fiue or six yéeres of age So that the vse of the Euphorbium cannot be comprehended by waight for when it is new ye must put twise so much Oile and three times so much Wax and if it be olde the more Oile shal be put to it and the lesse Wax Wherfore if you will make the forsaid medicament in fourme of a Liquid cerat The maner how to vse the Euphorbium whether it be olde or new you shall put foure times so muche Oile as Wax But if you wil make it in fourme of a Plaister you shall put therto as much Oile as Wax and principally if the Wax be olde and dry For if the Wax be new you shall not need so much Oile and lesse in Summer then in Winter For to make Emplastrum Carotodes That is to say a Cerat or Ciroene you shall take of the best wax liquid it in Oile then ad to the vi parte of Euphorbium and temper it as aforesaid or els as foloweth Rec. Euphorbium drachmas 1. wax drach 6. Oile drach 5. or 6. And for because that the Wax is not so cleauing and viscus as Rosin or Pitch is ye shall ad to either of the Cerats Pich or Rosin The qualities and differences of Rosins or of bothe and then ye shall not need so much Oile as you should haue doon if it had been made onely with Wax And this is to be noted that you ought to haue a diligent regarde to the moisture or drynes of the Rosins for you haue soÌ„e more dryer then other some and others again be more liquid Of the dryest of these kindes is that whiche some call Fricta and others Colophonia After the same kinde dooth folow that which is brought in erthen pots which is vnclarified and when it is clarified it is like the fore named Fricta There is an other kinde which is called Pityinon phisema that is to say German Pich which is more dryer then the other two aforsaid the which Galen did iudge not tobe vsed in this cure because of his vncleenes but did vse the aforesaid Fricta Ther be diuers kindes of these as before hath been said of the which some wil remain more liquid theÌ„ other some The qualitie and faculties of Rosins according to their degres for the Turpentine wil remain moste liquid the other dooth soon dry as Strobolina and Abiotina and of these two the hottest is Strobolina and next vnto them in heat is Turpentine As for the Rosin of Cipres I doo not reken for Galene neuer durst nor would vse it in any Plaisters to be applyed to Narues because it is astringant The bâ—st and principall of all these kindes of Rosins is Turpentine The Turpentine is the moste principall of all Rosins not for his heat for Strobolina and Abietina as before hath been said are hotter The whiche Turpentine Galene did vse by experiments the great vtillitie that was in it to mundify to resolue and to drawe and is very comfortable to the Nerues witnesses also therunto Dioscorides and Anabarzeus And when you wil haue the Cerat very cleauing you shall put to the more Rosin as is afore said and mix it according with the Oile and wax The Emplaister which Galen did vse YOu shall take of Turpentine and put therto thrée times so much wax Then ad to them the xij parte of Euphorbium if you knowe not whether the EuphorbiuÌ„ be exactly hot or no you must prooue when the medicine is made by this meanes that is ye shall strike a little of it vpon a linnen cloth and apply it vpon the thigh or arme and there let it remain for a certain time and if you perceiue that it dooth somewhat warme then is the midicine temperat and if it doo cause no maner of sensible heat Note this wel or els that he giue more feruent heat then he ought it is certain that the medicine is either to weke or to strong The heat may be diminished by adding the more of Oyl and wax and also it may be augmented by adding to of the Euphorbium for the confection of these kindes of medicins the Propolis is the best and most conuenible amoÌ„g all other kindes of Rosins The vtility and coÌ„moditie of Propolis but it ought tobe new fat because it will the better drawe to the outwarde parte the thick vapours and superfluous humours but Rosins are to be mingled with Wax onely to giue thicknes and forme to plaisters and are not so conueniable in this curatton as Propolis is Therfore you shall note that in tender soft complexions the medicins ought not tobe so strong as in strong boisterous complections For the Cerat which is mingled with olde Oile is very conueniable in some and likewise Fermentum that is to say Leuen is very good so it be olde for the older it is the better be cause it dooth bothe resolue and attract more then new moreouer Sulphur Viuum is very good in these afore said compositioÌ„s and it may be vsed with TetrapharmacuÌ„ Also Aphronitrum may be vsed and Beronictum litrum so that it be not grauely which may also be mingled with Tetrapharmacum Arsenicum wich is called in the Attique tung Quenched Lime Arenicum beeing mingled with TetrapharmacuÌ„ is profitable and for lack of these you shall vse Sandaracha as of Lime quenched and vnquenched Metalla lo tione et adustione fuit mitiora washed vnwashed But there must be lesse of the vnwashed then of that which is washed for because that it is more sharper then that which is vnwashed Now then to haue the perfit knoweledge to heale wounds of Nerues This ought to be knoweÌ„ in the cure of Nerues it is needful to knowe the end and intention of the cure likewise the facultie of simple medicines the which in this cure ought to drawe and resolue without excessiue heat and without great sharpnes or byting And likewise it is needful to know and vnderstand perfectly the Anathomye Note And the nature and complexion of the members of the body and perfectly to vnderstand and the difference betwéen the Tendones membranes ligamentê for when occasion shall serue to stich any wound you must not touch the teÌ„dones for the Tendones and the muscles haue coniuncion togithers therfore when the muscles be seperated there must be very good heed taken in the stitching of them lest â—ou cause pain for if they doo indure any pain it causeth conuulsion and then afterwarde turneth to putrifaction and so all the partes there abouts dooth suffer the like accidents yet neuerthelesse the musculous flesh may wel be stitched as shal be héerafter said Therfore to haue perfit knoweledge of the Tendons this is to be vnderstanded that therbe two kindes that is to say the one round like vnto acorde for which cause the ancient writers haue so called them the others be flat like vnto membranes wherof some passe along by the
Art and open some good rule to the releef of my countreymen I haue aduentured to interpret one small work of the fatherly both Phisition and Chirurgion Galen which I iudged moste necessary for our time hauing ioyned the same with other treatises no lesse fruteful then profitable Which woork although it agreeth nether with the dignity of your noble name nor paraduenture is answerable to your honours oppinion and expectaon of me and whiche I must needs confesse is superfluous to your honour who can bothe read and vnderstand the same in the first tungs wherein the Authors haue written yet be cause other may be releued therby I thought I might bothe easely obtain pardon and also be bolde to vse your honours patronage in this behalf seeing the same your honours curtesye and clemencye is vsually extended to all men which doth not vse to esteem such gifts as this according to the value but accepting willingly the good meaning of the person Thus beseeching your honour to take in good parte this testimony of my thankfull hart suche as it is I beseech also the Immortall God to vpholde the renown of your Honours name in the noble linage of your noble Progenitors Your Honours humble and obedient Seruant George Baker To the Reader THere are two instruments aswel in Surgery as in all other Arts whereby a man is directed to the scope or purpose which he intendeth namely reason and experience Reason is occupyed about method and method as Galen in the first book De methode medendi teacheth is a contrary thing to experience rashely made and at aduenture and procéedeth a sure way taking iudications of the complexion of the body of the nature of the deseased parte of the causes and differences of the diseases and so orderly passeth frō iudication to iudication applying apt remedyes such as certain experience hath taught to haue vertue correspondent to such purpose as learned method prescribeth til at lēgth helth which is the scope and end of the art be obtained By this discription of method ye may sée plainly and distinctly the vse and necessitie bothe of reason and experience but héer must you vnderstand by reason such learned iudgement as procedeth by discretion and certain knowledge of the iudications abooue mentioned and afterwards maketh apt choise of experiments Experience also wherof Galen speaketh is a thing of more perfection then the rude obseruations of vndiscrete pratisers of our time but if they would read Galen his second book De simplicium medicamentorium facultatibus cap. x. they should learn better what appertained to experience how they try and examin their medicins and to iudge truely of their vertues And reason applyed to true method is the cause of certaintie in Phisick or Chirurgiry so on the other parte when it is vsed at randon without discretion and not deriued from true iudication but as fantasies doo féed the idle brain it is a thing as Galen witnesseth ful of great daunger And therfore he wished the vnlearned practisers of his time rather to vse the experience which they knew warely then to busy them selues with deuising euery man a method after his owne way which thīg passed their capacitie Such was the method of Thessalus before Galens time and such is the method of Paracelsus in our time but what peril did insue of the rash method of Thessalus is by Galen in sundry places declared and how great harme hath béene doon and dayly is committed by the Paracellistes both learned Erastus and Desenius with others doo witnesse by their writings and dayly experience it self teacheth And although the common practizers doo by their experience he le many diseases yet as Galen saith in the same first Book of his method they thē selues must néeds confesse that the ende of their labour dependeth vpon the pleasure of fortune For sithens experiēce is but the obseruation or remembrance of the successe had in particuler things as Galen him self defineth it and that neither art nor science consisteth in particularities it must néeds folow the naked experience maketh no art And then for asmuch as those which be healed are healed either by art or by chaunce then it must néeds folowe that those which cure by experience without method doo heal by chaūce and not by art and therfore are they wel termed of Galen to await the pleasure of Fortune Thus maist thou loouing Reader perceiue what great difference there is betwixt him that cureth artificially obseruing the learned method and order and the vnskilful practizer which after some fantastical deuise bred in the braine of the vnlearned or by vndiscrete experyence procedeth to the same So far dooth the one of these differ frō the other as light from darknes knowledge from ignoraunce order from confusion and to conclude certaintie from vncertaintie or blinde chaunce Now let the sick man be iudge whether is for him the more safetie tobe heled orderly artificially and surely or to depēd vpon the hasard of blinde Fortune happy or not happy at aduenture whether yea or nay But if ye beleeue Hipocrates Age re foeliciter est agere prudenter et agere infoeliciter est agere imprudenter to be happy is to be skilful and to deale vnluckely is to deale vnskilfully Therfore haue many obseruations of the dayly practises of many men perceiuing yea almoste dayly great errours committed in many things concerning mine art of Chirurgery for lack of true method and that moste of all in the wounds of ioints and Sinewes or Sinewy or musculous places whiche require peculter distinct method order of cure from the cōmon wounds of other fleshly places and the same béeing more painful and for the greatnes of the accidents which folowe them béeing of far more daunger doo require therefore the greater care more artificiall handling then any other I haue therfore for looue I bere to my facultie which I wish void of infamy and for the harty desire I bere to the profit of such as be hurt and diseased indeuoured to set foorth some thing in our english tung as those which are willing to learn might therby be instructed and directed to the true method and trade of curing the said wounds of Sinowes c. And as Aristotle requireth in Philosophy the same I think also in Chirurgery moste necessary Vt exempla sunt non chaerilia sed homerica that is not to folowe the practise of bunglers or the vnskilful sort but to learne at the best learned Then for asmuch as Galen by the Iudgement of the learned of all nations hath excelled all other that haue writen in Phisick but cheefely in his method I thought good to translate into our natiue tung his third Booke of the composition of medicines accordīg to places wherin bothe learned abundantly he teacheth the curing of these wounds whiche my labour taking for the furtherance of such as be willing to learne to doo wel if it be on thy parte moste loouing Reader
inflamation it must be liquified with Oile of Roses and if there be none it may be liquified with olde Oil Recinum chamamelium and others which are for soft and tender bodyes and for the strong and boisterous you shall vse strong Oile as Oleum radicis â—icus Aggrestis Brioniae Asari Dracunculi Aristolochiae and Panacis but the Aristolochia and Panacis ar more strong then the others Another composed by Claudius Philoxenus Chirurgion for the foresaid greefs Rec. Argenti spumae Cerae ana drach 160. Ammoniaci drach 80. Propoleos drach 40. Alius 18. Terebenthine Resine Siccae Thuris Squame aeris ana drach 16. Lanae succide â–ª coÌ„bustae Squamae Stomomatis ana drach 8. Oppoponacis dra 4. Olei ricini hemi 3. A reddish medicine of Halieus Rec. Argenti spumae Cerae ana drach 100 Alius 100 Terebenthinae Mannae Thuris Galbani Minii Cinoptici ana drach 8 Olei sexta 1. This implaister The vtillitie of this Emplaister is good in gréene wounds and for wounds of the Nerues and for Vlcers of the eyes whiche bee hard to cicatrice And to resolue all hardnes and principally of the Dugs It is likewise good for biting of mad Dogs and for the stinging of Dragons and the venimouse fish called in Greek Trigon Thalassia and in Latin Pastinaca Marina Asclepiades dooth write that it is onely for wounds maketh no mention for punctures of Nerues although it wil serue in bothe Another catagmatique medicin composed by Moschion Rec. Argenti spumae minam 1. which is 160. drach Picis aride drach 160 Seue vitulinae dra 160. Resine Terebenthine drach 80. Manne thuris drach 80. Cerae drach 40. Eruginis oppoponacis Galbani ana drach 8. Olei ricini hemi 1. Aceti hemi 1. Licorice cicamini hemi 1. Picis liquid ciath 3. The manner to boil this Vnguent is thus First you shall boile the Litarge and the Oile togither then ad to the Calues greace and after that the Manna and the Thuris let them be stirred continually til they be incorporated theÌ„ you shall put to it the Pich the wax and the Turpentine and consequently the others which must be boyled in fourme of an Emplaister after that you shall ad to the Galbanum Eruge and Oppoponax dissolued in Vinagre then ye shall take the licour of Cicamini and the liquid Pich and boil them in another vessel and when they bee melted togither and somwhat thick you shall mingle them with the others and set them on the fire again til they come to a perfit consistance Then you shall let it stepe in white Wine the space of iij. dayes after you may strike it vpon a linnen cloth to vse as an Emplaister This Emplaister The vertues of this Emplaister is very good in gréen wounds and for cutting and contusion of Nerues for a Fracture with a wound and with coÌ„uenient ligature dooth cause calles to ingender in bones it is likewise good in the beginning of an Hidropsye for contufion of the Testicles for Rhagadies for Tumours of the Throte called of the greeks Bronchocilas to be bréef this is a right excellent medicine FINIS ¶ The curation of wounds of Nerues Tendons ioints THe cause of solution of continuitie the whole and sound partes in Nerueus places may chaunce diuers waies that is to say by contusions as blowes with Stones Staues Hammers Clubs Hargubush Crossebowes bitings and such other like Likewise it may come by sharp and pricking Instruments As a Bodkin Speare Dart Thorne or venimouse Beast or such like Also by cutting with a swoord or Knife Of the which wounds some be made acording to the length of the Tendone Nerue or Sinew Membrane or Caule and others according to the bredth with great incision and some meane or lesser of the which hurts these accidentê may folow As pain vehement fluxion inflamation Feuer losse of reason Sinope Apostume Gangrena and mortification of the whole parte and ofteÌ„ times death by reason of the communication and consent that they haue with the Brain and other noble partes Moreouer it is to bee vnderstanded that when the Nerues or Tendones bee but half or little cut the wound is more daungerous then if they were cut quite a sunder That which couereth the Scul And so is it with the Periosten pericranium and membranes or because that the portion or parte that is cut doth drawe him self to his beginning which causeth conuultions and Cramps but when they be wholly cut there foloweth no accidents Insomuch that they haue no contrarietie when they retire the which is manifestly seen in the woundê of the head for where the Pericranium is but half cut the accidents are more vehement then when it is wholly cut as we may dayly sée by example when we make incision to apply the Traepan And amongst all the hurtes of the Nerues the prickings bringeth moste pernicious and terrible accidents by reson that the orifice is so small that the humour cannot issue out but remaineth within and there gathereth a sharpnes whiche drincketh into the Nerues and Tendons and dooth cause them to swel and by the swelling they are shortned wherof commeth suche pain that it causeth most painful cramps and such other like accidents as before hath béen said The cure of punctures of the Nerues FOr the curation there are two things to be considered that is to say to appease the pain and to defend the parte afflicted from fluxions and Apostumation for the accomplishing of the whiche you shall applye vpon the wound at the beginning a dessiccatiue medicine of a thin and suttle substance to the end it may penetrate more easy the botom of the prick and consume the moisture therin which other wise wold cause an egre sharpnesse as afore said which sharpnes would bring great pain and accidents Wherfore you shall apply Oil of Turpentine with a little Aquauitae wel rectified or Euphorbium and Sulpher poudred and incorporated togither and applyed very warme or els Oile of Vitroel and Aqua vite and round about the place this Cataplasma folowing Rec. Farine hord orrob ana vnces 2. Sirup acetosi vnces 3. Flor. Camomil two handfuls Lixiuii qui sufficien fiat Cataplasma If by this order the paine dooth not ceasse and that there be any contraction of Nerue you shall apply speedily hot seething Oil with lint beeing dipt in it as well at the botome as the edges of the wound which must be doon two or thrée times at one dressing for by this kinde of Cauterization you shall ceasse the pain by reason of the burning of the Oile the Nerues or Tendons dooth loose their sensible feeling Of the wounds of the ioints THe wounds of the ioynts are for the moste parte mortall by reason of their deneruations or Tendones and membranes with the which is mingled Nerues for the which cause they haue greater feeling for the Nerues beeing mingled with them causeth more pain which pain bringeth this
thighe néer vnto the knee Also they are within the palmes of the hands and the soules of the feet Of tendoÌ„s their â—â—â—de â—ormes situations Now we wil return to the matter in wouÌ„ds of Nerues you must not make fomentation with hot water as the Phisitions before Galenes time did nor yet vse Cataplasmus made with wheat meal and boyled with Hidrelaeum for Galen made onely fomentation with Oile and the medicines aforsaid by which menes he healed many And béeing but of the age of xxviij yeeres at whiche time hée came from Alexandrin into his owe contrey did inuent and deuise the maner to cure the wounds of Nerues A note of Galen and since that time hath been many goodly cures by the method and midicines aforesaid And now for an example marke this history which is recited Vpon a time among others there was a certain Captain af war the whiche had a wound in his thigh transuersales the whiche wound was of a great deapth that the one side was drawen vpwarde the other downwarde towarde the knée for to heale the said wound Galen did not dout to stich it in the musculous partes Neuerthelesse he gaue good respect in touching of any Tendon for he knew that the muscles might wel be stitched without daunger and not the tendones albeit that some ancient Phisitions doo stich but onely the vpper lips of the skin though the wound be neuer so deep for they did fear to stich the muscles and there were others whiche would stich the fleshey parts of the muscles but they were of the vpper parte of the wouÌ„d and not in the depth Wherfore when there did chaunce any déep wound béeing transuersales he did boldely stitch the musculous partes As for the other woundê made according to the length of the member it is not néedful to stitch them for with good and conuenient rowling the musculous parts may wel be agglutinated Therfore they which be ignorant in the Anothomy doo fear to stich the membranes with the muscles but Galen beeing learned in that matter did stiche them safely without danger although that the large Tendones are muche like the membranes yet for all that there is difference for the Tendones be more hard and of a grocer substance then the said membranes be The differeÌ„ce betwen the tendoÌ„s and membranes Except it be in the muscles of Abdomen which the Prince Auicenna calleth Mirac for in that place they be very tender and suttle as the membranes be in all points except it be in the straight muscles By this it appéereth that the iij parte of Phisick which the gréeks call Chirurgia that is to say the which is exercised by handy operation Pharmaceutice that is to say by medicines as to the Apothecary Diaitetice by regiment of the life haue néed one of the other wherfore he whiche dooth take vpon him this profession ought exactly to be exercised in these iij. Note this place wel After that he first hath had the perfet knoweledge of the Theorick that is to say speculatiue in the whiche is taught the method to cure by reasons and Demonstrations and if he be ignorant in any of these he is not worthy to be called a good Chirurgion and shall neuer be able to doo any thing which shal be to the profit or easement of his Patients The composition of medicines for wounds of the Nerues made of metalles AMongst the metalls you must auoid them which are astringant and principally in the prickings of the Sinewes The substance of metalls But the abstersiues as Aeris squama others are profitable And this must be noted that all metalls are partly of a groce and terrene substaÌ„ce because that there dooth contain in them much earthy nature wherfore they doo require to be prepared to the end that they may be more suttle One way to prepare them is this To prepare the metals First the said metalls ought to be laboured in a morter onely with very strong Vinagre which hath a pearcing facultie and ought to be so laboured very long Ther be some of the said metalls that wil not wel be beaten although they be very long labored Neuerthelesse they may easely be dissolued as Chalcitis misy and such like but others may be beaten and redused into poulder as Aeris Squama and such others And this you shall note that Chalcitis Erugo if they be burnt they haue lesse sharpnes in theÌ„ wherfore the greater quantitie may be occupyed when any medicine is made The Pastils or Trocis of Andronis Poluidas and Pacion be right excellent and conueniable in wounds of Sinews so that they be dissolued in Sapa as they ought Excellent pastils Sapa is made of Must Sapa and wherof it is made that is to say sodden Wine but the said Must ought to be made of swéet Raysons and not of sower which are Abstersiues and of the latter running of the Tub the whiche wine must be boyled vnto the consumption of the half and with the said Wine the Pastils may be dissolued to be applyed vnto the Nerues which lye bare But when you vse them you shall take that kinde of Polidas for they be moste temperate and principally in these bodyes which are temperate tender in which bodyes all the kindes of Pastils ought not tobe vsed but medicins according which we haue al redy spoken of and wil speak héerafter for all bodies be not of one temperature for they differ in thrée things that is to say as for their temperature secondly in the augmentation of their age and last in their states and exersises as they whiche woork much or liue idlely Wherfore it foloweth that no medicine can bee conuenient A method worthy to be noted in all bodyes And for this cause you must haue two sortes of medicines the one strong and the other weke and then when necessitie dooth require According to the temperature of the body the midicine ought to be compounded prepared and applyed the mixtures may be according to the temperature of the body ¶ Medicins for strong and boisterous people Rec. Aeris squama parte 3. Misyos crudi partes 2. Chalciteos cruda parte 1. Cerae parte 12. At the beginning when Galene prepared this medicament hée did put to it Arsenicon and after that when he sawe that it was superfluous he left it out ¶ Medicine for delicate and tender complexions Rec. Misyos combusti Chalcitidis vsti ana parte 1. Aeris squamae partes 4. Cerae parte 18. Medicin for mean complectioÌ„s whiche Galen did often vse Rec. Misyos vsti Chalcities vstae Erugini vstae ana parte 1. Aeris squamae part 3. Cerae part 5. For to make these medicines the quantitie of the Oile ought to exceed the quantitie of the Wax Note that Galenes pound is but xii vnces as if there be viij vnces of Wax you shall put xij vnces of Oile which is a
Presipitatum mingled togither this doon you shall take away the corruption of the bone And then after that you may safely vse your vnctions made with Axungia Gummes Mineralls Oiles and Mercury also if you ad thereto of fine Treacle or Mithridatum it wil be the better You shall anoint the shoulders the muscles of the back the Loines the Hips the Thighs the knées and all the outward members as Legges and Armes But you must take very good héede that you touch not the head the region of the hart the Stomack nor the ridge of the Back Also yee must haue a good respect to ceasse your anointing in suche order that you bring not to muche accidents to the mouth wherby the Pacient might vtterly lose the vse bothe of his tung and teeth Because that so many ignorant Chirurgians haue taken vpon them this cure without either discretion in applying the vnction or ordering of the patient I haue thought good to write ij or thrée woords touching the ordering of the Pacient When the body is prepared of his humors with apt and méet medicines aswel Sirups Decoctions purgings and opening of the Vain according to the disposition of the body the patient shal be placed in a place naturally hot or els otherwise made warme whiche must be frée from all colde hauing the doores windowes and other open places closely stopt for the colde aire is very hurtful bothe for the Sinewy parts and also for the woorking of medicines for it wil deminish hinder the actions therof And in this case ther are many which commit great errors which are worthy of reprehencion for aswel in the winter as in the Summer they anoint the Patients in great and large Chambers where very much ayre entreth Wherfore at the beginning of this cure if the place be not very close warme you shall make a Pauilion with Couerings and suche other like round about a fire by the which meanes you shall keep the colde ayre from the Patient But if it be possible it is better to haue a little chamber close and warme and also continually a pan with Coles in the midst of it If it bee so that the Patients be so weke that they cannot abide the heat of the fire or would be loth to be séen naked as women or maids you shall anoint them lying in their beds First the patient shall put out one Arme and then the other and so the rest of the partes shal be anointed one after an other And you shall vse the Patients from time to time according to the dissease The third error is concerning wounds pearcing into the Brest IT fortuneth often times that the wounds pearce the holownes of the brest so that great quantitie of blood dooth fall down into the bottome of the same and there dooth stay vpon the Diaphragma Diaphragma 〈◊〉 two muscles which go 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the â—â—â—st seperateth the hart froÌ„ the Liuer also the heuinesse of the said blood oppresseth the Diaphragma and putrifieth and ingendreth an euill qualtitie The which putrifaction sending vapours to the hart causeth a continuall feuer and commonly death within â— dayes Of the which the common Chirurgians haue no consideratioÌ„ or els by their ignoraunce they knowe not the cause and so the Patient is destitute of all help Wherfore when you sée that the wound perceth into the Thorax or brest you shal take good aduisemeÌ„t in searchiÌ„g out diligently whether the blood be descended into the lower parte of the Diaphragma the whiche may bee knowen by the stinking of the breath and by the relation of the Patient which dooth féele the blood quiuering or shaking inwardly And also commonly his face wil be of a reddish or hie coulour by reason of the vapours which assend vp And note that at the which side the blood dooth moste remaine in lying vpon the same side the patient shall feel lesse pain then vpon the other because that the said blood oppresseth the Lungs and the Diaphragma the Chirurgian ought to haue a good respect to the signes aboue written and whilst that the strength of the patient is yet remaining it shall bee needful to make way for the said blood to be Euacuated betwéen the fourth v. rib a hand breadth or a little more from the Ridge of the back and your incision knife shall be very sharp also you shall doo it by little and little very gentlely in cutting Mesopleuria or the muscles betwéen the ribs it ought to be doon towarde the lower part of the said muscles for the vain whiche nourisheth them and the ligaments which giueth them their mouing and féeling are placed more abooue then belowe After that the incision is made you shall let out the corrupted blood by little and little according to your discretion and it shall suffise to euacuate euery dressing v. or vi vnces this doon it shal be very profitabe to vse the wunted potions which you shall finde in the writings of learned practitioners which haue largely written of the said potions and by this meanes abooue written I healed foure in one yéer The whiche Cures without the aforesaid remedyes could neuer haue béen holpen for the whiche I giue vnto God moste harty thanks ¶ The fourth error touching the applications of the Traepans Terebelles for fractures of the hed IN the fractures of the Skul there are committed great errors touching the applycation of the Traepan principally when the bone is broken in many partes for they haue no consideration of the shiuering of the skul but apply the Trapan by the which meanes they presse down the shiuers of the bone vpon the Dura mater rent or tere it in such order that it bringeth great gréeuous accidents wherby commonly deth ensueth Wherfore in this case you shal haue a good consideration before that you apply the Traepan for it is better if it be possible in this case to vse other instrumeÌ„tê as Eleuiatories Cisers Lenticulj or such other like to make way for the brused matter which depresseth the Duramater it shal be the better lesse danger for the Patient By this meanes I I haue many times forborne the applying of the Traepan to the profit of my Patients and my good name and estimation Moreouer there bee many Ignorant Chirurgians which without consideration apply the Traepan vpon all partes of the hed aswel vpon the comistures or seames as other places whiche is the cause of the death of many Patients Wherfore they ought to haue a great consideration and to be very diligent in this respect and for to vse their art according to the true method The fift error touching the punctures of Nerues WHen it chaunceth that any is hurt by the punctures of Nerues if hee be not spéedily holpen by some cunning and expert Chirurgian hee is in great danger to fall into conuolsions which is the occasion of many a mans death whiche commonly chaunceth to them that be drest by the Ignorant and
common Chirurgians for when they begin the cure they make fomentation with hot water wherein hath béen boyled Mallowes Violets and such like then after the fomentation they apply an appeaser of pain made with the crummes of white Bread béeing mingled with the yolke of an Egge Oil of Camomil and Oil of Roses The which things are altogither contrary to the Punctures of Nerues For asmuch as their application dooth moisteÌ„ to much the Neruous places and retaineth or kéepeth in the matter whiche is all redy come to the place and if there be any apostume it dooth augment and encrease him and causeth the matter to assend vp to the brain wherby ensueth conuolsion and finally death Wherfore to auoide this daunger and to follow the cure methodically you shall haue first a regarde to the Euacuation of the body and if the strength of the patient be good to vse Flebetonice Reuolsiue or according to the cause of the gréef Then to take a way that whiche is redy conioinct you shall enlarge the Orofice to the end that the medicin may the better penetrate to the bottom and take away the sharpnes of the humor In this case I haue found very profiitable the Oil of Hippiricon prepared in this forme that is to say with Venice Turpentine and for one vnce of the said Oil you shall take half a scrupple of Euphorbium which shal be applyed very hot with pledgets vpon that a Plaister made with Propolis Gum ammoniack and Wax asmuch as shall suffise By this meanes the matter which is drunk into the Nerues or tendons shal be drawen out to the outwarde partes Also for this intent I haue found profitable Linseed Oile and Enphorbium of eche like muche with the xx parte of Sulpher béeing very finely poudred with Perosin and wax as much as shall suffice to make an Vnguent This Vnguent dooth heat moderatly attract and dissicate and is of a subtil facultie with the which by the help of God the Chirurgians shall get bothe honor and profit The sixth error is touching the abuse of the runners about called cutters for the stone and Ruptors AMong the common Runnees about which vse to cut for the stone and Ruptures is vsed a great abuse and to be lamented of any christian hart for vnder this cure of cutting the Hernyes they doo miserably take away the stone aswell in the Hernia aquosa or ventosa as in all the rest the which is vnmanly and against the wil of God and they doo not only vse it in men but moste of all in little Children therfore it should be very good for the parents which haue their Children in any maner of wayes troubled with any kinde of Hernies that before they commit their Children to léese their stones and some times liues by any of these that bee Runnagates for so may I wel terme them that they shew them to some learned Chirurgian to the end that he may sée what kinde of Hernies they haue and so to discerne the Aquosa or Ventosa from Intestinale or Omentales For certainly I haue séen Hernies in childreÌ„ which came by the relaxasion or deuision of the PeretoneuÌ„ haue been perfitly healed by the apt applying of glutinatiue medicins such otherlike without cutting or taking away of the Testicle But such is the couetouse desire of these Runners whiche make the parents beléeue that it cannot bee helped without their butcherly cutting and for to intrapmony for they be as greedy after it as any liuing thing is after their pray not hauing the fear of God before their eies but like gréedy gripers catch what they may for the time and care not what become of them afterwardes whether they liue or die wee haue had it by experience of them what harme they haue doon bothe by the murdering cruelly and also laming with continual pain for when they come rushing into England and haue suche a great name at their first comming But after when their woorkê be tried and then the proof of them seen the people for the moste parte are wery of them and many a fatherlesse childe and widdow which they haue made may lament the time that euer they knewe them and many others which is not a few bide tormentê and pain by the dealing with them I dare affirme they neuer did any cure in this Realme but that there be English men which haue doon the like and greater Suche is the folish fantasyes of our English nation that if he bee a Straunger he shall haue more fauourers then an English man though the English mans knowledge doo far passe the others as experience therin hath shewed and this I wil stand to the proof that ther be English men that shall in all things doo asmuch bothe by learning and experieÌ„ce as any of them all Paraduenture you wil obiect and say that there be Straungers which haue doon cures which some English men haue refused I wil graunt that it may be so for there bee a great many of vnlearned Chirurgians which take vpon them the art look what they doo it is by blinde chauÌ„ce and so through their blindenes some are marred wherby after it falls to a straungers chaunce to doo it and then it is giuen out that all the ChirurgiaÌ„s in London could not doo it and so the whole company is defamed and euil thought of but I could shewe to the contrary where the straungers haue left and could not doo English men haue doon it diuers times which if néed be I can bring the proof and no small sort whiche to name I will omit til another time more meet And now to return to the matter sée how long any of these cutters doo tarry in a place some a quarter of a yéere some half and none scant a yéer for it wil bee to hot for them for after their beastlines is once knoweÌ„ then they must seek a new place for if they should tary in one place they would bee hated like mad Dogs that they knowe wel inough Now for because that they shall not deceiue the coÌ„mon people with their fair promises I wil write all the kindes of Ruptures or burstings and how to knowe euery one of them to the end that if any ChirurgiaÌ„ which hath not the knowledge may straight at the first sight knowe what may be doon and so to enforme the parents of the Children the trueth of it what the Cutter may doo in it for moste commonly they bee so ignorant that they knowe not the one from the other therfore as I haue said before it is néedfull for the Patients to haue an expert chirurgiaÌ„ to aprooue him and sée whether hee be able to fulfill that which he promiseth or no. Now I will begin to treat of the kindes of Ruptures and first I wil begin with the deuision of them in generall and then perticulerly Of the viij kindes of Hernies THere be eight kindes of Hernies or Ruptures wherof soÌ„e haue
their proper names and the others by similitude the proper Hernies doo moste commonly come by the relaxasioÌ„ or Rupture of the PretoneuÌ„ insomuch that the Intestines and EpiplocoÌ„ or zirbus dooth loose their naturall place and of these are vij kindê that is Enterocele otherwise called Hernie Intestinale Epiplocele or Hernie Zirbale Bubonocele or Hernie Inguinale the hernies by similitude are wheÌ„ there is some tumor against nature in the Cods or in some parte of the Groin without the comming foorth of the Intestines or Zirbus and of these there are v. kindes the first is called Hernie Aqueuse and of the Gréeks Hidrocele the second hernie Charneuse or Sarcocele the third Variquese the fourth Venteuse which is called of the Gréeks Pneumatocele the fifth Humorale whiche shal be spoken of pertitulerly in order and first we wil begin with the proper kindes Of the hernie Intestinale FOr because that the hernie Intestinale is the moste conuenientest I wil speake first of it This kinde is no other then a certain descending down of the Intestines in Scrotum the cause of the whiche is when the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the place wher the Spermatike vessels doo passe which coÌ„s commonly by some vehement strain as by vehement running leaping lifting or vehement crying and such other like the signes to knowe when the Intestines is descended into Scrotum is when he lyes they wil easely be put vp again without any maner trouble or may bee reduced the patient standing with ones hands and in the redusing you shall hear a gurguling or noise by this you may knowe it from Zirbus because that wheÌ„ the zirbus is put vp it makes no noise and also it is not so painfull the other signes shal be declared when we come to speak of the hernie Zirbale When this kinde is not very farre gone and that it be not complet the best way is to cure it by medicines aswel to be taken inwards as to be applyed with out that is to say with emplaisters and so by conuenient trussing and boulstering stipt in the Iuce of herbes conuenient for Ruptures which are of astringaÌ„t and glutinatiue facultie I haue seen many by these afore said medicines haue béen perfectly cured yet neuerthelesse if for the oldenes of it that it be not tobe cured by these menes then you must come to the last remedy which is by cutting for the executing of the whiche I wish all men to chuse an expert woorkman and not to trust to much to these runners about and as for this kinde it may be cut without taking away of the Testicle Of hernie Zirbale HErnie Zirbale whiche the Gréeks doo call Epiplocele is a nother thing then the falling of zirbus whiche is a grece that couereth the Guts into Scrotum the which moste commonly falles within Didimes but yet soÌ„times by the breaking of the Didimes it falls out the causes aswel inwarde as outwarde are the same which cause hernie Intestinale for look how the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the other euen so dooth it in this the signes are much like also sauing that it is much more softer for in the touching it handleth like wul and is also lesse painful and it is more difficult to put vp theÌ„ the hernie Intestinale and in the redusing makes no noise this kinde is lesse dangerous then the others by reason that the pain is lesse and also for because that the excrement is not in it as it is in the hernie Intestinale Now héer is a speciall thing tobe noted in this kinde which the common cutters doo vse that is they doo vse to cut away the zirbus whiche is descended within Didime without either tying or cautrising and so there foloweth a flux of blood which hauing no issue but is retained in the belly there dooth corrupt whiche causeth most perilous accidents and moste commonly the death Of the relaxacion of the Peretonium called hernie Inguinale HErnie Inguinale is a descending of the Intestines or zirbus into the Groynes which the Latins cal Inguina the which sort dooth neuer go further then the Groin for when the Intestines or zirbus dooth passe thorow the Peretoneum then is it either Intestinale or zirbale for this kinde is nothing but a relaxacion of the Peretoneum The causes are as of the others aforesaid and it is easely to be knowen by the roundnes and it will be more easely reduced then any of the others you may knowe when the Intestins is descended by noise that it wil make though not commonly yet moste oftennest as hath béen said of Enterocele but if it be the zirbus it makes no noise and is much more softer and not so great pain Of the kindes of Hernies which be by similitudes or improperly called HEertofore we haue spoken of those thrée kindes of hernie whiche are properly called now it remains to speak of the fiue kindes whiche are by similitudes first we wil begin with the Aquose whiche is no other thing then a certain watrish tumor of Croton increaced by little and little for the most part lies betwéen heritroides and the Spermatike vessels how beit some times it may be contained betwéen Dartos and heritroides and betwéen Dartos the Scrotum as many learned men haue written the signes are that the ScrotuÌ„ doth wax big by little and little and for the moste parte without pain and the tumore is heauy and glistering and hard principally when the Scrotum is filled it waxes in length and dooth not return as doth the Intestinale and zirbale but remaines at one stay This kinde if that the water haue long line there and so corrupted the Testicle it must be taken away Of hernie Charneuse HErnie Charneuse which the Gréekê doo cal Sarcocele is a tumor against nature in the Scrotum which there dooth grow to a certain scireuse flesh and dooth much resemble the Verequeses or swelled Vaines the causes of the which are by the gathering togithers of abuÌ„dance of grose humors whiche nature cannot rule because of the weaknes the signes are an vnequable hardenes and inflation which dooth alwaies remain in the parte that is to say the Dideme and doth alwaies increace with pain béeing vnequall and not euen wherefore Guido saith that this kinde and Vanqueuse ar very dangerous Hernie Verequese HErnie Verequese is an appéeraÌ„ce of Vaines not accustomed about the Testicles and other partes contayned with in ScrotuÌ„ The causes ar grose humors gathered togithers as melancolike blood and such like whiche nature cannot disparce because of wekenesse The signes are replecion of the vaines about like to the Twigs of Vines with softnes of the Testicle or Dideme This kinde if it be not very great and far gone it may be healed by solutiue medicines The hernie Ventose HErnie Ventose is a tumor of the cods increaced of a windines the cause is of the imbesility or weaknes of the parte and is knowen by the
swelling of the Coddes and yard and glistereth like vnto a slikt paper which comes sudainly and is round and light so that there be not another humour adioyned with it This is to be cured with Carnificatiues as Oleum nucum Oleum Anethinum Costinum c. and there may be added to of Séeds and hearbes as Semen anisi Carui Faeniculi Agni casti Ruta Calaminta Origani c. Hernie Humorale HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likwise in the cods whiche is ingendred of humors hot and colde not muche declining from his naturall habite which may lye betwéen Scrotum and Dartos or betwéen heritroydes and Dartos or onely within heritroydes as for the causes signes and curation are like to other Apostumes Now that I haue declared the definition causes and signes of hernies it shall not be amisse to expound in few woords those parts which must be opened when any of these kindes must be cured by handy operation and this is tobe noted first that the Testicles are couered with three Tunicles the first of them takes his originall of the skin is called Scrotum or pursse the second which takes his originall of the PeretoneuÌ„ and is called Dartos the third whiche is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes these two last doo not onely couer the Testicles but also the Spermatike vessels aswell they whiche bring the substance where with the Sperme is made which are named Preparans as theÌ„ which bring the Sperme to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling the which goes vp to Osepubis The declaratioÌ„ of the waights and mesures vsed in Chirurgery HEer gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain waights and mesures for the better vnderstaÌ„ding of this book of Galens and all other of his woorks to the end that yung Studients in this art should haue none occasion of let froÌ„ the perfit vnderstanding of it and first I wil shew you how they were called in the olde time of the Greekê also of the Romains and as neer as I can how muche euery one dooth contain according to our measure And as for the names of the simples I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were for by the searching of their english names the Reader shall very much profit and another cause is that I would not haue euery ignorant asse to be made a Chirurgian by my Book for they would doo more harme with it then good First Mina which the Gréeks call Mna there are of diuers sortes for some are Romain others Attique others Egiptienne others Alexandrine but Romains is according to Paulus Aegineta and Galens 16. vnces The pound according to the Romains is 12. vnces The Attique and Egiptienne is .16 vnces The vnce whiche is the 12. parte of a pound is 8. Drams Deunx is 11. vnces which are .264 Scrupples that is 2. third partes and 1. fourth parte of a pound Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound that is to say 10. vnces and 240. Scrupples Vitruuius in his third Booke saith that it is the measure of ten Inches Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound which is 230. Scrupples Vitruuius in his Book afore said dooth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches Bis is 2. third partes which is 8. vnces and 240. Scrupples Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelf parte that is 7. vnces and 168. Scrupples Selibra is half a pound or Semis and 144. Scrupples Quincunx is 5. vnces Triens is the 3. parte of a pound which is 4. vnces and 120. Scrupples Quadrans is the 4. parte of a pound which is 3. vnces and 72. Scrupples Sextans is the 6. part of a pound whiche is 2. vnces and 48. Scrupples Vnsia is to say an vnce whiche is 8. Drams Semiuncia is half an vnce Denarius or Drachma is the 8. parte of an vnce and is 3. Scrupples which the Gréeks call Grammata that is xxiiij letters in the Gréek and the vnce hath as many Scrupples as the Gréek hath letters Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all waights as an introduction and is 2. Oboles an Oboles is 2. Siliques and a Silique 2. Chalces the Chalces is 8. Graines The pound of liquid things as Wine Oile and such like was in Roome measured by a vessel of Horne whiche had xij rundels about it and euery one of them did signifie an vnce and was called a mesured pound Galen makes mention in his first book Decom medic secundum genera in the making of the white plaister Amphora of the Italy measure dooth contain 72. pound of Oile and of Wine 80 and of Hunny 108. the Hunny is the 4. parte more heuyer then is the wine and the half more then Oile The Ceranium is of Wine and Vinagre 80. pound and of Oile 72. pound and of Hunny 120. pound The Vrne is of wine vinagre 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Hunny 60. pound The Conge is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound of Oil 9. pound and of Hunny 15. pound The Sestier is of Wine and Vinagre 1. pound 8. vnces of Oil 1. pound and of Hunny 2. pound The Hemine is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Cotile is of Wine and Vinagre 10. vnces of Oile 9. vnces and of Hunny 1. pound The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Acetabule is of Wine and Vinagre .18 Drams of Oile 18. Drams and of Hunny 27. Drams The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. Scrupples of Oile 18 Drams and of Hunny 20. Drams The Cheme is of wine Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oile 3. Drams and of Hunny 5. Drams The end of waights and measures of the auncient writers ¶ Faults escaped in the Printing ¶ Note wheras you finde this letter a that dooth signifie the first side of the leaf and this letter b the second side In the first page read the third Book of Galen of the composition of medicines in general Then in the first page of the Epistle to the Reader the xij xvi lines for iudications read indications In the 11. leaf a. the xiij and xiiij lines read drachmas for drachmas Opoponacis for Apoponax In the 14. leaf a. and the xix line read the sixth he dooth for he dooth vi loose In the 26. leaf a. and the vi line read Maron for Maron And in the xij line of the same read phou idest for phoud est In the 27. leaf a. the xviij line red the childes pareÌ„ts did send for Galen for did send him to Galen In the 30. leaf a the first line read Paps or Brests for Dugs In the 31. leaf a. the iiij and v. line leue out the whole and sound partes In the 33. leaf b. the xv line read Olei mirtiles for Olei mirh In the 36 leaf a. the iij. line read bowing for lowing In the 38. leaf a. the xvi line read no apostume in the groin then acording for Apostume according In the 41. leaf a the iiij line read qualitie for qualtitie And in b. the xxiij line read wouÌ„d potions for wunted potions Fo. 47. line .6 read is none other thing Gentle Reader I shall most hartely desire thee that if in the reading this work other faults you finde then heer is noted not rashly to coÌ„demne the Author for assure your self that by his wil none should haue escaped and though the Printer be neuer so careful yet in the printing some wil escape Vale FINIS Imprinted at London at the long Shop adioyning vnto Saint Mildreds Church in the Pultrie by Iohn Alde ¶ Octostichon Ioannis Banisteri Nottinghamiensis medicae Chirurgicae artis professoris in laudem medicinae Miramur crebro medicos molimine claros corpora praeceptis nostra iuuare suis Eccé quót assidué scribuÌ„t hinc inde libellos in laudes artis docte Galene tuae Hanc et maiores hanc et coluere minores hijs confert magna parte Bakerus opem Cuius ab ingenio prodit vigilique labore vtilis iste liber dignus ipse legi Hanc artem docuit vasto qui presidet orbi saepius hanc laudat filius ipse dei Haec visum caecis mutis parat ista loquelam hac audit surdus claudus et hac graditur Hac redit in vitam vitali lumine cassus viuere qua vidi qui moriturus erat huic ergo faueaÌ„t iunctis vmbonibê° omnes et simul huic himnos voce stiloque ferant ¶ Tetrastichon eiusdem in librum Bakeri ¶ Mistica magnoperé quicunque Chirurgica huc debes posita saepe venire mora Hac studij fructus doctissima multa videbis captas abdita quae longo delituere die At nunc sic lucent vt si laudare pararem in mare tunc videar fuÌ„dere ineptus aquas Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen atque aliqua semper parte superstes eris Gulielmi Clowei Chirurgi Londoniensis carmen encomiastichon ad suum studiosum Georgium Bakerum Laudibus egregiis efferri pulchra solebant nec praeclara sua laude carere decet Quantos idcirco poscat Bakerus honores hoc opere exacto dicito musa mihi Te tua sedulitas transfert ad laudis honoreÌ„ Et tua te virtus inclyta ad astra vehit Tu magni Hippocratis reseras tu tecte Galeni A tantis ad nos nobile ducis opus Anglia quas fraudes tibi nunc smalkaldia ferret Bakeri clarum si latuisset opus Ergo quisquis Apollinias sectabitur artes Bakerum celebret nocte dieque meum G Good cause of prayse you doo deserue E euertly to set foorth O Olde woorks of Fathers wise and graue R report dooth showe is troth G Giue foorth the same with spéedynes E encline your whole indeuer B Beholde you not what praise it is A a man to liue for euer K Knowing that so the wise doo wright E earth though they truely be R Reuiue again by Books in sight who so wil read may sée ê™ William Clowes Chirurgian
aforesaid accidents and especially if they be in the interior partes as vnder the arme holes the bought of the arme in the wrists or in the hammes or groynes By reason of the great Vaines Arteryes and Nerues whiche are in those partes and by the meanes of solution of continuitie that are in those partes causeth great pain flux of blood and other like accidents For the ordering of the whiche you must perseuer according to the nature of the said accidents in staying the flux of blood and appeasing the pain asmuch as you can possible and if the wound be great you shall stitch it leauing an Orifice in the lower parte therof for to giue issue to the matter this beeing doon you shall apply this poulder folowing the space of ij or three dayes to preserue the stitches Rec. Thuris sanguinis draco Boli armenici terrae sigil ana drach 2. Aloes mast ana drach 1. fiat puluis subtilis The whiche poulder you shall apply vpon the seme and round about the ioint a defensiue made of the whites of Egges Oil of Roses Bol Mastick and Barly meale And if you apply any tent he must be short and not to big lest hee should cause pain which tent shal be applyed with a disgestiue made with the yolk of an Egge Oil of Roses and a little saffron Also if the said wound be little and straight rather then to fal into these aforsaid accidents you shall inlarge it to the end that the humours which be come to the part by reason of the pain may haue a large issue Moreouer the afflicted part must haue rest and be kept froÌ„ colde and also from medicines which dooth relax soften or moist but contrary wise they must be astringant and dry as this Cataplasma folowing Rec. Furfuris maciris farinae hordei et fabar ana vnces 4. Flor. Camomille Melliloti ana half an handful Terebent vnces 3 Mellis communis vnces 2. Olei mirh vnces 1. Oximel sump vel Oxicrat vel Lixiuij qui suff fiat Cataplasme ad formam pultis Or els this Rec. the lyes of wine wheat Bran Cipres Nuts Galles and Terebenthine with this make a Cataplasma many suche other like may bee made but this shall suffise For those that be applyed on these parts must restrain dry and corroborate or strengthen the ioints this dooing you shall ceasse the pain and keep the humor from the afflicted parte Moreouer this is to be noted that neither within the wound nor without you shall applye any Oilly or greasy medicine for asmuch as it relaxeth the substance of the muscles membranes and Nerues by the which meanes it dooth make the place more apt to receiue defluxions And also it dooth so relax and moisten the wouÌ„d that it is a great hindrance to the consolidation Therfore the medicines which ought to be vsed in this cause must be desiccatiue and astringant as this that foloweth which is bothe astringant desiccatiue and glutinatiue Rec. Terebint venic vnces 2. Aqua vitae parum Pul. aloes Mast mirh Bol armene ana 2. scrupples And so applyed as need shall require or some other good Balme beeing applied with desiccatiue poulder so that the poulder be without any sharpnes and if there come any accidents it shal be remedied by medicins contrary to the same according as néede shall require And this is a principall thing to bee looked vnto that you keep the wound from colde the which is all togither contrary bothe to wounds and vlcers by the which menes a great number haue perished as Hippocrates Hippo. 5. Aphoris 20 testifieth saying that to all vlcers the colde is biting it hardeneth the skin it causeth pain and keepeth wounds from suppuration for asmuch as it dooth choke the naturall heat which should bring suppuration and causeth the place to be euil colored with shakings feuers conuolsions and extentions So that the excrements whiche doo auoid is a glittiÌ„g Musceledge thin or watrish humor which dooth commonly folow in these kindes of wounds for because it is a proper humor that floweth out of these wouÌ„ds for euery place dooth giue his proper humor as for example the bone beeing broken the nourishment of them engendreth a Calus Now this humor whiche commoÌ„ly issueth out of the neruous places is mixed with colde whiche causeth extreme pain and resisteth the medicins although they be potentiall hot To appease the foresaid pain and to correct the intemperature of the colde humor you shall apply warme thinges not onely potentially but also actually as a Bullocks bladder béeing half filled with some resolutiue medicin and warmed or of Bricks beeing made very hot and then quenched in Wine and so applyed about the ioint and to heat them as often as need shall require By this actuall heat nature is holpen to disgest and resolue the humor contained in the place and dooth strengthen it for because that the ioynts haue but little heat in them for the whiche cause there be few medicins that wil profit except they be actually hot Wherfore I wil conclude that the offeÌ„ce of the iointê is increased rather of colde then of heat For the which cause the Methodicall Chirurgian must haue a great respect to these wounds in taking his Iudication of things naturall not naturall and against nature And moreouer he must haue the knowledge how to place the wounded ioints which shal be shewed héer folowing The situation of the wounded Ioint IF the wound be in the fore parte of the shoulder This is ment by great wouÌ„des in the ioints you shall lay vnder the arme hole a Boulster and cary your arme in a Towel bearing vp the elbow to the end that you may raise and holde vp the bone and so to kéep him in his right place for by this meanes the glutination and consolidation shall the better and sooner be doon And if the wound be in the lower parte then when you see that nature beginneth to ingender flesh and that the lips of the wound beginneth to close you shall haue good respect to cause the Patient often to lift vp and down his arme for if you doo forslewe this and that the Cicatrice be once made the patient shal neuer lift his arme hye but with great pain The situation of the Elbow IF the wound be in the Ioint of the Elbow you shall situate the arme in a meane forme that is to say neither to straight nor to muche bowing in for if the arme be healed in a meane forme the diseased partie shall haue the vse of it a great deale the better then otherwise he should haue had if it had béen to straight or to much bowing in The situation of the VVrists WHen the wound is in the outward or inward parte of the wrists or in the ioints of the fingers The hand and the fingers must be situated half bowing and you shall put within the hand some round Ball or compressor for because that if he keep his hands