Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	cause_v	part_n	1,774	5	4.3230	3	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A60473	Horological disquisitions concerning the nature of time, and the reasons why all days, from noon to noon, are not alike twenty four hours long in which appears the impossibility of a clock's being always kept exactly true to the sun : with tables of equation, and newer and better rules ... how thereby precisely to adjust royal pendulums ... : with a table of pendulums, shewing the beats that any length makes in an hour ... / by John Smith ... ; to which is added The best rules for the ordering and use both of the quick-silver and spirit weather-glasses, and Mr. S. Watson's rules for adjusting a clock by the fixed stars.	Smith, John, fl. 1673-1680.	1694 (1694)	Wing S4106; ESTC R17047	36,804	110

Air be no ways altered this is observed by Dr. Beale Phyl. Trans numb 9. p. 157. That a Baroscope ascended higher in the cold Mornings and Evenings than at Mid-day which doubtless proceeded from the aforesaid Cause for if you leave for tryal-sake a little Bubble of Air in the Head of the Glass when you set it up you will find the same Defect as Dr. Beale has observ'd Wherefore 't is necessary if you are doubtful of the like to Rectifie your Weather-Glass when it has been set up about a Twelve Month which is done by taking of the Tube down and repurging of it of Air as you were taught in first setting of it up but that you may not be put to more trouble than needs you ought to be first certain that your Weather-Glass does want Rectifying which you may know thus Let the Tube as it stands in the Cestern be stoop'd down so low till the Mercury rise quite up to the Head and if you perceive a Bubble of Wind at the top above the Quicksilver that is the certain sign of its wanting to be new Rectified clap then your Finger under the open end in the Cestern and take it out and purge out the Air as before was directed at its first setting up Of the Uses of the Baroscope or Quick-silver Weather-Glass AND here it may not be amiss in the first place to shew you my Opinion concerning the Reasons of that different weight of Air which is now generally believ'd and that with good Reason too to be the cause of the Quicksilvers rising against fair and falling against foul Weather Now the Reasons or Causes of this I take to be principally two the one is the Dilating and Contracting of the Air and the other is the Airs being empty of light Vapours and sometimes filled with them That the Air is capable of Contraction and Expansion is plainly apparent by its dilating with Heat and contracting by Cold in the Bolt-head of a Thermoscope or Water Weather-Glass Now if the Air be Contracted into a less room by what cause it will the Adjacent Air flows in to make good the Level of the Atmosphere and so by the Addition of more Air the Cylender which bouys up the Mercury in the Weather-Glass becomes heavier and by consequence makes the Quicksilver rise and though in Summer-time it may be thought that the Heat we feel should rather Expand than Contract yet in this we may be deceived for though the Air be Hot just at the Earth by the Sun's Reflection yet the upper Regions are still as Cold as ever witness the Snow which continues all the Year round on the Tops of some very high Mountains and so the Air may very well be accidentally contracted in the hottest time of Summer as well as in the coldest Winter and be one occasion of the Airs being then as heavy in dry Weather as in the fairest time of Winter And as the Air is made heavier by Contraction so 't is made lighter by Expansion for when its Body is rarified from what Cause soever the Swelling thereof causes the highest part to flow off or as I may say run down on those Parts of the Atmosphere that are below it by which means the Cylender or Pillar of it that presses on any Place becomes lighter and so the Mercury in the Baroscope is suffered to sink down or descend And that the Airs being sometimes full of watry Vapours and sometimes empty is another and the chief Reason too of the Quicksilvers rising and falling is manifest from this Principle in Philosophy That what-ever Rises up and Swims in any Medium must Bulk for Bulk be lighter than the Medium by which it is sustained Hence it follows that all kinds of watry Vapours must be lighter than the Air else they could never rise up therein nor be suspended there till by another Principle in Nature they are made to descend in Rain or Snow Now if Water thus Rarified be specifically lighter than Air then 't is plain that when the Air is filled therewith it must become less weighty than it was before As a Glass filled with half Water and half rectified Spirit of Wine a much lighter substance shall not weigh so much as when fill'd with all Water so the Air is always lightest in wet Weather because the Spaces above us are then full of Vapours much lighter than the Air is and by consequence the Body of Air and watry Particles mixt together must weigh less than if the whole were only an unmixt and pure Air. On the contrary when the Air is dry and free from being thus fill'd with watry Vapours it must then be most heavy at such times Indeed we may perceive many large white and curled Clouds sailing aloft over us but these are only a Collection of some few Vapours in the very upper Region of the Air the Spaces below being in the mean time very little or not at all filled therewith whereas in very wet Weather when the Glass is low and the Air very light we see not only the upper Region full of compacted Vapours but find also the whole Atmosphere even down to the Surface of the Earth filled therewith as is manifest by the Sweating of Stones and other tokens of the Airs extream Humidity and by consequence the fuller of light matter the Spaces above us are the less will the Weight be that presses downward and for that Reason the Glass in the wettest Weather always sinks lowest This being premised I come to the more particular Uses of the Glass and first you may perceive by what has been said That the Glass gives a very good account of the Temper of the Air as to its Moisture or Driness the Moisture thereof or its Fulness of watry Vapours being always proportionable to the lowness of the Quicksilver and every Degree of Sinking is an argument of the Airs being filled more and more with Moisture and the lower its Station the more full of Moisture the Air still is and you shall always observe That the lower the Quicksilver descends the more listless and out of order Men's Bodies are because the Air is then full of that which is disagreeable to the Nature of Man who was not made to live in a Watry Element and therefore the more Watry the Medium is in which he lives the more is his Nature disturbed at it On the contrary The higher the Quicksilver is the drier still is the Air and by consequence Men's Bodies are then found to be more Brisk and Lively because the Medium in which they live and move is free from what their Nature abhors so that by the Weather-Glass may be known in great part whether the Disorder and Melancholy or the Periodical Pains and Aches to which we are sometimes unavoidably subject is really occasioned by a new bodily Distemper or not for this happening when the Quicksilver is low may be judg'd to be occasioned rather by the Air and by

so much too fast for the Sun and let it go till the 8th of March on which Day about 12 a Clock set it forward from the Place the Hand is at 7′ 29″ because the Figures are red and then instead of being too slow as it before was it will be made to be 3′ 45″ too fast let it go till the 31st of that Month and then set it again forward 7′ 16″ after which on the 4th of June set it back 5′ 8″ because there you find Black Figures On the 22d of August set it also forward 7′ 23″ and on the 12th of September 7′ 17″ set it forward likewise on the 8th of October 5′ 20″ and also on the 15th of November 7′ 20″ likewise on the 3d of December let it be set back 7′ 28″ and on the 18th 7′ 3″ and on the first Day of the next Year 7′ 8″ And thus with a very little Pains and Trouble you may keep a Clock near the true Time of the Day by a more easy Way and Method than has at any Time been practised heretofore But in case you should miss rectifying your Clock on a rectifying Day then you must the next or any other Day following set him by the Sun so much too fast or too slow as the Nature of the Table requires and then he will again go on in that Order which the Design of the Table makes necessary that is he will then be capable of humoring the Suns Motion so far as that between being sometimes a little too slow and othertimes a little too fast 't will with a little Rectification be always within less than a fourth Part of a quarter of an Hour of the true Time In such Clocks as shew not Minutes the Time of setting must be guest at as well as you can Now the Reason of thus setting a Clock sometimes backward and sometimes forwards upon the rectifying Days is this If a Clock at the beginning of the Year be set to the Sun according to the former Directions it will be too slow by the 8th of March at Noon 3′ 44″ Now the Design of the Table being to keep the Clock so as that it shall at no Time disagree with the Sun above 3′ 45′ or the fourth part of a quarter of an Hour I then to prevent its being more too slow as it will if let go longer am necessitated to set it forward 7′ 24″ and then 't will be too fast for the Sun 3′ 45″ Now the Clock naturally losing at this Time of the Year it will again by the 31st Day be too slow 3′ 31″ Now the Clock being still naturally inclined to lose I therefore to prevent his being above 3′ 45″ too slow set him again 7′ 16″ forward from the Place where the Hand then stands and so he is again too fast for the Sun 3′ 45′ which is the most that I suffer him to differ from the apparent Time Now after this he going on for about 9 Weeks will the 4th of June be too fast 1′ 23″ at which Time I set him back 5′ 8″ that so he may be now 3′ 45″ too slow for by thus doing he will continue going the longer before he will require to be again new set which next happens to be August 22d which is above 11 Weeks Time Now the like Reason is the Cause of his requiring to be set anew in any other Place or Part of the Year And here I think fit to add one Caution to those that desire to adjust their Clocks very nicely and that is that among Dials they make use only of the horizontal or brass Dials which are fixt on Posts for no other can possibly give the Time so near the Truth neither on that should they make use of above one certain Hour and the nearer Noon that is the better for 't is a difficult thing even for the best Masters in this Art to draw a Dial so true as to contain an equal Time between all its Hours which though in other Cases it be not very material yet in this of adjusting a Clock it may cause a considerable Error Besides few Dials are fitted truly to the Latitudes in which they stand and if we could be certain that all were right as to these Particulars yet no Human Art can prevent the Sun's Refractions which as they make his Body appear much bigger when near the Horizon so they make him for a good part of the Day to shew to us higher than really he is and that must cause him to give a false Shadow on the truest Dial so that these particulars considered together 't is plain that there can be no true account taken of the Time till near Noon or 12 a Clock and he that watches for that Moment need not matter the falsness of the Dial wrong Latitudes nor Refractions neither because upon the Meridian let the Sun be higher or lower yet it still gives you the true 12 a Clock But in regard 't is so very hard to distinguish to a Minute by the Shadow of the best Dial small ones not admitting of minute Divisions and in large ones the Haziness or Faintness of the Shadow renders a minute difficult to be discerned exactly 't will therefore be better if instead of a Dial you make use of the following Device which I call a Meridian Cranny Take then Two plain and flat Plates or Boards about six or eight Inches square joyn them so close as that an old Groat or a Six Pence at the most may but pass between them let them be then fixed so as that the Chink or Cranny between them may respect as near as may be the Meridian or true South Point this will plainly give you the Time to half a Minute and less if you are careful to watch for the very first Beam that by the Sun 's coming to the South shall be darted through it which may be perceived in a Moment by the help of a smooth Board or Plate of Brass made black and placed near it on the North Side to receive the Light by this means the true Time of the Sun 's coming to the very same Point on the Meridian may be more exactly obtained than it can be by the best and truest Dial except such a one as is described by Mr. Molyneux in his Sciothericum Telescopicum But now although the true Time of the Sun 's coming to the South may by this means be more nearly obtained yet you will for all that find the Work of truly adjusting a Clock to be exceeding difficult especially to do it precisely when you have already brought to go prety nearly tru and this has made some to censure the Equation Tables as false because they could never adjust a Clock so as to acord therewith exactly or come Right the same Day twelve Month with that Dial to which it was set a Year before Now that I may do right to Truth I affirm that this proceeds not from any material

58 3027 59 3001 60 2976 61 2951 62 2927 63 2904 64 2880 65 2859 In this Table the first Row of Figures in each Colume are the Inches of a Pendulum's Length The second Row are the Beats that a Pendulum of that Length makes in an Hour Thus one of 41 Inches long beats 3600 times and one of 64 2880. The Table of Royal Pendulums continued from 3 Foot long to 30 for the Use of such as make Church and Turret-Clocks Feet Beats 3 3842 4 3327 5 2976 6 2716 7 2515 8 2353 9 2218 10 2104 11 2006 12 1912 13 1845 14 1778 15 1718 16 1664 17 1614 18 1568 19 1526 20 1488 21 1452 22 1429 23 1387 24 1353 25 1331 26 1305 27 1288 28 1257 29 1235 30 1215 In this Table the first Row of Figures are the Feet of any Pendulum's Length the second Row are the Beats that that Length makes in an Hour as 10 Foot long beats 2104 in an Hour so a Pendulum of 20 Foot long beats 1488 Blows in an Hour The foregoing Table of Pendulums I was in some measure necessitated to publish in order to demonstrate why heretofore it has been found so difficult to adjust a Clock to the Table of Equations But besides this I thought it might be of good Use to some who in contriving Numbers for new Clocks or for old Clocks altered into Pendulums are often at a loss what Length of Pendulum to fit their Number to Perhaps my so doing may anger some but the pleasuring of more will countervail that Mischief The Table of Crown-Wheel'd Pendulums is calculated from a Standard of the same sort 6 Inches and a half long that strikes 9000 Blows in an Hour And that of Royal Pendulums from one of 41 Inches that strikes Seconds or 3600 Blows in an Hour In both the Tables you may perceive That a Pendulum that strikes but half so many Blows as another is four Times as long This noted gives you a true insight into the Nature of the Pendulum The Tables are exact as to their whole Numbers and would always give you the exact length did not different ways of making Clocks cause an Alteration insomuch that sometimes a Pendulum that strikes Seconds shall be above a quarter of an Inch longer than another shall we must bear with what we cannot avoid The best Rules for the ORDERING and USE Both of the Quick-silver and Spirit WEATHER-GLASS SInce 't is so easy to be furnished in London with both these Sorts of Weather-Glasses I judge it needless now to give any Directions about their Making only thus much I shall take notice of That the Goodness of a Baroscope or Quick-silver Weather glass does consist wholly in the Largeness and Depth of the Cestern below and the Quantity of Quick-silver contained therein Now that you may know whether a Cestern be large enough cause the Workman that makes it to fill the Tube about 3 Inches with part of the Mercury designed for its Use fill the Cestern with the best part of the rest that remains and then clapping across the Brims at the Cestern a Gage that shall have a Pin drove into it reaching just down to the Surface of the Mercury let the Mercury which before filled the 3 Inches of the Tube be put therein and if you find it not to raise the Mercury in the Cestern above the thickness of a Six Pence then is the Cestern of a sufficient Capacity A Cestern of about 2 Inches and a half Diameter generally is large enough for any Tube that has not a Bore above a quarter of an Inch Diameter which is as large as is needful for if it be so large as that when the Quick-silver in the Glass by rising and falling do raise that in the Cestern too considerably then you will not constantly have that Distance between the Surface of the stagnant Mercury below and the numbred Figures on the Register Plates of the Weather-Glass for if the Glass be a good Glass measure that Distance when you will and you will always find it just 28 30 or 31 Inches from the Divisions so numbred to the Superficies of the Quick-silver in the Cestern below Note likewise That the End of the Tube ought to be emerst at least three quarters of an Inch within the Cestern of Quick-silver else the Air will be in danger of getting up into the Body of the Tube For this reason there ought to be at least 28 Inches and 3 quarters Distance between the Figure 28 on the Register Plate and the Bottom of the Cestern Now in order to set the Weather-glass up let the Frame be first fixed fast to the Place you design for it which is done by first driving therein a Nail or Tenter-hook fitted for that purpose upon which the Frame is to be hung or suspended and with a Screw let the Bottom thereof be firmly fastned to the Place or in want of a Screw by somewhat else that may perform the Work well Then make the in side of the Glass Tube very clean and dry by means of a bright and clean piece of Wire made red hot at the End in a Fire and turned down for about half an Inch like the Eye of a Needle through which draw a long slip of fine softLawn Paper which I find best for this purpose because 't is not apt to leave any Lint behind it as Linen Rags will which Lint will always cause a small Bleb of Air to remain round it so that in spite of all your Care and Pains you shall never obtain a perfect fine Cilender of Mercury With this Paper in the Eye of the Wire let the Bore of the Tube be well cleansed by drawing of it to and fro from one End to the other till you are sure that you have not mist any Part thereof And if you find when you have drawn it out that the Paper be any whit soiled put in a fresh Piece and after that another till you find the Paper come out as clean at it went in for should any Foulness or Moisture be left behind the Mercury will not play freely up and down When you have cleansed the Tuble very well then prepare and make the Mercury fit to fill it with which you are to do in the manner following Take an earthen Bason or Dish and put therein half a Sheet of clean white Paper then put the whole Quantity of Mercury which the maker of the Baroscope has fitted thereunto and having put it into a clean linen Cloath strain out gently so much of it as you judge will fill the Bore of the Tube and no more for should you twist and wring the Cloath the Quick silver is in to strain it all through you will in so doing find much Lint fall off from it and foul the Surface of the Mercury strain'd out so that you cannot fill the Tube with it without conveying some of the Lint along with it which will spoil the perfect smoothness