Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	disease_n	nature_n	2,926	5	5.6433	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
B06150	Tarrugo unmasked, or an Answer to a late pamphlet intituled, Apollo mathematicus by George Hepburn, M.D., and member of the Colledge of Phisicians at Edinburgh ... To which is added by Doctor Pitcairne, The theory of the internal diseases of the eye demonstrated mathematically.	Hepburn, George.; Pitcairn, Archibald, 1652-1713. Theoria morborum oculi succincte demonstrate.	1695 (1695)	Wing T169; ESTC R219128	34,296	74

foundation for that they assert as the Doctor proves in the II page of his Oration what help can such precarious causes bring to a physician It is the principle of a great Sect in philosophy That all things are made up of a Meteria a forma Substantialis from which issued forth the four first qualities Heat Cold Moist and dry The Physicians generally em brac'd this opinion because it was almost conform to Hippocrat's who taught that all consisted of the four Elements whose natures were Hot. Cold Moist and Dry. Now these Philosophical Physicians without any sincere and exact observations laid it down as a Maxime that Opium is Cold and this according to them was the nature of Opium and the physical cause of all its Actions and effects on our Bodies For by telling it was Cold they by their principles pretended to have told its nature This being believed they were sure ro use Opium only in Hot Diseases for they as rashly determin'd about the nature of Diseases and distinguish'd them into Hot Cold c. and becauss a Feaver a Phrenzy c. were reckoned Hot therefore in these Opium was used to very bad purpose And because some Tumors were by them reckon'd Cold therefore the Cicuta which they reckon'd Cold without sincere and exact observation too was condemned as to its external use in such Tumors tho it be singularly useful in healing them This is all the advantagee Medicine has from investigating and determining the physical causes embracing a phylosophical Sect and neglecting to intimat the Astronomers Because Hippocrat had without any ground or Knowledge of Anatomy taught that our Life consisted in a calidum in natum and that this was our nature and the physical cause of all our acrions and had observed that a certain quantity of Opium had kill'd any Animal he and his followers inferr'd that the nature of Opium consisted in Cold And is it not fit to warn physicians of the insufficiency and hurtfulness of such a method For tho the humor of building Medicine on the Hypothesis of Hot and Cold c. be not every where predominant amongst the physicians as it was some years agoe yet the inclination disposition to build on the uncertain and precarious principles of a sect instead of making exact observations is predominant So that those who reject Aristotles philosophy as useless hurtful to Medicine admit Hippocrat's or Des. Carter's that is equally prejudical and uncertain Now that the Doctor is not the only person of this opinion is apparent from Mr. Newton's preface to his Book entitled The Mathematical principles of Natural philosophy where he has these words Multa me movent ut nonnihil suspi cer omnia naturae phaenomena ex viribus quibusdam pen dere quibus corporum particuloe per causas nondum cogni tas vel in se mutuo impelluntur secundum figuras regu lares cohaerent vel ab in invicem fugantur recedunt quibus viribus ignotis Philosophi hactenus naturam frustra tentarunt You see Mr. Newton thinks that physical causes are yet unknown and are like to remain unknown till wee use a Mathematical method for finding them This is evident from what he say in the end of the 11 Section lib 1. Princip In Mathesi investigandoe sunt virium quantitates rationes illae quae ex conditionthus quibuscunque positis consequentur deinde uhi in physicam descenditur confer endie sunt hae rationes cum phaenomenis ut innotescat quaenam virium conditiones singulis corporum generibus competant Et tuns demum de virium speciebus causis rationibus physicis tutius disputare licebit The Dr then had reason and authority for him when he advised the Phisicians in their reasonings to abstain from the Sectarian Philosophy and lay aside the Investigation of Physical Causes after the mannet hitherto used by the Sects Since these are altogethet unknown and are not to be fond till we first find out the virium rationes et quantitates which if we could find and wee can only find them by the help of Mathamaticks we should have Medicine made perfect before any Physical cause were known That which makes this Scribles so much concern'd for Physical Causes is because he has learn'd a little of Aristotles Philosophey which is no thing but a Metaphyfical discourse that is a quibling and speaking nonsense about physical Causes and this he would have pass for good reasoning in Medicine The difference then betwixt the Doctor and him is this The Dr when he applied himself to Medecine perceived that many things in it were handled a very unsatisfactory Method and therefore-resolved to try a method that he had learn'd in reading Mathamatical Writers this he found successul and coming to read Borelli and Bellini he found they had used that same method in medicinal affairs but with agreat deal of more success in as much as they are fat greater Mathamaticians than he is This our Scribler Tarrugo perceiving resolved that he also would make a Noise amongst the learn'd tho it were no better nor more melodious than that of a Culross gridiron or girdle amongst fine Violins He had no Mathematicks to carry him through but he had learn'd Logicks and Metaphysicks had a Natural stock of impudence and an acquir'd one of Stage Buffoonry as his Book shows and thus accontred he resolves to burlesque and rail at any thing he understood not and throw scraps of Logicks and Metaphysic's before his Reader which beingrealand downright Nonsense are harder to be understood than the Mathematicks and so Tarrugo must appear the profoundest Schollar of the two Thus you see every man for improving his Art brings the Talents he is endowed with And if by so doing he has any hopes of bringing himself into Reputation he 'll hide none of his qualities For the Dr has vented his Mathematicks and has inculcated the necessity of them in a professor of Medecine very often well knowing he had some knowledge of them Tarrugo on the other hand being no less greedy of reputation and imployment but ignorant of Mathamaticks pretends there is no use of that science in Medicine and in a Book of 12 sheets proves that Metaphysical Nonsense Impudence Lying and Calumniating Nestie and Scurrilous Ribaldry can doe as well Forby these Arts he has seen a Physician brough to Reputation 'T is true some Mathematical blades will not esteem him but these are Few But yee 'l ask me perhaps if any man be so mad as to think Medicine will be better'd by lying and Buffoonry for that is the question and improv'd more that way than by just and Mathematically exact reasoning Yes Tarrugo thinks it for he having seen some persons by such artifices brought to some reputation did by a very Metaphysical inference conclude that the method which betters and is advantagious to the Artist is also advantagious to the Art Here is the depth of Logicks and Metaphisicks and

from observation or from observation so ill circumstanciated that they oftner fail than hold true and are pernicious as oft as the patient is traited by one who thinks that Hippocrat's aphorisms are conclusions draw'n from a long tract of observations Now Sir there is one thing to be yet remarked Some Astronomers before they had made a sufficient number of exact observations have attempted to make a Systeme as they called it and to draw too large consequences and such as required more observations These ert'd by quitting the method and way they were in Others after there had been made a sufficient number of observations for want of Geometry that is Reason sufficient and judgement how to use and compare the observations have ert'd and draw'n wrong consequences These errings do not make the right way wrong For we see that Mr. Newton has perfited the Systeme by bringing sufficient strength of Geometry or right reason to be applyed to the sufficient observations whereof the most considerable was made by the Kepler It the Physicians would make a number of observations as sufficient and exact in their Trade as the Astronomers have done in theirs we should be able to promise as much in the events of Diseases as they can do in the events of the motions of the Planets Till such observations and so many on each Disease and Cure be made the Doctor in his Oration desires the Physicians to refrain from making Systemes or drawing consequences that is from making Aphorisms Likewise if it shall be found that a sufficient number of exact observations is made in any Disease yet the Doctor had cause to advise that Physician to abstain from building a Systeme on them or drawing consequences conclusions from them who had not enough of Judgement and Art to compare them aright And because this Art is not acquir'd but by use for it is more likely that a Man shall judge aright in an affair who has been us'd to weigh circumstances and consider things calmely and look well on every side than another of no greater Spirit who never apply'd him self to be serious in any thing Therefore the Doctor recommended the study of Geometry and Mathematicks to Physicians that they may learn to reason justly and compare things observed in Physick as exactly as far at least as the nature of the observations can admit as they had been us'd to do in Mathematicks And therefore this Pamphleteer ought not to meddle with drawing conclusions in Medicine since he is one of those see page 22. To whom the Mathematicks have never done good And the Doctor was the more pressing to this Because all the actions of our Body and the Bodies that act upon ours as Medicaments c. are the motions of some fluid or solid things and that these all observe the Laws of motion treated of and demonstrated in the Mechanicks And for this reason did the Doctor recommend the study of Mathematicks to his Hearers Now how bravely is all this refuted by our Pamphleteers saying That all wise men know that Medicine is of a quite other nature than Astronomy What if it be Are we therefore not to be exact in our observations or are we not to follow a Medicine built on observations because the Astronomers build on them But sayes our Pamphleteer the observations made by Physicians in sundry places agree and those made by Physicians in sundry places as France AEgypt Rome doe not agree and therefor different methods must be used in different places and the the whole Art of Physick must still be conjectural in respect of Astronomy page 46. and 47. Here is a new confirmation of the necessity of imitating the Astronomers in the exact way of making Observations Hippocrate Gallen and many others in different Countreys have made different observations concerning the same thing because they did not consider what influence the Climate and Dyet had upon the observations which if they had considered the observations in sundry places made upon the same things had been found to be the same But the Astronomers tho in making their observations in different places they often found the same Star at the same time not in appearance in the same place yet they wisely considered the different degree of Refraction that is in different places the different altititude c. And this being accounted for they found their observations agreeing because they made them with more exactness than these made with which our Pamphleteer would have us to embrace And it seems to me that all the cause of this outcry against the Doctor is this That the Pamphleteer being very desirous to be esteem'd a learn'd Physician he finds himself not qualified enough to make exact observations and thefore he 'l set up with Hippocrat's and cry down all better ones or any design of making better ones and then he knows he cannot be far outdone if we 'll follow his Example But the Doctor designing to put Men in a way of bringing Medicine to a greater perfeceion a design not very criminal advised to make more and more perfect observations And that the Hearers might understand what exactness and perfection in these is required he desired them to take model of that from the Astronomers This was precife and so not very lyable to be mis-understood But our Pamphleteer wonders page 48. That Physicians should be desir'd to imitate the Astronomer who are divided into Sects For my part I know no Sect among them If any of them too rashly built a Systeme on observations exact indeed but not numerous enough as they could not be numerous enough before the use of Telescopes by which many things are observed that were not observed at all by the Ancients what is that to us who have ways of making more observations and who see Astronomy founded now upon exact and sufficiently numerous observation without any dissention Because some Men went out of the right way and others who went not out of it have succeeded to admiration must we therefore defert the right way And yet this is our Pamphleteers way of reasoning If any of the Astronomets of late went wrong it was not in making wrong observations but in trusting to Aphorisms set sorth by a Pope and Cardinals as our Pamphleteer trusts to Hippacrats that is in taking them for conclusions draw'n from a long tract of observations for infallibility isequivalent to all this The Doctor thought fit to desire Physicians to imitat the Astronomers in building their Art and Theory upon observations because the greater part had built upon the principles of the Sects that set up for Philosophy and these principles being more uncertain than observations it was no wonder if their Medicine was very uncertain And for this the Doctor desir'd Physicians to abstain from the Investigation of Physical causes that is the absolute and intimat nature of things For since these Causes are assigned different by the different Sects and and none them has any