Clay c. which divide the several Strata we presently raise their Feeders And if any who being prompt'd either to gratifie his Natural Curiosity or gain some considerable Advantage to himself would raise a new River upon dry Ground let him go to the Foot of some Hill or Rising Ground and begin a Level-Drift which by cross-cutting of the several Strata of that Rising Earth he will Tap and fet at Liberty all the Feeders and if he drive on till he shall cross-cut with the Drift one Branch of those greater Dikes he will Raise a considerable River which may turn to his great Advantage CHAP. XVII Of those Preternatural Accidents that Disturb and Interrupt the Course of Nature in this Material World c. HAving in the former Chapters given an Account of the Originals Causes Consistences and Natural Uses of the several Parts of this Natural Globe as well Fix'd as Fluid It will not be improper to subjoin an Account of such Preternatural Accidents as sometimes have disturb'd and may for the future interrupt the regular Course of Nature and at the last so far destroy the Frame and Fabrick of this Material Part of it as to render it uncapable of being an Habitable World And these are Earthquakes Hurricanes Volcano's violent Eruptions of the Subterranean Waters as at Noah's Flood Stagnations of the Subterranean Air causing the Springs and Mineral Feeders to sink down into the Interior â—arts of the Earth Interruption of the Circulation of Vapours and Rains upon the Earth as in the days of Elisha the Prophet violent and Preternatural Thunders such as destroy'd Sodom and Gomorrah These and the like are the Accidental Distempers that have happen'd in the Body of the Earth and they seem Analagous to those Fevers Agues Convulsions c. which interrupt the Healthful Constitutions of our own Bodies and are sometimes destructive of 'em And as all the Diseases and Distempers our Bodies are subject to have their Original from Accidental Heats or Colds which either Sublimates and Exalts our Animal Spirits into a Feverish degree of Volatility or by Cold and Aguish Damps depresseth them into a degree of Stagnation So all those Accidental and Preternatural Disturbances that happen in the Course of Nature have their original Cause from the several Kinds and Natures of Damps which are Either Central Subterrene or Aerial And are of Quality Either Hot Cold Sweet or Foul. CHAP. XVIII Of the Central Damps Their Causes Natures and Dreadful Effects upon this Globe THE Subterranean Vault being filled with a confus'd Mass of undigested Matter Consisting of Sublimat'd Sulphur Bitumen and Nitre whenever it happens that there ariseth a War between these angry Volatiles and their Fluid Neighbours viz. the Subterranean Water and Air which Circulates through those greater Veins that environ this large Vault and do not only Feed and Nourish that Infernal Smother but keep and confine it within its own Boundaries that it break not forth in violent Eruptions upon the fixt Body of the Earth As soon as this Intestine War commenceth these Active Volatiles of Sublimated Sulphur Bitumen and Nitre collect and aggregate into great Bodies And when these discharge in the Central part of the Vault the Nitre which is the principal Cause of the grand Effort or Flatus dilates and expands its self on all sides upwards and downwards Indifferently And this violent Effort or Flatus causeth an universal Concussion of the whole Globe When the Damp gathers towards the Circumference of the Vault and there dischargeth it self the grand Flatus hath its Tendency upwards and sometimes causeth a Concussion of one half of the Globe without any Eruption of Fire When the Damp Fires upon some Class of the Superincumbent Strata it either splits them making Cracks and Chasms in the Exterior parts of the Earth for some Miles in length which at the instant of the Shock openeth and in the Interval between the Shocks closeth again Of this Kind was that â—rack or Chasm which open'd and â—â—allow'd up the Tents of Korah Dathan and Abiram and no doubt but the Shock struck a Terror into the whole Camp Or if the grand Flatus be very Strong and Vehement it either elevates the whole Class above the Superficies of the Earth forming a new Mountain or else it sinks down into the Vault and the vacant place is immediately fill'd with Water not from Dr. Woodward's Abyss but from the Veins of the Earth which break into it When the Damp fires near or upon some of the great Joints or Clifts of the Earth the Flatus pursues all the Windings and Turnings of these Joints and Clifts until it break forth in Dreadful Hurricanes either under the Sea occasioning most Horrible Disorders and Perturbations raising its Surface into Prodigious Waves Tossing and Rowling them about in most strange Whirlpools Overturning and Swallowing up Ships in an instant And upon the dry Land Overturning Cities Towns Blowing up Mountains c. Tho' these Effects of the Subterranean Nitre when Rarified and Dilated by the Central Flame be very Dreadful yet if these Fissures and Spiracles through which they get a Vent and break out upon the Earth had been Perpendicular as Dr. Woodward Conceits they wou'd have Destroy'd the whole Surface of it For then every one of these lesser Damps or Squibs which daily take Fire in the Subterranean Vault wou'd have broken out upon us And the greater Damps being Fired wou'd have Blown up not only the Inhabitants of the Earth but their Houses with its Superficies into the Air for the deeper the Fissure or Spiracle is if it be Perpendicular in a streight Line the more Strength and Impetuosity it gives to the Flatus as we observe in Guns and Fuzees Again The very Sulphurous Exhalations which wou'd have ascended through these Perpendicular Fissures without interruption wou'd with their Noisome Smell have Sufâ—ocated and Stifled those Animals that Live by Respiration and wou'd have afforded Matter for continual Thunder in the Air. It was then most agreeable with the State of this Habitable Globe that these Fissures or Joints of the Earth shou'd have their Position from the Surface to the Câ—nter in crooked Lines with various windings and turnings openings and closings not only for securing us from those dangerous Effects of the Central and Terrene Damps but also for the better and more commodious Communication of the Subterranean Waters through the Flat Strata of Matter And Lastly That the Subterranean Waters by following of the windings and â—urnings of these greater Fissures might have a longer Journey to the Sea and thereby supply the Inhabitants of the Earth with sweet Waters at a more Commodious and Convenient Distance These Phenomena of Central Damps and that they are the only cause of all those Universal Earth-quakes that have happen'd in this Natural World being wholly new and the World not yet accquainted with them may at first sight seem only the
before the Deluge was not smooth even and uniform but unequal and distinguish'd with Mountains Valleys as also with Seas Lakes and Rivers CHAP. X. Of the constituent parts of the Earth And first of the Volatile part of it or the Central Fire its natural Uses THE Constituent parts of this Terraqueous Globe are reducible to three different Classes of Matter viz. Volatile Fix'd and Fluid and these bear equal proportion one to another and in the Structure of the Earth do occupy the same proportion of place The Volatile Matter consisting of sublimated Sulphur Nitre and Bitumen keeps possession of the Central part and as all Matter of the same kind and affinity which having an appetite to Union naturally affects a round and globular Figure so the Central Fire may be suppos'd to be of the same Form That Figure wherein the Excentral Fire appears is only accidental occasion'd by the compressures of the circumambient Air. That vast subterranean Vault wherein this volatile Globe of Central Fire is contain'd which the Miners call thâ— Belly of the Earth may be suppos'd to be either of a round or circular or of an aequilateral multangular Figure occasion'd by the solid Strata of Stones spreading and vaulting themselves about it The natural Uses of this Central Fire seem to be Analogous to that vital Flame which is seated in the Heâ—rt or Center of all Animals for as that by its Vital heat â—nlivens the whole Body so this Central â—ire by that Vital warmth it disseminates through the whole mass of Matter enlivens it and gives as well to the several Strata of Stones Metals Minerals and other subterranean Earths their degrees of Consolidation as to the several kinds of Ores their different degrees of Purity and Perfection As the Vital Flame does not only cause the Ebullition and Pulsisick Faculty in the Exterior paâ—ts of the Body but also the Circulation of the whole Mass of Blood through all the greater and lesser Veins of it so the Central Fire is as well the cause of the Ebullition of Springs Thermae and Mineral Feeders which break out upon the tops of Mountains and the exterior parts of the Earth as of the constant Circulation of the whole Mass of Subterranean Water through those Dykes Rakes and Fissures which from the Mountains do divide and spread themselves through the whole Body of the Earth and are the greater and lesser Veins of it Again as the Vital Flame gives the tincture and colour to the Blood Flesh and all the Heterogeneous parts of the Body so the Central Fire by the different degrees of concoction and boyling up of Matter gave to the several kinds of it their different Tinctures and Colours this might be illustrated by several Analogous Experiments and Observations as in the boiling of Quincâ—s and other Fruits so likewise in Bâ—king of Bread c. The Central Fire by running a perpetual Round within the Boundaries of its own Infernal Vault carries the Shell of the Earth about with it and is the cause of its Diurnal Motion Lastly It is the Earth's Aequilibrium that keeps it fix'd upon its Center CHAP. XI Of the fixt part of the Earth And first of the Inequalities of its Surface their Natural Causes and Uses THE fixt part of this Terraqueous Globe which we call the Earth may be describ'd either as to its Exterior parts or Interior consistences of it The Exterior parts consist of Mountains Heaths Dales Plains Valleys with the Channel of the Sea The Interior consistences of it are the Strata or Beds of Stones Metals Mines Minerals and Subterranean Earths all lying upon Flats with a Dibb and Rise Or they are Dikes Rakes Riders Veins and Strings either cross-cutting and dividing the several kinds of Stones Metals Mines Minerals c. of a different kind or cross-cutting and dividing those of the same Species as all Metallick Rakes c. Of the Inequalities of the Earths Surface THese Irregularities and Inequalities upon the Superficies of the Earth are occasion'd by the Elevations and Depressions of the solid Strata and these are cau'd either by the greater Dikes which divide one Species of Stones c. from those of a different kind and these greater Dikes make Channels and Water-courses for the greater Rivers which following their windings and turnings till they empty themselves into the Sea cause all those pleasant Dales which at last when the Mountains wear out dilate themselves into spacious Plains and Valleys The lesser Dikes and Joynts which divide the Stones c. of the same kind by throwing them up and down cause all those lesser Hills which as well delight the Eye with a grateful variety of Objects as refrigerate and cherish the whole Body with a more cool clear and wholsome Air. There is not any thing in this Natural World that contributes more towards the making of it Habitable then these inaequalities upon its Surface For First they occasion all these different Kinds and Natures of Soil which produce the several Species of Vegetables suitable to the several Natures of those Animals that feed upon them The Earth's Surface being God's Storehouse wherein is provided Food and Nourishment agreeable to the Nature of every Animal and every living Creature by a Natural Instinct knows its proper Food and Nourishment and when and where to find it They occasion all those different qualities of the Air as Warm Cold Thick Thin Moist and Dry for as God has provided Food suitable to the several Natures to feed on so He has provided Air suitable to their Natures to Breath in Those Inequalities upon the Earth occasion all those Springs Mineral Feeders and Medicinal Waters which break out in Rapid Streams from the Tops of Mountains and the Skirts of lesser Hills so that as God has provided convenient Food for every Animal to feed upon and agreeable Air to breath in He has likewise by causing of Springs to break forth and bubble up at the Foot almost of every Hill provided convenient Water for every Animal to quench its Thirst with Whereas if the Earth had been of an Even and Spherical Supersicies cover'd with one solid Strata or incrusted Cover of Earth I doubt we should have been forc'd to have Digg'd as deep as Dr. Burnet and Dr. Woodward's Abyss before we shoâ—'d have met with Water sufficient to have quench'd our Thirst and it s also doubtful that when we had found it it wou'd not have been Sweet and Wholsome These Inequalities also cause the sâ—veral Strata of Stones Mines and Oâ—es c. having a Natural Rise to brâ—ak â—oâ—th at Day so that the Ingeâ—â—ouâ—â—â—d Industrious Miner may meet with not only Stone for Building of Houses Coals for his Fires but the several Kinds of Ore to enrich his Coffers with These Inequalities also produce all those Pleasant and most Profitable Copises and Thickets of all Kinds of Trees which delight most to grow
strikes down these fiery Globuli with greater force upon the Earth and Waters and consequently they rise higher and èlevate the Vapours with them So that the Atmosphere is higher or lower in several parts of the Earth as the Sun riseth higher or lower in the Meridian and its Beams are darted down in a more direct or oblique Line And as the lowness of our Northern Atmosphere causeth the Sterility and Barrenness of the Northern Mountains so the height of the Southern Atmosphere causeth those Mountains in the Aequinoctial and Southern Regions to be more Fertile and Productive CHAP. II. Of the â—fficient Causes of all Metors and first of Heat BY Heat is not to be understood the Element of Fire which Aristotle and his Followers conceited to be under the Concave of the Moon there being no such Element there but by Heat is meant that Internal Heat and Fermentation which is in the Body of the Earth and that Natural Fire which is originally and essentially in the Body of the Sun the Vehicle of External Heat which Streams out from every part of that Fiery Globe giving Heat Light and enlivening Vegetations to the whole Material World being within the Compass of its Fiery and Luminous Atmosphere These Streams of Heat and Light which is only the shadow of Heat being Darted through the Regions of the Air in Strait Lines and single Rayes are not perceivably Hot or Cold no more than the Light of a Candle without the Sphere of its Heat but being doubled by multiplyed Reflections and Reboundings from the solid Surface of the Earth does increase its Heat as the Reflections are multiplyed and rebounded which makes it hotter against a Wall than upon the plane Ground and in the Vallies than upon the Mountains We must therefore distinguish between those single Rayes of Heat which dart through the Air in instants which are neither perceivably hot or cold and the Heat upon the Superficies of the Earth which being contracted by an Artificial Glass is Râ—al Fire The Essential Qualities of Heat are Calefaction Elevation Rarefaction Liquefaction and Consolidation as it meets with Matter Predisposed to receive its Effects CHAP. III. Of Cold the other efficient Cause of Meteors BY Cold is not meant a bare privation of Heat as former Philosophers did conceit but a real Body of a Subtile Sublimated and Homogenous Nature and of a cold and frigid Quality It s proper place of Existence is between this Earths Atmosphere and the Atmosphere of the Moon which is our next Neighbouring Globe and by the rising and falling of this main Body of Cold are caused the several Changes and Alterations of the Weather with us The Cause of its Rising and Falling is the pressures of these two Atmospheres between which it is plac'd When the waterish Atmosphere of the Moon presseth it down it causeth Storms and Tempests here upon this Globe And when it Rises it causes the same in the Moon The Rising and Falling of this Main Body of Cold is sometimes also occasion'd by its Dilating and Contracting of it self Now as the Suns Beams are hotter in their Reflections upon the Earth than in the Sun it self so these Cold Rays which are darted from this Main Body of Cold being increas'd and multiply'd by Reflection from the Mountains and Rivers are much colder than the Main Body of Cold in its own Sphere These Reflected Globuli of Cold may be term'd the Lower or Ground-cold because in Summer it penetrates the Earth and in Winter it seldom rises higher than the Tops of the highest Mountains unless when it joins with the Main Body and then it causeth great Storms of Frost and Snow c. This Lower or Ground-cold is commonly the Rear-guard and Van-guard of the Sun always going before and following it and it s most perceivable in the Evening and Morning Twilights especially by Birds and Aerial Animals whose Bodies do so sympathize with the Air that they can more quickly perceive the Change of Weather especially the rising of a Storm or Rain or Snow than any of the Terrene Animals and this they commonly discover by their Flying high or low or Flocking together or sometimes by different Notes or Voices This occasion'd the Ancient Augurs to conceit them prophets c. The Essential Qualities and Effects of Cold in general are Frigefaction Congelation and sometimes Petreâ—action and when the lower Cold is Contracted either by Art or Proprio motu it Starves and Freezes as the Fire Burns and Scorcheth This lower Cold contracts and dilates it self as it meets with Opposition from the contrary Quality of Heat and Fire The Effects of the lower Cold when it enters the Earth By Antiperistasis it Fires Damps in Collieries Mines burning Mountains and Vulcano's When it lyes upon the Earth it causeth Dews and hoar Frosts it sucks out Damps and corrupted Air out of Under-ground Works c. CHAP. IV. Of the Air or Medium wherein all Meteors are Generated THE Air is a Vast Medium or Expansion fill'd with Rarify'd Vapours and Exhalations which like Water would Stagnate unless by a Daily addition of Rarify'd Vapours or Wind it were put into a Flux and Reflux as the Sea is the addition of Rivers continually flowing into it from all sides When the Air is Calm then are the Meteors Generated when by the Wind the Air is put into a violent Flux and Reflux they are Broken and Dispapear CHAP. V. Of Fiery Meteors c. THE Lower Cold which follows the Sun in the Evening Twilight continues its Operation for some Hours after its Beams are out of sight and no longer the middle of the Night being for the most part a Calm as well in Winter as Summer during which time of its Operation it causeth all those Fiery Meteors which the former Philosophers gave several Names to as falling Stars Rods Beams Ignes Fatui or Will with Wisp c. according as they differ'd in Matter Magnitude and manner of Appearance some Consisting of a hot and dry Exhalation others of an Exhalation mix'd with a Viscous and Unctious Matter a Third of a simple and unmix'd Exhalation All these are Generated in the Lower Regions of the Air the Matter of them being drawn up out of the Earth Waters and Bituminous Boggs and Mosses by the Sun's Influence upon them especially in the Spring Months For then the Subâ—erranean Heat draws out to communicate with its Main Body for as at this time all Animals renew their Hair clear their Blood from gross Humours so doth this great Animal the Earth purge her self of gross Humours by Mushrooms and other Pinguid Evaporations for then the Subâ—erranean Heat drawing out to communicate with the External Heat brings forth of the Earth these Mineral Spirits and Pinguid Perspirations in so plentiful a measure which being taken up into the Air are Condens'd into Clouds and fall down again upon the Earth in such Fertilizing Showers that the Psalmist tells us the Clouds at this Season
bold to borrow the best Part of the Observations in his Work 'T is also remarkable how Pag. 249 252 255 256 257 259. he falls foul upon a very famous and reverend Divine for taking the same Philosophick Liberty which he himself assumes in many Places of his Essay As for his darling Notion though none of his own of Specifick Gravity 't is notoriously false in Fact and Nature for the Strata Layers or Bedâ— of Sediments out of which Steno Scillâ— Grandius Ramazzini and others will have the Earth made up do not lie according to their different Weights or according to the Statick Laws of descent of Solids in Fluids for the Strata of Marble and other Stone of Lead and other Metals lye often near the top or Superficies having many lighter Strata under them and if all the Strata thro the whole Globe could possibly be viewed and examined I am confident the respective Order of specifick Gravity would not hold in any two together and who can fancy that the Parts of Ferns Mosses and other Plants of Shells Teeth and other Bones should equiponderate with those of Metallick Fossils nay oftentimes subside below them and whoever views the Dimensions Weight Figure and Place of those vast Natural Columns call'd the Devil 's Causy in Ireland will be soon convinced of the Weakness of this Hypothesis Their Origine therefore must be accounted for some other way than what Coluâ—na Steno Scilla Boccone Grandius and others copying after them have deliver'd concerning the Deluge and Inundations Strata Crusts or Sediments according to the Laws of Specifick Gravity neither are the many Phenomena relating to their Situation explicable by any Theories of the Earth as yet publish'd I know not what Dr. Hooke may do when he comes to print his Lectures upon this Subject which the Virtuosi expect and very earnestly crave of him Much also may be perform'd by the Learned Mr. Edward Lhwyd Keeper of the Oxford Museum who hath been very diligent and accurate in his Observations on these Bodies and whose Candor and Modesty joyned with his exquisite Judgment render him capable of such an Undertaking As to the Origine of subterraneous Plants either digg'd out of Earthen Beds or lodged within Stony Substances or else impress'd upon them which Steno in his Prodroms translated by Mr. Oldenburgh Pag. 93 94 95. will needs derive the same way with those of Shells Teeth Bones and other Parts of Animals buried in the like Strata or Sediments of the Deluge Mr. Lhwy'd of Oxford has rais'd many invincible Objections against this Stenonian Hypothesis in the last Edition of Camden's Britannia Pâ—g 692 693. and Mr. Ray in his second Preface to the Synopsis of British Plants argues very Philosophically against this Opinion reviv'd of late with great Assurance and in a positive manner but Mr. Whiston hath done very wisely in taking no notice of the many insuperable Difficulties which have been uâ—g'd against the bringing in of these Bodiâ—s and the forming our present Crusts and Layers of Earth out of a general Deluge He hath saved himself much Sweaâ— and Pains in having Recourse only to two or three late Books and in consulting Copies instead of Originals which would have given more Strength and Beauty to his Work and would have look't more masterly however the Gentleman hath performâ—d very well in the main and hath shewn a profound and clear Knowledge in Physical Science though not in the History of Learning nor in that of Nature Hiâ— Conjectures are admirable but his Quotations and References are not coâ—mendable being injurious to those eminent Philosophers who were the first Iâ—ventors and yet passed over in Silence as though there had been no such Writers many of their Observations being attributed by the Author of the New Theory to one of his own Acquaintance who may do as much for him another time but I would not willingly accuse Mr. Whiston of any ungenerous dealing having discover'd a noble Genius in the Formation of his System and therefore I conclude with respect to him and with Charity to all Mankind The Contents of the first Part. CHap. 1. The Philosophical meaning of these Words In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth and what may be concluded from them Chap. 2. Of God the supream and efficiâ—nt Cause and why Moses proves not the Being of a God expresly by way oâ— Argument â—ut implicitly by describing of the several Degrees of Perfection and the Subordinations of Life Chap. 3. Of the Creation of second Causes and the manner of their Production and ways of working Chap. 4. Of Light and Darkness the common Principles of mix'd Bodies what they were in Mass and how their Division made the first Production Chap. 5. Of Light the formal Cause of all mix'd Productions what it was whilst in Mass. Chap. 6. Of Darkness the material Cause of all mix'd Productions what it was in Mass how it was reduâ—'d into Form Of the Power of Matter and Motion Of Sympathy and Antipathy Chap. 7. Of the Spirit of God moving upon the Face of the Waters what is philosophically meant by it Of the â—irst division of the Waters and the clearing of the sublunary Firmament Chap. 8. The Division of the lower Waters into subterranean superterrâ—nean and nubiferous and by what Gradations the dry Land appear'd Chap. 9. Of the Primeval or Antediluvian Figure oâ— the Earth Chap. 10. Of the constituent Pâ—rts oâ— the Earth and â—irst of the volatile Part of it or the central Fire its natural Vses Chap. 11. Of the sixt Part of the Earth and first of the Inequality of its Surface their Natural Causes and Vses Chap. 12. Of Mountains their original Cause consistences and natural Vses being the first dry Land that appear'd Chap. 13. Of Mountain Heaths c. Chap. 14. Oâ— the Plains and Valleys c. Chap. 15. Of the Channel of the Sea c. Chap. 16. Of the â—luid Part of this terraqueous Globe and â—irst of the Sea c. Chap. 17. Of those preternatural Accidentâ— that disturb and interrupt the Course of Nature in this Material World c. Chap. 18. Of the central Damps Their Causes Natures and dreadful Effects upon this Globe Câ—ap 19. Of terrene Damps and their dreadful Effects upon this Globe c. Chap. 20. Of Noah's Flood its Causes the Season of the Year when it happen'd the Effects and Alterations it made upon the Earth Chap. 21. Of the season of the Year when the Deluge happen'd Chap. 22. Of the Alterations which Noah's Flood made in and upon the Earth The Contents of the second Part. CHap. 1. Of the Plastick Spirit in Matter and its natural Products Chap. 2. Of the grand Cover of the Earth the sympathetical Vnion of the plastick and vivisick Spirit and the Production of Vegetables the first and lowest Degree of Life Chap. 3. Of reducing the confus'd Mass of Light or the etherial Flame into a Body which made the Sun of reducing
those lighter Fogs and waâ—erish Mists into a Body which made the Moon how by clearing of the superlunary Firmament or the Planetary Spheres the Stars appear'd and what the Sun Moon and Stars contribute towards the Production of sensitive or locomotive Animals and why the Creation of these second Causes made the fourth Production Chap. 4. Of the Production of the second Degree of Life and first of oviparous Animals as Fish and waterish Insects Chap. 5. Of the second Genus oâ— oviparous Animals viz. the Aerial And first of Fly-Insects secondly of Serpents thirdly of Birds and why Moses makes the waterish and aerial Animals congenial Chap. 6. Of the terrene or viviparous Animals Chap. 7. Of the Creation of Man the sixth Production The Conclusion Wherein is shewn the meaning and signisicancy of these Words And God saw every thing that he had made and behold it was very good A Discourse concerning the Terrestrial Paradise shewing how Adam was introduced into it The Time he continued in it and how he and Eve employed that Time A Discourse concerning the Conflagration of this material World the Local Hell its outmost Boundaries or Abraham's Gulph A short Treatise of Meteorology with some Observations concerning the Changes and Alterations of the Weather Chap. 1. Of Vapourâ—â—nd Exhalations c. Chap. 2. Of the efficient Causes oâ— all Meteors and first of Heat Chap. 3. Of Cold the other efficient Cause of Meteors Chap. 4. Of the Air or Medium wherein all Meteors are generated Chap. 5. Of fiery Meteors c. Chap. 6. Of Comets c. Chap. 7. Of Thunder its Causes and Effects Chap. 8. Of vaporous Meteors and first of Dews and Hoar Frosts Chap. 9. Of Rain Hail and Snow Chap. 10. Oâ— Hail and Snow with Observations Chap. 11. Of Frost and Thaw Chap. 12. Oâ— the Sphere of Rarefaction Chap. 13. Of Wind Helms and Arches Chap. 14. Prognostications of the Change and Alteration of Weather from the setting and rising of the Sun The Author living at a great Distance from the Press desires the Reader â—o pâ—â—don those following Mistakeâ— PAge 5. line 13. read further p. 25. l. 6. r. Philosophically p. 27. l. 9. r. Anteperistatical p. 30. l. 10. r. Nutritius p. 44. l. 25. r. Fluidity p. 67 l. 1. r. Nature p. 91. l. 4. r. Sublunary p. 121. l. 24. r. Litoralâ—s p. 13â— l. 25. r. Assimilation p. 139. l. 10. r. learned p. 155. l. 28. r. Zodiack A Scheme wherein the Several Phaenomena of this Terraqueous Globe are Explained ABCDEFG A The Central Fire disseminating a Vital heat through the whole Cortex or Shel of the Globe B The Mountains â—rom the Centre to the Surface C Heaths D Plains E The Channel of the Sea The flatt Strata or Beds of Matter with their Acclivities to the â—ountains and Declivities to the Seas together with their Elevations and Depressions thus described The winding and turnings of the greater Veins Dividing the several Classes of Matter described thus through which the whole Mass of sâ—â—terranean Water Circulates Their Lesser Fibres or Rami Factions filling all the flat Strata with feeders of Water which breaking out upon the Surface of the Earth cause Spring c. described thus F The Seas with the Rivers flowing into them from the Tops of the Mountains swelling them into a Ciâ—bosity and causing in them a Continual Fermentation G Vapors Arising from the Seas which being Attracted by the Coldness of the Mountains fixeth there Forming an Atmosphere round the whole Globe PART I. CHAP. I. â—he Philosophical meaning of these Words In the beginning God created the Heavens and the Earth and what may be concluded from them MOSES in his Philosophical Description of the Creation lays it down as a granted Principle or a grand Thesis â—â—at the Heavens and the Earth with 〈◊〉 their Parts Furniture and variety 〈◊〉 Natures contained in them were â—â—eated de novo and that God the â—â—pream Being Un-created and Indeâ—endent Almighty in Power and Inâ—â—nite in Wisdom and all Perfections â—as the efficient cause That the time when the World was Created was in the beginning of Time or when Time first began to have a Being for before the World was Created there was duration or Stabilis Aeternitas as the Schoolmen express it but Time being an equal mensuration of Motion it and Motion began together From this grand Thesis we may conclude First against Aristotle who endeavour'd by many Arguments to prove that the World as it now stands in Matter and Form was Eternal which Hypothesis advanceth the World into an equality with God makes it its own efficient Cause Uncreated and Independent In the Second place this Mosaick Thesis concludes against Plato and his Followers who tho' he did positively assert that God made the World yet he did conceive that the Matter on which it did consist was Eternal and Pre-existent By which Hypothesis he concludes God to be an impotent cause not able to create the World without Matter and Stuff to work upon These mistaken Principles in Philososophy were occasion'd from the Observation of the regular course of Nature not considering that there might be other causes which might produce effects in an other way than cou'd ever come within the compass of their narrow observation for how Spiritual Causes produce their effects its impossible for us whilst we continuâ— in this dark state of Matter wherein we have but a very short and narrow prospect to understand In the Third place it concludes against Democritus and his Followers who did not only conceit that Matter was Eternal and Pre-existent but that the World had no efficient cause but what was from Chance or the casual motion of Matter which consisting of infinite numbers of Atoms or little Corpuscles of different Figures Natures and Qualities which rainged about in a vast and infinite space until at the last by Divisions Separations and Mixtures occasioned by their contrary and mixt Qualities and the innate Power of Sympathy and Antipathy they at last setled into the Form and Figure of this World which it can no more alter or vary from than the active Fire be taught to change its Nature and descend and Gravation to ascend and fly upward No doubt but this Hypothesis waâ— grounded upon an experimental Observation of the several Kinds of Matter of different Natures which being mixt together in a Glass or any transparent Vessel will separate and divide themselves proprio mâ—tu tho never so jumbled and mix'd together I shall not in this place shâ—w you the absurdity of this Hypothâ—sis but rather chuse in the following Chapters to give some account what Feats Matter and Motion will produce by vertue of their contrary Qualities and the power of Sympathy and Antipathy and how far God Almighty might make uâ—e of thâ—se towards the forming the materrial part of this World We may hence farther conclude that although neither the World as it stands nor the Matter on which it consists did
pre-exisâ— yet it was an immediate consequent of Eternity and the natural product of the Divine Essence and Attributes viz. Power Wisdom and Goodness according to that Model and Idea pre-conceiv'd in the Divine Understanding For it cannot be imagin'd that thâ— Divine Essence wou'd for some time sit still and wrap up it's self in sloth and idleness but did always display its self in a vigorous activity Besides the natural tendency of Infinite Power is Action of Infinite Wisdom is Counsel of Infinite Goodness is Beneficence We cannot therefore but conclude from these Natural Arguments that God would from all Eternity follow the inclinations of his own Divine Perfections From this grand Thesis we may yet futher conclude that this Universal Fabrick of the World was not created at one stroke by an imperious Fâ—at for tho this might have been consistent with Infinite Power yet it would not have been agreeable with Infinite Wisdom which consists in Deliberation Counsel and Contrivance Moses therefore tells us that God first created the Heavens and then the Earth Like as some mighty Monarch designing to build a spacious and most glorious Palace first forms the Model of it in his mind and having prepar'd his Materials sets on work his Under-agents who first of all lay the Foundations and compleat his own Royal Apartments then the Apartments of his chief Ministers of State after that Chambers for his Domesticks and last of all Lodgings for his out Servants and the Work being finish'd according to the Model which he gave his Architects to work by he gives it his Approbation In like manner the Great and Almighty Monarch of the Universe may be supposed first to have laid the Foundations of those Super-Coelestial Regions of unaccessable Light the Royal Chambers of his own most Glorious Presence where he sits in great Majesty attended with an innumerable retinue of the most Noble Angels his Courtiers After these he creates the highest of the Coelestial Spheres in which he placed Thousands of Royal Mansions where the Arch-Angels and Brighter Cherubins the chief Ministers of State in that Coelestial Kingdom keep their residence And these are the Morning Stars which Iob tells us by way of Synecdoche that met together and the Sons of God that did shout for joy After these God created the inner or lower Spheres in which he placed innumerable numbers of bright lucid and Aetherial Globes wherein the inferior Angels and Domestick Officers do inhabit and these the Scripture stiles Ministring Spirits And these differ in Office Power and Light as they are placed in Spheres nearer or at a distance from the Regions of Light For as one Star differeth from another Star in Glory Light Purity and Magnitude So do their Heavenly Inhabitants And so shall it be in the Resurrection from the Dead for as Men improve here in Vertue Goodness and the Divine Life and Light so shall they be placed nearer or at a distance from God the Fountain of Life and Light After the finishing of these Inner Courts of this Royal Palace last of all God created this Material Globe or Outer Court and made it the Center of the Universe And it 's built of the Rubbidge Dross and Sediment of the whole Creation and inhabited with the meanest of Creatures and lowest degree of Life and Perfection which may most properly be called God's out Servants over which he has placed Man Deputy Lord Governour This Material Globe tho it appears in its own dimensions to be oâ— great Magnitude to us who bear not so much proportion to it as a Mole-hill does to the greatest Mountain yet being compared to the whole Universe if the computation of the best Philosophers be true it will scarce bear proportion to the Ninety six thousand part of it It cannot therefore be imagined that the Wise Creator who never made any thing in vain but to the best endâ— and wisest Purposesâ— should be so fond of a piece of dull stupid Matter as to create all those innumerable numbers of Bright Lucid Aetherial Globeâ— the least of which exceeding this Mole-hill in Magnitude by several Diameters for no other end or purpose than distinguishing of Days Months Seasons and Years and for casting a dark glimmering light to us poor Mortals As God Almighty finished any part of the Creation he gave it a motion and this motion it performs naturally and insensibly without labour or difficulty as our Blood circulates through our Veins and our Vital Spirits glide in the Nerves through the whole Body The Almighty having now finished the Creation which made up but one Royal Palace containing in it innumerable Mansions fit for the Subjects of so great a Monarch to live in He sits at the Helm of this Floating Universe and Steers all its motionâ— with a steddy and unerring hand And it can be no more labour to God to govern and actuate this World who as an Universal Soul is diffuâ—'d in it and is vitally present in every part of it than for a Man 's rational Soul by Will and Cogitation to move a Finger or a Toe or any other part of his Body tho at the greatest distance from its Seat CHAP. II. Of God the Supream and Efficient Cause and why Moses proves not the being of a God expresly by way of Argument but implicitly by describing of the several degrees of Perfection and the Subordinationâ— of Life WHen Moses writ this excellent System of the Creation Politheism and Idolatry had prevailed over the generality of Mankind and Abraham's Posterity were become Worshippers of Egyptian Gods as appears by their making of a Molten Calf at Horeb. Yet notwithstanding this multitude of Inferior Deities which the World had set up for Divine Worship the generality of Mankind did universally believe that there was one Supreme God who was the efficient Cause and Almighty Creator of this World consisting of the Heavens and the Earth and that this God was the Father and Governour of all the rest The Philosopher might therefore justly conclude it superfluous to prove by strength of Argument a Tenet or rather an Article of Faith to which the common Suffrage of Mankind did so universally consent and agree And if it be suppos'd that Moses writ this System of the Creation with the rest of his Book which gives an account of the Patriarchal Genealogies on purpose for the benefit and instruction of the Israelites who in all probability could not but be ignorant of the Traditions and Religion of their Ancestors the â—pse dixit of so great a Philosopher a Man so eminent for these mighty and unparallel'd Miracles and Wonders which th' Almighty wrought by his Hand upon Egypt before their eyes were sufficient to convince them not only of a bare credibility but of the Truth and Certainty of this Divine Thesus that there was a God and that he created the Heavens and the Earth But as God did not limit and consine his Favours wholly to Abraham's Posterity but
upon the Mountains from whence it takes its Rise and these as Geographers give Account are that vast Ridge of Mountains which for their Height bear the Name of Montes Lunae as iâ— their lofty Tops wash'd their Headâ— in the Moon 's Waterish Vortex Others are of Opinion that the Yearly Over-flowing of that River is caus'd by those great Rains which fall every Spring in the higher Ethiopia But if either the Dissolution of Snow or Inundations caus'd by the falling of those Spring-Rains were the true Reason c. they wou'd also cause the otheâ— Rivers in those Countries to Overflow their Banks at the same time which is so far from being Observable that when Nilus Over-flows the otheâ— Rivers are at a very low Ebb. The Cause then of this Yearly Overflowing of Nilus which begins about the 17th of Iune and continues until the 6th of October seems to be a Subterranean Damp which Yearly Stagnates the Circulation of Air in these vast Rocks and open Strata from whence those Rapid Springs and Feeders slow which are the Heads of that Famous River The Subterranean Air being Dampt the Springs and Mineral Feâ—ders are forc'd to stand back and fill all those vast Concavities and Hollows for several Miles upon â—he Side-rise and some Miles upon the Top-rise of those Rocks and Metals until the weight of so vast a quantity of Water which may be compar'd to a lâ—sser Sea breaks the Damp or Damm of Stagnated Air and then the River begins to Over-flow anâ— continues until the Waters be spent and the Damp gathers again It s observ'd that when the River Nilus begins to Over-Flow its Banks that great Plagues break out in Cairo which seems to be occasion'd by those gross Vapours and Mineral Exhalations that arise from so vast a quantity of Stagnated Water which whilst by its Motion its Purging of it self and recovering of its Sweetness fly about corrupt the Air and cause Infections This Subterranean Damp is likewise the cause of the Horary Over-â—lowing of the Spring at Gigleswick in Yorkshire for this Spring bâ—ing the feeder of a Lime-stone Rock near Thirty Yards Perpendicular in Height which breaks out at the Foot of it so oftâ—n as the Circulation of the Air in the Rock is dampt the Spring runs very slowly and when the weight of the Water has broken the Damp it Over-flows and this Flux and Reflux is once in every Hour I observ'd my self that before the Waters began to Flow there was a knocking in the Rock and this was caused by the pressing of the Water upon the Damp before it broke The same is the cause of that Drumming in the Well at Bautry which the Inhabitants of the Town told me never happâ—n'd but against the change of Government This Well is observ'd to be â—or the most part Dry which is occasion'd by the feeders standing back the drumming noise is occasion'd by the Waters pressing upon the Damp and the Hollows of the Well for as soon as the Damp is broken the Well fills wiâ—h Water and the Drumming is over This occasions the Report of Under-ground Spirits which Miners call Mineral Spirits and they observe that these Spirits give notice by Knocking or Groaning before the Mineral Vein be discover'd I have observ'd my self that in a new Collerie when the Workmen were near the Coal and only the Kell which kept the feeder of it unbrokâ—n there wou'd have been a sort of Knocking Sighing or Groaning heard in the Vein which was only occasion'd by the weight of the Water lying in the Coal and pressing forward for more room and liberty for as soon as the Coal was prick'd the Water rose in the Pit the Knocking was over and the Mineral Spirit Conjur'd Of this kind also is that Damp which the Miners sometimes meet with in their sinking of deep Pits and new Works where a Cloud of Breath or Sweat perspiring from the Bodies of the Workmen will stiâ—le the Circulation of the Air and not suffer the Candles to Burn. This Damp will steal 〈◊〉 Breath insensibly from the Workmâ—â— and stiâ—le ' em There is yet another kind of Damp the Miners complain of which they call the foul or stinking Damp and this is caused by the breaking out of corrupted Air from old crusted Works This if not prevented will Kill and Stifle the Workmen The Aerial Damps will be treated upon in Meteorologie Having given an Account of the Causes Natures and Effects of Damps and such Preter-natural Accidents as have and may disturb and interrupt the regular Course of Nature we cannot but make an Enquiry into the Causes of Noah's Flood the Season of the Year when it happen'd and the Alterations and Devastations it made upon the Earth CHAP. XX. Of Noah's Flood its Causes the Season of the Year when it happen'd the Effects and Alterations it made upon the Earth If these two Learn'd Men viz. Dr. Burnet and Dr. Woodward had understood better the Structure of the Terraqueous Globe the Natural Consistences of it the Causes Natures and Effects of Damps and that those Subterranean Waters which Circulate through the Veins of the Earth bears proportion to Seventy two Oceans they woâ—'d have discover'd such a quantity of Water as wou'd have caus'd an Universal Deluge without the Conceit of a Central or Subterranean Abyss Which Hypothesis tho' manag'd with the greatest Artisice of Invention and Oratory when seriously enquir'd into will be found to have very little of Truth in the bottom of it for it seems not only inconsistent with the Original Settlement of Matter as we have observ'd already but also with Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis concerning the re-settling of the fluid Matter dissolv'd by the Deluge which he positively asserts to have been according to the Rules of Specifick Gravity the heaviest subsiding the lowest This Hypothesis if taken for granted we must necessâ—rily conclude from it that all those kinds of ponderous Ore and heaviest Rocks of Iron Stone Marble c. would have sunk down into the Central Vault and fill'd it up That the rest of the Fix'd Matter being by some degree lighter would have spread their Solid Strata uppermost And that the Fluid Waters being by several degrees lighter than the Fix'd Matter would have cover'd the whole Terreâ—e Globe and consequently wou'd have caus'd an Universal and perpetual Deluge upon the Earth But suppose it possible to improve the strength of Imagination to such a height as to fancy that there was Originally and is still a vast Abyss of Hot Water contain'd in the Center of the Earth it cannot be so easily apprehended by what Power or Means this vast substance of Water shou'd be put into so high a degree of Fertâ—entation and Commotion as to cause an Universal Disruption and Dissolution of the Earth as Dr. Woodward conceits for although that Fire placed under a Pot sill'd with Water will by emitting of its fiery Globuli and mingling them with the Water cause so
of an approaching Sun These Seeds being mingl'd with a warm and waterish Soil might be ready to Spring up and supply the Animals with pleasant Food We likewise observe that when the Dove was sent forth out of the Ark the Second time she brought with her a Leaf pluck'd from an Olive-Tree When she was sent forth a Third time she return'd no more having found Food upon the Earth which cou'd be no other than Corn floating upon the Surface of the waterish Earth Again Moses gives us an Account that in the First Month which probably answers our Ianuary the Waters were dry'd up from the Face of the Earth and upon the 27th Day of the Second Month which seems to be our February or March God order'd all the Beasts in the Ark to be turâ—'d out to Grass and shift for themselves Again we find daily not only great Trees of several Kinds as Oak Birch c. rooted up by the Roots and lying upon Heaps Bury'd and Entomb'd in great Mosses wherâ— they never had grown but had been brought thiâ—her by that general Dâ—vastation made by the Deluge But Hazel-Nuts whose Kernels are as fresh â—s if they had now been growing upon the Trees These Nuts having been scatter'd there by the Deluge and having layn there bury'd and â—mbalm'd in those Bituminous Mosses to this Day and in all probability might have been continu'd as long as the Earth From these Observations we may reasonably infer that the Flood commenc'd when the Seeds of all Vegetables were Ripe for the propagation of their Kinds We may yet farther add that all Damps as well Subterranean as Aerial most frequently happen in the Autumn Season CHAP. XXII Of the Alterations which Noah's Flood made in and upon the Earth I cannot agree with Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis wherein he asserts that during the time of the Deluge whilst the Water was out upon and cover'd the Terrestrial Globe all the Stone and Marble with the Metals and Mineral Concretions c. of the Antediluvian Earth were totally Dissolv'd and their constituent Corpuscles all disjoin'd their cohaesion perfectly ceasing c. This Hypothesis seem inconsistent with Sense and Experience as well as Naâ—ural Reason and Scripture especially the Mosaick Account of the Deluge For First Experience tells us that there is no such Dissolving power or quality eiâ—her in the Subterranean or Aerial Waters as to effect such a Dissolution as he describes and these were the immediate Instruments of the Deluge It cannot reasonably be suppos'd without a Miracle that all the Solid consistences of the Earth shou'd be dissolv'd into a Fluid substance and again resettle and receive their several degrees of consolidaâ—ion in so short a time as the Flood continued upon the Earth If the Earth suffer'd by the Deluge a Total and Universal Dissolution then all those form'd Stones and Shells which the Dr. conceives to be Marine Bodies born forth of the Sea by the Universal Deluge and left behind at Land when the Waters return'd wou'd have lost their Forms and Shapes these being not only found upon the Surface of the Earth but in the Interior parts of it incorporated with several solid Strata of Stone as well upon the Mountains as Plains If not only the solid Fossils but also Sand Earth Animate Bodies parts of Animals Bones and Teeth Shells Vegetables and parts of Vegetables made one common and confus'd Mass dissolv'd into a Fluid substance Then the whole Species of Vegetables Root and Branch Stock and Seed wou'd have been lost and Nature forc'd to a Sâ—ontaneous Production as at the Creation The Re-settling of the confus'd fluid Maâ—s acâ—ording to the Râ—lâ—s of Speâ—ifick Gravity the â—eâ—viest subsiding lowest is a grand mistake in Observation and by the same Rule the Earth wou'd have been covâ—r'd with a Perpeâ—ual as well as Universal Deluge as wâ— have already obsâ—rv'd As this Hypothesis is inconsistent with Sense Reason and Experience so is it with the Account Moses gives of the Universal Deluge for he tells us that there were Mountains during the prevalency of the Waters and that the Flood cover'd the Tops of them Fifteen Cubiâ—s He tells us likewise that the first dry Land that appear'd was the Tops of the Mountains and that the Ark rested upon the Mountains of Ararat If this Account be tâ—ue as undoubtedly it is the alterations which the Deluge made were only in the Surface and Exterior parts of the Earâ—h And those places of Scripture which speak of destroying the Earth are to be understood only the outward Coat or Superficies and noâ— the Mineral part of it And neither was the Surface of the Earth altogetheâ— destroy'd as appears by the Dove 's bâ—inging of an Olive Leaf in her Mouth pluck'd off and by all Living Creatures in the Ark being turn'd to Grass and to shiâ—t for themselves in the Seventh Month after the Deluge commenc'd which might be in the beginniâ—â— of our March The Alterations which the Deluge made upon the Earth being only in the Exterior part of it I shall take notice of such as are most Remarkable and Obvious As First The uppermost Strata upon the Tops of Mountains were broken up and tumbl'd down to the Skirts of them and these we â—ind lying upon their Inland sides in great confusion with false and counter Dibs and Rises like those Flags and Boards of Ice thrown out of the Water upon the breach of a Storm The Joints of the Mountains consisting of Rag Raff and Chiver and not being bound together with strong Cills of Stone were broken as we have observ'd already The Courses and Channels of Rivers were enlarg'd which caus'd all these pleasant Gills and Dales with their Rapid River running through the midst of them The whirling about of the Water caus'd all those Hills or lesser Mountains whose consistences are only Sand Gravel or broken Strata of Stone c. The Deluge rooted up all the greater Trees some of which we find bury'd and embâ—lm'd in great Mosses as well upon the Mountains as in the Valleys The Surface of the Plains and Valleys was fertiliz'd by the Deluge by itâ— leaving a prolifick Slime and faeculent Mud upon it These Alterations were not caus'd by the rising but the decreasing Waters for whilst the Waters were arising the Aerial as well as the Subterranean Damp continu'd and the Subluniary Course of Nature was Stagnated but as soon as God caus'd a Wind to pass over the Earth the Damp broke and the Waters were put into a Most violent Perturbation and Commotion which was the only cause of all those Alterations and Devastations The End of the First part A Scheme wherein the several degrees Concatenations of Life are explained Animalia Intermedia Zoophiâ—a Insects Apes Idiots Heroes Genii boni A Angels God The Centre of the World The Mineral Sphere The Vegetative Sphere of Life The Sensitive Sphere of Life The Rational Sphere of Life The Intellectual Sphere of Life The Divine
Essence or Fountain of Life As the highest degree of Vegetation in the Zoophâ—â—a makes a near Approach to the lowest degree oâ— Sâ—nsation in the Insects So The highest degree of Sensation in Apes c. makes a near Approach to the lowest degree of Rationalitâ— in Idiots c. As the Highest degree of Rationality in the Heros and Speritualizd Rationals makes a near Approach to the Boni Genii or lowest order of Angels So the highest degree of Intellectuallity in the Angelick Nature makes a near Approach to the Divine Essence PART II. CHAP. I. Of the Plastick Spirit in Matter and its natural Products THE Plastick and Vivifick Powers being the first Principles of Life in this Natural World which forms the first Lines and kindles the first Sparks of the vital Flame It will be necessary in order to our present Design which is to give a short Account of the Originals Degrees and Propagations of Life in this Natural World to describe the Natural Operations and Products of these two first Principles and to shew how they act Severally as well as in Consort The Plastick Spirit in this World of Matter is a Subtle Saline Volatile which whilst Matter was in a Fluid Substance diffus'd it self through all the Lax Strata and consistences of it And â—s that Acid aâ—â— Sâ—line Humour in the Stomachs of Animals together with the Vital Flame by several degrees of Concoction and Depuration separates the more Pure and Spirituous parts of the Nourishment from the Crasâ—er and more Excrementitious parts of it or as that Acid and Saline Rennet separates and coagulates the more Pure Spirituous and Oyly parts of the Milk from the Waterish and more Terreâ—e so this subtle and Acid Volatile together with that Subterranean Flame which desseminates its warm and enliveâ—ing Influence not only through all the greater Veins Branches and Ramifactions of the Earth but also pervades the smallest Pores of the Densest Matter did separaâ—e collect and coagulate the more Simple Pure and Homogeneous parts of Maâ—â—er from the Crasser parts of it And as the Mass of Fluid and waterish Matter receiv'd its degrees of Consolidation these purer and Pneumatical Coagulations were concreted in those Solid as well as Laxer Strata wherein we find them And the Magnitude and Figure of these concreted Coagulations corrâ—sponds with those Moulds of Crasser Matter from whence they were Extracted and wherein they are enclos'd and compress'd These we find lodg'd either in the Exterior or Interior Parts of the Earth Those concreted Coagulations which we meet with in the Outer Coat or grand Cover of the Earth are of an irregular Figure and they are lodg'd in that part in disorder and confusion And these are either the common Pebles which are of a Terrene Saline or Pinguid Quality Or They are common Flints Pyritae and Marchasites of a Pneumatical and Fiery Quality Or They are Agates Onyxes Jaspers Cornelians c. Of a Mercurial and Waterish Quality which are more or less Transparent This outer Coat or Surface of the Earth consisting of Sand Gravel Clay Bituminous Peat-Earth and other kinds of Matter of an Heterogeneous Nature affords the greatest variety of these Homogeneous Concretions And these are all of the same Nature and Quality with that Courser and Crasser Matter from which they were Extracted and Coagulated Those more Simple and Homogeneous Concretions which we meet with lodged in the Interior Strata of Solid Matter which are of an Irregular Figure are Either of a Liquifiable or Calcinable Quality Those that are not of a Liquifiable Nature are those which the Miners call the Kernels of Stones For as the Spirit of Nature at the first setling of Matter reduc'd all the Constituent parts of the Earth to several Classes and every Class of Matter leading to some Mine or Mineral so every Bed or Layer of Stone or Metal has its proper Kernels by which the Ingenious Miner may be directed what Mine or Mineral â—â—ey lead to whether to Coal Rudle Iron Stone Lead or other Metallick Ores and these coagulated Concretions are commonly lodg'd in the midle of such solid Strata Those Homogeneous and more Pneumatical Concretions of an irregular Figure which are of a Liquifiable Quality are the several Kinds of Metallick Ores and these are lodg'd in those Rakes Veins Riders and Strings which cross-cut and divide those Solid Strata of a Hot Quality and the highest degree of Concoction The Male Parent of all these is Sulphur which being either White or Yellow gives the Tincture or Colour to all Metals The Female Parent is Quick-silver which is the cause of their Liquifaction Flexibility and Ductility All Solid Bodies consist of two several Natures Tangible and Pneumatical the Pneumatical Substance is the Native Spirit of the Body which distinguisheth the several Kinds of them I define therefore all Metallick Ores to be the more Simple Homogeneous Corpuscles of such Stones and Cills as are of a Hot Quality and the highest degree of Concoction coagulated and concreted in those Rakes Veins c. which cross-cut and divide those Cills The more Homogeneous that Metals are the less of Dross they have in them The more of this Native Spirit they have in the Tangible parts they are the more Liquifiable Flexible and Ductile for the cause of Liquifaction is the Detention of the Spirits which play within the Body and open it so that the greater plenty of Spirits any Tangible Matter has in it it 's the more Flexible and therefore when the Tangible parts are Jejune of Spirits or easily Emit them they are Fragile and will not easily Liquiâ—ie When the Tangible parts of Matter are Ductile or Tensile it 's occasion'd by the Appetite which the Native Spirits have to Union and Aversness to Discontinue Secondly That the Metallick Ores are the Homogeneous and Pneumatical Corpuscles of Stones and Cills of a Hot Qâ—ality and the like coagulated and concreted by the Plastick Spirit of Mâ—tter is evident from the Experience of Mineralists who find the greatest plenty of Ore in the Veins of such Cills as are of the highest degree of Induration and Concoction for where the Cills are weak and soft and have not receiv'd a right degree of Heat and Temper their Veins are only fill'd with Sparr Soyl Clay or Vein-stone like unripe Nuts whosâ— soft and weak Shells are only fill'd with a Milky Pabulum having little of Kernel in them Again in the Third place that Ores are the Pneumatical Corpuscles of Sulphur and Quickâ— silver coagulated and concreted into Clods and Nodes and lodg'd in the Veins will be apparent to those who will take the pains to observe thâ—t the more Rich any Vâ—in is of Ore the less Spangled with Sulphur and Quick-silver are those Cills and Mâ—tals they cross-cut and divide and so on the contrary the more spangl'd the Stones are the less Ore in the Vein And the Reason why those Metallick Spangles are collected coagulated and concreted in those Rakes and
Complexions were occasion'd by the mixture and temperament of the Mineral Spirits so were their different Natures and qualities for a cunning Chymist will Extract out of Herbs and Plants the several Kinds of Mineral Spirits as well as out of the Mineral it self The Virgin Matter being thus Modifi'd and prepar'd by the warm Influence and Enlivening Vegetations of the Aetherial Flame and its naked Skin Adorn'd and Beautifi'd with her great variety of Natural Paints Those Seminal Forms or Plastick Souls which were disseminated in her warm and moist Womb and Sympathetically united to their belov'd Matter began to exert their Plastick Powers and put forth spungy Strings and Roots not only to fasten them to the Earth but to suck in such Juices as were most proper for their Food and Nourishment which by their Seminal Vertues being digested into the Substance of a Plant Herb or Tree of such an Order Figure and Temperament it became an Individual of that numerous Species of Vegetables which began first to peep out of the Earth as Corn out of the Furrows and afterwards gradually increas'd to the highest Degree of Perfection and Maturity its Nature was capable of Thus the naked Skin of the Earth was cover'd with a Coat or Green Livery Beautifi'd and Adorn'd with Flowers of several kinds of Colours and as the Passive Matter increas'd in Degrees of Heat and Modification it produc'd Vegetables of higher Degrees of Life and Perfection as all kinds of Trees from the lowest Shrub to the tallest Cedar or most robust Oak That these Productions were not brought forth all at once but gradually as the Passive Matter receiv'd higher Degrees of Heat and Modification is apparent from our observing of those Annual Productions which every Season bringeth forth For there are some Vegetables of a Cold and Waterish Quality whose Natural Spirits are more Fine Light and Active which require only a smaller Degree of Heat to raise them and these are the Productions of those Early Months Ianuary February and March And these come to their Perfection and Maturity before April and May which present us with an other Crop and order of Vegetables and for this same reason Iune Iuly and August go further and presents us still with different shows of Plants Herbs and Flowers And thus as the Sun increaseth in Heat and the passive Matter in degrees of Modification we are presented with higher and more noble Productions The Seminal Forms of Vegetables being now united to their material Vehicles and being grown up to their several Degrees of Perfection and Maturity they retain'd Seed in themselves and did Propagate their several Kinds by scattering of their ripe Seed upon the Fertile Soil which like the warm and moist Womb of a fruitful Mother dissolves them first into a Liquid Jelly and then divides their parts into their several uses That the Seminal Forms of Vegetables were Originally disseminated in the Earth as in an Universal Fund or Promptuary will be yet further evident by those Ocular Observations which has been frequently made of Productions without Seed for take some quantity of Earth digg'd several Fathoms under Ground and expose it to the Sun and Rain and it will Spontaneously without any Seed bring forth common Grass and several Herbs and Plants Again we observe that particular Soils will produce without Propagation by Seed Herbs and Plants peculiar to that kind of Soil and Earth as Pavements do Naturally produce Knot-Grass c. If it be object'd that the smaller Seeds are disseminated over all by the Winds and the greater Seeds scatter'd by Birds that feed upon them I answer that its commonly observ'd when Earth is brought out of the Indies or other Remote Countries for Ballast to Ships and cast forth upon some Ground in Italy or other Countries at a great distance it will put forth Foreign Herbs to us unknown And it cannot be imagin'd that the Winds shou'd blow the Seeds of these Plants from the Indies or that the Birds shou'd cross the Seas and scatter them at so great a distance To these I might farther add those try'd Experiments of Transmutation Transmigration and Degeneration of Herbs and Plants Having describ'd the Original of Vegetables the first and lowest Degree of Life and shewn that tho' the manneâ— of their Propagation be now by Seed yet when Seed is wanting the Fertile Soil will bring forth common Grass and other Plants in the Natural way by a Spontaneouâ— Generation Thus the Evening and the Morning or the Sympathetical union of the Active Form and Passive Matter produc'd the first and lowest Degree of Life which made the Third Production CHAP. III. Of reducing the Confus'd Mass or Light of the Aetherial Flame into a Body which made the Sun of reducing those higher Fogs and waterish Mists into a Body which made the Moon how by clearing of the Superlunary Firmament or the Planetary Spheres the Stars appear'd And what the Sun Moon and Stars contribute towards the Production of Sensitive or Locomotive Animals and why the Creation of these Second Causes made the Fourth Production Tho' the Earth was now Gay and Trim with a new Green Livery of Grass Adorn'd with Painted Flowers and pleasant Copices or Thickets of Young Trees the Passive Matter was yet too Cold and Waterish to draw down out of the Second Degree of Life any of the Sensitive Forms to Actuate and Inform it The Almighty Power did therefore contract this dilated Aetherial Flame of Light into a Body which Moses calls the Sun that those Enlivening Heats and Vital Incubations which flow from it might be more Strong and Vigorous and Penetrate deeper into the Cold Matter And God plac'd this Coelestial Fire at such a convenient distance from the Earth that it might neither be too much scorch'd by being too near it nor frozen by being at too great a distance from it but that it might receive such a temperate Heat from it as to excite its Seminal Vertues and draw up its Juices into them and thereby Ripen its Natural Fruits God gave to the Earth also a Diurnal Motion that by a just and regular turning about upon its own Cenâ—re it might have the benefit of Day and Night every Four and twenty Hours so that no part of the Earth might be too much heated by theSun's presence upon it or too long benighted by his absence from it because as one side is Warm'd and Cherish'd by its Rays it withdraws and turns to it its other side and so by this just and regular turning about of the Earth and an equal distribution of Day and Night the active Animals get leave to rest the over-heated Air to cool and the gasping Earth to recover its fainting Vertues which a continu'd Day wou'd soon Exhaust and Extinguish God gave also the Sun an Annual Motion and has directed it into such a commodious Course that it sheds forth its Enlivening Light Heat and Influence over all the parts of the Earth and by turns
random Shots flie about kill both Men and Beasts fire and throw down Houses split great Trees and Rocks and tear the veâ—y Earth For it is no more impossible for the more Earthy Part of an Exhalation to be on a sudden Petresied into Stone which we call the Thunder-bolâ— in the Body of a Cloud than that Laxâ— Matter should be Petrefied into a Stone in the Body of the Earth the Antiperistatical Cause being the same in both â—â—ese tâ—o Irreconcilâ—ble Enemies still keep the Field until one of them be utterly destroy'd If the fiery Exhalations keep the Field the East Wind blows still hot and sulphurous If the Vapours get the Victory the West Wind blows cold and moist the Sky is clear the Air is cold the Battel is over and the Earth Buâ—ies the Dead and gets the Spoil If any should think this Account of Thunder to be rather Figment and Romance than true Natural Philosophy I advise him when ever he sees the Thunder Packs rising White and Translucent in a South-east Point when he feels the Air hot â—nd Sulphurous with some contrary Blasts of Wind coming whistling from the West that he haste make on to the Top of Crossfelt or some other high Mountain that gives a Prospect to both East and West and he may be inform'd both as to the truth and manner of this Aerial Battle CHAP. VIII Of Vaporous Meteors and first of Dews and Hoar Frosts DEws are Vapours Condens'd upon the Surface of the Earth by the Evening and Morning Cold these being the times of the Dews falling I have observ'd that sometimes about Mid afternoon the under-ground Cold being impatient of a long Summers Days Confinement has broke out and condens'd the Vapours into a Dâ—w which by the first Reflection of the Sun was taken up into the Air and a viscous Matter left upon the Grass like Cobwebs or fine Threds which we call Tela Beatae Mariae and these Vapours being condens'd into a Cloud will fall down again in a Shower of Rain about Sun-setting But the usual time whâ—n the Evening Dews fall is immediately after the Sun is Set for then the Lower Cold lyeth upon the Ground and as the Sun goes down it riseth The Morning Dews begin to fall about break of Day For about that time the Waters being colder than the Mountains draw down the Lower Cold from the Mountains to them And it bringing the Vapours along with it sits Regent upon the Waters in thick Foggs and waterish Mists until the Influence of the Sun by warming of the Waters either scattereth and disperseth the Vapours or forceth them to rise up to the Mountains or the cool Regions of the Air leaving only Dews upon the Ground behind them These Dews when the Cold is contracted and freezing become Hoar Froâ—ts for a dilated Cold causeth Dews and a contracted Cold Frosts In the Spring Months when the Subterranean Heat draws out from its Winter Quarters to join with the external Heat of the Atmosphere it brings out of the Earth with it some of the finer Mineral Spirits and the Sun-beams being then Powerful and Attractive do suck up these Mineral Spirits with the sweet Efluvia and Perspirations of Herbs and Flowers which the Evening and Morning Cold condenseth into Honey-dews or Manna In these Months the Sun's Beams are so strong and vigorous that they will draw up Frog-spawn which being receiv'd into the Body of a warm â—loud will presently be Form'd into little Frogs which will fall down upon the Earth in these Fertilizing Spring Showers Sometimes they will suck up Blood which will fall down in Showers of Rain especially after Bloody Battels fought at great distances So Corn c. will fall down in Rain But these are Magnalia Naturae CHAP. IX Of Rain Hail and Snow RAin Hail and Snow are the same as to their Matter The difference among them is only Accidental Hail being only Drops of Rain frozen in their falling down from a broken Cloud by a contract'd Body of the Lower Cold Snow being Vapours frozen before they be Condens'd into a Cloud Of Rain Rain is either general or particular higher or lower Observations concerning Rain When the Evening Dew falls before Sun-set and the Sun draws it up again the Evening Cold condenseth it into a Cloud and it falls down in a Shower of Rain in the Evening Twilight When the Evening Cold condenseth not the Vapours into Dews but draws them up to the Tops of the Mountains and thence into the Cold Regions of the Air they fall down in Rain about break of Day When the Morning Cold condenseth not the Dews but draws up the Vapours to the Tops of the Mountains and thence into the Cold Regions of the Air they fall down in Rain about Ten a Clock or sooner and so continues a general Rain for some Hours together the Evening and Morning Vapours being join'd When the Air is Calm and the Waters colder than the Mountains the Vapours draw down to the Waters and there they lie in a thick Fogg or Mist until the Sun by warming of the Waters causeth them to rise about Nine or Ten a Clock if the Morning Cold dilate it self it raiseth the Vapours to the middle of the Mountains where they continue in a thick Fogg the Mountain Tops being clear until the Vapours be all spent in a mizling kind of Rain When the Morning Cold divides it self into many little contracted Bodies these lesser Bodies of contracted Cold condense the Vapours and they fall down in particular Showers some not Mountain height so that one may sometimes go through a Shower of Rain if he please which will fall upon the Skirts of the Mountains when at the same time 't is clear both above and below the Shower Thus a Man may be above the Clouds and the Rain When the Morning Cold draws the Mists and the Foggs â—rom the Waters gradatim or in Sops as we call it to the Tops of the Mountains and they Trall there too and fro sometimes rising and then falling again the Dispute being between the Water-cold and the Mountain cold whether should get the Prize If at the last these Tralling Mists or Vapours be lifted up into the Cold Regions of the Air and be there Condens'd by some of those lesser Bodies of Cold which are flying about they fall down in particular Showers within an Hour or less after they be taken up so quiâ—k is the return of Vapours into Showers of Rain CHAP. X. Of Hail and Snow OBSERVATIONS WHen these lesser Bodies of contracted Cold are so placed one above another having distances of warm Air betwixt them as oftentimes it happens in very hot Weather for the greater the Heat is the more narrowly do these lesser Bodies of Cold contract themselves if any of the higher Bodies of Cold condense the Vapours into a Cloud and it break and fall down in drops of Rain through a Body of more contracted Cold it freezeth these
drops of Rain into Hail-Stones I have observ'd a Shower of Rain upon the Mountains the same a Shower of Hail upon the Skirts of the Mountains the same dissolved again into a Shower of Rain in the Vallies I have observ'd also a Shower of Hail at one end of the Town the same a Shower of Rain at the other end the contracted Body of Cold that caused the Hail being not a Quarter of a Mile in Circumference Of Snow When the Lower Cold riseth and the Upper Cold falleth and so straitens the Sphere of Rarefaction that the Wind blows thin as out of a contracted Mouth the Vapours are frozen in-Snow before they be condensed into a Cloud and the shower of Snow only at first covers the Tops of the Mountains but as soon as the Lower Cold riseth Mountain height and joyns with the Upper Cold the Snow falls down into the Vallies and covers the Earth OBSERVATIONS When the Wind has blown for some time S. E. or full S. or S. W. we must expect a great and general Rain for these Winds blowing from such Regions where the Atmosphere rises high bring over with them the greatest Quantity of Vapours which our Mountanous Country condenseth into Clouds which fall down in great and general Rains And this is the reason why those Countries where most of the Vapours rise have the least of Rain which want is supplied by great Dews which the Evening and Morning Cold condenseth upon the Ground For where the Atmosphere riseth high the Lower and Higher Cold never meet which is the cause of their want of Rain When the Wind blows N. or N. E. or full E. we have seldom Rain but great Flights of Snow For the Atmosphere in those Parts being very low especially in Winter and the Mouth of the Sphere of Rarefaction very strait the Wind that blows from these Quarters is so very thin and freezing that those few Vapours which are brought from those places for the most part fall down in Snow CHAP. XI Of Frost and Thaw c. FRost and Thaw are the Effects of quite diâ—ferent Causes the one being occasion'd by the Influence of Heat the other of Cold and these two contrary Qualities do not give ground one to another without great struggle and contest The first beginning of Freezing is at the Waters and this we call a Water Frost it s the Effect or Operation of the Morning Cold which drawing down to the Waters in the Morning Twilight and carrying the Vapours along with it leaves a Waterish Hoar Frost upon the Ground behind it These Vapours lie upon the Waters until Nine a Clock for by that time the Influence of Heat having warm'd the Waters forceth them to remove their Quarters first to the cold Tops of the Mountains and thence to the cooler Regions of the Air from whence they fall down in Showers of Rain about Twelve a Clock this Frost only gains the Waters Vallies and Plains The Second Morning the Cold doubles its Force and Glaceates the Waters congeals the Earth and riseth to the middle of the Mountains their Tops still continuing in the possession of Heat This degree of Cold is over-powered by the Influence of Heat about Two a Clock and falls down in Rain in the Evening Twilight The Third Morning the Cold trebles its force and gains the Tops of the Mountains And the Influence of Heat commonly recovers this lost Ground a little before the Sun set and in the Morning Twilight it falls down in a shower of Snow covering only the Tops of the Highest Mountains The Upper and Lower Cold being now united the Frost keeps its possession of the Earth and Waters sometimes for a Month or more together and in some Countries lying at a distance from the Sea the whole Winter Quarter the Wind all the time blowing Cold and Thin the Mouth of the Sphere of Rarefaction being straitned by the joyning of the Higher and Lower Cold. During the Time that the Earth and Waters continue in the possession of Frost and Snow the Subterranean Heat breaks out of the Springs and Mineral Feeders and joyning with the Heart of the Sun Regeâ—es the Spring-heads and part of the Rivers gaining them intirely into its possession But the general Frost continues until the Vapours rising from the Southern or Western Ocean recover the Wind into some of the Solar Quarters which opening the Sphere of Rarefaction the Wind blows warm and moist For as the same Breath from an open Mouth warms ones Fingers so from a contracted Mouth it will cool his Porridge The general Frost in the Northern Countries near the Pole and in Countries at a distance from the Sea seldom Regeles until the Subterranean Heat break forth and joyn with the Heat of the approaching Sun and then the Frost and Snow is dissolved in a very short time and the Spring comes on much sooner than in those Countries where the Regelation is more gradual Thus as a constant Intercourse of Day and Night gives the Active Animals liberty by Rest and Sleep to recover their wasted Strength and Spirits so an Annual return of Frost and Snow recovers and repairs the Strength and Spirits of the Earth which had been spent in the preceeding Summers Productions For in this Natural World all things are repair'd by corrupting preserv'd by perishing and reviv'd by dying As the Operation of Cold did gradually gain ground upon the Influence of Heat so by the same methods and degrees Heat recovers its lost ground the Fresh or Thaw beginning first at the Waters and from thence riseth up to the Plains and Vallies and last of all the Tops of the Mountains which are for sometime kept in the possession of Frost and Cold after the lower parts of the Earth be regeled are gained CHAP. XII Of the Sphere of Rarefaction THE Sphere of Rarefaction is a Sphere of Heat wherein the Suns Reflections meet and unite themselves in their own defence against the Upper and Lower Cold. And being placed in a middle between them it riseth or falleth openeth or closeth as it prevails upon them or as they open or close rise or fall This Sphere of Heat by Rarefying of Vapours and Exhalations causeth Wind. That Heat is the cause of Wind is apparent from the Experience of such People who to cause Wind usually set Chaff Seeds or Straw on Fire And when Houses or Towns are accidentally thus set on Fire the Heat of the Flame by Rarefying of the Vapours and Exhalations round about will raise the Wind to so great a height as will make it a matter of great difficulty to quench the Flame CHAP. XIII Of Wind Helms and Arches WInd is the Nitrous part of Vapour and Exhalation Rarified and Dilated by the Sphere of Rarefaction The Winds are either higher or lower as the Sphere of Rarefaction riseth or falleth they are thicker or thinner as it openeth or closeth they are Moist Hot or Dry as they have more or less of Vapour or
General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the County of Surrey holden at Darking on Tuesday the Fifth day of April 1692 and in the Fourth Year of Their Majesties Reign By the Honourable Hugh Hare Esq One of Their Majesties Justices of the Peace for that County The Second Edition Corrected An Historical Relation of the Conspiracy of Iohn Lowis Count Deffieschi against the City of Genoua in the Year 1547. Written in Italian by Augustin Mascardi Gentleman of the Bed Chamber to Pope Urban the Eighth Done into English by the Honourable Hugh Hare Esq An Account of the Isle of Iersey the Gâ—eatest of the Islands that are now the only remainder of the English Doâ—inions in France with a New and Accurate Mapp of the said Island By Ph. Falle M. A. Rector of St. Saviour in the said Island and Chaplain in Ordinary to His Majesty Mr Falle's Sermon before the English Gâ—â—â—ison in Iersey April the 10th 1692. One Sermon at Whitehall Decemb. the 30th 1694. One Sermon before the Lord Mayor April the 21th 1695. A Discourse of Natural and Reveal'd Religion in several Essays By Mr. T. Nourse The Anatomy of 〈◊〉 Earth Dedicated to all Miners By Tho. Robinson Rector of Outby in Cumberland The History of the Campagne in Flanders for the Years 1692 1693 1694 and 1695. All Written by Edward â— Auergne M. A. Rector of St. Brelade in the Isle of Iersey and Chaplain to His Majesties Regiment of Scots Guards * Note that Steno proves the Earth to have been twice fluid twice plain and dry twice scabrous and craggy the first was at the original Chaos the second at the Flood This says he is manifest from some Beds of the higher Hills containing no Heterogeneous Bodies because form'd before there wâ—re any Animals or Plants or other mix'd Solids and so presâ—rv'd in their simple antediluvian Stâ—â—e by the Heighth of their Siâ—uation which might secure them against the Load of many adventitious or factitious Bâ—ds falling for the most part on the Vallies and low Places where they make up all the compound Strata which inâ—rust tâ—â— presâ—nt Earth and separate it from the primitive oâ—e whose Beds are more simple not stuffed up with such diâ—â—â—â—ent Bodies as make up the postdiluvian Strata or Sediments This agrees with what Mr. Whiston delivers in mâ—ny Places of his New Theory To which we may add that the simple antediluvian Beds on the high Mountains destitute of Heterogeneous Solids may be lâ—id open by the washings away of the incumbent Diluvian Sediments or compound Beds by the Torrents of Rains which carry down those Câ—usts and Bodies along with them Dr. â—urnetâ— inconsistences The Cause of this Globes Atmosphere Dr. Woodard's contradiction of himself â— Vse 2. Vse 3. Vse 4. Vse 5. Vse 1. Vse 2. Vse The cause of Hills 1. The Cause of different Soils and Natures of Vegetables 2. The different Qualities of the Air. 3. The occasion of Springâ— c. 4. Of the breaking out of Mâ—nes c. 5. Of the productâ—on of Trees c. The Cause of Mountainâ— 1. Vse Their Consistences 2. Vse Their Natural Uses 3. Vse 4. Vse 5. Vse 6. Vse 7. Vse The position of Mountains The Cause of Gills Dales and Vallieâ— The Ingredâ—ents of Coal Lesser Mountains The Cause of the Chanel of the Sea The Nature and Quality oâ— the Sea 〈…〉 〈…〉 The Cause of the Seas Gibbosity The Cause of the Flux The Cause of its Reflux The Cause of Spring-tides and Dead-tides The Cause of the Seas Fermenâ—ation The effectâ— and Uses of the Seas Fermentation The Cause of the Saltness of the Sea Itâ— Uses The proportion which the Subterranean Water bears to the Sea Of the greater Veins of the Earth c. To raise new Riverâ— upon dry Ground A Subterranean contest between Fire and Water A Concussion of the whole Globe A Concussion of half the Globe A Local Earthquake New Mountains and Pondâ— Of Hurricains and their Effects Dr. Woodwards notion of perpendicular Fissures is a mistake in observation Of Burning Mountains Vulcano's Her damps in Colleries Their Effects Violent Eruptions of Water Of water Damps An Air Damp. A sweet Daâ—â— The over-flowing of Nilus The over-flowing of the Gigleswick Spring The drumming Wâ—ll aâ— Bautâ—y Mineral Spirits Foul. Air. The meaning of these words the Fountains of the great Deep were broken up The Cause of the Aerial Damp and its Effects What is meant by the opening of the Windows of Heaven The meaning of the Wind which God caused to pass over the Earth and its effects What the Rain-bows appearing in the Clouds did signifie A Refutation of Dr. Woodward's Hypothesis c. The time when the Deluge commenced Dr. Woodwaâ—d'â— Hypothesiâ— concerning the effects of the Dâ—lâ—ge Refuted The Alterations which thâ— Deluge made upon the Eaâ—â—h The time when these alterations were made Gen. 4. Verse 22. Part the 4th Page 188. Fabius Columna Dr. Hook Steno Scylla Boccâ—â—e Raâ— and many others Gen. 2.6 First Secondly First Secondly Thirdly Secondly Thirdly Secondly Thirdly Fourthly Fourthly The Laws of Divine Impression The Laws of natural Instinct The Laws of external Sense