Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	body_n	call_v	nature_n	1,452	5	5.1884	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A12121	A treatise of schemes [and] tropes very profytable for the better vnderstanding of good authors, gathered out of the best grammarians [and] oratours by Rychard Sherry Londoner. Whervnto is added a declamacion, that chyldren euen strapt fro[m] their infancie should be well and gently broughte vp in learnynge. Written fyrst in Latin by the most excellent and famous clearke, Erasmus of Roterodame.	Sherry, Richard, ca. 1506-ca. 1555.; Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536. De pueris statim ac liberaliter instituendis. English. aut	1550 (1550)	STC 22428; ESTC S111062	82,560	238

holye thing out of an holy place is worse then some other kynde of theft No lesse matter of argumentacion ministreth the qualitie of time which signifieth two thynges Fyrst it is taken playnly for the time present past or to come Seconde it signifieth oportunitie to do a thynge and so when a man cometh as we wold haue it we saye he cometh in time And in the seuenth of Ihon when Christ sayth My tyme is not yet come tyme is taken for oportunitie of tyme. And lykewyse in the syxt to the Galat. Therfore whyle we haue tyme. c. The Rethoricianes put chaunce vnder tyme because the ende of a thynge perteyneth to the time that foloweth but of thys wyll we speke in the place called Euent Facultie is a power to do the thynge that is taken in hand and in coniectures two thinges speciallye be considered whether he could or wold Wyll is gathered of hope to performe it and is made more probable whē the nature of the mynde is ioyned to it as it is not like he wyl abide in his glorye because he is enuious and ambicious Also when we counsell one to leaue of vayne mournynge when it is not in his power to get agayne that is gone Instrument semeth to be a part of facultie for instrumentes sometyme are cause of oure hablenes to do a thinge and it is a more mischeuous deede to kyl with venome thē with swearde And to instrumēt so●e is the manour of doyng that almoste it is all one But more properlye perteyne to the manour or fashion those thynges that be eyther excused or made greater by wyl As lesse faute is it to fall into a vice by ignorance or frailtie then of a purpose and full deliberacion The vse of circūstances profiteth to amplifie to extenuate to euidence to confirmacion and probabilitie And hytherto be referred also the common places that indifferentlye apperteyne to all kyndes and partes of causes of the whyche Rodulphe entreateth and Aristotle in hys Topyckes But before we speake of them it is to be noted that thys woorde place is taken foure maner of wayes They are called common places because thei be entreated of of bothe partes althoughe not in all one cause as he that is sore spoken agaynste by witnesses swadeth that we shulde not geue credite to witnesses Contrarye he that is hol●en by them speaketh in defence of wytnesses and so of other that we spake of before when we entreated of vnartificial argumentes Lyke to thys sorte be sentences whyche wee e●aggerate as it were wythoute the cause but so that they serue to the cause whiche wee haue in hande as bee the amplificacions of vertues and the exaggeracions of vices As when wee accuse anye manne that by euyll companions he was broughte to do also the mischeuouse deede A common place shall bee wyth wordes to exaggerate howe much it profiteth to keepe goodnesse to bee in companye wyth good men and contrarye howe greate myschyefe the companye of euyll men dothe cause In the third sence places be called seates of argumentes whyche the Rethoricianes do applie to ech● kyndes of causes As in the kynde suasorie honest profitable pleasaūt easye necessarie c. In demonstratiue kynde kynred contrey goodes of the bodye and of the mynde In the Iudiciall kynde inespecial deniall those that we spake of euen nowe The fourth places be general whych declare what belongeth to euerye thynge and howe oute of eche of them there be taken argumentes partly necessary and partlye probable These be commen to the Oratours with the Logicians albeit Aristotle hathe seperatelye written of them in hys Topickes and in his Rethorickes hathe not touched thē and they profite much both to iudgement and to endightynge but the varietie of authors hath made the handlynge of them sumwhat darke because amonge them selues they can not wel agre neyther of the names neyther of the number neyther of the order An example is a rehearsall of a thynge that is done and an applyynge of it vnto our cause eyther for similitude or dissimilitude profitable to perswade garnyshe and delyght Examples some be taken out of hystories some of tales some of fayned argumētes in comedies and bothe sortes be dilated by parable and comparacion Comparacion sheweth it equall lesse or bygger Parable is a feete similitude whych sheweth y e example that is brought ether like vnlyke or cōtrarye Lyke as Camillus restored the common wealth of the Romaines that was oppressed by the Frenchmen and when it was brought into extreme losse by theyr valiauntnesse expelled the Barbariens So Ualla whan thorowe the ignorāce of y e Barbarians learnyng was destroyed restored it agayn as it wer from death into hys former brightnes Unlike As not lyke thanke is done to Laurence and Camillus because that the one moued by vertue wyth the ieopardie of hys lyfe deliuered his contrey from the vngracious that other styrred vp by desyre of fame or rather wyth an euyll luste to checke manye no● restored agayn the lattēt●ng oppressed but brought it as it were into certen rules Cōtrary Brutus kylled hys chyldren goyng about treason Manlius punished by death the valiauntnes of hys sonne Comparacion sheweth y e thing y t is brought eyther equall lesse or bigger Lesse as our elders haue warred oftentymes because theyr marchaūtes and mariners wer euyl entreated What mynd ought you to be in so many thousande citizens of Rome slaine at one message and one time Equall as in the same Cicero For it happed vnto me to stand for an offyce wyth two gentlemenne that one very naughte that other very gentle yet ouercame I Catiline by dignitie and Galba by fauoure Bygger As for Milo they saye he shulde not lyue that confesseth he hathe kylled a man when M. Horacius was quitte whyche kylled hys owne syster Parable which some call similitude some cōparacion is a comparyng of a thyng y t hath no life or no bodye to our cause and purpose for some thyng that is lyke or vnlyke And as example is taken of y e dede of a man and the person of an hystorye or that is fabulous and fayned so is comparison taken of thinges that be done or that be ioyned to them by nature or by chaunce As Attilius retournyng agayne to hys enemies is an example of kepynge faythe and promise But a shyp in the whych the sayles be ●oysed vp or takē down after the blowyng of the winde is a parable whiche reacheth a wyse man to geue place to tyme and applye hymselfe to the world that is presente And lyke fashion is of dila●yng a parable as we haue shewed in example For sometime it is noted in a word as Doest thou not vnderstand that the sayles muste be turned Sometyme it is more largelye declared as in the oracion for Mu●ena And if vnto menne that sayle out of the hauen c. Analogia Icon called of the latines Imago an Image in Englyshe is

hym selfe an excellente and euerlastyng name and that hath shewed moste eloquently by putting out so manye noble workes that deathe ought to be despised inespeciallye seynge that now he hath not much tyme to ly●e beynge an olde man Agayn another principall proposicion shall be taken of the circūstaūces That nothynge is worse then that Cicero beyng a very good mā shulde owe his lyfe to Antonye the worst man of the world The third proposicion shal be cōiectural how that Antony craftely goeth about that the bookes beynge burned in the whych he perceiueth bothe hys owne immortal infamye to be and the immortal glory of Cicero whē he hath afterwardes taken awaye hys lyfe he maye vtterlye extinguyshe Cicero ¶ A copious heaping of probacions So when proposicions be found remaineth argumētaciō or proues called in Greke Pistis because they make suretye of a doutefull thyng Of proues some be artificiall some vnartificial Unartificial be foreiudgemētes rumoures tormentes tabelles othe wytnesses diuinacion oracles To these be referred whych the Greekes cal Symeia or sygnes For they also commonlye are not fer by the wytte of hym that disputeth but are ministred otherwyse They be called signes properlye whyche rysynge of the thynge it selfe that is in question come vnder the sences of menne as threatninges whych be of the time that is paste cryinge herde oute of a place whyche is of the tyme presente pa●enesse of hym whyche is ared of the murther whyche is of the tyme folowynge or that bloud leapte oute of the bodye latelye s●ayne when he came that dyd the murther Also of signes some bee necessary as that he liueth whiche dothe breathe and some probable as bloude in the garmente whych myghte also come oute of the nose or otherwyse Also proues and argumentes are taken oute of circūstaunces partly of the person partlye of the cause or thyng it self and be called also of the Rethoricians places neyther cleane contrarie to those that Aristotle hath taughte neyther the very same for some agree wyth them some be all one and some diuerse Onlye differeth the manour of teachynge because the Rethoricianes do teache a patrone the philosopher generally helpeth iudgement Circumstaunces of the person ben these Kinred nacion coutrey kynde age bryngynge vp or discipline hau●oure of the body fortune condicion nature of the mynde studies affectacion wordes forespoken deedes done before commocion counsell name Kynred monisheth vs to cōsider of what progeny a man dothe come For it is semely and happeneth cōmonlye that the sonnes belyke the forefathers and thereof procedeth causes to lyue well or euyll Naciō sheweth what disposicion and maners euery nacion hath peculiarly of theyr owne The difference of kynde is knowen to euerye man To diuerse ages diuerse thyngs be conueniente It skylleth more by whom and by what wayes men be brought vp then of whom they be begotten The hautoure of the bodye comprehendeth fayrnes or foulnes strength or weaknes ●or more credible is the accusacion of lecherye in a fayre body then in a foule and violence more probable in the strong then in the weake Fortune perteineth to ryches kynred friendes seruitures dignities honours Condicion comprehendeth manye thynges as whether he be noble or not noble an officer or a priuate person a father or a sonne a citizen or a straunger a fre man or a seruaunt a maried manne or a single man a father or none hauinge had but one wyfe or two The nature of the mynde hath manifold varieties in men Some be fearful some strong some gentle some vehemēt chaste lecherous glorious modes●e c. Studies for other be the maners of the rustical then of the lawyer of the marchaunte then of the Soldier of the shipman then of the phisicion To these they adde affectacion For it skylleth muche what maner man euerye one wolde seme to be whether he be y e same or not as ryche or eloquent iuste or mightie mery or sad a fauorer of the people or of the great men Both wordes that be spoken before time and dedes that be done be also considered For of thynges that be paste the present be estemed also thinges that be to come Cōmocion in thys differe●h from the nature of the mynde because that one is perpetuall that o●her for a whyle as anger is commocion rancour the nature of the mynde and feare a cōmocion fearefulnesse nature To these they adde the name of the person of whence many tymes an argument is takē as Cicero resteth muche vpon Uerres or sweepers name because beyng a strong thief he swepte altogether Thus haue we shewed that much matter may be taken of thynges belongyng to a personne so maye be also of those that belonge to a thynge or cause whiche places bee so handeled of Quintil●ane that he myngleth thē wyth the places whyche Aristotle hathe comprehended in hys ●yghte bookes of Topyckes Circumstances of the thynges be these Cause place tyme chau●ce facultie instrumente manour And fyrste of euerye thinge there be foure causes efficient materiall formall and finall Matter is the receptacle of al formes The forme causeth it to be thys and not another thynge as the reasonable soule geueth to the body that it is a man and the soule because it is a substaunce hathe her vnnamed forme whereby she is a soule and not an aungel And what soeuer is made is made to a certen ende and one thynge maye haue diuerse endes as nature hathe geuen brestes vnto women to geue milke and also for comlynesse of theyr bodies neyther doth any man that is of a sounde mynde take vpon hym anye businesse but for that he desyreth to haue s●me thynge nor there is nothynge desyred but vnder the consideracion of good or profite So the ende whyche is laste in effecte and fyrste in intencion loketh vpon the gettinge of profites increase and cōfirmacion of them and also vpon them eschuynge of disprofites diminyshynge or puttyng them awaye But in chosyng them false perswacion deceyueth manye whylest by errour they beleue that to be good y t is naughte This place therfore serueth for many thynges to make more or lesse Greatly happy shulde men be if euerye man wolde looke vpon the marke not the whych desyre hathe sette before hym but whyche God and honest reason hath prefixed And of suche strengthe is the ende that hereof is taken the felicitie of euery thyng To fast that the body maye obeye the mynde to do good workes is an holy deede To fast to be counted holye is hypocrisie To faste to encrease thy good is couetousenesse To faste to be whole in thy bodie is phisycke and so of praiynge almose and other laudable workes After lyke maner must be wayed the secondarie endes An other circumstaunce of a thynge is the place whose qualitie oftentimes maketh the faute either greter or lesser as to steale an

mouinges by whyche thynges the phisicions in many bookes and inespeciall Galene hath taught that the chyldren get good healthe of theyr bodye neyther do they differ thys diligēce vnto the seuenth or tenth yere but euē assone as the chylde commeth oute of the mothers wombe they take greate charge of thys And they do well for the infancie not regarded oftentymes causeth men to haue a syckely and sore disseased olde age if they happen to come to it Yea moreouer or euer the chyld be born yet dothe the mother take greate heede Thei eate not of euery meat when they be greate wyth chylde they take heede that they moue not theyr bodie to hurte them and if there happen any thyng to fall vpon their face by and by they take it away wyth theyr hand and laye it vpon the priuie part of theyr body It hath ben proued by many experimentes that by this remedie the deformitie whych wold haue bene on that part of y e body that is sene hathe lyen hyd in the secrete place No mā calleth this to hasty a care whych is vsed for the worser parte of man Why then is that parte of man wherby we be properly called menne neglected so many yeres Shuld he not do all agaynste gods forbod which wold trim his cap lettyng his head be vnkempt and all scabbed Yet much more vnreasonable is it that we shuld bestow iuste labours vpon the mortall bodye and to haue no regarde of the immortal soule Further if a mā haue at home an horse colte or a whelpe of a good kynd wyl he not straight waye begynne to fashion hym to do sumwhat and wyll do that so muche the more gladlye the readyer the yonge age is to folow the teachers mynde Wee wyl teache a popiniaye while time is to speke as a manne dothe knowynge well that the elder he waxeth the lesse apte he wyll be to be taughte yea the common prouerbe geuyng warnynge of thys thynge That an old popiniaye careth not for the rod. And what a thynge is it to be diligente in a byrde and ●●owe in teachynge thy sonne What do the wytty husbandmen Do they not teach euen straight way the plātes whyle they be yet tender to put awaye theyr wylde nature by graffynge and wyll net tarye tyll they be waxen bygge and myghtye And they do not onlye take heede that the litle tree grow not croked or haue any other faute but if ther be anye they make haste to amend it whyle it wyll yet bowe and folowe the hande of the fashioner And what liuyng thynge or what plante wyll bee as the owener or or housebande manne wolde haue it to serue for excepte oure dylygence helpe nature The sooner it is donne the better wyll it come to passe Indede to manye dumme beastes nature the mother of all thynges hath geuen more helpe to do theyr natural offices but because the prouidēce of God hath of al creatures vnto men onlye geuen the strength of reason she hath left the greatest parte to educacion in so much that one hath written very wel the first poynte the middle and the thirde that is the chyefe of all mans felicitye to be good instruccion ryght bryngynge vp Whych prayse Demosthenes gaue to ryght pronunciacion and that in deede not falsely but ryghte bryngynge vp helpeth muche more to wysedome then pronunciacion to eloquence For diligente and holy bringing vp is the founteyne of al vertue As to folye and myschief the fyrst seconde and thyrde poynte is vndiligente and corrupte educacion Thys is the thynge that is chiefelye lefte vnto vs. That is the cause why vnto other beastes nature hathe geuen swyftnes flyght sharpnes of sight greatnes and strengthe of bodye scales flyshes heares hornes nayles venome wherby they may both defende their healthe and prouide for theyr liuynge and brynge vp their yonge and bryngeth forthe man onlye softe naked and vnfensed but in stede of all thys hath geuen hym a mynde hable to receiue all discipline because in this onlye are all thynges if a man wyll exercise it And euerye liuynge thynge the lesse mete it is to learnynge so muche the more it hathe of natiue prudence Bees learne not to make their celles to gathe● iu●e and to make honye The ●mets are not taughte to gather into their holes in somer wherby they shulde lyue in wynter but all these thynges be done by instruccion of nature But man neyther can eate nor go nor speake except he be taught Then if the tree brynge forthe eyther no fruite or vnsauerye wythout the diligence of graf●ing if the dogge be vnmete to hunte the horse vnapte to iuste the oxe to the plowe except oure diligence bee putte to howe wylde and vnprofitable a creature wolde man become except diligētlye and in dewe tyme he shulde be fashioned by good bryngynge vp I wyll not here rehearse vnto you the example of Lycurgus knowen of euerye man whyche bryngynge oute two whelpes one of a gentle kynde but euyll taughte that ran to the mea●e that other of sluggyshe syres but diligently brought vp that lea●te the meate and leapt vpon the beast Nature is an effectuall thynge but educacion more effectuall ouercommeth it Menne take heede that they maye haue a good dog to hunte to haue a good horse to iournei with and here thei thynke no diligence to be to hastie but to haue a sonne that shulde be both worship and profite to the parentes vpon whome they myghte ●aye a good part of the charges of their houshold whose loue mighte noryshe and beare vp their vnweldy age and y t shuld shew hym self a trustye and healpynge sonne in a lawe a good husbande to his wife a valiaunte and profitable citizen to the common wealthe I saye to haue suche eue eyther they take no care or else they care to late For whō do they plant for whō do they plowe for whō do they buylde for whō do thei hunt for riches both by land by sea not for theyr chyldrē But what profite or worshyp is in these thinges if he y t shal be heire of thē can not vse thē With vnmesurable studye be possessions gotten but of the possessor we take no kepe Who prepareth an harpe for the vnskylfull of musycke Who garnysheth a librarie for hym that can skyl of no bookes And are so great ryches gotten for hym whyche can not tell howe to vse them If thou gettest these thynges to hym that is well broughte vp thou geueste hym instrumentes of vertue but if thou get them for a rude and rusticall wytte what other thynge doest thou then minister a matter of wantonnesse and mischiefe What canne bee thoughte more folyshe then thys kynde of fathers They prouide that the bodie of the sonne maye be wythout faute and shulde bee made apte to do all manner thynges comelye but the mynde by whose moderacion all honeste wyrkes do stand that they care not for It nedeth me not here to rehearse that riches

to passe in thre whole yeres wyth their bea●ynges threatyngs and brawlynges Yet do not I alowe the diligence of some to painful whych drawe out these thyngs by playinge at chesses or dyce For when the playes them selues passe the capacitie of chyldren how shal they lerne the letters by them This is not to helpe the chyldrens wyttes but to put one labour to an other As there be certen engins so full of worke and so curious that they hynder the doynge of the busines Of thys sorte commonly be all those thynges whych some haue deuised of the arte of memorye for to gette money or for a vayne boastynge rather then for profite for they do rather hurte the memorye The best crafte for memorie is thorowlye to vnderstande and then to brynge into an order last of al oftē to r●pete that thou woldest remember And in litleous there is a natural great desyre to haue the mastry inespecially of suche as be of lustye courage and lyuely towardnes The teacher shall abuse these inclinacions to the profite of hys study If he shall profite nothing by prayers and fayre meanes neyther by gyftes mete for chyldren nor prayses he shal make a contencion with hys equales Hys felowe shall be praysed in the presēce of the duller Desyre to be as good shall quicken forwards whom only adhortacion coulde not do Yet it is not meete so to geue the mastrie to the victor as thoughe he shulde haue it for euer but somtime he shall shewe hope to hym that is ouercome that by takyng hede he may recouer y e shame whych thynge capteynes be wonte to dooe in batayle And sometyme we shall suffer that the chyld shuld thynke he hadde gotten the better when he is worse in deede ▪ Finally by enterchaungyng prayse and disprayse he shall noryshe in them as Hesiodus sayth a stryfe who shall do best Perchaunce one of a sadde wyt wyl be loth so to play the child among chyldren And yet the same is not greued neyther yet ashamed to spende a greate parte of the day in playing wyth litle puppies and marinesettes or to babble wyth a pie or popin●ay or to play the foole wyth a foole By these tryfles a verye sadde matter is broughte to passe and it is meruell that good men haue litle pleasure herein seeyng y e natural loue of our children and hope of great profit is wunt to make those thynges also pleasaūte whyche of them selues be sharpe sowre and bytter I confesse that the preceptes of grammer be at the beginnynge somewhat sowre and more necessary then pleasant But the handsomnes of the teacher shal take from them also a greate parte of the payne The beste thynge and playnest muste be taughte fyrste But nowe wyth what compasses and hardenesse be chyldren troubeled whyle they learne wythout the booke the names of the letters before they knowe what manner letters they bee Whyle they be compelled in the declinynge of nownes and verbes to can by toote in howe manye cases moodes and tenses one worde is put as muse in the genetiue and datiue singuler the nominatiue and vocatiue plurel Legeris of legor and of legerim and legero What a beatyng is thē in the schole whē chyldren be axed these thynges Some light teachers to boast their lernynge are wonte of purpose to make these thynges somewhat harder Whyche faute maketh the beginnynges almost of all sciences in doute and paynfull specially in logicke And if you shewe them a better waye they answere they were brought vp after thys fashion and wyll not suffer that anye chyldren shulde be in better case then they them selues were when they were chyldren All difficultye eyther therfore muste be auoided whyche is not necessarye or that is vsed oute of tyme. It is made softe and easy that is done whē it shuld be But when tyme is that of necessitie an harde doute muste be learned than a cunnynge teacher of a childe shall studye as muche as he may to folowe the good and frendlye Phisicians whych whan they shall gyue a bytter medicyne do anoynt as Lucrecius saith the brimmes of their cuppes with honye that the chylde entised by pleasure of the swetenes shuld not feare the wholesome bytternes or else put suger into y e medicine it selfe or some other swete sauoryng thynge Yea they wyl not be knowen that it is a medicine for the only imaginacion sometyme maketh vs quake for feare Finally thys tediousenes is sone ouercome if things be taught them not to much at once but by lytle and litle and at sundrie times Howebeit we ought not to distrust to much chyldrens strength if perhaps they muste take some paines A chyld is not myghty in strength of bodye but he is stronge to continue and in abilitie strong inough He is not myghty as a bull but he is strong as an emet In some thinges a flye passeth an elephant Euerye thyng is mighty in that to the whyche nature hathe made hym Do we not se tender chyldren tūne merueylouse swyftlye all the daye long and feele no werinesse What is the cause Because playe is fitte for that age and they imagine it a playe and no labour And in euerye thynge the gretest part of payne is imaginacion whych somtyme maketh vs feele harme when there is no harme at all Therefore seynge that the prouidence of nature hath taken awaye imaginacion of laboure frome chyldren And howe muche they lacke in strengthe so muche they be holpen in thys part that is that they feele not labour It shal be the masters parte as we sayde before to put away the same by as many wayes as he can and of purpose to make a playe of it There be also certen kindes of sportes meete for chyldren wherwyth theyr earnest studye must somwhat be eased after they be come to that they muste lerne those higher thynges whyche can not be perceiued wythoute diligence and laboure as are the handling of Themes to turne latine into Greeke or greeke into latine or to learne cosmographie wythout booke But moste of all shall profite if the chylde accustume to loue and reuerence hys master to loue and make muche of learnyng to feace rebuke and delyght in prayse There remayneth one doute wonte to be obiected by those whych saye The profite that the chylde gerteth in those thre or foure yeres to be so lytle that it is not worthe the laboure eyther to take so muche payne in teachynge or bestowe so much coste And these in dede seme vnto me not so muche to care for to profite the chyldren as for the sparyng of theyr money or the teachers labour But I wyl saye he is no father whyche when the matter is of teaching his child taketh so greate care for expenses Also it is a folyshe pitie to thintent the master shuld saue his labour to make his sonne lose certen yeres I graunt it to be true in dede y e Fabius sayth y t more good is