew them up here in this form to satisfie the desires and inform the Judgments of such as intend to study Physick CHAP. 2. What Medicine is MEdicine is the Knowledg of things Healthful not Healthful and Neutral This Definition is nothing else than if you should say Medicine is the Knowledg of things belonging to the Sick 't is not one whit more nor less The Name of the Science which is Medicine is common and can in no wise be taken in a proper sence but things healthful unhealthful and neutral carry each of them a threefold signification viz. As a Body as a Cause and as a Sign For 1. A Body which naturally is apt to live in health and a Cause which is able to effect this and to preserve it being effected and a Sign which is able to sâ—ew and indicate which way this is to be done all these the Grecians customarily call things healthful 2. The Body surprized and seized by a Disease the Cause which causeth and continueth this Disease and the Indications or Signs which give testimony what this Disease is they also term things unhealthfull 3. In things Neutral they are guided by the same Rules of which we shall speak more in the Third and Sixt Chapters And here we must also make a difference between Science and Action or if you will between the Theorical and Practical part of Medicine For 1. The Theory regards first the Cause of things Healthful then of things Unhealthful Lastly oâ— things Neutral After this of Bodies first Healthful then Unhealthful and in the last place Neutrals and it walks by the same Rules in Signs or Indications But 2. In Actions or Practice The knowledg of the Body is the first thing which is minded and this is found out by the Signs and the last search in respect of time is after the Cause CHAP. 3. How many several waies A Cause may be said to effect a Sign to give Indication and a Body to receive BUt sâ—eing that a Cause may be said to effect a Sign to give Indication and a Body receive two waies 1. Simply 2. According to time We must know that the Art of Medicine comprehends them both Simply they do it two waies viz. Alwaies and for the most part both these the Art of Medicine handles But as for things Neutral they are to be considered both in respect of Body Cause and Sign and in those both Simply and according to time under a threefold Consideration and the Reason is because things Neutral partake of Contraries somtimes of one somtimes of the other and somtimes of both together and this last is twofold for somtimes it participates of contraries equally somtimes of one more than another There is in all this Definition if we dilligently heed the words a certain doubtfulness or ambiguity which knot ought to be unloosed that so all things may be made cleer and we may not seem instead of teaching people to lead them into ignorance as the Colledg of Physitians doth and that we may so do we will devide the business and speak of them all particularly We told you Medicine was the exact Knowledg of things Healthful Unhealthful and Neutral and each of these to be considered as a Body as a Sign as a Cause we shall now address our selves to handle 1. Such Bodies as are Healthful Unhealthful and Neutral 2. Such Signs as are Healthful Unhealthful and Neutral 3. Such Causes as are Healthfulâ— Unhealthful and Neutral In all these we shall be both as brief and withal as plain as we can CHAP. 4. Of Healthful Bodies 1. A Body is Simply said to be healthful when it is in good natural temper when the seven Natural things viz. Spirits Elements Complexions Humors Members Vertues Operations keep a good decorum then is a Body Simply said to be in Health 2. A Body in Health according to time is taken not according to the Natural inclination of the Body as the former was but when it is in such a Natural temper as we shewed before only for the time being the former is proper to the Body this but accidental Thus Galen Culpepers Comment I shall here explain a little Galens meaning in those words of his Seven Natural Things 1. Spirit Taken in a Physical sence is an airy substance very subtil and quick dispersed throughout the Body from the Brain Heart and Liver by the Nerves Arteries and Veins by which the powers of the Body are stirred up to perform their Office and Operation 2. An Element is a Body pure simple unmixed from which all Natural things have their Original they are held to be in number four Fire Air Water Earth their Operations are Active as heat and cold Passive as driness and moisture 3. Complexions are the Operations of these Elements upon Mans Body as when the Fire prevails the body is Chollerick when the Air he is Sanguine when the Waâ—er he is Flegmatick when the Earth he is Melanchollâ— 4. Humors are 1. â—holler whose Receptacle is the Gall 2. Blood whose Seat is the Liver 3. Flegm placed in the Lungs 4. Melancholly
Liver c. and beleeve me such a man is a rare Bird to find almost as rare as a Phaenix Galen As for the exterior parts in respect of softness and hardness they keep a mean as also in respect of roghness and smoothness and as the external parts of the Body recede not from beauty so the Endowments of the mind differ from Vertue and Honesty as little as may be Culpeper Usually you shall find it true that the handsommest Bodies have none of the worst conditions nay alwaies if heat cold driness and moisture be any thing equally commixed although all the complexions are naught being corrupted by Adams fall yet I say the one if they be any thing equally commixed sets a stop to the violent swinge of the other but if you take Galens Vertue and Honesty here for Grace that is the free Gift of God and no waies coming by complexion It is noted of Titus Vespasian that for Natural Endowments he was the Paragon of his time and as it were the darling of Nature this was the equality of his temper but he was a great persecutor of the Saints because God denied him Grace you by this may discern the difference between them Galen Temperature is apropriated especially to the Similar Parts Number Formation Magnitude and Scituation to the Instrumental Parts unity and community to them both Culpeper Similar Parts are those which before in the Fourth Chapter we called Simple Instrumental are those which there and then we called Compound Galen Also the Vices or Failings in Unhealthful Bodies are of the same kinds and the Bound or Limit which distinguisheth them is a sensible hurt of the operations and although Bodies of the best Constitution are now and then deficient yet because it remains but a while nor troubles the sences much they are not withstanding to be numbred amongst healthful Bodies we must then distinguish between the operations either much or little hurt because Nature is able not only to hold up its head against but also to vanquish the one but it lieth down to the other Unhealthful Bodies then are known by this that the Operations are overcome and lose their vigour and activity by any cause causing a Disease In the middle between these two are Neutrals placed and yet they have some Latitude also The Latitude of Health is devided into three parts and although the Zodiack hath but two sorts of Latitude Health hath three 1. Healthful Bodies have some Latitude 2. Vnhealthful Bodies have another 3. Neutral Bodies a third In all such as are great are easily discerned such as are smal not so easily the weaker the Operations are in the Hurt the harder is the Hurt to be discerned as an infirmity in feeling is not so easily discerned as one in the sight because the Sence is less noble Thus have we spoken of Healthful Bodies only in the general of the other two we shall speak of severally specially and particularly but first of all we will devide them into parts CHAP. 9. How many the Differences of the Parts are THe Universal Differences of Parts are four because some are Principals others take their Original from these Principals some parts of the Body are without any government at all The Principals are such as have their Power ingrafted in them by Nature as the Brain Heart Liver Testicles others have their Original and Power from these as the Nerves from the Brain as also the Marrow of the Back the Arteries from the Heart the Veins from the Liver the Seminal Vessels from the Testicles some are governed by themselves alone as Ligamenâ—s Cartilages Membranae c. and some have only Generation but no Government at all as Hair and Nails These are the Differences of Parts against which at this time the Translator is not minded to be critical CHAP. 10. Of the Signs of the Brain OF the Indications of the several Tempers of the Brain we shall speak hereafter but there are five several things which shew the Nature of it 1. The Disposition of the whol Head 2. The Vertues and Vice of the sensible Operations 3. The Vertues and Vices of actual Operations 4. The Vertues and Vices of those things which hold the Principallity 5. The alteration of such things as are outwards The Disposition of the whol Head is known 1. From the Bigness of it 2. From the Figure of it 3. From the Hair CHAP. 11. Of the Bigness and Smalness of the Head A Very smal Head is a proper Indication of a vicious Brain and yet a great Head doth not necessarily declare a strong Brain If there be noâ— capacity enough in the Skull to hold the Brain or a sufficient quantity of Brain the Man must needs be a Fool but yet it no wise follows that because the Brain is much therefore it should be good that 's an absolute non-sequitur We must then distinguish it thus 1. From the form of the Head it self 2. From the Parts arising from the Head First From the form of the Head it self the rounder the Head is and the more spherical it only being a little depressed on both sides for of necessity the fore and hinder part must stick out a little gives argument of a strong and healthful Brain Culpeper I suppose Galen means strong in respect of Health not in respect of Wit or Understanding he that hath such a round Head as Galen talks of is not so subject to Diseases in the Head as another man is but we see many sickly men have better wits than many healthful and so such as have long Heads to be as wise as such as have round Galen If the hinder part of the Head that which sticks out be deminished look upon the Nerves the Neck and the Bones for if they be according to Natnre the falt is in defect of Matter not of Vertue but if they be not as they should be also the very principal is debilitated the Brain it self is weak and this you shall seldom find fail indeed the Head neatly fashioned shews a strong Brain Also the part arising or sticking out on the Forehead is to be heeded and their bigness and smalness and the sences there placed Viz. Seeing Tasting Smelling these arising from the Principal attest the Vertue or Vice of the Principal from which they arise Viz. The Brain Culpeper I am not altogether of Galens opinion in this yet wil I not be Critical in it till I have more experience in the thing the old Proverb is and 't is a good one De mortuis nil nisi bonum speak nothing but good of them that are dead Chap. 12. Of such Operations as have obtained the Principality THe Vertues and Vices of Principal Operations shew the Vertues and Vices of the Principals themselves I call them Principal Operations which come from the Principals alone without a Medium as subtil wit shews a good substance of the Brain a dull wit shews the Brain to be too thick a ready
to take it often And he which we told you of that had an Obstruction in his Liver by reason of the narrowness of the Vessels and extenuating diet was found out for his Remedy Chap. 88. Of Solution of Continuity IT remains now that we speak a word or two of that kind of Disease which is incident both to Similar and Instrumental parts viz. Solution of Continuity or Unity which you please which although it happen many times to men in perfect health yet because it causeth passion it may be numbred amongst Diseases for if a sensible hurt of Operation make not a difference between health and sickness I know not what doth Yet amongst these also is some difference for some of these give Healthful Signs some Unhealthful and some Neutral as for the Cure that must be according to the Nature of the Part hurt and the Essence of the Disease hurting Culpeper Me thinks Galen is very misty and hard to be understood in this I shall give you his meaning as well as I can and rest confident if I do vary from the meaning of Galen as it may be I may not yet I will not vary at all from the truth Then consider 1. Solution of Unity is made by Wounds or Ulcers 2. A Wound is a Solution of Unity new bloody and without putrefaction and it is either 1. Simple without accidents 2. Compound with accidents as loss of substance Bruise Swelling Inflamation Pain Convulsion c. 3. Difference according to place or part of the Body 't is in whether Principal or not Principal Spermatical or not Spermatical 4. Difference in respect of end as great little hard or easie to cure dangerous mortal 3. An Ulcer is a Solution of unity with matter differing in substance from the flesh about it 1. Its kinds are either plain hollow fistulous sanious virulent cancrous corrosive putrefactive 2. Its accidents are pain swelling Inflamation hardness callus evil flesh hard lips distemper Worms Bones corrupted If any will contend that Fractures and Dislocations are Solutions of Unity they may I shall pass them here they being not things for every Child in Physick to meddle withal this is a Horn book to Physick and you shall seldom find Latin or Greek written in such a Book Chap. 89. Of the Common Intention of Cure THe Art of Curing hath one common Intention which is taking away that which is contrary to the Cure and all such Causes as bring Health do no more Also the disposition of every part to be cured is to be considered hot distempers are to be cuted by cold causes cold by hot causes for if whatsoever be immoderate thwart Nature and whatsoever is moderate help Nature then of necessity whatsoever is immoderate one way must be brought to Mediocrity by its contrary immoderate and this may be done two waies either according to power or according to imagination according to power when a thing is really so according to imagination when we conceit a thing to be so as it is not Of these things we have spoken in our Vertues of Simple Medicines As for the Cure of such Diseases as are already inherent to the Body we must regard the cause of the Disease put case for example a Feaver ariseth of putrified Humors The Indication of Cure is Evacâ—â—â—ion and Alteration Alteration is cooling the heat of the Humor by cool Medicines this taketh away the Effects but the Cause is taken away by Evacuation as Bleeding Sweating or Clysters or drawing the Humor to another place as by Blisters or the like In this you must regard the matter offending both in respect of Quantity and Quality and the manner of use of your Medicines this we have largely shewed in our Therapeuticks only this let us stick to in all Cures to take away the matter which causeth the Disease by the Roots If the Disease be Compound use a Composition of Simples fitting for it if the Disease be great let the Medicine be the stronger in all let the Medicine be proper for the Disease for example If the Disease exceed Nature in ten parts of heat and seven parts of driness let the Medicine be ten parts colder and seven parts moister Also the part of the Body is to be considered that so the coldness of the Medicine may make the afflicted part no colder than it ought to be if the Disease lie in a remote part of the Body the Medicine ought so to be formed that it lose not its Vertue before it come to that part let it then have not so much heat only as the Disease requires but somwhat more even so much as is necessary to penetrate to the afflicted part Also the matter or substance of the offending Humor must be heeded for if it be thick it cannot penetrate to the extream parts of the Body and in such cases you must use Medicines that are of a cutting quality Culpeper It seems Galen here minded only an Antipathetical Cure in which his Rules are good there is another way of Cure which we call Sympathetical which is done by strengthning Nature in General and the part of the Body afflicted in particular of this and the reasons for it every one that is fit to give Physick may see in my English Physitian Chap. 90. The Cure of Solution of continuity in a Fleshy Part. SOlution of Unity is cured again by Unity and this in Instrumental parts is impossible Culpeper I think my Author means 't is impossible tó set a mans Arm on again when 't is cut off if he do I am cleerly of his Opinion but when a man hath cut his Finger there is a Solution of Unity in an Instrumental part and yet that is easily cured Galen The Cure of Solution of Unity in Similary parts is not alwaies possible but in fleshy parts it is unless the loss of substance be so great that the sides of the Wound cannot be joyned together without marring the form of the Body Our present task then is 1. To joyn the parts of the Body together which are separated by the Wound or Ulcer 2. To keep them together being so joyned 3. To clense the Ulcer of what hinders the Cure 4. To preserve the part sound being cured The First and Second are performed by convenient binding and stitching together To the Third we must have a care 1 That neither dust filth nor hairs fall into it 2 That no Corruption breed in it that may hinder the Cure 3 If there be much defluxion of Humors to it either purge them out or draw them back to another place To the Fourth Strengthen the part when you have cured it with convenient drying Medicines Thus much of Solution of continuity in a fleshy part Culpeper Galen hath done very well in this I shall only ad an Exhortation to Artists which if they observe they may do well I desire them 1 To work safely without hurt 2 Spèedily without detracting time 3 Do as they would be
you would disperse any humor from the lower parts of the Body let the Medicine be strong lest it lose its strength before it come at the afflicted part neither need you fear the superior parts will be afflicted by such Medicines seeing the cause of the affliction lies not in them neither are the Medicines to be apropriated to them Then consider That the parts afflicted by such deâ—luxions some are rare loose and soft by Nature others thick and hard by Nature the former are easily emptied you must use sharper Remedies to the latter The Indications then must be taken both from the substance of the afflicted part and also from the Formation and Scituation of it for example if it happen so that the Liver be afflicted by Humors in the small Vessels thereof which Humors are thin viscuous thick or superaboundant Is it not the readiest way first to separate these by extenuating meats and drinks and change them into another substance Then in the second place to empty those by passages which are large and not by those that are narrow whereas you cannot bring them thither without extenuating for there are large passages Meatus in the Liver as well as narrow which pass to the Vena Cava as the narrow doth to the Vena Porta It is no such difficult matter then when Humors are thick and tough in the Liver to evacuate them by drawing them to the Vena Cava by such Medicines as have a drawing quality that so they may be cast out by Urine But besides these here is another Indication to be taken from the Liver it self Suppose it be so weakned by moistning Medicines or Cataplasms that it is unabled not only to perform its own Office but weakens the Veins also in such a case you must mix some binding things with your Medicines but seeing the Liver lies so low 't is some Question whether the binding Medicines be not weakned before they come at it unless they be mixed with some things else of more subtil parts as Spices are If you make up your Medicines of such Spices as bind Nature when she hath gotten two Qualities to serve her turn in one Medicine will operate the stouter Culpeper I know at present none better for such a purpose than Cinnamon and Cassia Lignea and if you mix a little Spodium amongst them it will not do amiss Galen Also take another Animadversion Have a care the Natural temper of the part afflicted be not distempered by the Humor flowing to it if it be Flegm that flow to it it may be it is too cold if Choller too hot you must cure this distemper before ever you can restore the Member to its pristine health and strength and this is to be cured by its contraries namely cold by heat and heat by cold and herein also you must be well versed namely how hot and cold every Member by Nature ought to be for how can you tell else when it exceeds its due proportion in cold or heat or when you have cooled or heated it enough Chap. 96. Of Diseases according to Number HAving spoken enough of these things we come now to such whose Number is not according to Nature and seing their difference is twofold one in which some part is deficient the Cure of which is by subministring to Nature the other which is superaboundant which ought to be cut off either by Iron or Fire or Medicines which have a burning quality all these may be cured 't is true but nâ—w ones cannot be gotten in their rooms that are wanâ—â—ng some there are that though they cannot be generaâ—â—â— again yet somthing may be made in lieu of them â—s â— Bone being taken away you â—ay put in some substaâ—ce different from both Bone and Flesh â—â—â—â—eâ—d of it for there is a certain Callus Flesh 〈◊〉 in the room of it which though it seem like Flesh at first yet in process of time it grows to the hardness of a Bone so also any Member being cut off seeing we cannot make its like in substance we may make the like of it in shew that so the Body may the better retain its beauty Culpeper A right Worshipful Business and teacheeh a man thus much knowledg That he may make a wooden Leg. Chap. 97. Of Diseases according to Magnitude AS for Diseases according to Magnitude when the bigness of the parts of the Body are according to nature they are as they should be if any parts be bigger or smaller than they should be you should take away from those that are too big or if that cannot be withdraw the matter to another place cherrish those that are deficient in bigness and take away those that superabound this was spoken to more at large before Chap. 98. Of Diseases according to Scituation VVE come to that other kind of Healthful causes which amends such parts as are out of place as Luxations Ruptures c. this is done by some violent stretching or stroke or else by some dilation or breaking of the Continent Twofold then also is the way of Cure the one is by reducing it to its proper place the other by strengthning the part after it is reduced Chap. 99. Of Preservative Causes THis Chapter seems to contain in it the Sum of all what hath hitherto been spoken of Preservatives there are three Kinds 1. Such as have respect to men in perfect Health 2. Such as regard men not in perfect Health 3. Such as belong to men that are Sick The first maintains Health the other two attain it The whol Basis of this is chiefly busied about Humors which ought neither to be too thick nor too thin neither too watry nor too many nor too hot nor to cold nor too biting neither subject to Putrefaction nor yet of a Venemous Nature for when any of these are encreased they engender Diseases The Intention of Cure of this is Alteration and Evacuation They are altered when they are either concocted by the Body it self or by some other Faculties which have a Medicinal Force or Operation as by such things as expel poyson they are evacuated by Purges Clvsters Sweatings and Vomitings these are common Evacuations proper are such as are apropriated to certain parts and places of the Body the Bowels are purged by Stool the Liver by Urine the whol Body by Sweat the Head by Sneezing the Lungues by Coughing c. Besides there are some sorts of Purges which draw the Humors from all parts of the Body as Pills Chap. 100. Of that part of the Art which refresheth Old Age SUch Food Diet and Medicines as refresh and restore are most fit for Ancient People The Disposition of Ancient people is the best Disposition but yet Blood in them is but little neither is their Vital 〈◊〉 Animal Spirit much their sollid parts are dry therefore is their strength weak and their whol Body cold The Healthful Causes which amend this Disposition that I may comprehend them all in one
Chapter are such things which give present and secure Nourishment if you would take them particularly they consist in moderate Motion Meat Drink and Sleep As for Motion a Coach walking and rubbing themselves are convenient after which let them cool and ease themselves by degrees As for Meats let them first take such as are moist and easie of Digestion but let them avoid cold Meats as much as may be afterward let them eat such as are of good Nourishment for Drink let them drink good Beer and now and then a cup of Wine after Meat as for all particulars I shall not here recite them as having formerly related them in other Volumns Culpeper To this last Chapter of Galens I never intended a Comment because I do intend speedily my self to write a Treatise of the same viz. A Guide for Old Aâ—e Galens Wine I translated Beer because 't is better â—or our Bodies Thus Courteous Reader I leave thee for this time rejoycing much and daily blessing God that he hath been pleased to make me an Instrument of so much good to this Nation as the Acclamations of diverse Gentlemen from diverse parts of this Nation daily testifie to me It is not my desire Reader that thou shouldest be a Fool but a Physitian and the Proverb saith Every man and woman in the world is one of them I have here given thee the first Rudiments and Principles of the Art or at least wise of Galens Art which if it 〈◊〉 for nothing else it will serve to fit thy Brain for greater matters labor then to digest this 't is not so big that thou canst surfet of it and when thou hast well learned it thou shalt be fed with stronger Meat by thy Friend Nich. Culpeper The Contents of every Chapter PRoemium Chap. 1. Page 1 Chap. 2. What Medicine is Page 2 Chap. 3. How many several waies a Cause may be said to effect a Sign to give Indication and a Body to receive Page 4 Chap. 4. Of Healthful Bodies Page 5 Chap. 5. Of a Body Unhealthful Page 8 Chap. 6. Of a Body Neutral Page 9 Chap. 7. Of Signs Page 11 Chap. 8. Signs of a very good Conistitution Page 11 Chap 9. How many the Differences of the Parts are Page 14 Chap. 10. Of the Signs of the Brain Page 15 Chap. 11. Of the Bigness and Smalness of the Head Page 15 Chap. 12. Of such Operations as have obtained the Principality Page 17 Chap. 13. Signs of a good temper of the Brain Page 18 Chap. 14. Signs of a hot Brain Page 19 Chap. 15 Signs of a cold Brain Page 20 Chap. 16. Signs of a dry Brain ibid Chap. 17. Indications of a moist Brain Page 21 Chap. 18. Signs of a hot and dry Brain ibid Chap. 19. Signs of a hot and moist Brain Page 22 Chap. 20. Signs of a cold and dry Brain Page 24 Chap. 21. Signs of a cold and moist Brain Page 25 Chap. 22. Of the Sences Page 26 Chap. 23 Of the Eyes ibid Chap. 24. Of the Greatness of the Eyes Page 27 Chap. 25. Of Smalness of the Eyes Page 28 Chap. 26. Of the colour of the Eyes ibid Chap. 27. Of grayness and blackness of the Eyes Page 29 Chap. 28. Of the temperature of the Heart Page 31 Chap. 29. Signs of the Heart overheated ibid Chap. 30. Signs of the Heart too cold Page 32 Chap. 31. Signs of a dry Heart ibid Chap. 32. Signs of a moist Heart Page 33 Chap. 33. Signs of a hot and dry Heart ibid Chap. 34. Signs of a hot and moist Heart Page 34 Chap. 35. Signs of a cold and moist Heart Page 35 Chap. 36. Signs of a cold and dry Heart ibid Chap. 37. Signs of a hot Liver Page 36 Chap. 38. Signs of a cold Liver ibid Chap. 39. Signs of a dry Liver Page 37 Chap. 40. Signs of a moist Liver ibid Chap. 41. Signs of a hot and dry Liver ibid Chap. 42. Signs of a hot and moist Liver Page 38 Chap. 43. Signs of a cold and moist Liver Page 39 Chap. 44. Signs of a cold and dry Liver Page 40 Chap. 45. Signs of a hot cold moist and dry Temperature of the Testicles Page 41 Chap. 46. Signs of a hot and dry temperature of the Testicles ib Chap. 47. Signs of a hot and moist temperature of the Testicles Page 42 Chap. 48. Signs of a cold and moist Temperature of the Testicles Page 43 Chap. 49. Signs of a cold and dry Temperature of the Testicles Page 44 Chap. 50. Of the Habit of the whol Body Page 45 Chap. 51. Signs of a moderate Temperature Page 46 Chap. 52. Signs of a hot Temper Page 47 Chap. 53. â—â—gns of cold Temperature ibid Chap. 54. Signs of a dry Temperature ibid Chap. 55. Signs of a moist Temperature Page 48 Chap. 56. Signs of a hot and dry Temperatâ—re ibid Chap. 57. Signs of a hot and moist Temperature Page 49 Chap. 58. Signs of a cold and moist Temperature ibid Chap. 59. Signs of a cold and dry Temperature Page 50 Chap. 60. Signs of a dry Stomach Page 67 Chap. 61. Of a moist Stomach Page 68 Chap. 62. Signs of a hot Stomach ibid Chap. 63. Signs of a cold Stomach Page 69 Chap. 64. Of ill temperatures commixed in the Stomach Page 70 Chap. 65. Signs of cold Lungs Page 71 Chap. 66. Signs of dry Lungs ibid Chap. 67. Of the Voyce Page 72 Chap. 68. Of a cleer and rough Voyce ibid Chap. 69. Of an acute Voyce Page 74 Chap. 70. Indications of Natures Iustruments Page 75 Chap. 71. Of the Stomach ibid Chap. 72. Of the Bladder Page 76 Chap. 73. Of the Liver ibid Chap. 74. Of a Flegmatick man vomiting Choller Page 77 Chap. 75. How Bodies may be known to be sick ibid Chap. 76. Signs of an afflicted Brain Page 78 Chap. 77. Signs of an afflicted Heart ibid Chap. 78. Signs of an afflicted Liver Page 79 Chap. 79. Signs of an afflicted Stomach ibid Chap. 80. Signs of an afflicted Breast and Lungs Page 80 Chap. 81. Of the difference of those things that are cast out Page 81 Chap. 82. Signs of a Sickness to come Page 82 Chap. 83. Signs of a Sick Body Page 85 Chap. 84. Of Causes Healthful Unhealthful and Neutral Page 86 Chap. 85. How many waies our Bodies may be altered Page 87 Chap. 86. 〈◊〉 Venerals Page 101 Chap. 87. Of Healthful Causes of the Instrumental Parts Page 103 Chap. 88. Of Solution of Continuity Page 105 Chap. 89. Of the common Intention of Cure Page 106 Chap. 90. The Cure of Solution of continuity in a Fleshy part Page 108 Chap. 91. Of Solution of Continuty in a Bone Page 110 Chap. 92. Of pricking of a Nerve or Tendon Page 111 Chap. 93. Of Diseases according to Formation Page 111 Chap. 94. Of Obstructions Page 112 Chap. 95. Of Roughness and smoothness Page 113 Chap. 96. Of Diseases according to Number Page 116 Chap. 97. Of Diseases according to Magnitude Page 117 Chap. 98. Of Diseases according to Scituation Page 118 Chap. 99. Of Preservative Causes ibid Chap. 100. Of that part of the Art which refresheth old Age Page 119 FINIS
which keeps his Court in the Spleen Thus you see how Elements Complexions and Humors are subservient the one to other even as the Spirit Soul and Body are if we may reason a minore ad maâ—uâ— in the Microcosm 5. Meâ—bâ—â—s or Limbs are Simple or Compound Principal or Subservient First Simple Members are 1. Bones 2. Cartilages 3. Ligaments 4. Veins 5. Arteries 6. Nerves 7. Tendons 8. Panides 9. Fat 10. Flesh 11. Skin Secondly Compound Members are 1. Head 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Lungs 5. Legs 6. Arms 7. Hands Thirdly Principal Members are 1. Brain 2. Heart 3. Liver 4. Testicles Fourthly Members Subservient are 1. Nerves to carry the Animal Spirit 2. Arteries to carry the Vital Spirit 3. Veins to carry the Natural Spirit 4. Spermatick Vessels to carry the Procreative Spirit 6. Vertues are that whereby these act the Body and they are Vital Natural and Animal I forbear writing of them there being a Treatise of them Astrologo Physically handled by me already at the latter end of my Ephemeris for 1651. 7. Operations of these upon the Body of man are First The Animal Vertue causeth 1. Imagination Apprehension Fancy Opinion Consent c. in the two former Ventricles of the Brain 2. Judgment Esteem Reason Resolution Disposing Discerning in the middle Ventricle of the Brain 3. Calling to mind what is to come Remembrance of what is past in the hinder Ventricle of the Brain Secondly The Vital Vertue moveth 1. Joy Hope Mirth Singing by dilating the Heart 2. Sadness Sorrow Fear Sighing c. by compressing the Heart Thirdly The Natural Vertue 1. Altereth Food into Chyle Chyle into Blood and Humors Blood into Flesh 2. Joyneth formeth ingendreth encreaseth and nourisheth the Body of Man And now you see what Galen intends by a Healthful Body namely such a one where all these keep a good and orderly decorum CHAP. 5. Of a Body Vnhealtbful 1. A Body is simply unhealthful which is born mutilated by Nature as wanting some Members or some Operations or sences that is not perfect in respect of those Seven Natural things before mentioned as that cannot See Hear or Smel or is a Fool c. 2. According to time a Body is unhealthful that is at present sick in Body or distemper'd in mind or his Body broken or bruised in any part of it whether internal or external that hath an accidental distemper in any of the seven Natural things This is so cleer it needs no Comment CHAP. 6. Of a Body Neutral THis as we told you before carries a threefold signification 1. As things partake of either extremety swerving from the Rules of Healthfulness 2. As they partake of both of them together equally 3. As somtimes the one exceeds somtimes the other in respâ—ect of time 1. Taken in the first Sence it is an exquisite medium between healthful and unhealthful Bodies And that First Naturally or Simply as many people are born of unhealthful or sickly Constitutions so that the Nativity as a cause produceth such an effect in every age Secondly According to time when the Body is neither perfectly in Health nor yet sick such a one as the proverb saith Is neither sick enough to lie in Bed nor well enough to follow his Imployment 2. Taken in the Second Sence A Neutral Body is such a Body as partakes of diverse contrary qualities either in one part of the Body or in diverse when there is an opposition between them and this concerns either the Formation of the Body or the Endowments of the mind or temperature of the parts when one contrary appears healthful the other unhealthful and this also 1. As it appears generally in al the ages of the Life 2. As it appears but particularly at some certain times 3. Taken in the third Sence it is when the ages of a mans Life Differ in respect of Health and Sickness as a man may be healthful in his Childhood and unhealthful in his youth and the contrary viz. sickly in his infancy and healthful in Youth c. Culpepers Comment The First of these needs no explanation the other two are somthing Obscure as in the second Galen saith a man may partake of contrary qualities in the formation of the Body Viz. A man may have a Hâ—ad too big and feet as much too little a man may have a Nose exceeding the common bigness and Eyes as much less than the common proportion and the like 2. In the Endowments of mind as thus A man may have a very good Apprehension yet a bad Memory a man may have very good Judgment in ordering a Battel and yet be a Coward 3. In the temperature of the parts the Liver may be â—oo hot and yet the Brain too cold you may understand the rest by these examples which are sufficient to explain Galens meaning To the third When the Ages of a mans Life differ in respect of health and sickness saith Galen which is no more than thus to give you one example A Childs Body or any part thereof may be too hot by reason of sucking a Chollerick Woman in youth either the whol Body or the same part of it may be too cold imagine the Liver Brain or the like it may be too hot in Manhood too cold in Age or the contrary to these Thus much for Bodies we come now to unfold the Signs CHAP. 7. Of SIGNS OF these some indicate present health others proclaim health to come a third sort put us in mind of health past In the same manner likewise some unhealthful Signs shew present Sickness others give fair warning that sickness is coming other indications call to our remembrance the sickness past Imagine the like by Neutrals some shew a present Neutral condition foreshew it coming call it to mind being past and shew a disposition as well healthful as sickly The use of the First and Second of these is admirable the last is not so absolutely useful And thus have we shewed you what Signs are we come to treat of them particularly CHAP. 8. Signs of a very good Constitution OF these some are deduced from the Reason or Essential Cause thereof or from necessary consequen which follow such operations and cases of which the first are called Essential the otheâ— Accidental Such as are Essentially of good Constitution are such in whose Bodies heat coldness driness and moisture are equally tempered the Instruments of the Bodie are composed in every part of due bigness number place and Formation Culpeper I shall here for the benefit of yong Students intermix my Comment with the Text Whereas Galen saith a good Constitution consists of heat cold driness and moisture equally tempered you must not imagine they are so all over the Body but according to place for the Heart is and should be hotter than the Brain c. but each part exceeds not its due proportion in these the Brain is not hotter colder drier nor moister than it should be judg so by the Heart
not commendable Chap. 25. Of Smalness of the Eyes SMalness of the Eyes if they be neatly composed and their Vertue operative shews 't is true little substance or scantiness thereof but that substance is well tempered whereof the Eyes are formed But if together with smalness they have an ill composure and withal fail in their Operations their substance is but little and that little is stark naught Chap. 26. Of the Colour of the Eyes AS concerning what belongs to the colour of the Eyes they are devided into gray and Black Gray Eyes which are cleer and abound not much with moisture are an argument of a strong Sight Judg of black Eyes also by their cleerness Culpeper The black Spot in the midst of the Eye is the Christalline humor in which the Visive Vertue resides that round about it being of many colours is called the Iris or in plain English the Rain-bow this indeed contains in it all colours for if we had not all colours within our Eye we could not discern them without and that 's the Reason shutting our Eyes a little makes us see the better because it reflects the Beams back to the Iris where they are recruited there the cleerer you perceive the Iris to be the stronger the Sight is you shall never find this fail I was once to satifie my mind where a Chirurgion dissected the Eye of a Sheep and the Eye of a Cat because we were willing to see what reason might be given why the one could see better in the night than the other The Reasons we found were these 1. The Christalline Humor of the Cats Eye was far cleerer 2. The Iris was much cleerer 3. The Optick Nerve also in the Cat the difference between the bigness of the Beasts considered was much bigger 4. The Optick Nerve of the Cat had two Originals at a great distance the one from the other the one from the Cerebrum or Brain the other from the Cerebellum or hinder part of the Brain Chap. 27. Of Grayness and Blackness of the Eyes THe Eye is Gray by reason of the greatness or splendor of the Christalline Humor or else because it sticks out or else because of the paucity and pureness of the Aqueal Humor all these hapning together make a very gray Eye and as more or fewer of them happen so the Eye is more or less gray A Black Eye is caused either by the smalness of the Christalline Humor or because it is deeply seated or of the abundance or thickness of the Aqueal Humor by all these or some of these it is more or less black The Aqueal Humor the more it is in quantity and the thinner in quality the moister is the Eyes the thicker it is in quality and the less in quantity the dryer are the Eyes As for the Christalline Humor the harder it is the dryer is the Eye but the softer it is the moister Culpeper I am far enough from Galens Opinion in this I cannot beleeve the Sight is stronger in Gray Eyes than in Black but rather the contrary neither am I of his Judgment of the causes of the differences in colour If you look upon the Microcosm or Body of Man I hold the cause to be in the Iris if you look upon the Macrocosm or Book of the Creatures we find fiery Signs arising at the Nativity to give Hazel Eyes which are those he here calls black and so doth either Luminary when they are in the Horoscope and I hope none is so Fool-ridden to say the Luminaries strong in the Ascendent can or do ever give weak Sights Again I do not conceive the Aqueal Humor to be the cause of the moistness of the Eye the Aqueal Humor is an Excrement produced by the Vitrial or Glassy Humor as it nourisheth the Christalline and never stirs from its placâ— to moisten the other parts of the Eye but rather the Glandulae or Kernel seated in that corner of the Eye next the Nose which hold the tears I suppose moistens the eye Chap. 28. Of the Temperature of the Heart VVEE come now to speak of the Temperature of the Heart but before we begin take notice of this That in every part when we say it is Hotter or Colder or Dryer or Moister than it ought to be we speak it as proper to the Part we treat about not comparatively with other Parts for the coldest Temperature of the Heart which can be in a living Man is hotter than the hottest Temperature the Brain is capable of suffering Chap. 29. Signs of the Heart overheated VVHen the Heart is hotter than is fit or convenient for it to be some Indications are inceperable and proper as deep breathing swiftness of Pulse the man is bold and active hot furious angry and rash the Breast and upper part of the Belly is rough usually the heat of the Heart heats the whol Body unless the Liver be very cold and withstand it It dilates the Breast much which alwaies answers to its heat unless the coldness of the Brain which is deduced along the Back-bone withstand it but if the Breast be very broad and the Head very little then you may be sure the Heart is too hot but if the Head be great and the Breast narrow you may be certain the Breast is too cold but if both be proportionable 't is a sign neither of heat nor coldness of the Heart you must look to other Signs Chap. 30. Signs of the Heart too cold IF the Heart be too cold the Pulses are less than Nâ—turally they ought to be and yet it doth not necessarily follow that they should be slower or more taâ—e the Breast is little and the colder the Heart is the less is the Breast and the weaker the Pulse the Man moves about his actions as though he dragged a Mill-stone after him he is timorous and fearful afraid of his own shadow and hath no haiâ—s upon his Breast the difference in degree of coldness may be known by the greatness and smalness of these Symtoms and this Rule will serve throughout the Body Chap. 31. Signs of a dry Heart A Dry Heart makes a hard Pulse the Man is not very prone to anger but when you have anger'd him you will have much ado to please him again finally if the Heart be dry so is all the Body unless the Liver be very moist Chap. 32. Signs of a moist Heart THe Indications of moistness of the Heart are softness of the Pulse they are soon angry and as soon pleased again the whol Body is very moist unless the Liver be very dry Thus much for the temperature of the Heart according to the first qualities simply taken Chap. 33. Signs of a hot and dry Heart IF the Heart be oppressed with heat and driness the Pulses are great hard and swift they fetch their Breath swiftly and the swifter if the breadth of the Breast answer not equally by proportion to the heat of the Heart their Breast is very rugged
I am now come to my last point Affections of the Mind and they are but two Content and Discontent In Content consider 1. What it is 2. Its Effects 3. Its Differences First By Content I mean such affections as are pleasing to the Nature of Man as Hope Joy Lové Mirth c. Secondly By their Effects 1. They dilate the Heart and Arteries 2. They distribute both Vital and Natural Spirit throughout the Body 3. They comfort and strengthen not only the parts of the Body but also the Mind and that in all their actions Thirdly Their Differences are two and no more 1. Moderation which comforts both Body and Mind 2. Immoderation which hurts both Body and Mind First By Discontent I mean such affections as disturb the Body as Anger Hatred Fear for things to come Care for things past Sorrow Grief of Mind c. Secondly The Effects of it are 1. They devert the Vital heat from the Circumference to the Center thereby consuming the Vital Spirits drying the Body and causing Leanness 2. They are forerunners of Evil 3. They are Destroyers Overthrowers and Murderers both of Body and Mind 4. They hasten old Age and death by consuming Radical Moisture Thus much for my Comment upon this Chapter which if it light into the Hands of a wise man I have written enough if of a Fool too much Chap. 86. Of Venereals THe Opinion of Epicurus was that it was Unhealthful for man to come to the School of Venus but indeed and in truth the Exercise is beneficial if a due interval of time be observed And this you may know if the man find himself the better and not the worse after the Act. As for the time to such business Let not the Body be too full nor too empty too hot nor too cold too dry nor too moist and if you must err in in one of these err as little as you can And because usually errors are in such case let the Body be rather hot than cold full than empty moist than dry Before you come to the School of Venus go to the School of Mars namely Exercise your Body before you take councel of the under sheet and so exercise it that you do not tire it If your Constitution be good you need not fear the Exercise of your Constitution can be otherwaies If there be deficiency in your Body it is no wonder if you reade it in your Child We have given you notice how you may know the deficiencies of your own Body and we have spoken of them severally in other Works of ours If the Temperature of the Body differ from Health the effects of the same Temperature must differ as much from the desired end and in that take a few Rules to help your selves Hot Bodies desire hot Nourishments cold Bodies cold Nourishments dry Bodies dry Nourishments and moist Bodies moist Nourishments and the reason is because every like is maitained by his like Therefore Whereas Motion want of Nourishment Watching a Loosness and Discontent dry the Body and procure Diseases thence coming the contrary to these moisten the Body for likes rejoyce in their likes and keep the Bodies in their Temperature and this we speak concerning Bodies Healthful The inequality of these is the breach of Health in the Body of man the way to correct which we have spoken of before only somthing we shall now ad If the Body be offended by much Idleness we ought to correct it by Exercise but this is to be done by degrees for Nature abhors all sudden change Understand the like by a Body weakned by too much Exercise as also by other things not natural which we spake of in the last Chapter Also it may so come to pass that the Stomach may be colder than it ought to be and yet the Brain at the same time hotter than its due temper in such a case you must remedy them both with Medicines proper for them Do the like by other parts of the Bodie when they are hotter colder drier or moister than they ought to be Culpeper By what means to do this you have before in my Comment Chap. 87. Of Healthful Causes of the Instrumental Parts AS concerning Healthful Causes of the Instrumental parts of the Body some consist in want of error in Formation others in want of error in Magnitude Number and Scituation In Formation many errors happen both in the fashion of the part and if there be any Cavity in it when it differs from the Golden Mean in the Passage Mouth Roughness or Smoothâ—ess these if they differ but little from what naturally they ought to be may deserve the appellation of Healthful but if much they may safely be called Unhealthful but if the difference be so great that the part cannot perform its operation it may truly be said to be sick Also difference must be made in the Quantity of the Defect as also in the Number whether one or moâ—â— or how many of the parts be deficient as also what the Scituation of the deficient part is The Differences then of these are four 1. Such whose Instrumental parts are in a due Decorum 2. Such as differ but little from it and therefore may also be called Healthful 3. Such as differ more and therefore are Unhealthful 4. Such as differ most and therefore are sick As for such Members as offend in Figure or fashion viz. such as are crooked or the like while the Child is yet yong and tender they may be reduced to their Natural habit by binding or such like means but when once the Child is grown up and the parts hardened 't is impossible to reduce them and indeed all errors in the Body are easier to be amended whilst the Body grows than afterwards for then according to the Opinion of most Phyfitians there is no place left for Remedy As for such Members as exceed their due proportion in bigness may be reduced by resting and convenient binding of them also Members may be encreased by motion and moderate rubbing for that calls the Blood to the place All defective parts which have their Original through Blood are not impossible to be corrected or restored but such parts of the Body as are Spermatical or have their Original by Seed are either altogether impossible to be restored or very neer the point although a callous matter grow in their places which performs the same office they did In all these Nature is the Work-woman and the Physitian but her Servant Also somtimes two or three Vices may accompany one and the same Part as in him that we told you before that had a smal and round Stomach and neer the Diaphragma for in him both Magnitude Formation and Scituation were depraved and the greatest Artificialness in the world could never bring this to a natural habit for if his Stomach were never so little full difficulty of breathing followed therefore his only Remedy was to take little meat and drink at a time and
Blood Troches of Maudlin and Wormwood or either of them you may find the way to make them in my Translation of the London Dispensatory are very good for such a one to carry about him and now and then to eat a little also to drink a Decoction of Guajacum with the like weight of Raisons of the Sun especially if a Dropsie be feared as often is upon such a distemper For Simples you may use Cinnamon Galanga Agrimony Harts-tongue Maudlin Wormwood A draught of Wormwood Beer is a good Mornings Draught for such people Water-crestes Hysâ—p Spicknard Fennel Origanum Centaury Betony Chamomel c. Chap. 44. Signs of a cold and dry Liver IF the Liver be too cold and dry so is the Body also because it is nourished by the Liver the Veins are smal the Blood little and the Body lean Culpeper Galen hence for a while gives you Signs of the general Constitution of the Body and I shall piece in with my might with him there I added nothing here to his briefness for that cause If the Liver be colder and drier than it ought to be the Body is Melancholly and consuming you may take this Pro confesso in such a case you must proceed thus â— Eye the Spleen for there must needs be a fault either there or a stopping in that Branch of the Vena Porta which carries the Melancholly Juyce to it you may strengthen and amend that with Calamint Capers and Caper Bark Tamaris and Tamaris Bark Bettony Wall-flowers Wormwood Dodder Hartstongue â—pithimum If you think the Spleen be too hot use Endive Succory Lettice and Liverwort 2. Eye the Heart for all Melancholly vapors afflict that especially the way how to do it you have in the 36. Chapter 3. Restore the consumed Flesh and Snails are the best things that I know for it for Man being made of the slime of the Earth all slimy things restore his Nature when it languisheth and therefore they play the wise men indeed if a man may speak by contraries that first purge away the slime of the Snails before they use them Chap. 45. Signs of a hot cold moist and dry Temperature of the Testicles THe hotter the Testicles are the proner is the Man to Venery the more Boys he gets his Privities are soon Hairy judg the clean contrary by a cold temperature of those Parts moisture of the Testicles makes much and watry Seed but driness of those Parts gives but little Seed and that little is dry Chap. 46. Signs of a hot and dry temperature of the Testicles THe Seed Procreative of such people is hot dry and thick yet most fruitful and engenders usually the strongest Children such people be they Men or Women it matters not much are very prone to Venery they have soon Hair about their Privities and the Parts about them even to their Navil upwards and the midst of their Thighs downward but as they are prone to Venery so are they soon satisfied and are offended with compulsion to that sport Culpeper If you perceive too much heat in those Parts for omne nimium vertitur in vicium use cooling Herbs as Endive Succory Housleek Lettice Plantane Purslane these clarified in Whey are very good and wholsom as also Roses Water Lillies Cucumers the Seeds of Cucumers and Melones of Poppies both white and black c. Chap. 47. Signs of a hot and moist temperature of the Testicles IF moisture be joyned to heat of the Testicles as it is in many People of a Sanguine Complexion they â—re not so full of hair about their Privities as the former are they abound more in Seed yet is not their Appetite to Copulation so great they suffer less detriment by the often use of the Act than the former do for in deed and in truth they receive more detriment by abstinence from the Act than by operating in it Culpeper I take this to be the Temperature the Testicles should be of and therefore it is needless to prescribe Remedies only I care not greatly if here I be a little critical against the Colledg of Physitians it comes so pat in my way I know not well how to avoid it and therefore harken to me that God may hearken to you Is not Seed of Man take Man for both Sexes as the Latins take Homo and the Greeks {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} {non-Roman} Is not I say the Seed of Man hot and moist which is the Causa Formans of the Child is not the Mothers Blood whereof the Child is formed naturally hot and moist also is not the Cell of the Womb in which the Child is formed hot and moist were your wits then a wool-gathering or did you dream waking when you wrote in your Book of the Rickets that a Child newborn before its Complexion be altered by any Medium is cold and moist of Constitution I pray if ever your Book deserve another Impression let that be amended or else defaced with a Deleatur for an Error of the first Magnitude Chap. 48. Signs of a cold and moist temperature of the Testicles THe Indications of a cold and moist temperature of the Testicles are smoothness and moisture about those parts averseness to the Sports of Venus they care not whether ever they come to that School or not the Seed is thin watry and unfruitful and either produceth no Conception at all or else but a weakly sickly puny Girl at the best Culpeper This hath need enough of Remedy in whomsoever is afflicted by it let such eat the quantity of a Nutmeg of Diasutyrion every morning you may have it at the Apothecaries or if you please to make use of my Translation of the London Dispensatory you have there the way how to make it your selves As for Simples Rocket Nettle Seeds Barnet Mugwort Penyroyal Lovage the Roots of Satyrion Maddir and Eringo the Berries of Bay and Juniper Nutmegs for Herbs Peony Sinkfoyl and Mother or Time Calaminth Featherfew and Rue Chap. 49. Signs of a cold and dry temperature of the Testicles THe Seed is thick and very little Culpeper Such People usually love their Study better than the Sheets you may remedy it with such Food as are Natuâ—ally hot and windy and by eating such Creatures as are lustful and fruitful as Crabs Lobsters Shrimps Sparrows Quails Partriches Eggs the Stones of Cocks and Lambs you have plenty enough of them in my Directory for Midwives As for Simples we advised before Pease and Beans are good for such as also Parsnips and Skirrets Figs Pinenuts Galanga c. Chap. 50. Of the Habit of the whol Body WEE told you before that the Habit of the whol Body usually followed the Nature or agreed with the Constitution of the Heart and the Liver but of the two it is most assimilated to that which hath the strongest first quality in it which for that cause it is called effective Take then notice That we call that the Habit of the Body which is presented to the
can and now and then between whiles learn to scratch his Head with a pair of wiser Nails Lastly Such as have any wit in their Heads may hereby come to all the judgment of Urine that I as yet know of or where it grows But after a long degression I return to my Author whom I left at Chap. 60. Signs of a dry Stomach THe Indications of the Stomach when it is dryer than Naturally it ought to be are If the parâ—â— be very thirsty and is sufficed by a little Drink but burdened if he drink much he spits much and he delights in dry Meats Imagine meats roasted till they are burned burned crusts of Bread and the like Culpeper Things Medicinal for a dry Stomach are Syrup of Violets Violet Leaves and Strawberry Leaves Barberries Lettice Purslane Roses Apples Cherries Strawberries Water-Lillies Orrenges Lemmons Cucumers Prunes Tamarinds with many other things which you may find in my English Physitian Chap. 61. Of a moist Stomach IF the Stomach be moister than it ought to be the man is seldom a thirst yet will the Stomach endure much moisture and takes delight only in moist meats Culpeper Simples Medicinal are Galanga Cinnamon Pomegranate Pills Mastich Wormwood Mints Mother of time Sage Rosemary Flowers Cloves Nutmegs Annis seeds Cardamoms Pepper If the Stomach be too moist be sure that party hath little Appetite to his Victuals in such a case take Cinnamon Galanga Cloves Pomegranate Pills of each a like quantity beat them to Pouder and let the sick take half a dram every morning in any convenient Liquor Chap. 62. Signs of a hot Stomach IF the Stomach be hot it digests faster than the Appetite calls for food nay it usually makes a better shift with Meats hard of digestion than it doth with those that are easie because it is subject to corrupt meats lights of Digestion it rejoyceth in hot Meats and Drinks neither is it hurt by such as are cold if they be moderately taken Culpeper It is to be supposed that Galen speaks here of the Stomach Naturally hot not distempered by heat for then driness must of necessity be joyned with it and indeed the Stomach is the Cook-room of the Body and it cannot well have too great a fire in it unless you â—ire the House or the Chimney I mean cause an Inflamation in the Stomach or the Throat I shall only give this Caution Let such accustom their Bodies to meats hard of digestion as Beef Pork Cheese Herrings Salt-fish c. Chap. 63. Signs of a cold Stomach THe Stomach that is cold by Nature hath a very quick Appetite I suppose because that which causeth the Appetite comes from the Spleen but alas-a-day when it hath satisfied Appetite the digestive faculty is not at home or else 't is so feeble 't is not able to do it's Office and yet their misery is such they usually desire meats not easie to be digested and therefore they are alwaies troubled with sowr belchings they cannot endure cold things should outwardly be applied to their Stomachs neither indeed can such as have hot Stomachs endure hot things should be applied to that Region but those distempers which seize the Stomach by reason of some Disease differ from those that are Natural for the Stomach diseased desires its contrary inwardly viz. if it be hot it desires cold things but when the heat is Natural it desires its like Culpeper A Stomach naturally cold for I told you before that was Galens meaning and I assure you I translated him at first sight I say if the Stomach be naturally cold your best way is to warm it a little you may do it by taking a dram of London Treacle every morning or a little Mithridate or Diagalanga Aromaticum Cariophylatum c. or by eating a little green Ginger As for Simples you may take the Roots of Fennel Calamus Aromaticus Avens Galanga Ginger the Leaves of Wormwood Fennel Mints Sage mother of time Squinanth Cloves Nutmegs Cinnamon Annis Seeds Cardamoms Pepper c. the Leaves of Bawm and Carduus Chap. 64. Of ill Temperatures commixed in the Stomach IF you fear a Commixture of Distemperatures in your Stomach compare them with the Simple tempers and you may easily find out what they be neither would I have you mind the Stomach alone but also other parts of the Body for 't is not the Stomach alone which makes men thirsty but somtimes the Heart or Lungues which by drawing in air that is too hot and retaining it long cause heat in the Breast and such desire drink no less than such whose Stomach is too hot but you may distinguish it thus If the Breast be too hot the thirst is not â—laid by drinking and less quenched by drinking cold drink than by drinking hot also the Breathing in of cold air easeth such whose Breast is hot but doth no good at all to such whose Stomach is hot by these notes then you may distingnish them Chap. 65. Signs of cold Lungs THis is the greatest Indication of the coldness of the Lungs when you feel a manifest pain offence and coldnss at your Breast by drawing in cold air also a warm air is frindly to them and causeth them to cough up their Excrements with more ease Culpeper Things which heat the Lungs are Alicampane Liquoris Juyce of Liquoris Lohoch of Fox Lungs Bettony Hysop Bawm Scabious maiden Hair the Flowers and Conserves of these together with Compositions made of them also Juniper Berries sweet Almonds Hazel Nuts Figs Dates Raisons of the Sun Nettle Seeds c. Chap. 66. Signs of dry Lungs WHen the Lungs are dry they want Excrements to wit Flegm Spittle and as moisture of the Lungs causeth an obscure Voice so driness of the same causeth a cleer voice and when they strain to speak vehemently or acutely then Excrements come from the Nose or Mouth from which soever they come they come from the Lungs Culpeper If you find your Lungs be too dry you may moisten them with Medicines but be sure they be such Medicines as strengthen them also be not too busie fiddle-faddling with your own Bodies 't is an easier matter for you to make your selves sick than well yet I say if you manifestly find your Lungs too dry and find your selves withal prejudiced in health by it thus you may moisten them viz. by taking Lohoch Saâ—um now and then with a Liquoris stick as also Syrup of Violets Poppies and Coltsfoot Simples Medicinal are the Seeds of white Poppies Jujubes Sebestens Strawberry Leaves Violet Leaves and Flowers c. Chap. 67. Of the Voyce YEt would I have you understand that greatness of the Voice comes not altogether from heat neither doth smalness of it in like manner from cold but greatness of the Voyce comes somtimes from the largeness of the Windpipe and smalness of Voice from its straitness therefore if you would judg by the voice you ought withal to regard the natural temper Chap. 68. Of a cleer and
by Feavers and Shiverings by change of colour fainting and pain Chap. 78. Signs of an afflicted Liver INfirmities of the Liver are found out by either defect or superaboundance of Humors when the Humors are turned to places against Nature as the Choller to the Blood in the yellow Jaundice c. by il colour by unnatural digestion by desiring to feed upon things that are not natural food by superfluous Excrements by heaviness and pain and swellings not only at the Region of the Liver but also in other parts of the Body nay somtimes the Liver may be the cause both of difficulty of breathing and coughing Chap. 79. Signs of an afflicted Stomach YOu may rest confident the Stomach is afflictâ—d when people desire food that is either too moist or too dry when it cannot cast up the excrements it ought to do when it is molested by Hiccoughs Belchings strainings to Vomit Vomitings and what humor offends you may know by the colour of what is vomited up Culpeper If you find your Stomach nauseous your best way is to cleer it by a Vomit provided it be not a Woman with child nor subject to the fits of the Mother and afterwards strengthen it as you have been taught before Chap. 80. Signs of an afflicted Breast and Lungs Culpeper IT is my Opinion at present that the Breast is never afflicted but it afflicts the Lungs therefore I put them both together though my Author mentions only the Breast Galen The Infirmities of the Breast are known by difficulty of Breathing by coughing and pains in the Breast and the difference of what is spit out by coughing gives Indication what it is that offends the Breast Also the ilnesses of the Asphera Arteria or Windpipe are known by difficulty of breathing pains in that place offence in the Voyce or difficulty of speaking an according to the same proportion it holds true throughout the Body sure Indications are taken from swelling pain excrements and hurt of the Operation of the ill or afflicted part The Indications of excressences not natural are taken from their hardness softness colour and Inflamations as for example in the small Pox for pain what part of the Body soever it taketh possession of it shews either solution of unity as in Wounds c. or else suddain alteration A solution of Unity as some Authors call it or of continuity as my Author here doth is caused by cutting eating Humors fraction or breaking and stretching The substance of the Body is altered by heat cold driness and moisture The operation of a part is hurt three waies 1. When it performs it painfully 2. When it performs it faultily 3. When it performs it not at all Culpeper Although this be so plain that my Authors meaning may as conspicuously be discerned as the nose in a mans Face yet because some men have as little Brains as other some have Noses I shall explain his last words 1. A mans Arm performs its office painfully when he can scarce lift it up to his Head 2. A mans Arm performs its office faultily when it hath the Palsey 3. A mans Arm performs not its office at all when he hath lost the use of it By instancing in this one particular member you may unless your Brains be in Vtopia find out all the rest Chap. 81. Of the difference of those things that are cast out OF such things as are expelled or cast out some of them are like the parts of the Body that are afflicted others are excrements or at least like excrements for by what is cast out from any part of the Body is Naturally Indications given of the constitution of that part But of this we have spoken more fully in our Treatise of the Members of the Bodie which none before us ever brought into a regular form and indeed though the Ancients made many beginnings yet none drew Physick up into an intire Body before us to that then we refer you Culpeper Galen wrote many great Volumns in Physick 't is confessed but lest I should either put you upon Impossibilities in this particular for want either of Books or learning to use them when you have them or else set you to pick out a grain of Gold from out of a Cart-load of dung I shall explain his meaning in this place 1. He tells you some of the things expelled are like the parts of the Body afflicted as when such as are troubled with the Consumption of the Lungs spit out such filth as resembles the flesh of their Lungues or as it was in the last Epidemical Disease in London when people with their excrements voided things like the skins of their Guts 2. Others he saith are like Excrements as when men from their Lungues spit laudable Flegm or from their Bowels avoid laudable Excrements Chap. 82. Signs of a Sickness to come INdications of a Sickness approaching steer their course in a middle path between those which accompany sound and sick men for in sound men all things are according to Nature but quite and clean against Nature in such as are sick between both these lie the Indications of Neutral Bodies which is our scope at this time Some of the Indications of Neutral Bodies agree with those things according to Nature but differ either in quantity quality or time again other of them are contrary to Nature but less than in such as are sick therefore the dispositions of such people as are falling into a sickness are properly Neutral these are different for 1. Some of them shew health a coming 2. Some shew sickness is neer all shew Neutrality in the present condition for when Indications of health appear to the sick they may be called healthful Signs when Signs of sickness appear to the healthful they may be called unhealthful Signs we thought good to comprehend them both under this word Nâ—utral neither need any Body spend much time in admiration that we devide all Indications into these three Heads Healthful Unhealthful and Neutral if they do but consider that such Signs as we call healthful relate only to People at present in perfect health such as we call Unhealthful relate only to such as are sick without so much as casting an eye to health to come both do it properly without calling help of much reason but rather of sence such as are Neutral Indications are much judged of by reason knowledg and Judgment The difference of Neutral Indications is twofold 1. Such as differ only in quantity quality or time but not at all in species from the things that Physitians call according to Nature as appetite to meat either too much encreased or deminisheâ— or not taken at convenient times or unusual meats or superfluities of meats which are either too few or too many too dry or too hard or either want of superaboundance of moist excrements or excrements that differ in colour consistence or time of excreting from the Ancient Natural custom more or less drink in respect of
Men must use 1. Such meats as are hot moist and easie to digest 2. Such drinks as make the Humors thin and purge the blood by Urine My third Principle consists in Excrements of the Body These consist in Fulness and Emptiness which I shall devide and speak of both apart and therefore 1. Of Fulness in which consider 1. Its Substance 2. Its Kinds 3. Its Differences 4. Its Place 5. Its Cause 6. Its Signs 7. Its Cure 8. Its Accidents First Fulness in Substance is 1. Of Nourishment either profitable or unprofitable 2. Of Spirits either gross or thick or subtil and thin 3. Of Humors either good or bad 4. Of Excrements which are diverse Secondly The kinds of Fulness are either in Quantity or Quality 1. In Quantity in respect of Nourishment or Humors In respect of Humors 1 When all the Humors abound which the Greeks call Plethora the Latins Plenitudo and we properly may call Fulness and this happens either in the Veins or Arteries 2 When only one Humor abounds Puta Choller Flegm Melancholly 2. In respect of Quality when the Humors are hotter colder thicker thinner salter sowrer c. than is fit and this is called Carochymial Thirdly Its Differences are 1. Universal possessing the whol Body 2. Particular possessing only some part thereof Fourthly The place is different according to the matter offending be it Nourishment Spirits Humors or Excrements Fifthly The Cause is either General or Particular 1. General is 1 Meats corrupted in digestion for want of heat when the Stomach is not hot enough to digest the meat 2. Humors being either Plenitude or Cacochymia which what they are you had before 2. The Particular Cause is either of Spirits or Excrements Sixthly The Signs are different answering to the diversity of the Causes Seventhly Cure must be 1. According to the matter offending and place offended 2. The Evacuation of Plenitude is by Bleeding of Cacochymia by Purging Eighthly The Accidents are diverse according to the cause offending and place offended Having now spoken of Fulness what remains but that in sober sadness we speak a word or two of Emptiness in which consider 1. Its Definition 2. Its Kinds 3. Its Differences 4. Its Causes 5. Its Signs 6. Its Cure First The Definition of Emptiness consists 1. In want of Nourishment Spirit or Radical moisture 2. In the deminishing of these either in the General or Particular Secondly Its Kinds are 1. General when the whol Body grows thin weak slender or empty 2. Particular when any part of the Body was served the same Sawce Thirdly Its Differences are 1. Universal in the whol Body 2. Particularly in some part Fourthly Its Causes are 1. By Art as Purging Bleeding Sweating c. 2. By Accident as 1. By Obstruction of the Passages either of Vital heat or the Nutritive Faculty or avoiding of Excrements 2. By a Flux which either washeth away the Natural substance or hinders either Nourishment or Spirits from a particular place in the Body Fifthly The Signs of this is an Atrophia which is nothing else but a wasting or consuming of the whol Body or some particular part Sixthly The Cure is done 1. By removing the Cause 2. By restoring the lost substance My Fourth Principle consists in sleeping and watching which because they are inconsistent together we will treat of them apart in some particulars yet because Nature hath joyned them together so will I do also in others In sleep consider 1. What it is 2. Its Cause 3. Its Time 4. Its Quantity First Sleep is Rest and Quietness of the Body of the Mind and of the Spirits Secondly The Cause of sleep is 1. A sweet Vapor sent unto the Brain 2. The coldness of the Brain turns those Vapos into Humorâ— 1. Stopping the Conduits of the Nerves thereby prohibiting motion 2. Stopping the Sensoria or waies of the Sences thereby prohibiting understanding 3. Prohibiting the Spirits and thereby withstanding instigation to action Thirdly As for the time of sleeping the day-time is disliked and the night accounted only fitting Fourthly The Quantity of sleep is six seven or eight Hours according to the Complexion of the party of which you have plentiful information before The Difference of sleeping and watching are only Moderate and Immoderate I shall joyn them together in the first and see if I have writ enough to separate them in the second Both sleeping and watching moderately used for if you use the one immoderately you must needs do both so 1. Comforts Nature much 2. Refresheth the Memory 3. Cheers the Spirits 4. Quickens the Sences 5. Revives the Animal Vertue 6. Strengthens the Body 7. Helps Digestion 8. Expels Excrements The Vices of them both are far different and although I can close with those that have written Ethicks in this That all Vertues are a Medium between two Vices yet in other of their Tenets I cannot because some of them lead men to Atheism The Immoderate use then of sleeping and watching I shall speak of apart Immoderate watching 1. Makes giddy Brains 2. Fills the Body full of Rhewm 3. Dries the Brain 4. Breeds Aposthumes 5. Troubles the Spirits 6. Causeth Crudities 7. Makes Fools Immoderate sleep 1. Dulls the Sences 2. Causeth superfluous Excrements 3. Makes dull wits especially in old folks and Children 4. Retains the Excrements 5. Overmoistens the Brain 6. Fills the Brain full of Crudities I am now come to my Fifth part which consists in Exercise and Rest and this I shall wholly take apart In Exercise consider 1. What it is 2. Its Difference 3. Its Effects First Exercise is either Of the Body as cleaving of Logs c. Or of the Mind as Study c. Or of both as the Art of Defence c. Secondly The Differences of Exercise are 1. Moderate which is neither too much nor too little 2. Immoderate which is either Vehement or Excessive Thirdly The Effects of Exercise I shall take apart and I do not know but I may lawfully do so seeing neither God nor Nature have joyned them together Moderate Exercise 1. Stirs up Natural Heat 2. Equally distributes the Spirits 3. Opens the Pores 4. Wasts the Excrements of the third digestion 5. Strengthens the Body Sences and Spirits 6. Comforts all the Members 7. Profits Nature much Immoderate Exercise 1. Hurts the Body and all the Parts of it 2. Wasts dries consumes and wearies the Body and Spirits 3. Overthrows Natures Actions Thus having done with Exercise 't is best to write a word of Idleness or Rest. Rest is either Moderate or Immoderate Moderate Rest 1. Comforteth and refresheth Nature 2. Maintains Health in a good Decorum 3. Recruits a tyred Brain 4. Strengthens the Body in General the Sences and Members in Particular Excess in Rest or extream Idleness which you please 1. Dulls the Mind the Sences and Principal Instruments of the Body 2. It causeth Crudities evil Humors evil Excrements cold Sicknesses infinite Infirmities 3. Hastens old Age 4. Causeth Deformity
view of the Eye viz. The Flesh and some of the Muscles for the Vessels which come to these are not a part of the substance but certain rivolets which administer to its wants We come now then to the Indications of this and we shall first of all give you the Indications of a good temper of the Habit of the whol Body which we state as a Basis of the rest that so you may see how much all distempers decline from it All Distempers discolour the Skin one way or other and from thence are Indications taken yet if the Region be never so temperate if the Body be never so well in Health and of never so good a Constitution yet if he expose his â—aked Body to the Sun in the Summer time it will mar all the Indications that can be taken from the colour and therefore you must heed custom as well as colour and therefore Virgins which vail their faces from the Sun preserve their Beauty by it All these words have been about what our intent is to do we now come to the matter it self Chap. 51. Signs of a Moderate Temperature THe Indications of a Moderate Temperature according to the whol Habit of the Body are a mixed colour in the Face of red and white as though the Lilly and the Rose strove for Superiority the Hair yellow and moderately curling the Carnosity or Fleshiness of the Body mean in respect both of quantity and quality all the Parts of the Body keep the Golden Mean and avoid excess on either hand excess to this are grossness thinness fleshiness leanness fatness hardness softness roughness smoothness all these swerve from meanness but a man of a moderate or mean temper is such a one according to the Rule of Polydetus that if you feel his flesh it is neither too hard nor too soft too hot nor too cold If you look upon his Body 't is neither too gross nor too thin too rough nor too smooth neither hath it any excess or defect Culpeper As for the colour of Hair I told you before it is to be considered according to the Country the man lives in for although happily in Greece where Galen lived good constitutions might have yellow Hair yet we find it not so in England but usually brown Chap. 52. Signs of a hot Temper THe Temper of the Body verging from mediocrity to heat and not at all to moisture nor driness the Body feels hot in touching and the more the temper declines from Mediocrity to Heat the hotter it feels also the hotter it is the rougher it is and the more hairy the less fat it hath the redder it looks the Hair curls the more Chap. 53. Signs of a cold Temperature VVAnt of Hair is one Indication of a cold temperature others are fatness and coldness which are obvious to the feeling the colour of the Hair is duskie the colour of the Face is swarthy or of a leaden colour Chap. 54. Signs of a dry Temperature THe drier the Temperature is the slenderer is the man and the more the Flesh recedes from its due temper to driness the harder it is so much then as you find the Flesh harder judg it as much dryer than it ought to be Chap. 55. Signs of a moist Temperature A Moist Temperature causeth a fat moist and soft Body and very smooth Thus much for the Indications of the Temperature offending in the first qualities The mixed follow Culpeper It is the opinion of some and indeed of my self for one that these Qualities seldom or never offend alone therefore I shall refer my judgment to them as they are mixed and first I shall give you my Authors Indications secondly my own Chap. 56. Signs of a hot and dry Temperature IF the Temperature be hot and dry the Body is exceeding rough and hairy hot and hard in touching thin and slender in sight and hath but little fat the colour is black and swarthy and the blacker the more heat abounds as appears in the Indians and AEthiopians Chap. 57. Signs of a hot and moist Temperature A Hot and moist Temper is soft warm and Fleshy and is indeed if it be equally mixed the best temper of all and yet the Body where heat and moisture exceed the due proportion is soon surprized with Diseases of Putrefaction and as readily molested with viciousness of Humors If heat exceed moisture the Body is but little softer than a due Temperature but much hotter they are pretty hairy very Fleshy but not fat and their Hair is usually blackish but if moisture exceed heat they have much Flesh a good colour their Body is smoother and not so hot in feeling By the like Rules in all Compound Temperatures you may know which of the first qualities is most Predominate and how much also it excels Chap. 58. Signs of a cold and moist Temperature IF the Temperature be colder and moister than it ought to be the Body the Head c. excepted is free from Hairs white soft gross and fat If the firsâ— Qualities viz. Coldness and moisture be unequally tempered viz. more cold than moist or more moist thâ—n cold repair to those Chapters which treat of the Temperatures offending in the first Qualities and veâ—â—â—ay find out by them and that with a great deal of ease which Quality offends most Chap. 59. Signs of a cold and dry Temperature IF cold together with driness be equally encreased the Body is hard thin without Hairs If they have any fat 't is dispersed amongst the Flesh both the Hair and colour follow the proportion of the coldness but when in process of time a hot and dry Temperature turns into a cold and dry such are slender hard rough hairy and black and subject to Diseases of Addust Choller if coldness exceed driness or the contrary repair to what you were directed to in the last Chapter In whatsoever we have spoken before or shall speak hereafter take these common Indications 1. If the Member easily wax cold it is a sign of coldness or rariety if it wax not easily cold it is a sign of heat or thickness 2. If a Member be not easily moved and be offended by drying Medicines it is a Sign of driness but if it be offended by moistning Remedies 't is a sign of moistness 3. Alwaies consider the bigness of the Bones for â—â—mtimes a Member may seem slender when 't is not so 〈◊〉 respect of the Muscles but only the Bones are smal â—nd somtimes a Member seems great not because the â—oâ—es are so but by reason of the multitude of Flesh 4. The sollid parts of the Body can by no means be â—ade moister than they should 't is well if you can keep them from overdrying but those parts which are inâ—â—â—cepted between these may possibly be filled with moisture 5. That is the proper nourishment of the Similary â—arts which is done by opposition not by attraction by the Vessels and this shall suffice we pass now to â—hat
quantity hot or cold drink in respect of quality too frequent coming to or too long absenting from the School of Venus sweating motion or the like retention and immoderate flowing of the Menstruis or the Hemorrhoids all these are Neutral Indications of a sickness to come judg the like by an unaccustomed dulness of mind an usual forgetfulness troublesom sleeps deafness of the Ears dulness of the sight the bulk it self of the Body either greater or lesser than usual or whiter redder paler or blacker oftner sneezing belching or breaking wind than usual the excrements of the Brain purged out by the Ears Mouth or Nose altered either in Qantity Quality or Time and to conclude Whatsoever Natural thing else in the Body of man is altered in respect of Quantity Quality or Time 2. The Second kind of Indications consist in such things as are not natural to the Body and yet they are not so violent neither to cause a Disease such are Gnawings at the Stomach or Guts pain Vomiting Headach Heaviness of the Head overmuch sleeping or watching these shew the disposition to be either sick or Neutral judg the like when the Sences are burdened with any thing against Nature so long as they are not immoderately burdened neither hinder a man from his usual Imployments they are but Neutral signs of a Disease for instance when whatsoever is tasted tasts salt or bitter though it be nothing less when things smell stinking to the Nose though in themselves they have no such smel in them noise in their Ears black blew or red things appearing before the Eyes when there is no such thing present numbness or soreness in feeling stretching compression gnaving or heaviness of Body all these shew a Neutral disposition at present and a Sickness to come Chap. 83. Signs of a Sick Body VVE are now come to the Indications of a Sickness present whereof some prognosticate health others death the first of these may be called healthful the other unhealthful in the Genus dangerous in the Species these are taken from the strength and weakness of the operations in General if you take them in a General way from the operations of some speceal part if you take them in a special way These may partly be known by the Members of the Body afflicted taken 1. Per se 2. Per accidens As by excrements because in them appears signs either of concoction or crudity and therefore they must needs shew that Nature overcomes the offending matter or the offending matter Nature or at least that they equally contend for Dignities If Nature overcome the offending matter the Indication is Healthful the Game goes as it should do but if the offending matter grow too strong for Nature the sign is Unhealthful but if they contend in strength and you cannot tell which way the Scales will turn that 's a Neutral Sign Again Such as shew manifest concoction are Healthful Signs such as shew crudity are Unhealthful such as shew neither are Neutral There is besides these another kind of Neutral Signs that is when somtimes in the same party and same Disease the Signs give Indication of one thing one while and a while after of its contrary and these are called critical or decretory accidents of which we have spoken in our Treatise of the crisis of Diseases Chap. 84. Of Causes Healthful Vnhealthful and Neutral SEing therefore that of Causes some are Healthful some Unhealthful and others Neutral we shall speak first of all Healthful Causes and of these 1. Some are such as preserve Health 2. Others such as restore Health being lost Of these the dignity belongs to the former they deserve to carry the Bell away and therefore we shall begin with them and in so doing we must begin with a Body of an excellent Constitution and shew the means to maintain it in such a plight for if God had determined man of an unalterable Body this Constitution must needs so have continued still and never needed any art to help Nature but because the Body of man is alwaies subject to alteration corruption and change therefore it stands in continual need of help Chap. 85. How many waies our Bodies may be altered AS many waies as our Bodies may be altered so so many remedies are required to help and so many Conservatives to preserve but because all correctives work by degrees and all infirmities hast on Physitians usually call those Conservatives which by strengthning Nature preserve health in vigor Our bodies are altered by some things necessarily by other some not necessarily I say it is altered by some necessarily because they cannot be avoided as the Air we must needs receive some of it in by eating and drinking by sleeping and waking but to run amongst the wild Beasts or against the Swords is not of necessity therefore about the first of these this Conservative art is requisite not about the second to such things then as must of necessity alter the Body now turn we and they are these 1. Air 2. Motion and rest both of the whol Body and of every part thereof 3. Sleeping and watching 4. Meat and Drink 5. Excrements of the Body 6. Affections of the Soul 1. The Air alters the Body as it cools heats moistens or dries or according as these qualities are joyned together or the whol substance of the Air altered 2. Motion and rest offend on both hands when they excâ—ed a measure also by drying moistning heating or cooling or by joyning any of these together 3. Sleeping and watching hurt by the same means 6. Affections of the Soul hurt by the same means But as for eating and drinking and expelling Eccrements the immoderate use of them hurts both by themselves and by other means or causes but of all these we have written in another Treatise All these well used are preservers of health but ill used are destroyers of it for when the Body desires motion exercise is healthful but when it needs you may take the word desires before under that notion needs if you please for many men and women desire many times things which are not needful for them and I had translated it so before had I thought of it I say when the Body needs rest idleness is better than Exercise for that helps Nature when the other weakens it The like you may say of meat and drink and all the rest being given in due measure and quality when the Body needs them they are healthful but necessity measure and quality erring they assalt Nature to thrust her out of her House of Clay or slime which you will If you please you may ad Time as a Companion to all these for none but a Blockhead will doubt but if both quantity and quality of such things as Nature needs be administred at an unfitting time the occasion of time may be the occasion of illness to the Body for seeing the Body of man is very subject to change therefore somtimes it needs one
somtimes another help Therefore seeing in these very intentions some causes are Healthful we will make some repetition of what belongs to our purpose when the Air is temperate to a Body of the best Constitution a moderate quantity both of meat and drink sleeping and watch motion and rest c. is convenient but when the Air is distemper'd you must vary the rest accordingly that so the Body may neither shake for cold nor sweat for heat as for motion when your body begins to be weary leave off exercise the quantity of food is known by the perfectness of digestion and the excrements avoided ought to be according to the quantity of the food taken in for a good Nature appetites no more than it concocts and the contrary shews a failing in Nature also Nature when it is strong is able to set bounds to sleep and when the Body needs no more the man wakes there is no failing in the Excrements of Urine Dung c. and if you consider this but well you may easily see such a man is not easily moved by affections of the mind viz. Anger sadness fury fear envy c. for these alter the Body from its natural state Culpeper Although what Galen here saith be plain and as true as plain yet for the Benefit of yong Students I shall explain him a little in his six things not Natural for indeed the right course of preserving health consists principally in the right use of these They are as we told you 1. Air 2. Meat and Drink 3. Sleeping and Watching 4. Excrements of the Body 5. Exercise and Rest. 6. Affections of the Mind Of all these in Order and that so plain that a Child may understand it that can but reade his Pater-noster The first part consists in Air in which consider 1. Its Temperature 2. Its Difference 3. Its Quality 4. Its Scituation 5. How it alters our Bodies 6. Its Utility or Profit First Air for its Temperature 1. Considered in it self is cold and moist but not so moist as cold for it produceth the coldest effects to mortals viz. Snow and Ice and is indeed the coldest Element 2. Considered by accident as it participates of the reflective Beams of the Sun it is hot and moist and at some times far hotter and far moister than at other some and so we are here to consider it Secondly The Differences of Air are two 1. Good and Temperate 2. Evil and Intemperate Thirdly The Quality of the Air is altered two waies and it must then you will confess alter the Body as many 1. By the Region as it is well or evil tempered and that 's the reason Agues are so rife in Fenny Countries 2. By the wind and so 1. The East Wind is hot and dry attractive blasting 2. West Wind cold and moist expulsive 3. South Wind hot and moist putrefactive 4. The North Wind cold and dry retentive Fourthly Scituation of the place alters the Air For 1. Stony ground is cold and dry 2. Sandy ground hot and dry 3. Fenny ground cold and moist 4. Woody and fat Land hot and moist Fifthly The Body of man may be altered by the Air three waies 1. By the Quality of the Air which alters the Body in respect of Region Wind and Scituation of place 2. By the substance of the Air which 1. Being gross thick or cloudy makes fat Bodies and dull Wits 2. Being pure and cleer makes nimble Bodies and quick Wits 3. By snddain change of Air for when sickly people go out of a bad Air into a good they find themselves the worse for the present because Nature abhors all suddain changes Sixthly The profit and operations of the Air upon the Body of man are these 1. It helps to engender both Vital and Animal Spirit 2. It cools the Heart by Inspiration 3. It is the Author of Life Diseases and Death to mortal men and women Meat and Drink was noted to be the second part to be handled in which consider 1. Their Quantity 2. Their Quality 3. Custom 4. Order 5. Time 6. Age First The Quantity of Food must be considered 1. According to the substance of the meat whether hard or easie of Digestion 2. According to the Quality of the Food whether hot cold dry or moist in temper and in each whether they be moderate or immoderate 3. According to the Complexion of the Eater of which we shewed you plentifully before Secondly The Quality of the Food is to be considered 1. As it is good or evil 2. As it is hot cold dry or moist in Operation and in all these whether it be temperately meanly or extreamly so 3. As they nourish much or little 4. As they make Juyce thick or thin watry or gross mean or temperate Thirdly As for Custom in eating and drinking 1. It must be well regarded 2. It is like another Nature 3. It makes bad meats to some better than good meats 4. Such meats as please the Pallats of the Eaters best are usually soonest digested but not alwaies 5. If Custom be bad and must be best do it 1. By degrees 2. In time of health if possible Fourthly In treating of the order of eating and drinking I shall take them apart and so speak of them severally For Meat 1. If the Body be bound eat first such Meats as mollifie if loose such as are astringent 2. Slippery meats eaten first are subject to draw down others indigested 3. Restrictive meats eaten first are subject to hinder such from digestion as are eaten afterwards and thereby cause them to putrefie in the Stomach 4. If you consider the two former Aphorisms you may easily find the reason of the first For Drink 1. Accustom your Body to drink as little as may be between Meals 2. Drink not at all at meals before you have eaten somthing 3. Drink the smallest Beer first and the strongest afterwards and this though it be contrary to the Opinion of all Galenists yet it is synonimous so the truth it self and therefore a Cup of Wine drunk after Meals is wholsom for Ancient People and such as are in a Consumption 4. Drink often at Meals whether you be a thirst or not for that 1. helps digestion 2. mingles the meat in the Stomach 3. helps it to pass its Chyle Fifthly Time of eating regard 1. The Time of the yeer for Winter requires more Meat though less Drink than Summer because the Stomach is then hottest 2. Time of the day and as neer as you can keep the same time of eating Sixthly As for Age 1. Children should 1. Eat meats moderately hot and moist because their Natural temper is so let our Physitians in their Rachites prate their pleasure 2. Let them eat often 3. Let them drink no Wine 2. Yong Men 1. May eat cool Herbs 2. Must eat meats colder moister and of grosser substance 3. Drink but little Wine 4. Use all things in respect of Diet according to Complexion Exercise and Custom 3. Old