If it be thin or unpure the ground shall be either obscure and little or much and that divers and unconcoct And this is the working of these four qualities when they exceed alone But and if two of them exceed together there may result of that sort four other distemperances as hot and dry hot and moist cold and dry and cold and moist Compound distemperatures of qualities Now what alterations these and every one of them doth cause the urine you may easily conjecture if you keep in mind that which I said of the four simple qualities and so adde togethet the alterations And this must you remember therewith that where they both agree in any alteration they cause that alteration to bee the greater and where they be contrary they cause the alteration to be nearer to a mean howbeit somewhat to help you take this brief declaration A temperate man As a temperate man doth make that perfect urine written of before in Chap. 6. so the urine of a sanguine man which is hot and moist shall be yellow or light saffron coloured by the reason of the heat and somewhat gross by reason of the moisture A cholerick man In a cholerick man being hot and dry 〈◊〉 the urine shall be in colour as in a sanguinâ— man but in substance thin by reason of thâ— dryness A melancolike man The urine of a melancholy man whose nature is cold and dry shall be white througâ— the cold and cleer for the dryness A flegmatick man The flegmatick man which is cold anâ— moist maketh urine white through cold anâ— thick by the moisture for as heat and colâ— altereth the colours so dryness and moisturâ— changeth the substance Now if you havâ— remembred all that I have written before then shall you be the meeter and better able a great deal to perceive the reasons 〈◊〉 the tokens which vrine doth give And 〈◊〉 shall your knowledge be the more certaiâ— if you know not only the thing but also thâ— cause of it Now therefore will I wriâ— of the signification of the parts of urinâ— particularly that you may perceive thâ— first and chief commoditie of urine which 〈◊〉 worketh for mans health CHAP. VIII The significations of the parts of Vrine particularly I Told you in the sixt Chapter of this Book what urine was most perfect sound and healthfull of all other And I said that it was the rule and tryall to examine all other urines by so that the neerer that any urine was to it the better it was and the further that it declineth from it the worse it is This I said should be as a generall rule which thing to be true in healthful men you may perceive by that I have written already And that it is also true in sick men Hypocrates witnesseth saying That Vrine is best whose ground is white duly knit and stable all the time that the sickness prevaileth But Galen to supply that that is understood in this saying and so to make it perfect addeth thereto That it must be of colour partie golden or pale and of a mean substance between thick and thin And also in these things is required stableness to make it a perfect Urine for that which is unstable in any part in that it is not perfect Here were a place to speake of the difference of this changeableness or unstableness for there is one sort called ordinary and another called unordinarie and of both these are there divers differences But because they depend of an exacter judgement theâ— unlearned men can well attain unto I overpass them for this time and will declare the other differences of urine whereby it altereth from this mean urine in all parts particularly Substance or urine And first I will begin with the substancâ— of urine the which as I said before is oâ— three kindes thick thin and mean Mean A mean urine is that that is in the middle between extream thick and extreaâ— thin And as it is mean between them iâ— substance so is it mean in signification so it doth betoken of it self only good temperance and health But the other two betoken distemperance and default of concoctâ—on and that diversly according to the diversity of the causes of them as you shall noâ— consequently hear Thin urine First to speak of thin urine either it doth still â— continue thin as it was first made or else it doth sheâ—ly waxe thick and troubled That that doth continâ— still thin doth betoken lack of concoction and so doâ— the other also but yet this that continueth thin beâ—keneth more lack of conoction for it betokeneâ— that nature hath not yet begun to concoct Aâ— therefore is that water a sign of extream crudâ— or rawness in nature But that that waxeth thick it beginneth to cool though it betoken lack of concoction yet doth it declare that nature hath begun to concoct alreadie notwithstanding it is an evill urine for it signifieth that nature hath need not only of great strength to perform that concoction which she hath begun but also that there is required long time to the performance of the same For the which cause Galen calleth this Of all Vrines the worst Thus have you heard touching crudity and concoction what thin urine doth signifie so that all thin urine betokeneth crudity And beside that doth further betoken as witnesseth Hypocrates gatherings or apostumations in the nether parts of the bodie namely if it continue so very long and the patient escape death Thin and white Furthermore if such thin urine have with it a light whiteness it is a very evill sign For if it be in a burning ague it is a token of frensines But if the patient be fransick alreadie and the urine doth so continue it doth most commonly betoken death And if he escape death the which is seldome seen then shall he be long sick and escape hardly Thin urine also betokeneth divers other things as the stopping of the reins and of the water veins And likewise if a man have had much bleeding or laxe or pissing his urine will be white and thin and almost without ground Like manner in old age and long weakness of sickness Also in young children if it continue long it is a deadly sign Yet thin urine doth sometime betoken the end of sickness and recovery of health as in Agues namely quotidians if at the beginning of them and so after the urine did appear thick and troubled and especially if the colour amend therewith Thin and â—axen And if it be thin in substance and of flaxen colour then is it better then thin and white for because the colour is better thoughâ— the substance bee all one so that thoughâ— it betoken some weakness and lack of concoction yet not so much as doth the other for the colour is meanly concoct that is to say naturall heat is meanly increased Thin and golden But if it be thin and golden it
are like bran there is one sort smaller and another grosser the smaller sort is like the bran of Wheat that is finely ground and those may I call fine bran The grosser is like bran of Barley or of evill ground wheat and may therefore be called gross bran Fine bran Gross bran for it is thrice as big as the other Scales The third sort which is like Scales hath no notable thicknesse but onely breadth and length These three doe betoken waste of the strongest parts of the bodie but yet not all alike as Hippocrates doth declare in the second Book of his Prognosticks Howbeit because that place of Hippocrates is so difficult that scarcely the great learned men can agree thereon I will not now meddle therewith but will write Actuarius mind of those three Fine bran When the Ague saith he is grounded in the bottome of the veins then there appeareth such fine bran Howbeit sometimes it is a token of the onely grief of the bladder being scabbed as witnesseth Hypocrates 4. Aphor. 77. But then hath the Patient no Ague and again there doth appear tokens of concoction in the urine But when it cometh of the whole body this is the cause thereof The Ague getting power and prevailing unto the hard parts of the body as in those Agues which are called Fevers hectike then in the striving between those parts and the Ague the Ague having the masterie doth by his violence raise of such brannie scurffe For the nature of fire whose operation the Ague hath is to work according as the matter is that it findeth either to melt it if it be a liquid and unctuous thing either else to scale it and fret it if it be hard and unpliant and the harder that the matter is the greater scales it fretteth off which thing you may see by daily experience how fire melteth wax and tallow and such like turning them into liquids whereas of iron and of other metals Scales it maketh scales and not liquor But when the Ague hath attained and overset not onely the substance of the veins but also the strong parts of the body and doth melt and waste them then doth there appear in the urine scales broad and thin which you shall know to come 〈◊〉 the whole body as I said of the other before if the Pacient have an Ague or theâ— appear default of concoction in the urine â— else if these two be absent it may come oâ— the blistering of the bladder as Hippocrateâ— writeth 4. Aphor. 81. and namely if therâ— be in the urine an evill savour withall Gross bran Now to speak of the great and grosse bran which as it is much greater then the other so doth it declare a greater strength of the Ague and that in the whole body and all the parts of it enflaming and burning the whole substance thereof and therefore is it not only the worst of them all but is nigh unto a deadly sign Note and that either by the waste and consuming of the great and strongest parts of the body or else by the burning or drying up of the bloud Which two things you may discern asunder by the colour of them For if they be red then come they of the burning of the bloud but if they be white then come they of the wast of the strongest parts of the body Hippoc. 7. Aphor. 31. Of this kind of contents speaketh Hippocrates saying In whatsoever Agues there doth appear grounds like unto grosse bran it is a token that the sickness shall continue long Which saying Galen doth understand so to be true If the Patient have sufficient strength to continue with such sickness else it may be a sign rather of short life then of long sickness For as that token is commonly deadly so those few that doe escape do recover hardly and not without the long sufferance of the violence of that cruell Ague Now as touching the foreknowledge of it whether the patient may endure with it or no that shall you gather of the multitude order and stableness or unstableness of it For if they be many in number and proceed to worse and worse then it is an evill and mortall sign and doth declare that nature is wearied and doth quite faint thorow the waste and decay of the whole constitution of the body But contrariwise if they appear few and do alter continually unto lesse evill tokens then is there good hope of health And this shall suffice as touching these Ragged scraps Now to speak of the rest of the ragged scraps hairs and other like First you shall understand that sometime a good ground is coupled with certain evill and unconcted fragments of all sorts of humours for sometime there appeareth with the contents certain ragged scraps enclining in colour toward a yellow or a white â— else some such like if those appear in greâ— quantitie they declare the matter to be haâ— unconcoct and that the humour who scraps they are doth abound in the depth â— the body and is as dust or burned but if theâ— bee few then declare they the malice â— the humour to be milder and that the â— of evill meats doth cause them the greatâ— that such ragged scraps are the lesser aduâ—on of humours they declare to be in tâ— veins and the lesser they be the greater he they do betoken For the cause of sucâ— ragged scraps is excessive heat which do turn those humors into a thickness and as â— were a bony nature by reason that they haâ— remained long in certain veins and weâ— neither dissolved nor extenuated nor yeâ— quickly expelled by urine Hairs Besides these there are hairs of sundrâ— lengths some an inch and some an handfuâ— long some longer and some shorter anâ— these are in colour whitely and do betokeâ— grief of the reins These are ingendred in thâ— water-pipes which go from the reins tâ— the bladder so that as long as those water-pipes are in length so long may those hair also be which are a gross and baked humor wrought in form of a hair Of those speaketh Hippocrates saying 4. Aph. 76. In whose Vrine soever there doth appear little peeces of flesh either as it were hairs those same come from the reins namely if the urine be thick Howbeit these are sometimes seen in such mens urines as feel no grief in the reines but only have fed some continuing space on flegmatick meats which will prepare matter to such diseases as they do also to many other griefs of which to speak in this place it is meet But to go on with this thing that wee have in hand beside such ragged scraps and hairs as I have spoken of there appear sometimes in the ground of the urine and also dis-parkled abroad in the urine it self sundry and divers kinds of motes as it were which do declare that there is grief dispersed in sundry parts of the body Motes The places of
the spring time And those countries that be hot and dry make urine like unto summer And contrariwise cold and moist alter water as doth winter But countries that are drie and distempered between heat and cold make urine like harvest Meats drinks and medicines Also meats and drinks and order of diet causeth urine to alter and medicines also as not only experience reacheth but also Hippocrates witnesseth in the sixt Book of his Epidemies or raining sicknesses in the fift part and the fifteenth sentence as for example Meats of light concoction Those meats that are light of concoction and good in substance cause good and temperate urine with pure contents but contrary meats cause discoloured urine and thin with strange contents Meats of hard concoction Meats that will not concoct make lesser contents and divers in substance Evill meats cause greater contents and in nothing duely formed And as the quality of meats doth alter urine so doth the quantity also For if a man have eaten much and not concocted it his urine shall be thin and white and sometime without ground But if this crudity or rawness in stomack continâ— long the urine will become divers in suâ—stance Drinking of wine and in contents Also wine drunk abundantly causeth â—teration in urine Fasting long But now contrariwise if a man doe sâ— long his urine will appear fiery and saffrâ— coloured and thin with lesser ground Suffering of famine But if a man suffer famine and do nâ— nourish his water shall be thin and whiâ— with a certain glistering and withoâ— ground Labour Moreover exercise and rest changeth â—rine for through excessive labour the uriâ— changeth from light saffron and at lengâ— becommeth saffron coloured with litâ— ground thin and higher coloured then should be And some time there fleete on the top a certain fastness specially aftâ— overmuch wearinesse Rest But idleness and rest doth contrariwiâ— cause white urine with greater and grosâ— ground Sleep Watching Furthermore sleep and watching if thâ— exceed measure they alter urine but theâ— is a difference between both sleepe aâ— watching comming of sickness and theâ— both when they be taken willingly in healâ— For if that sickness cause overmuch sleeâ— â—hen is the urine whitish with substance eiâ—her fully thick or but partly thin and the contents many and undigest Naturall sleep But if that such sleep come naturally the urine is not so white but rather flaxen and the substance mean with greater and well concoct contents Voluntary sleep And likewise they that have watched purposedly and not by reason of sickness their urine is but little changed Watch in sickness But if they watch for any sickly cause their urine will change but little at the beginning but with continuance the contents will be dispersed and at the last clean wasted and the substance of the urine waxeth thinner and thinner by little and little and the colour inclineth either to white and watery or unto golden saffron oylie or black according as the cause is that maketh it so to change Of alteration by complexion I will write in the next Chapter Now have you heard as touching alteration of urine in health according to diversity of ages both in men and women times of the yeer countries meats and drinks labour rest sleep and watch so that you must have regard to these in all judgements both in health and in sicknesse For if these be not diligently marked they may cause great error as you may well coâ—der What is to be considered in urine First therefore in every urine you 〈◊〉 consider whether it be a mans or a womâ— and what age he or shee is of then wâ— time of the yeer it is and what count what meats and drinks the person usâ— and likewise of labour and rest sleep 〈◊〉 watch And then must you consider 〈◊〉 every one of these doth alter urine so 〈◊〉 if the altering of them from that health urine whereof I spake in the beginning this Chapter be but such as one of thâ— foresaid things would cause then may it be judged to come of any disease as for â—â—ample High coloured water in sumâ— so that it pass not saffron colour or wâ— coloured water in winter should rather reckoned to come of the time of the yâ— then of any sickness and likewise of oâ— things CHAP. VII What be the generall qualities that alteâ— the parts of Vrine BEfore I treat of the signification of 〈◊〉 parts of Urine I think it good to instrâ— you of the generall qualities which cause all alterations in urine whereby you shall perceive not only what every urine doth betoken as I shall anon set forth but also if you mark well this Chapter you shall see â—he cause why every urine doth so signifie You shall understand therefore that there be four chief and only qualities whereof all things that are both in the Sea and Earth are made as man and beast fish and fowl trees herbs stones and mettals These four qualities are heat cold moistness and driness and these four continuing duly tempered as nature ordered them first in every perfect body be the cause of continuall health But if they bee altered wrongly then doe they cause diseases diversly according to the diversitie of the alterations And as they doe cause diseases so they change the colour substance and other parts of the urine whereby wee may conjecture the cause of the disease and so consequently the disease it self though sometime it declareth the disease it self and not the cause thereof Passive and active qualities But now to come to the matter meetest for this time you shall mark that two of these four qualities are named Passive and they cause but small alteration in comparison The other two are called Active anâ— they cause great alteration The Active qualities are heat and colâ— and the Passive qualities are driness anâ— moistness Moistness When Moistness therefore exceedeth alone it dulleth the naturall colour of urinâ— thicketh and ingrosseth the substance anâ— increaseth the quantitie And as the oveâ— part of it above waxeth rough and troubleâ— so the ground increaseth and continueâ— raw and unconcoct Dryness But dryness doth diminish the quantitâ— of urine and also the contents It maketâ— it thin in substance cleer and bright anâ— causeth mean colour and the ground appeareth grosser Heat Likewise heat if it exceed measure buâ— little it maketh pale and light saffron colour in the urine But if heat exceed greatly it causeth golden and saffron colourâ— with mean substance and a little brightness the ground is mean in respect to the quantity of urine but it declineth from the duâ— whiteness toward saffron colour Cold. But cold on the other side maketh urinâ— turn to white colour and changeth the substance from a mean And if the cold increase the urine will alter from mean substance and therefore consequently will bee either thin or grosse
other like Books of Physick hath there been put forth many yeers past And yet unto this day doe not learned wits sleepe How much is all England bound to that Worthy and Learned Knight Sir Thomas Eliot Sir Thomas Eliots Castle of Health which took the pains to build a Castle of Health for all English men besides many other learned Books that he hath puâ— forth in the Vulgar tongue whereby a man may learn both to govern himself so that though he escape not all sicknesses quiteâ— yet he shall eschew the great dangers of them England may rejoyce of such a Knight yea England hath too few that followeth such example But if England had as many well willing doers as she hath cruell and spitefull disdainers then were England the Flower of all Realmes in the world Now will I leave this and draw nearer to my purpose and will desire all men that shall read this Book patiently to bear with my boldness and thankfully to receive my good minde And if there shall bee found in this Book or in any other that I shall put forth a small error or oversight for greater errors I dare say there shall be none I shall desire all them that shall find any to advertise me thereof by word or writing and I shall be ready not onely to render condign thanks but also to amend duely that shall be thought amisse or else to yeeld a reason for the proof of the same An exhortation to the Reader And now to make an end I will desire every man soberly and discreetly to use this my Book not using it to the taunting or checking of other men nor to trust in â—heir own knowledge further then they ought And likewise I shall exhort all men not to mock and jest with any Physitian as some light wits do tempting them with Beasts stale in stead of mens urine others bringing to them mens water for womens and such other like things For in this doing they deceive not the Physitian but themselves For a mans water to be like a womans it need seem no strange thing Howbeit again there is a notable difference insomuch that that water which in a man declareth health if it were a womans might declare some disease and likewise that which in a woman signifieth health if it were a mans water it might betoken sicknesse And if a mans water and womans be like and betoken both diseases those diseases may be divers and not one Yea two mens waters being both alike shall not declare alwaies one grief except they agree also in age diet exercise and other like things Also that a Beasts Water may be like a Mans the Mans sicknesse being thereafter Hypocrates witnesseth and experience teacheth as I shall declare hereafter Therefore if you seek the Patients health look that you receive the urine diligently and as soon as you can present it to the Physitian and be diligent to instruct him in all things that you can and that he shall not have need to aske And so no doubt you shall receive great commodity of that Art to the health of man and the glory of God which hath given such knowledge unto man THE URINALL OF PHYSICK CHAP. I. Of the Division and Order of this Book BEcause that nothing done confusedly can be well understood of the Readers for every thing the better order it hath the better it may be understood and is much more easily remembred when the order of it is well and certainly known The sum of this Book I have therefore digested this Book orderly as I shall here set forth to the intent that you may read as it were in grosse the whole Book and thereby keep it the better in remembrance First therefore I will declare the nature of urine what it is and how it is ingendred within man and how it passeth forth from man Secondly of the order of receiving it in a convenient vessell And of the time and place meet to consider it Thirdly how many things are to bee considered in urine and how many wayes they may be altered in a healthfull man Fourthly what significations and tokens may be gathered of urine concerning any alteration in man past present or to come Fiftly to what use in medicine urine may serve and of other good uses of it to mans commodity And last of all I wil declare certain diseases touching urine which either let it or cause it to void unwillingly with the Medicines and remedies meet for the same CHAP. II. How Vrine is ingendred in Man and how it passeth forth AS unto them that are learned and know by the Art of Anatomy the scituation of the parts of man and the naturall office of every part it is easie enough to perceive the originall generation and cause of urine without any example so unto them that neither know the scituation nor offices no neither yet the names of the parts of mans body it is scarce possible to make them to perceive the generation of urine without some sensible exampleâ— But because it is very hard to find an artificiall example which can alone duely expresse this work of nature I will use therefore an example of a natural work which shall expresse in many points this thing though not in all for such can there none be but the thing it self And in as much as this example is not easie to be understood of all men though the most part do now a daies partly know it by experience of finding springs of waters I will first propose an artificiall example to make both the other to be the better perceived An example of Stilling It is daily seen in distilling of Waters that the temperate heat of the fire doth separate the purest part of the juice from the herbs and also from the grosser juice This by naturall lightness is drawn into the head of the Stillatorie where by the coldness of the helmet it is made somewhat grosser and so through naturall heat descendeth and passeth forth by the Pipe of the Stillatorie The Originall And as the Art of man useth to make this water so doth nature use to make the water of springs whereof come all rivers streams and floods except the sea For seeing the earth is not perfectly sound and thick of substance Cause of springs as stones and some woods appeareth to be but it is hollow and full of holes as you see that cork is so that the air which by his subtleness pierceth into never so little a hole entreth and filleth this hollowness nature so leading to it because no place should be emptie In which place by the coldness of the earth the air is turned into water as you may see in walls and pillars of stone namely of marble how the coldness of the stone turneth the air into water and hangeth full of drops which sometimes trickle down apace as if they did sweat So when the earth hath turned the air
thus into water then doth it drop down and gathereth together and so runneth out as it can finde or prepare way As long therefore as there is hollownes in that place with such sort of coldnesse and none other let the Spring of water shalâ— never cease But if the way by any mean be stopped then the water turmoileth and laboureth either to expell that let or to make a new way The causes of diversity in tast of Water Now this water being thus ingendred of the air which hath no taste is also naturally without all taste but the tast that it hath is the taste of the vaines of earth or mettall by which it doth run And that is the cause that some waters are sweet and some soure some fresh and some salt and otherwise diversly tasted some also are hot and some cold and with other like qualities endued according to the ground whereby it passeth But of this I will not now speak because I have appointed for it a peculiar Treatise if God grant me time Only this I say now that a man that is expert can by the colour tast and other qualities of the water which he seeth tell what vains of earth or mettals is in that place whence that water cometh though he see it not And this water is expelled out of his first place as unprofitable there to remain and yet when it is come forth thence it is good for divers and sundry uses The generation of urine Thus may we thinke of the generation and use of urine or mans water Three Concoctions It shall not need that I here reckon exactly the places causes and the order of the three concoctions which go before the generation of urine but it shall suffice to teâ— briefly that of the meat and drink togetheâ— concocted in the stomack is made rudâ— blood if I may so call it which rude blooâ— is wrought again and made more perfectâ— in the liver and thirdly yet more purified in the hollow vein where the urine iâ— separate from it as whey from milk but yeâ— may not exactly be called urine till it comâ— into the reins or kidnies which draw it ouâ— of the hollow vein by a certain natural power resting in them And then doth the reins or kidnies alter it perfectly into urine us the coldnes of the ground turneth air into water But you must take this comparison oâ— similitude to be spoken of the alteration it self and not of the cause Now when Urine is thus made like to that fashion of water as I said then as the water passeth forth from his first place by issues outward so doth the urine descend from the reins by certain veins as it were called Water pipes and runneth into the bladder from whence at due times it is expelled forth if the way be not let So that you may compare the reins to the head of a conduit the water pipes to the conduit pipes the bladder to the conduit and the shaft to the rock of the conduit And further as the water doth declare by â—aste and colour the qualities of the earth or â—eins of mettall whereby it runneth and â—rom whence it commeth so the urine by â—olour and other wayes declareth of what â—ort the places that it cometh thorow and humors that it commeth from are affected And yet not only serveth for this but also â—s the water though it depart from the earth as superfluous in that place yet in other places and to other purposes it is greatly profitable So the urine though it be expelled as a superfluous excrement yet beside the commodity of judgement which it giveth of the parts that it cometh from it doth also serve for divers uses in medicine and other good commodities Of both which I will anon orderly write after I have declared certain things appertaining to the due judgement of it Of the Instrument and parts by which Vrine is engendred and passeth mark this Figure following A. Is the liver B. The hollow vein C. Veins by which the reins do draw the urine and therefore be called sucking veins D. The reins E. The water Pipes F. Is the Bladder G. The spout of the yard All the other parts beside appertain to Generation and seed CHAP. III. What Vrine is and what tokens it giveth in generall YOu have heard now how urine is ingendred from whence it cometh and â—y what places it passeth which things all â—o the intent that you may the better keep â—n minde you shall note this short definitiâ—n The definition of urine Urine is the superfluity or wheyie substance â—f the bloud into a hollow vein conveyed by â—he reins and water pipes into the bladder â—o that hereby you may plainly perceive â—hat if the bloud be pure and clean and none 〈◊〉 grief in the reins Water-pipes Bladâ—er nor Shaft then shall the urine so declare â—t being also perfect and pure in substance â—nd colour and all other tokens according â—o the same But if there bee any grief in â—ny of those parts or the blood corrupt by â—ny means then shall the urine declare cerâ—ain tokens of the same as I shall anon partiâ—ularly expresse But first it shall be necessary to instruct â—ou of the vessel place and time meet to â—udge urine and of the manner of receiving CHAP. IIII. Of the form of the Vrinall and of the pâ— and time meet to judge urine and how it should be received THat urine should be kept to see whâ— is first made after midnight common or namely when the patient hath slept loâ— but you must take heed whether the patiâ— be man or woman The order to receive urine that they make not thâ— urine in another vessel first as many use do and then pour it into the urinall whâ— it is setled for that causeth much deâ— and error in the judgement of it And that the Patient cannot well make it in 〈◊〉 urinall either by weaknesse or any otâ— cause then let them make it in another vâ—sel but see that it be clean and dry and soon as the water is made pour it forth pâ—sently into the Urinall altogether and leaâ—â— no part of it out as some curious folkâ— use to put the clear part only into the urinâ— and cast away the dregs as though it stoâ— not with their modesty to bring such foâ— gear to the Physitian others of such like foâ—lish mind Pour it therefore in wholly anâ— let not the urinall stand open namely industy place but stop it close with a glove 〈◊〉 other leather and not with cloth paper nor â—ay and let it be brought to the Physitian within six hours at the furthest for after that â—ime it cannot well be judged The Urinal Now as touching the Urinall it should be of pure cleer glasse not thick nor green in colour without blots or spots in it not â—at in the bottome nor too wide in the neck out widest in the midle and narrow still
contrarie waies and of contrary causes cometh small quantitie of urine For it cometh sometime of lack of drinke or dry meats and then is the colour light saffron with a smal ground but yet somewhat gross Also both meats and medicines that are clammie and apt to stop the water-pipes do cause little urine but then is the ground also little and thin Besides these much sege causeth urine to be lesser for if the one excrement be greater then nature would the other must needs be lesse if the body be healthful In this urine as you may partly know the cause of it by the knowledge of the excessive sege so will the urine it self be thinner and the ground very dark thin and not duely knit And thâ— many waies may this alteration appear in healthfull body Much urine in a sick body Now in a sick person much urine eitheâ— betokeneth the dropsie and then is it likâ— water with a raw and diverse ground or else if it be white thin and withoâ— ground then doth it betoken the pissing â—vill And this urine as witnesseth Galen â— in his first Book of Judicials is the worst â— any other of like sort Diabete I mean which declaâ— lack of concoction for it declareth the decayâ— yea I may say the utter extinction of twâ— naturall powers that is the retentive power and the alterative power also Much urine in colour fierie and light saffron or of any like colour is to be feared namely if it be coupled with evill contents But if it be of crimson or purple colour and so proceed especially if no concoctioâ— went before it then doth it encline to evill and betokeneth a certain mortifying and wasting of the whole composition of the body But if much urine come in an Ague namely toward the end and that there went before it little urine thick and ruddie then is that a good token 4. Aph 69. as witnesseth Hypocrates for it betokeneth the Ague to be at an end And this Urine will bee white and thin moderately and will have a mean ground Little urine in a sick body Now little quantity of urine with a grosse ground unduly knit and unconcoct is an evill token for it betokeneth the weakness of the alterative power which is not able to extenuate concoct neither alter the matter and therefore doth it with much difficulty pass forth in such grossnes Howbeit if there follow after it a more thinner urine with the ground well and duly knit and stable then is it without fear For this latter urine as you heard before is a token that the cause of the other is overcome and vanquished This little quantitie of urine cometh sometime in vehement Agues and then is the violent heat cause thereof Sometime also it cometh of the stopping of the water-pipes not only through clammy meats and drinks but also of some disease or grief in them And this now shall suffice for an Introduction as touching the substance colours and quantitie of urine Contents It followeth next to speak of the contents which so greatly help to the right judgement of urine that Hippocrates in his second book of Prognostications doth by them only yea and that by one of them I mean the ground pronounce the judgement of a perfect urine saying That that is the best Vrine Sediment which hath his sediment or ground white duly knit and stable and that continually all the time of the sickness Now seeing this great Clerk and Father of Physick doth thus esteem the ground it shall not seem unmeet that I orderly doe write briefly of those principall things that are to be considered as touching the contents and first of all of the ground which hath alteration as you have heard both in substance colour and quantitie But now as touching the substance then is it only mean when the third concoction in the veins is perfect For the ground is the excrement as you might say of that third concoction and is like in forme to matter save that it is more duly knit together then is matter and doth not smell so evill as it or else you may liken it to thin steam Grosse ground This Ground is then gross when the veins are replenished with raw humors Howbeit this grosseness or thickness is not alwayes an evill token for sometime it is a sign that nature hath prevailed against the crude humours which caused diseases and doth expell such superfluous excrements And that shall you discerne by the goodness of the colour and also if it come in the declining of the sickness for if it come at the beginning either in the increase of the sickness then are they to be suspected as evill especially if they bring with them evill colours Thin ground A thin ground being also pure and so cleaving to the bottom of the Urinal that it will not lightly rise though the urinall be shaked it is a token of great weakness of nature in the third concoction and such a ground appeareth most in white and watrie urine Howbeit sometime a thin ground cometh by the reason that the raw humors are extenuate through naturall heat which getting new strength doth extenuate and disperse all grossness of raw humors within the veins For the propertie of heat is to knit and bind together thin things and to extenuate and disperse grosse and raw things Colour of the grounâ— Now as touching the colours of the ground the perfect ground is neither exceeding white neither yet pale but mean between both for if there appear any such excessive white then is it some rag of phlegmatick matter or else matter extreamly concocted which commeth from some inward member being sore and that you may discern as I said before by the toughnes and by the savour And if any man be desirous to know the cause why the ground is white of colour let him remember that the ground is the superfluous excrement of the bloud being perfectly concocted in the veins Now that the bloud it self when it is exactly concocted is turned into a white or at least a party white colour you may conjecture by the generation of milke and also the seed of man yea and of matter which all three are nothing else but bloud exactly concocted save that matter cometh of evill bloud Pale Flaxen And therefore whensoever the ground hath in it any other colour then white it is no good token As first if it be pale and flaxen coloured then it is swarved from his right and commendable colour Howbeit yet it may be born as but meanly evill because that that colour commeth of small excess of choler Saffron Actuarius But if it be more higher coloured by choler so that it be saffron coloured then is it an evill token as Actuarius saith for it declareth that choler is excessively increased either by the order of diet or else by the corruption of bloud or some other wayes 7. Aph.
32. Howbeit Hippocrates in his Aphorisms seemeth to say the contrary for he saith That when the ground is so coloured of choler especially if at the beginning of the sicknesse it were waterie to sight then doth it betoken a quicke sickness that is to say as Philotheus expoundeth it Philotheus a sicknesse that will shortly be ended and so it may justly be called a good sign Notwithstanding as in this point it is a good token in that it signifieth that the disease is nigh the end so it may be called as Actuarius calleth it an evill sign because it doth betoken a cholerick sickness and that choler doth unnaturally abound Antonius Musa And if this answer do not content you though it content Antonius Musa then may you say more better as I thinke thus That if the ground be at the beginning of the sickness coloured with choller and so increase as Actuarius seemeth to mean then is it an evil token indeed for it declareth both the abundance and also the encrease of choler But if the ground at the beginning of a cholerick disease were warry that is white and thin and afterward turn to saffron colour which is the exact colour of choler or else to a yellow colour which is somewhat lesse cholerick then is it a token that the cholerick matter which before lay lurking in the body doth now begin to avoid and so the cause of sicknesse thus by nature expelled health must neeâ— follow As contrariwise if after yellow or saâ—fron colour it change unto whiter and the be no certain token of concoction then it an evill sign and a token of phrensie Howbeit if there be any token of certain concoction then is the same a good sign that if you take heed you may perceivâ— here what a necessary thing it is to observâ— order in the alteration of urine of whicâ— I have partly spoken before Claret colour Red. Bloudie Now therefore to goe oâ—n If thâ— ground bee of claret colour either red oâ— blew the token is not good For these bloody colours come either of too much abundance of bloud or else by reason that the retentive power is so feeble that it cannoâ— keep in the good humors but suffreth them to run out Claret red Claret colour and red doe betoken a certain default of concoction in the veins and that through the excess of red choler Buâ— yet this default is but mean and without danger seeing that the hurt is only by quantity whereas some other do hurt both by quantitie and qualitie also Bloudie Bloodie grounds are altogether worse then red though they be better then ash-coloured and black for they betoken that the bloud is nothing duely wrought especially if their quantitie be much withall for then the quantity of matter doth let the powers to work which thing yet as it may be born so it declareth need of long time to recover health But if this doe come through weakness of the powers in themselves then is it an extream evill sign for it betokeneth that the powers are overcome with weariness in working and be not able to keep in the good and profitable humors Which thing to discern more exactly you shall take artificiall conjectures by other circumstances which give also tokens of judgement namely as by the age of the person by his order of dyet and such like Blew Ash-colour Black Now to make an end with the other colours which are of a dark hew as blew-ash-colour and black These of all other are the worst and most envious to nature and the nearer they cleave to the bottome of the urinall the worse they are These colours come of a black melancholy humour being ingendred within the veins or else coming from some other part into them or else it betokeneth deadly mortifying But sometimes it cometh of sore bruising and stripes and generally cometh namely the black either of exceâ—sive cold or excessive heat And now for a conclusion whatsoever have said of the ground you shall undeâ—stand the same to bee spoken of the swiâ— and the cloud for they are in kinde but oâ— thing save that they differ in lightness anâ—heft and therefore also in places But thâ— judgement of their substance and colour â— much after one rate though some difference there be as you shall hear hereafter Quantitie And likewise of their quantity whicâ— as it is then only commendable when it iâ— mean so if it be greater then a mean it dotâ— declare some alteration in man though noâ— alwayes extreamly evill for sometime it iâ— a token of fatting or growing to a corporateness Great and that it doth signifie if nonâ— other evill sign be coupled with it Foâ— though the person feed much on nourishing meats and that with rest and an idle life yeâ— naturall heat appeareth so strong that she can easily concoct such meats According to this saith Galen in his Judicials that the plenty of the ground in urine betokeneth certain and exact with concoction And that as the body is repleat with crude humours so it declareth that those same be in expelling out at that present time And for this cause saith he in all children commonly and in men also which feed much or bee of some other cause replete with humors their urine hath a great ground Also oftentimes it chanceth the pores of the skin to be stopped so that such excrements as were wont to pass out by them are inforced to seek a new passage which they find most readiest by the urine and thereof are the contents and namely the ground oftentimes encreased And all these waies chance in health But in sickness it chanceth many and grosse superfluities do appear in the urine as often as the naturall powers namely the alterative or concoctive power being weakned such crude humours pass out undefied So doth it chance as witnesseth Alexander Trallianus That the urine of them which have the Collick Tral 2. cap. 33. is flegmatick and hath a great ground But if the contents be either great or gross in the beginning or in the augmenting of sickness namely if the Patient have any notable Ague it argueth abundance of humours to the concoction of the which there needeth both strength of naturall powers with time and good speed Little Contents And now contrary wayes must you judgâ— of the smalness of the contents for they becaused either of great labour long fasting stopping or obstruction of the veins and such like parts or else of slacknesse of concoction Gal. 2. pres Hip. 26. And as Galen saith when the body is replete with crude and raw humours then is the ground great but if the body be replenished with cholerick humors then is there in the urine either little ground or none at all but in such case it is well if there be any sublimation or swim Urine without ground Now seemeth the place most meet to speak of such urines as
have no ground at all nor other orderly content and that will I doe by the order of the colours of the urine according as Actuarius proceedeth The urine that is very white and exceeding thin and so lacketh the ground doth betoken either some notable obstruction either immoderate cold or else cruditie and lack of concoction And as these tokens may be greater or lesser so shall the things which they betoken bee judged in like rate either more or lesser But if the urine bee pale coloured or flaxen and then lacketh contents as it doth declare lesser obstruction so it doth signifie as great cruditie as the other before And so shall you judge of urine that is yellow or flaxen coloured For in them it appeareth that naturall heat doth prevail Notwithstanding such things I mean the default of the ground with those colours may chance as often they doe through vehement pain immoderate labour long watching and also default of matter But such urines as be higher coloured then these that I have named by their colours they declare the qualities of the humours which doe prevail and also betoken a certain putrefaction and cruditie in the veins It chanceth also sometimes that some gathering sore being in some of the principall members by his unnaturall heat withdraw thither the matter even as it were by cupping and so doth cause the urine to have no ground And though indeed it is never a good token to lack the ground in a urine yet it is lesse to be complained of if the colour and substance draw nigh to a mean for in such a case it betokeneth that though nature be somewhat slack yet will shee shortly gather strength so that there shall appear a ground in the urine Now to shew you the reason why it chanceth no ground to appear in the urine First in case of cruditie when there wanteth perfect concoction there must needs want also the contents in the urine for they are the excrements as you might say and the superfluities of the third concoction Likewise though concoction be perfect enough yet may there want the contents if there be any notable obstruction or stopping of the veins namely seeing the contents are somewhat gross of substance and therefore unable to pass if the way be any thing stopâ— After the same sort shall you judge of long fasting and default of meat and moreover of such meats as are unapt to concoct For in all such cases there can be ingendred few or no contents And contrariwise though nature doe work many superfluities yet if the wombe be so loose that it yeeldeth many seges then as the urine shall be the lesser so shall the contents be few or none for nature then doth expel by sege those superfluities which should cause the contents And likewise when there is in any part of the bodie an inflammation or excessive heat which doth draw matter to it either that any of those parts are weak unto which nature is wont to expell such superfluities for in all such cases there may want the ground and the other contents in the urine And as for some of them I mean cruditie and opilation they may be well enough born withal unles their continuance be long But now again there is great difference touching the time of the sickness in which it chanceth for in the beginning and increase of sharp Agues if the ground be lacking it betokeneth great weaknesse of naturall strength which if not prevented may continue unto the chief strength of the sicknesse And after such an urine there doth follow much waking and disquietness halfe madness and trouble of mind and all those shall bee according to the greatness of the Ague either extream or mild And sometime it is a token that there shall bee a gathering sore in some part of the body namely if other agreeable causes come therewith as a winterly disposition of the aire with an uncertain state of sickness and unconstant alteration and mean weakness of the Patients power But in the declination of the sickness such urine ought not greatly to be blamed for then hath nature escaped the brunt of sickness though she be yet weak Yea and in the chief strength of sicknes as well as in the declination it may seem no strange thing if nature as though already she had the over-hand do gather her power together and draw a little nourishment to her self and thereby causeth little or no ground to appear But afterward when shee is somewhat refreshed and doth more liberally nourish the body then doth shee shew forth contents in the urine And lightly the order of the contents is such that first there appeareth a cloud which afterward doth gather more strong and weightie substance and doth become a swim or sublimation And last of all when it hath gathered a right naturall whitness and due substance then will it grow to a ground CHAP. IX Of difform Contents OTher things should I here speak of as touching the Judiciall of the contents both of their stableness that is their continuance in good form and of their due knitting being neither tattered nor dispersed nor yet overmuch clodded together But because the exact judgement thereof exceedeth the capacitie of mean wits for whose sake I have written this Book and cannot lightly be perceived of them but by the Instruction of a lively voice I wil for this time overpass the exact and perfect declaration of them reserving it to a place more due And now will I briefly over-run the other things which remain to bee considered in urine but yet not without some mention of those other as occasion commeth and first those difform Contents which occupie the place of the ground Difform contents and therefore take his name also Of this sort there are four principall the first is in bigness of a small fatch and red coloured which you may call therefore red fatches because of their likeness These as witnesseth Galen are ingendred of the consumption and wasting of the flesh 6. Epid. when the fatness is already melted away But in this there is great difference for sometime it is only the wasting of the reins and sometime of the whole body as if there appear in the urine tokens of due concoction then is that wast in the reins onely But if there appear in the urine default of concoction namely being great or if the patient have an Ague then is it the wast of the whole body and that standeth well with reason that when it betokeneth the wast of the whole body there must needs appear default of concoction for in such case those parts which are the Instruments of concoction are so weakned that they cannot do their office These contents by reason that they are gross and heavie therefore they appear alwaies in the bottom of the urinall Brannie contents Other difform contents there be also of which some are like bran and some like scales And of those that
the contents The lowest region And this now may suffice as touching contents of every kind Therefore now will I a little repeat out of Actuarius of the diversitie of judgement by the places or regions of the contents That ground which fleeteth nigh to the bottom of the urinall being in other points also good and mild doth betoken no strange thing But if it be unconcoct and deformed it betokeneth default in nature And if his parts be disparkled asunder it betokeneâ— a dimness in nature which doth not rest the rebellion of noysome humors so thaâ— in such case there appeareth need both â— long time and also more strength to overcome that evill But as it is commendable that the ground fleet nigh the bottome oâ— the urinall so is it discommendable if it lyeâ— flat on the bottome of the same The middle region Now as touching the swim or sublimation if it be good in colour and other waies then doth it differ only in place from a right ground and that cometh of an unnaturall â—iness which maketh it to be so light â—o fleet above his due place but if his â—r and other like points bee evill yet â—oth it betoken lesse evill then if it â—in the right place of the ground The regioâ— â— now as touching the third and highâ—â—gion which is the place of the clouds â—e appear a light and thin cloud it beâ—th no small grief of the head But â—fference is there in the clouds the that they be in colour and substance â—ther they differ from a right good â—urall Content And therefore need â—ng time to return thereunto And â—y wayes the worse that they are in â—nd substance the less they are to be blamed by reason of their place which is so much distant from the naturall place of Contents For this is a generall rule The lower that good contents fleet in the urine excepting alwaies such as cleave to the hard bottom the better they are And contrary wayes of evill contents and such like the higher they fleet the lesse evill they betoken The proportion of the regions to the parts of man Now to make an end of this You shall observe a certain proportion that is between the parts of the urine and the parts of mans body The highest part of the urine doth betoken the highest part of the body namely the head and such other neer unto it The middle region of the urine doth represent the middle parts of man as the breast the bowels and the parts about them The hether region of the urine doth purport the lowest parts of man from the bowels downward And if you mark well this proportion you may the easier judge the griefs of the parts of man For when the contents which in colour and substance are naturall and yet by the abundance of windiness be lift up to the higher part of the urine it declareth some great pain to be in the head And in like manner when the swim or sublimation doth declare grief that grief must be loâ—ed to be in the middlemost parts of man â— I said before and so of the other Again as this proportion between thâ— regions of urine and the parts of mans body doth declare that place in certain heighâ— so doth it in breadth also by like proportion if you doe duly mark the side unto whicâ— the contents do decline And if you mark wel what I have saiâ— you may perceive the only cause of meâ— such griefs when the contents is only diâ—ordered in place cometh of an unnaturaâ— windines but yet commonly annexed witâ— phlegmatick and unconcocted matter And as the windiness doth cause disordâ— in the contents so it causeth also anotheâ— kind of things not to be neglected in urine and that is bubbles Bubbles which sometimes floâ— in the ring or garland onely and sometimeâ— in the middest of the urine onely and otheâ— times doe cover the whole face of the urinâ— The Bubbles which stand round aboâ— over the garland only and continue withouâ— parting if they he of the same colour thâ— the urine is they declare great pain to be it the head and that in all parts of the headâ— if the Bubbles joyn together without parting But and if they occupie only the one half of the garland then is that pain in the one half of the head And so forth may you judge by like proportion But if they doe part in sundry places and joyn not all together it is a token that the pain is the lesser and cometh of a weaker cause The more yellower that their colour is the greater they declare the pain in the head to be If they be white or rather whitish and stand about in the compasse of the garland they betoken little pain or none And if the urine bee thin withall they betoken weakness of naturall heat or else the opilation and stopping of the reins namely if there appear no ground in the urine This doth Hippocrates witness 7. Aph. 14. saying When in the urine there swimmeth bubbles they betoken grief in the reins And also that it shall long continue The reason of the long continuance as Galen and Philotheus doe both declare is because that the grief commeth of cold and tough phlegmatick matter which always is long before it may overcome Lib. 28. c. 6. Pliny also saith that that urine is evil which is ful of bubbles and thick in which if the ground be white it is a token that there shal be grief either about the joynts or else about the bowels Howbeit yet sometimes the bubbles are not an evill token but contrariwise a good token of concoction and declare that nature doth now apply her self wholy unto concoction And this do the Bubbles signifie when they appear in the water in which they were not seen long before And therefore in an Ague we may conjecture the declination of it when we see bubbles to appear after that sort except it be so that they appeared in the urine at the beginning of the sickness and hath so continued still For then they declare grievous pain to be in the head yea and that dangerous if the urine also be thin in substance But if the substance of the urine be thick then the bubbles are not so evill a sign neither declare so greivouâ— danger Sometimes in stead of Bubbles which doe not appear when they should it sufficetâ— that there appear a gross some as it is sometimes seen to rise upon wine and it doth betoken even the same thing that the Bubble do Fome especially in the declination of the Ague of which I spake a little before These Bubbles do appear very thick aboue the garland in the urine of him that hath the issue of seed or wast of nature Sometime also there are seen in the Bubbles certain small scrapps as you would say much like hairs in grossness and of such length sometime that they reach from the one side of the
piss tempered with dust and lâ— in wool will heal corns marveilously anâ— destroy warts Childes urine A childs urine will heal the stinging of Bee Waspe and Hornet if the place be washed therewith Mans urine A mans urine will cleanse the freckleâ— and spots in the face And if a woman caâ—not be delivered of the after burden let he drinke mans urine and she shall be delivered straight Collumella Collumella saith that the best dunging fâ— yong shots of trees is mans urine namely which hath stood half a yeer For if yoâ— water vines or apple-trees with it there no dung that will cause so much fruit as â— will doe Sheeps urin and not only that but it causeâ— also the savour and the taste both of the apples and of the wine to be much the better Constantinus Affricanus Constantinus Affricanus saith That the urine of a Sheep or an Oxe with some hot oil is good for the grief in the ears that cometh of cold Vitalis Urine as Vitalis de Furno saith fretteth dryeth and burneth and is good for the grief of the spleen if it be drunk as Gentilis writeth Asse stale The Urine of a male Asse as the same Vitalis saith tempered with Nardus doth increase and preserve hair M. Virgilius And as some say by the writing of Marcellus Virgilius Vrine is of no smal nourishment for divers folk in the time of dearth have been preserved by the onely use and drinking of it Marcellus Also Marcellus the Practitioner in the 27. Chapter doth witnesse That the Vrine of a man is good for divers diseases of the wombe and bowels and namely for the Collick because that partly with provoking of vomit and partly by occasion of seges it expelleth strongly all noysome humours and for the same cause doth common Practitioners keep it still in daily use Vldericus Huttenus Vlderick Hutten also witnesseth That he did drive away the Ague above 8. times with the only drinking of his own Vrine at the beginning of his sickness And many still doe use the same practise and it proveth well Likewise Marsilius Ficinus writeth that Many men doe use to drink urine for the Pestilence Marsilius Ficinus which thing did Galen write long before him and also Paulus Aegineta and doe testifie also that it preserved them thaâ— dranke it at the least way as they thought Galen All urine as Galen writeth is hot iâ— vertue and sharp as saith Aegineta howbeit it differeth according to them that makâ— it For the hotter they are that make it the hotter is it also and likewise the colder urine cometh of a colder body Mens urine is the weakest of all otheâ— except tame barrow hoggs for they in verâ— many points agree with man but the urinâ— of wild Bores is stronger Mans urine Mens urine is of as strong cleansing vertuâ— as any thing else and therefore doe Fulleâ— use it to scoure and cleanse their cloth Anâ— in cure of griefs also for the same reason it is used to soke and wash maunginess anâ— scabbedness and running sores that are fulâ— of corruption and filth and specially if they have in them putrified matter and for sucâ— sores on the privie members it is good anâ— for mattering eares and for scales and scurfâ— if the head be washed in it I have healed with it many times sores on the toes namely which came of bruises and were without inflammation and that in servants and husbandmen which had a journey to goe and no Physitian with them bidding them to wet a small clout with it and to put into the sores and then to bind a cloth about it and as often as they listed to make water to let it fall on their sore toes and not to take the cloth away till it were quite whole Chrisocola That medicine which is made of childes urine called of some men in Greek Chrysocola that is to say gold soulder because men use to soulder gold This I say is exceeding good for sores that are hard to heal For this medicine doe I use for the chiefest mixing it with such other things as are good for such like sores In the time of Pestilence in Syria many did drinke Childrens urine and mens also and thought that they were preserved by it Alchumists Of urine also do Alchumysts make divers things as salt and other things moe And many other commodities there bee of urine as for washing and scouring and other like which for briefness I over-passe and the rather because they are commonly known of all folk Of the Diseases touching Vrines and the Remedies for the same NOw to come to that I promised as touching the griefs which hinder urine or expell it disorderly either in time oftner then is meet or in qualitie with other fashions then is agreeable to it or like other sorts I will briefly write not intending to teach the art of curing them which would require a longer Treatise and a meeter place but onely to name certain of the most common diseases and to set after them such simple and uncompound medicines only which cure those griefs Stopping of urine The stone First therefore touching the hinderance or stopping of urine it is not unknown that one common cause is the stone which sometimes is in the reins and sometime in the bladder I shewed you before that commonly you may discern those two asunder by the colour of the gravel but the more sure token is the grief in the sick part Now for the cure of the same doth these medicines serve which follow But as I have alwaies said you shal use them with the counsell of some learned Physitian for there is great difference both of the grief and of the medicines Medicines for the stone both in the Reins and Bladder Astra Bacca Ameos Angle toches sod Betony Bryony root Bylgrum Chamamel Capers Bark namely of the root Claret seed Clot seed Dock root Fenel seed and root Goats blood Gladian Gromell Gum of Plumtree and Cherry tree A hedge Sparrow Harebell Kneholm root and Berries Madder root High Mallows seed and Root Mugwort Parseley Pelliter of Spain Pyony Berries which are black Radish Sampere S. Johns Wort. Sperage Scholm Swines Fenell Sothern Wood-seed Sour Almonds Tent-wort Tutsan Berries Water Plantine Winter Gilli-flower And beside these there are divers others Also the Stone it selfe that came from a man being braid and drunken will breake and expell that other within him Beside the stone also it causeth the urine to be clean stopped by reason of weakness of the expulsive vertue and sometimes through clodds of blood which rest in the shaft Sometimes also through tough and clammie humours and sometime through some swelling within the yard and divers other wayes also of which the declaration is too long for this place and time but another time I intend to write of them at large and of all other griefs of
mans bodie But to return to this matter that is in hand One other stop of urine there is which doth not clean let it but causeth it to avoid lesser then it should and this commeth of like causes as that other last did save that the cause is less according as the stay of urine is and therefore the cure in both is much like For if it come of weakness of the expulsive vertue then with the use of other hot meats and drinks those medicines are good which doe provoke urine as these be that follow Medicines which doe provoke urine Annise-seed Ally-saunders Alkakengi Basyle Bylgrum Cammock Charlock Chervell Carawayes Calamus Aromaticus Cubebes Dictany of Candie Dragance Fumitorie Fatchys Flower delyce Garlike Ground pine Ginger Helecompane Honey Juniper and the Berries Lase saverie Leeks Mints Margerom Maiden hair Navew Nepte Negella Romana Nettle Pepper Pye Ryall Quinces Rue Rosemary Rocquet Savine Sage Saverie Time Valerion Wild Marjoram Wild Parseley Wild Time Water Cresses Woodbinde with many other and namely those for the most part which I named before to be good for the stone But there must be discretion in the use of them Besides those is there a disease named the Strangurie which some corruptly call the Strangurion in which Disease the urine doth continually drop forth Excess of urine as fast as it cometh into the bladder And therefore may it well be noted the first kinde of such griefs as provoke forth and further urine excessively For that strangurie these Medicines following are noted good Medicines for the Strangurie Alisander Astra Bacca Brokelime Ceder berries Ceterake Calamus Aromaticus Gladiane Knot grasse Kneholm Sperage Seholm Spatula Fetida Turpentine washed Wilde Fennell Water mints But you must consider as I have often said that as the disease may come of sundry causes so it must have sundry cures For most commonly these are good that I have written yet such may bee the cause of the sickness that they may do harme therefore take alwayes counsell of some learned Physitian Another kinde of excessive making of urine cometh of the weakness of the retentive vertue in the reins whereby the Patient pisseth as fast as he drinketh Flux of urine Pissing euill The piss gout and that in like quantitie This I may call the flux of urine or pissing evill or after the imitation of the Greeks the pisse gout For which disease it is not greatly commendable to set forth medicines with the onely bare names Howbeit if I doe it I trust no man will the rather misuse them namely being warned so often to take no medicines without counsell and specially in this thing For some of the Medicines must be received inwardly and some of them emplaistred outwardly Medicines for the pissing evill Apples Dates Elecompane Perys Myrtle Berries Night shade Cycory Comferie Endive Paritarie Penny wort Lettis Lintels Pomegranat Purselane Vine leaves Other defaults there be of excess of urine as of them which cannot keep their urine and namely of children which pisse their beds This disease cometh oftentimes of the dissolution of the muscle which should keep the urine and therefore requireth cure meet for it and unmeet for this place and such shortnesse Wherefore for this time here I will make an end trusting that all men will with as gentle heart receive this my writing as I of gentleness have taken the pains to set it forth Additions Of the diversities of Colours and of the making of them BEcause that it is not very easie for every man to distinguish colours duly asunder I thought it good at the end of this Book a little to touch the distinction and making of them namely of such as are mentioned before in this Book Milk white Milk white by the name of it self doth sufficiently declare what it is for it is the very colour of milk though the substance need not to be so thick in the urine as in the milk for the colour must be understood several from the substance both in this and all other colours which thing would be remembred for it might else as it hath often done deceive the simple folk Horn white Horn white in like manner hath his name of the thing that it assimuleth most for it is like the white and cleer part of a horn of a lanthorn or such like Grey Grey is like the white part of a mans nail next unto the joynt or like hoar hair that is not very white for gray is so much darker then horn white as horn white is darker then milk white Pale Pale colour hath a certain appearance of yellow in it but is exceeding little If you seeth a peece of the rind of Pomegranate and then put to it thrice as much clean water it will be a pale colour Flaxen But if you put thereto little or no clean water it will be flaxen coloured that is somewhat more yellower then pale Pale After it followeth pale which is a kind of light yellow something lighter in colour then crown gold Yellow For the colour of pure gold as an angell or royall is a right yellow colour Light saffron A light saffron colour is that colour that saffron doth make when it is steeped in water and laid light on any white For if it be laid on deep then doth it make a full saffron colour Saffron For that is called a saffron colour which saffron doth die and not that that is in the saffron it self Red. Claret For that is very red and is higher then claret which is a mean colour between saffron and red as if it were made of them both mixed together Crimson Crimson is a dark bloody colour well known by his own name but is not in urine so light as it sheweth in cloth Purple Purple needeth not to be much described being so commonly known howbeit if you will see the making of it mixe a dark crimson with an orient blew and it will be purple And because that many men be deceived in the latin name of this colour you shall observe that it is not that which in Latin is called Purpureus color as most men think for that is rather a crimson but it is called more peculiarly Purpura violacea or Passeus color Blew Blew colour is the colour of the cleer Skie or of Azure Howbeit in urine it is not so orient but if you will mix pure white as white lead or pure lime with due portion of right black as cole dust or other like then there will of these amount that blew which is ascribed to urine Green Green is a compound colour of blew and yellow duly tempred together And the right green have I in this Book called a stark green Stark green But if the yellow do exceed in it then is it a light green and contrariwise if the blue do exceed Light green then is it a dark green Of this
Purple colour PUrple colour declareth need of much strength before it can be altered to a good urine This urine is a sign of burning choler And if it do continue very long it is a token of the yellow Jaunders with abundance gross and corrupt choller gathered in the â—ver And at the beginning there goeth wâ— it some spices and grudgings of the Agâ— with a little thirstiness but unless there bâ— discretion used in the diet of such a Patieâ— it may turn to a much worse disease Of Green Vrines Green colour GReen colour is an evill and a dangeroâ— token for it needeth not only long timâ— but also cotinual strength to bring it agâ— to a good trade The higher that this cold is the more it declareth that choller exceâ—eth the other humours which if it be aâ— more burned will cause black urine which I will anon speak But if green oâ—lour come of wasting of the fat then is somewhat like to oylie colour or popinâ— green but if it come of abundance of purpâ—lish colour and through increase of his quâ—litie then doth the colour incline more â—ward black and glistereth with shadow green drawing very nigh unto black Afâ— green choler followeth madness parbreaâ—ing and avoiding of choler sometimes wiâ— matter or else burned and also continuâ— thirstiness and burning heat of the tongue straightness about the stomack And like other things But if the patient continue strong and the colour of the urine do waxe lighter there is good hope else there is great fear least of the dryness and burning there do follow contraction of the sinews which will kill the patient Of Oilie Vrine or Popinjay Green Oilie urine or popinjay green OYlie Urine is of three sorts as I said in the fift Chapter that is light oylie stark oylie and dark oylie Oylie urines are a token of unnatural heat and the higher that the colour is the greater is the heat And also they betoken melting of the fat within a man for of it are they so coloured But at the beginning when there is a little fat melted the urine is light oylie For if it look stark oylie then it signifieth that the disease increaseth But if it come once to dark oylie then is the disease sore increased Hippocrates in the seventh Book of his Aphorisms speaking of fatness in urine saith thus Who so maketh urine with fatty flotes comming much and fast they have sharp pains in the reins Which sentence though it seem more to appertain to the contents then to the colour yet doth not onely Galen but also Aetinâ— Actuarius and also another Grecian who name I know not expound it amongst colours and by it declare the difference â— know whether that wast or melting â— fat be in the reins it self or in other parts oâ— the body For if it come fast together â— Hippocrates saith then commeth it from thâ— reins it self and betokneth the wasting â— be in them But if it come softly and increaâ— by little and little then doth it declare thâ— the whole body is overcome with unnaturall heat and that the fat of it doth wast it doth betoken as Act. witnesseth a wasting Ague consuming the body Of blew Vrine Ash-colour and Black BLew colour Ash-colour and Black do differ only in lightness and darkness For ash-colour is darker then blew anâ— black is darker then any of them both Blew colour Blew colour sometime cometh of moderate melancholy and then is the urine somewhat thin in substance And sometime iâ— commeth of great cold and then it is thick in substance And sometime it is a token oâ— mortifying of some part Yea and sometime even of whole nature namely if the colour change to worse and worse and there went before no token of concoction Ash-colour Ash coloured urine commeth of like causes and betokeneth like things Howbeit it is so coloured many times when the party that made it hath been sore beaten and bruised But in this you need not the help of urine for you may see the walts and tokens of the stripes in his body Black urine Urine which is extream black sometime betokeneth extream heat and sometime extream cold the which both you may distinctly discerne if you doe observe order of alteration in the colours of the urine that the patient made last before For if his urine before were green or like thereto then doth the black urine which follows it betoken extream heat But if it were last before blew or ash-coloured then doth it signifie extream cold This black colour though it be commonly an evill and deadly sign as I said before speaking of thick urine and black yet sometime it is a good token For in all diseases lightly that come of melancholy matter it betokeneth that the matter doth avoid and so the sicknes to end And such urine doth appear many times after purgations or other meats and drinks which purge the splene namely if a man do labour upon them that was before diseased of the spleen Howbeit sometime meats and drinks of liâ— colour cause black urine as Galen witnesseth namely after dark red wine and Allegant But in moderate Agues if such black â—rine doe appear it is a token of death excepâ— it be on some Criticall dayes And likewiâ— in sharp agues especially if the savour bâ— strong and stinking unless it come of somâ— grief of the bladder Quantitie of urine Let this suffice for this time as touchinâ— colours Now for the quantitie of urine â— when it is mean it is a good token so wheâ— it is either too much or too little it is an evill sign except it come of such cause as shewed before that altereth urine in healthfull man Much in a whole body As first excessive quantitie of urine comâ—meth of much drinking of thin wine as Reâ—nish wine and such like But that shall yoâ— thus know for the colour will be whitely and the substance thinner then a meanâ— the contents also will be divers and not dâ—ly knit Likewise if there be aboundancâ— of raw humours in a man unconcocted anâ— yet nature persevering strong then is therâ— great quantity of urine and somewhat thiâ— of substance but not so white as the otheâ— and the contents of this are better Alsâ— as Hippocrates saith much Vrine made iâ— the night 4. Aph. 3. is a token of small sege so that if any impediment let naturall sege then will the quantity of urine be the greater But in this as the colour is mean so is the ground both greater and grosser yet in healthfull folk may the urine by another means also be greater then a mean and that may be by medicines which provoke urine but then is the colour more naturall then the last that I spake of and the ground is thinner of substance so that it is dark and scarcely seene and then is there a certain glistering in the urine it self Little urine in a whole body Now