the partye for the which gathereth to moche humour haboundeth holly of the intemperancy And nat all togyther of intemperancy wherof foloweth that the vlcerate flesshe is onely intemperate nat weyke and feble And somtyme chaunceth both the one and other that is both vntemperate and weyke For the great vntemperaunce is cause of the weykenes of payned party The which vntemperauÌ„cy shal be cured as it is beforesayd in coolynge the heate moystynge the dryth warmyng the colde dryeng the moyst And yf the place be to colde and moyste togyther in warmyng and dryenge also togyther And so of the other vntemperaunces in doynge away euer the qualyte that surmouÌ„teth by his contrary qualyte The reason is euery thyng that behaueth it wel is accordyng to nature nat onely in quycke â—hynges or plantes but also in all other thynges 〈◊〉 moderate whiche the Grekes cal symmetron and without excesse of all vycyous humours For â—he thyng wherfro nothyng can be taken nor put â—o it neyther any partye nor any qualyte it is all parfytely moderate Contraryly the thynge that must be taken fro or somwhat put to it is nat in a natural estate wherto is nat possyble to retourne but in doynge awaye the excesse and puttynge to it that it lacketh ¶ In an other place we shall speke of the ouer moche or lacke of the partyes but whan any qualyte is ouer excessyue it is nedefull that the other qualite contrary be ouercome And that the corrupcyon vntemperauÌ„cy be delayed in restorynge the sayde qualyte that was ouercome For in colyng that which was to hote thou shalt restore that whiche lacketh and dymynysshe that whiche was to moche haboundant Thus it is necessarye that the enracyon of the thynges that are put fer fro theyr naturall beynges by some in temperacy be made by thyngê of contrary vertne And thus the flesshe or any party therof wherin is fluxyon bycause of weykenes ought to be cured in this maner And whan the intemperauÌ„cy is cured heale the vlcere Curynge the temperauÌ„cy as yf it had come without vlcere By the which thynge it is manyfest that all such curacyon is nat propre to vlcere but to intemperacy Lykewyse yf any corrupte fluxyon happen in the vlcerate partyes as well by the occasyon of any partycle as of all the body wherto the blode or any yll humours do gather Fyrste remedy must be had eyther to the party that is cause of the fluxyon or also to al the body Thus than we shall heale fyrste the varyces that are often ouer the sore place bycause that anone after we maye heale the soore Lykewyse in them that haue dysease in the mylte or of any other notable party Fyrst it behoueth to cure the sayd partye and than after we shall come to the curacyon of the sore or vlcere howbeit none of the curacyons therof is nat propre vnto an vlcere but to some other affection and dysposycyon eyther that engendreth vlcere or that nouryssheth conserueth it ¶ Nowe it is tyme to make an ende that no strauÌ„ge cause or as it is nowe sayde the fyrste iudiciall is iudycatryce of curacyon but the curatyfe iudiciall affection dysease But the thynges that ought to be done particulerly are founde eyther that the fyrste iudicial sheweth eyther of the nature of the sore party or of the temperauÌ„ce of the ayre and of other lyke thynges For to speke bryefly no indycacyon maye be taken of thynges that be nat yet parmanent But in as moche as for to knowe a dysease that is nat euydent by reason nor by wyt we ar often constrayned to enquyre of the externe and prymityfe cause For this occasion the vulgar meneth that the sayde prymytyfe cause is indycatyfe of curacyon the which is all other As it appereth clerely that may well parfytly be knowen For yf ecchymosis or vlcere or erisipclas or putryfaction or phlegmone be in any parte it a superflue thynge to enquyre the effycyent cause of suche â—yseases but yf it be yet present and remaynynge â—or in this matter we wyll heale that whiche is done all redy and shulde prohybyte the effycyent cause to procede any ferther And yf the sayd effycyent cause which hath produced the effect therof hath no lenger beynge we shall do away the sayd effecte For to do away the cause that is no more it shulde nat be possyble for vs whan we wolde do it away bycause that the curacyon apperteyneth to the thynge present as prouydence to the thyng to come but that which we feare nat that it may hurt neyther for the present nor for the coÌ„mynge is out of both the offyces of the arte that is to wyt of curacyon and of prouydence Wherfore in such a thynge ought to be no serchyng of any iudicial neyther to cure nor to puruey but as sayd is the knowlege of the prymytyfe and externe cause onely vtyle in the dyseases to vs vnknowen Neuerthelesse the Empirykes take somtyme the prymytyfe cause as partye of all the cours of the dysease that is called in Greke syndrome wherin they haue obserued and experymeÌ„ted the curacyon as in them that haue ben hurte with a mad dog or venymous beastes Thus doth also some Dogmatystes which do affyrme to heale such dyseases by experyence onely without racyonall indicion for they enquyre the cause prymytyfe as partye of all the syndrome and vnyuersall cours But the prymytyfe cause serueth nothynge to the indicion of curynge althoughe it be vtyle to the knowlege of the dysease to them that haue knowen the nature of venymous beastes by vse and experience and therof taketh curatyfe indicion For put the case that I knowe that the venyme of a Scorpyon be of a colde nature And for that cause as of a colde thynge that I take indicacion of the remedy howbeit the case is such that I haue no sygne wherby I do vnderstande that the body is hurte of a scorpyon It is manyfest yf that I knowe that the sayd body is hurt with a scorpion that I wold enforce me to warme all the body and also the party stynged without abydyng for any other experyence in takynge myne indicion of the nature of the thynge For lyke as we haue shewed in the boke of medycamentes wherin it behoueth to be exercyted who soeuer wyll take any fruyte of these present coÌ„mentaries No such faculte can be founde with out experyence Sothely it shuld be a gyfte of fely â—yte so that any hauyng the syght of Litargiri of Castoreum or Cantiride forthwith to vnderstaÌ„de theyr vertues But lykewyse as in all thynges is coÌ„mytted errour as well by excesse as by lacke so is it preseÌ„tly For yf they that afferme that the vertues of medicamentes is nat yet knowen that after so greate experyence And the other that esteme the sayde vertues to be knowen by one experyence â—lone do gaynsay eche other For the fyrste speake â—â—er lyghtly and to iÌ„prudently yf it be iÌ„prudence to afferme a
thynge impossyble and the other are all togyther stupydes sturdy lytygious But for this present tyme we wyll say no more bycause I haue spoken more playnly in the thyrde boke of temperamentes aud also in the boke of medycamentes Neuerthelesse for knowlege of the diseases some prymytyfe causes are proffytable but after that the present dysease is all togyther knowen than the cause prymytyfe is totally vnutyle ¶ Nowe haue we abouesayd that it behoueth nat to medle and confounde both the doctrynes togyther but the emperyke ought to treate by it selfe the rationall also by it selfe We muste nowe call to mynde bycause we haue preposed in these present coÌ„mentaryes to treate all onely the doctryne rationall Albeit that to some thyngê that we say we do nat adde that them all and absolutely be nat true but onely after the sentence of the Methodyke secte howbeit euery one of hymselfe ought to reason it and for to adde it And at this present tyme we haue added that any cause externe and prymytyfe is profytable to the indicacion curatyfe albeit that it serueth well to the knowlege of the dysease And we confesse that the cause prymytyfe is a party of the syndrome and of all the emperykes cours is that they cure all dyseases by reason or by experyence But in all that we wyll say hereafter it shall nat be necessary to adde suche wordes ¶ Than let vs retourne to oure fyrste purpose in takynge the pryncyple certayne and vndowbtfull wherof also we haue vsed heretofore there as we haue sayde that the dysease that requyreth to be cured iugeth the ende wherunto the Cyrurgien ought to entende and of the same all other indications ben taken wherby ye maye vnderstande pryncypally of the vlceres wherof we haue begon to speake that the sayd indication hath no maner of societe with the cause prymytyfe For put we the case that any vlcere be come of a fluxyon in any party than it is manyfest that the sayd vlcere procedeth of corrupt humours for nature is wont for to do so in dyseases whan she purgeth the body she sendeth all the corrupcyon to the skynne in suche a maner that the sayd skynne is vlcerate all the body purged ¶ What is than the curacyon of suche vlceres Certaynly as of other vlceres wherin no corrupte affecâ—ion or dysposition that the Grekes call Cacoctes is adioyned And yf it be so it is euydent that none indication is taken of the cause that hath excited and made the vlcere But yf the vycyous humour remayned some indication myght be taken of the sayd cause or otherwyse it shulde be a deafe thynge that that thynge whiche is no more beynge shulde requyre curacyonâ— Or yf any thynge iudged and shewed curacyon where there no maner of â—â—de Wherfore it is a straunge thynge all hoâ—e agaynst reason to say that the indication curaâ—â—fe ought to be taken of the cause externe prymyâ—yfe And for bycause that the sayde indication 〈◊〉 nat taken of the same cause it is euydent that 〈◊〉 ought to be taken of the cause that is present ¶ But what is such indication fynaâ—y Certaynly who that shulde well and prâ—prely speake it is â—hat thynge that belongeth to prouidence who so wolde be abused with the vocable The grekes cal it Prophylactice For the curation of vlceres eyther beyng onely syngle vlceres or beyng with holownesse yf ye esteme and consydre dylygently is parfyte in eschewynge and foreseyng the thyngê that may anoy nature And the suÌ„me in effect when all is done it is the worke of nature as is closynge of a sore vlcere and regeneracyon of flesshe In the which thynges belongeth all the cure to that parte of the arte medycynall that is called Prophylactyce in Greke that is to say prouydence although that vulgaryly it hyght healynge ¶ And therfore this party that is named prouydence is deuyded in to two kyndes The fyrste is it that doth a way the dysease that is present And the other with staÌ„deth the dysease that is nat yet in estate Thus the yonge leaches vnderstande nat that theyr contencyon and dysputynges is of names Howebeit that yf they were studyous of thynges they shuld inuent and knowe that there be two fyrste dyfferences of the functions and actions of medycyne That is to wyte eyther to cure heale the dyseases all redy greuous or to let and withstaÌ„de them that are nat yet present ¶ Than is there no man but he wyll saye that to cure and to heale is none other thynge but to do away the diseases all redy present and greuous be it but that is done in doynge awaye the thynges that do let the worke of nature or by medycamentes But prouydence is none other thynge but to let that the sayde dyseases come nat And certaynly they that by reason Methode admynyster the arte of medycyne do cure yâ— vlceres that come afore of corrupt humours in purgynge the sayde humours and also in doynge away the thynges that letteth the worke of nature And proprely to say these two maners of curyng ar called Prophilactykes in Greke For they let as is aforesaid that the fylthynes engendreth nat at the sore or ouer moche moyste corruption It behoueth nat than thus miserably to stryue of the names But rather it is more conuenyent to gyue some good Methode to cure the vlceres suche as I haue gyuen after my iugement as well in the boke precedent as in this But I merueyle me moche of the â—ole hardynes of Thessalus wrytynge so of the curacyon of vlceres that is named Cacocthe that is to say wycked ¶ The coÌ„munyâ—â—es of vlceres that last longe tyme that are vncurable or that retourne after the cycatryce induct ben very necessarye in lykewyse as in vlceres that maye nat growe togyther and be closed It must be estemed what is the cause that letteth and proâ—â—â—yteth the sayd cleuyng or growyng togyther 〈◊〉 whiche cause ought to be done awaye But in â—hem that renewe the cycatryce induct it behoueth â—o kepe the sayd cycatryce that is to wyt in strength 〈◊〉 confortynge the suffrynge membre or all the â—ody in coÌ„mune and in ordrynge it that it endure â—at lyghtly by the remedies appropryate therto ¶ And after that Thessalus hath proposed suche wordes in the begynnynge of his boke of Cyrurâ—ery he wryteth afterwarde more playnly of this matter in this wyse The vlceres that endure longe that may nat be healed or that renewe and come agayne after the cycatryce gyue suche indications That is to wyt in them come nat to cycatryce it behoueth the lettyngê of the vnyon and coalescence and renewe the vlcerate place And after that ye haue made it lyke vnto a fresshe wounde it must be healed agayne as a bledynge vlcere And yf the sayd cure profyte in nothyng ye ought to mytygate thynflaÌ„mation and make all other dylygence But the vlceres that come to closynge and open agayne in the actes and
outwarde sores ye ought to heale them lyke vnto theÌ„ wher there is fresshe brennynge And afterwarde ye ought to lay vpon the sayd vlceres a playster made of mytygant thynges vntyll that the yre and fyersnesse be abated After this done ye ought to helpe to dresse the cycatryce And than that ye make the partyes about it waxe reade in wrappyng it aboute with a malagme that is to wyt a salue malactyke the whiche is made of Mustarde or with some other medycament that may chaunge the sayd parties and make them to be the lesse subiecte to dysease And yf they ceas nat iÌ„ this maner ye ought to haue cure of all the body in strengthyng it with dyuers exercytacyons iestynges and vociferacions in coÌ„myttynge them that kepe hym to such thynges Also by maner of lyuyng dymynuyng or augmentyng by degrees in begynnyng at vomytynge made by Rayfortz Ye shall also vse whyte Elebore and all other thynges wherof we vse in dysseases and dyffycyle to do away that are subiect to reason and maner of lyuyng beholde here the saying of Thessalus ¶ Nowe we must esteme the stupydyte or audacyte of the man I say the stupidite yf he thynke to say well and the boldnes yf he fole hym selfe culpable to saye nothynge And by this meanes hopeth to abuse and deceyue the readers But tell me Thessalus what is the indicacyon curatyfe taken of olde sores In good soth I neuer founde curation that was indicate and shewed of the olde vlceres nor of new nor also of the tyme in what dysease that it be but of the affection dysposycion that I haue purposed to heale For totally yf we regarde tyme as yf the indycacyon curaâ—â—fe were taken of it the seconde day we shuld gyue all other indication than the thyrde And lykewyse to gyue the .iiij. day another than the .v. and so of the .vj. and all other dayes folowyng And by â—he meane we shall no more consydre the dyseases that we cure And the indication shall no more be â—â—ken of them wherby we coulde neuer thynke a â—â—â—aunger reason Howe than are the coÌ„munytees 〈◊〉 vlceres necessary that endure a great whyle seâ—â—g that the tyme of it selfe can indicate in nothynâ—â—â— For whan one vlcere is with erosyon that coÌ„â—eth of euyl humours we shall nat take for that â—he monethes after another indication but that which we haue taken at the very begynnyng and for a trouth I wyl nat parmit that such an vlcere shuld abyde longe tyme but at the fyrste I wolde take the cause therof away For it is leful the moste often to knowlege the dysease at the begynnynge and it is necessary that the indication be taken of the sayd dysease But I can nat coniect what may shewe and ensygne the tyme more than the nombre of dayes but that Thessalus wyll saye that to haue knowledge of such vlceres we must tary the tyme but in such a maner he shuld be an ydyot all togyther That is to wyt yf he coÌ„fesse openly that of other thynge the indication curatyfe is taken and of other the knowledge of the dysease For although that the tyme serueth somwhat to that dysease neuerthelesse the indication curatyfe is nat taken of the tyme. But wherof serueth it yf any vlcere be inueterate to do away that whiche letteth the coition and coalescence and to renew the place that is payned For a man inepte yf by a fylthy fluxyon that the Grekes cal cacoethe the lyppes are disposed in such or such maner what shalt thou proffyte yf thou cut it before thou hast prouyded to stop the fluxyon That is to wyte thou shalt make the vlcere wyder than it is as some do that cure vlceres in the same maner bycause that as longe as the cause lasteth that before made the vlceres harde and flynty Other thynge shal nat come of thexcysyon of the sayd vlceres but amplyfycacion For them that thou cuttest shal be agayne as hard and stony as they were before albeit that the prudent and wyse Thessalus God knoweth hath nat added this word that is to wyt that the partye of the vlcere that is stony and harde vncoloured ought to be cut but coÌ„mauÌ„deth by absolute sentence and diffynytife that we ought to cut that which letteth the closynge of the vlcere and renew it yf he counceled to do away the causes that let and hyndre the agglutynacyon And that this reason and maner were antyke I wold nat excuse hym For it is a precept and coÌ„maundement almoste of all the auncyent maysters whiche haue wryten by any reason and Methode of the cure of vlceres that it behoueth to do away the effycyent causes of the said vlceres lyke as of al other sores â—or to say that in vlceres the cause effycyent muste 〈◊〉 fyrst done away nat in other diseases it were of no purpose But totally in all dyseases wherin the effycyent cause remayneth styll it behoueth to begyn the curacyon at the same cause And yf the â—ayd Thessalus hath left to tel all the causes that let the coition and conglutination that he hath â—nely spoken of the labyes as he hath shewed afâ—â—â—warde it appereth that he ignoreth more than 〈◊〉 knoweth nat what belongeth to the curacyon 〈◊〉 vlceres For it is possyble that the same cause 〈◊〉 alone wherfore the vlcere may nat be cured as 〈◊〉 sayd the intemperancy that is in the vlcerate â—â—â—tyes wtout any tumour agaynst nature maye 〈◊〉 the cause It is also possyble that the sayde intemperancy be coniunct with tumour the which natwithstandyng requyreth nat al togyther that the labyes shulde be cut It may so be that varix that is to say a swolleÌ„ vayne that is aboue it may be the cause or that the mylte is augmented or some dysease of the lyuer or the weykenes of the party greued the which is none other thynge but a clere and notable vntemperatnes or euyll and vycyous humour in all the body that the Grekes call Cacochynne The which is the greatest cause of all them that maye vnproffyte and anoye in the vlceres As moche also may greue the vlceres the superhaboundaunce of humours egal to the same that the Grekes cal Phethora ¶ Yf Thessalus coÌ„maunde to do awaye euery of these causes aboue sayde I alowe hym as he that consenteth and is conformed to the auncyentê But also yf he be nat of the opynyon that onely the labyes shuld be done away I say that of many thyngê he hath knowen one alone which is so euydent that the shepeherdes are nat ygnoraunt therof For yf a shepeherde sawe the labies of a sore harde flynty wan and blacke or of any other notable vyce of colour he wold haue no dowbte for to cut it Than for to cut is a redy and easy thynge but for to heale by medycamentes is a greater thynge that requyreth workemanshyp Neuertheles Thessalus neuer knewe what the labyes are that may be softened by
Aureum to encrease flesshe And the whyte oyntement for to drye and bynde And de Althea for to sowple ¶ Demaunde Of howe many thyngê and what thynges the Cyrurgyen taketh his entencions for to heale sore folkes Answere That after Galyen in his terapentyc they ben taken of thre thynges That is of thynges agaynst nature of naturall thynges and of vnnaturall thynges and also of theyr annexes And fyrste he taketh this indycacyon of thynges agaynst nature that is to wyt to the knowledge of the malady in his nature after Galyen in the seconde of his terapentic And than come vnto the naturalles and after to the vnnaturalles and theyr annexes And so after his indycacyons taken he ought to procede to the healyng of the pacyent in all that may lye in hym possyble And let the Cyrurgyen note that it is sayde in all that may lye possyble in hym bycause it is nat alway possyble And with what thynges and howe For as galyen sayth towarde the ende of his thyrde boke and in the seauenth of his sayd terapentyc â—f the intencyons curatyues ben fewe and accordynge the cure is easye to the Cyrurgyen as in a symple wounde But where there is many consyâ—eracyons whiche in it selfe are contrary as in a holowe wouÌ„de and apostumate and nyghe to a noble membre the Cyrurgyen ought to consydre .iij. thynges ¶ The fyrste is yf there be two contrary diseases wherof the cure of the one letteth the other whiche is moste doubtfull and daungerous yf it remayne in suche case he ought to begyn his cure at the moste daungerous where there is moste peryll in the remaynynge of it and oftentymes more sooner in the accydentes that happeneth in a sore then in the sore selfe As whan a great flux of blode ouercoÌ„meth in any wouÌ„de or any sore fretynge that hath corroded any vayne in suche case often he must leaue the healynge of the sore for to entende to the flux of blode that is so great Lykewyse yf in a sore were any synew that was pricked wherof foloweth crampe there must he begyn at the pryckyng of the synew for daunger of the spasna which is moste peryllous The seconde thyng that the Cyrurgyen oughte to consydre is yf one of the sayde dyseases be nat the cause of the other and nouryssheth nat the other In suche case he ought to begyn at the cure of it that is the syller and nouryssher of the other For tyll that that which is the causer of the other be totally extyrped the healynge can nat be ¶ Demaunde Howe many consideracions ought the Cyrurgyen to haue touchynge his fourme and generall maner to worke manually Answere After Arnolde de villa noua he ought to haue .iiij. The fyrst is he ought to consydre what operacyon it is that he ought to do to maÌ„nes body And it is knowen by the dyuysyon of the operacyons of Cyrurgery aforesayde that is to knyt the thynge deuyded The seconde consyderacyon is that he ought to consydre wherfore he worketh And this is knowen by the general intencyon of Cyrurgery that coÌ„mauÌ„deth to do the operacions vnto the body of man profitably with confydence or surenes The thyrde consyderacyon is that he oughte to consydre yf suche operacyon be necessary conuenable to be done to maÌ„nes body And this he knoweth whan it can nat be healed otherwyse And the fourth consyderacyon is that the Cyrurgyen ought to knowe howe to bestowe his remedyes to the body of man In these consyderacyons the Cyrurgyen oughte to take hede in doynge all thynges that he ought to do as touchynge this operacyon aswel before the workyng as after The whiche .iiij. consyderacyons thou mayest haue and perceyue by suche an example Yf thou wylt draw water fro the belies of ydropikes by manuall operacyon Fyrste thou ought to consydre that the operacion which thou wylt do is to drawe out the said water Secondely thou ought to consydre wherfore thou doest it for it is for to â—eale or at the least way to gyue ease Thyrdly why ther such operacyon be necessary nedeful or possyâ—â—e And thou ought to wyt that it is necessary at â—â—ast wayes yf thou wylt heale an ydropyke of the â—dropesy confermed and thou knowest that it is â—â—defull and possyble yf the myght of the pacyent â—e strong for yf it be weke be wel ware for to do it And fourthly thou ought to coÌ„sydre the maner to do it which is such Fyrst lye thy pacient vpryght and than with a rasour cut the skynne of his bely vnder the nauel vnto the voyde places that are betwene the cyphac and the myrac And also thou ought to make incision on the left syde yf the disease come of the ryght syde Contrarywyse make the incysion on the ryght syde yf it come fro the left and than put a lytell quyll or rede in to the hole wherwith thou shalt drawe out of that water after the strength of the pacient And whan thou wylt drawe no more take away the quyll and let the skynne of the belye go that wyll close the hole that no more water come out And whan thou wylt drawe any more do as thou dyd before ¶ Demaunde Howe many and what condycyons ought a Cyrurgyen to haue Answere iiij The fyrste is that he ought to be lerned and a clarke nat onely in the pryncyples begynnynge of Cyrurgery but lykewyse in Phisyke and asmoche in theoryke as praâ—tykeâ— For in theoryke he oughte to knowe the naturall thynges and vnnaturalles and agaynst nature Fyrste he ought to knowe the vnnaturall thyngê and chyefly the nathomy for without it nothinge can be done surely in Cyrurgery as it appereth afterwarde more playnely Also he ought to knowe the complexyon of his pacient for after the dyuersyte of the nature of the bodyes ought the medycyns be diuersified as Galyen declareth all alonge in his terapentyke agaynst Thesilus And by lyke reason oughte he for to knowe the strength Secondly he ought to knowe the vnnaturall thyngê that is the meate the drynke c. for they are cause of all helth when they be vsed as they ought to be And also they be causes of all maladies when they are euyl vsed Thyrdly he ought to knowledge the thingê agaynst nature which are .iij. The disease the causes and the accydentes of the disease Fyrst he ought to knowe the dysease Secondly the cause therof for yf he healed otherwyse it shuld nat be of a sayntes dysease as good olde women saye it shuld be but case of aduenture Thyrdly he ought to knowe the accydentes that chaunce to come in dyseases for often tymes it preuaryeth the same selfe cure of the dyseases as Galyen declareth in the begynnynge of the boke that he sent to Glauton his dyscyple As I sayd before he ought for to â—â—owe the vnnaturall thynges and to mynystre theym as they ought that are meate drynke c. Also by this ye shall vnderstande that the Cyrurgyen ought to knowe howe
full or the mountenaunce of a fyoyle ¶ DemauÌ„de What dyseases suffreth it coÌ„monly and howe be they knowen Answere It suffreth opylacyons aswell in the necke propre as in the necke coÌ„mune And the dysease knowen whan the stoppynge is in the necke coÌ„mune bycause that the colere may nat yssue out of the lyuer nor the blode may nat clense but abydeth with the blode and maketh the vryne yelow all the body And it is knowen whan it is in the necke propre bycause that the helpynges do fayle that it was wonte to haue euen accydent foloweth as Gaâ—â—en sayth in the .vij. boke of the dysease the accydent and in the .v. of the interiours ¶ DemauÌ„de What is the mylte Answere It is the receyuer of melancolyke superfluite engendred in the lyuer ¶ Demaunde What is the situacion of the mylt in the body of mankynde Answere It is of the left syde embracyng trauersly the stomacke ¶ DemauÌ„de Of what substauÌ„ce is the mylt Answere It is of soft substaunce spongyous blacker then the lyuer ¶ DemauÌ„de Of what shape is the mylt Answere Of a longe fygure in maner of foure corners ¶ Demaunde With what membres hath the mylt collygaunce Answere It is bounde by his paÌ„nycle with the rybbes and of his bosse and concauyte it hath collygacyon with the stomacke and with the ars gut ¶ DemauÌ„de Wherin serueth the mylt in the body of mankynde Answere It serueth by these two wayes for by one way it draweth the superfluyte melancolyke of the lyuer And by the other waye it sendeth it to the oryfyce of the stomacke for the causes abouesayde ¶ DemauÌ„de What maner dysease doth the mylt suffre Answere It doth suffre opylacyons bycause that his maâ—er is grosse wherby the sayde opylacyons folowe other inconuenyentes for whan it fayleth to clense the lyuer of the sayd superfluytees the body is faynt and yll coloured And whan it fayleth to transuyt the stomacke nat sendynge that it ought to do the appetyte wasteth or is taken away ¶ Demaunde What solucyons of contynuyte be moste peryllous in them of the lyuer or them of the mylt and whiche of both suffreth strongest medycynes Answere The solucyons of contynuyte be more daungerous in the lyuer than in the mylt and the mylt suffreth stronger medycyns then the lyuer purgeth chyefly by the bely ¶ Demaunde What thynges are the kydnees howe many are in the body of man and of what substauÌ„ce are they Answere They are partycles ordeyned to clense the blode of haynous superfluytees and there be two of them on euery syde one and are of the substauÌ„nce of harde flesshe ¶ Demaunde Of what shape are they Answere They are long of shape as an egge comprymate and haue in them concauytees wheriâ—â—hey receyue that whiche is drawen by them and eche of them haue .ij. holes wherby they drawe the aquosyte of the veyne called kyllis and by the other sende the sayd aquosite called pysse to the bladder ¶ Demaunde What membres coÌ„meth to the kydnees and with what membres haue they collygauÌ„ce Answere There coÌ„meth to them veynes arteres synewes wherof theyr paÌ„nycle is made and theyr fat is lyke talowe haue collygaunce with the backe ¶ Demaunde Wheron are the kydnees sytuate Answere They are situate vpon the tumbes wheron they be as on a coytte ¶ Demaunde What veynes passe betwene the kydnees ouer the spondyles Answere There passe the veyne adorty descendynge to the nether membres from the whiche very â—ere it yssueth the membres sparmatykes ¶ DemauÌ„de What dyseases may the kydnees suffre Answere They do suffre many dyseases and specyally they suffre opylacyons and stones that are harde to heale ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the haunches bones DEmauÌ„de How many bones ar in the huckles Answere After the veryte there is but one howbeit after dyuers partyes of it there are thre The fyrste is called the halowed sacred or that there be thre or four spondyles on the party of the backe and on that syde it is very byg and towarde the lower ende that is to say thâ— foundement it coÌ„meth in lessenynge and there is iâ—â—artilaginous this bone hath a hole before wherby passeth the synewes and nat by the syde as do other spondyles of the backe The two other be two great bones one on eche syde that be coniuncte with this great spondyle of the holowe bone behynde and before in makynge the pectynall bone these two bones are large on the yliake partyes on the party of the share they be narowe in maner of brauÌ„che and ioyneth to the share before and therfore are they called the share bones And in the myddes of these bones of the backe partye there be two concauytees called exides or boxes wherin are receyued the endes oâ— the bones of the thyghes called vertebres there are called the thygh bones And all the sayd bones therby nyghe the parties of the foundement echone hath a great hole wherby desceÌ„deth synewes mâ—scles veynes and arteres that be broughte from aboue downwarde ¶ Demaunde What is the bladder of what substaunce and of what shape of what quantyte howe it is sytuate Answere It is a receyuer of aygnous superfluytees of the kydnees and it is paÌ„nyculous and stronge for it is composed of paÌ„nycles and is rounde of shape the bygnes for to holde a pynte is sytuate vnder the share ¶ Demaunde Wherby receyueth the bladder the superfluite vrynal of the kydnees and wherby is it put out Answere Fyrste it receyueth the superfluyte vrynall by two longe wayes that descende fro the kydnees that entre by the sydes of the bladder dyagnoÌ„nelly by two angles that whiche wayes are called the pores vritides and by a carnous necke with muscles closynge and openynge in bowyng and ouerpassynge to the yerde in men And in women without reflyxyon vnto two fyngers within the necke of the matryce wherby she putteth forth that vrynall aquosite ¶ DemauÌ„de To what diseases is the bladder disposed Answere It is dysposed to opylacyons aswell by stones as by graueylous vryne that it receyueth of the kydnees ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe are medycynes applyed to the bladder Answere By cyrurgery ¶ Demaunde Where oughte incysyon to be made for the stone in the bladder Answere At the necke without the â—eame perignous ¶ DemauÌ„de What are the sparmatyke vesselles Answere They are certayne veynes that brede nere the kydnees and nygh the veyne kyllis and adorthi berynge the blode to the genytal meÌ„bres aswel in man as woman wherin by the last generacion it is made sparme or sede of mankynde nature ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many maners of sparmatyke vesselles be there Answere Two for some bryngeth the mater sparmatyke â—n and some putteth it out They that brynge it â—e braunches of veynes and arteres that brede of â—he veyne kyllis and adorthi And they that put it out be they that mounte nere to the necke of the bladder and putteth the sparme out of the hole of the yerde and
the abouesayd meÌ„bres ben most easyest to set in agayne whiche be most dyffycyle Answere The moste difficyle is the ioynt of the elbow and the easyest is the sholdre ioynte the meane is that of the hande ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the brest DEmaunde What is the brest Answere It is the arke of the spyrytual membres ¶ DemauÌ„de Of howe many partes is the Thorax and brest composed Answere Of two for some be conteyned and the other conteynynge ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many partes of conteynynges and of conteyned ben there in the brest what be they Answere Fyrste there be foure conteynyngê the skyn the flesshe musculous the pappes and the bones And in the partyes conteyned there be .viij. That are the hert the longes the paÌ„nycles the stryngê the veynes the arteres the Mery of Ysophagus ¶ Demaunde Wherof be the pappes composed and with what membres haue they collygaunce Answere They be coÌ„posed of whyte glaudenous â—â—esshe and with veynes arteres synewes Therâ—â—re haue they collygaunce with the herte the lyuer â—nd the brayne and with the genytall meÌ„bres ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the muscles of the brest DEmaunde Howe many muscles be there in the brest Answere After Auycen there be lxxxx of which some are coÌ„mune at the necke other at the sholdres other at the mydryfe other at the rybbes other at the backe proprely other ar at the brest ¶ Demaunde In howe many and what maners ben the bones of the brest deuyded Answere In thre maners some be in the fore parte other in the hyndre parte the other at the sydes ¶ Demaunde Howe many bones be in the fore parte of the brest Answere Seuen after as there be .vij. rybbes that ioyne to them of whiche that vpwarde is nyghe the throte that is receyued in the fote of the bone of the furcule aforesaid that belowe in the furcule is an addycyon cartylagynous called Ency forme ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many bones are in the partye behynde the brest Answere .xj. that are spondyles wherby the nuche passeth wherof bredeth .xij. payres of synewes bryngynge felynge and moeuynge to the muscles aforesayd ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many bones be on eche syde of the brest Answere There be .xij. that haue .xij. rybbes coniuÌ„ct to the .xij. spondyles aboue sayde Of the whiche .xij. rybbes there be .vij. very and .v. false or lyengly for they be nat complete as the other be aforesayde ¶ Questyons vpon the partyes conteyned within the brest DEmaunde Howe is the herte situate within the brest Answere Bycause that the hert is the begynnyng of lyfe and is within the body as kynge and lorde of all the other meÌ„bres of whom all the other membres do take influence And for that cause it is set in the myddes of the brest nat declynynge to one parte more than to another as Galyen sayth in his .vj. boke of the vtylyte of partycles And this is certaynly vnderstande for from the nether parte it is enclyned a lytell towarde the left syde to gyue place to the lyuer that is on the ryght syde aboue the herte And as to the vpper parte it declyneth somwhat towarde the ryght syde for to gyue rowme to the arteres ¶ Demaunde Of what shape is the herte Answere It is of the lykenes of a pyne apple for the narowe parte is towardes the nether partyes of the body And the larger parte where as the rootes are holdeth to the vpwarde partes ¶ DemauÌ„de Of what substaunce is the hert Answere It is of a harde substaunce and lacertous ¶ Demaunde Howe many celles is there in the hert Answere Thre that is the ryght and the left betwene the sayd bentrycles is a pyt wherin the nourysshynge blode commynge fro the lyuer is dygered and made spyrytuall that is sent by the arteres to all the body and chyefly to all the pryncypall membres as to the brayne where by dygestyon is take another â—ature is made anymall And in the lyuer wher in it is made naturall And to the ballocke where it is made genytall and to all the other membres cause lyfe And by the ryght ventrycle the braunche of the veyne mountynge that bereth the blode fro the lyuer vpwarde and yssueth of it selfe of the whiche veyne the one parte called veyne arteryall goth to nourysshe the lunges And the rest in mountynge maketh sondry braunches vnto the hynder partyes as is abouesayd And fro the left ventrycle of the herte yssueth the veyne called pulsatyle fro the which one parte goth to the lunges that there is called Arterea venalis that bereth the capenous vapours fro the lunges and introduceth the ayre for to coole the herte And the other parte maketh brauÌ„ches vpwarde and downwarde as is abouesayd of the other veynes And ouer the thre oryfyces of the sayde thre ventrycles there be thre pellycles that open and close the entrynge of the blode and of the spyryte in conuenable tyme. ¶ Demaunde Howe many eares hath the hert and howe are they set and wherfore serue they Answere The hert hath two eares on eche syde one set vpon the sayde laterall ventrycles that serue for to let the ayre in and out that is appareylled for it fro the lunges ¶ Demaunde Wherof serueth a cartilaginous bone that is in the herte Answere It is to stay and strength it ¶ DemauÌ„de Wherof is the substauÌ„ce of the coueryng of the herte Answere It is called precordiâ—â—m is of a skynny substaunce wherto descendeth synewes as vnto other inwarde intraylles ¶ DemauÌ„de With what membre hath the hert collygaunce Answere With all meÌ„bres and specyally with the lunges wherwith it is bounde And with the mediastinuÌ„ wherwith it is steyed and strengthed ¶ Demaunde May the herte sustayne dysease longe Answere No for his great dygnyte ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the lunges DEmaunde Of what substaunce is the lungesâ— Answere Of a softe substaunce clere spongeous and whyte ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many maner of vesselles be conioyned by the substaunce of the lunges Answere Thre that is the braunche of the vayne arteryall that bredeth as it is sayde of the ryght ventrycle of the hert And the braunche of the vayne pulsatyle that coÌ„meth fro the left syde And the braunches of Trachea arteria that bereth the ayre to the herte ¶ Demaunde Howe ben these thre maners of vesselles set within the lunges Answere They be deuyded ouer all the substaunce by small ones and lesse vnto a very small quantite ¶ Demaunde Howe many lobbes hath the lunges Answere .v. Thre in the ryght party and two in the lefte ¶ Demaunde Howe many paÌ„â—tycles be there in the brest Answere Thre The fyrste couereth inwarde all the ribbes and that is called pleura The seconde hyght Mediastuâ—um â—nd that deuydeth all the brest in the ryght party and left And the thyrde is called the mydryfe that â—â—nydeth all the spyritual meÌ„bres from the nutry â—yfes and is composed of pleura of the cyphac and of
with them is the synew suspensory and sensyfe that descendeth to the genytalles ¶ Demaunde Howe be the vessels sparmatyke situate Answere They are set thus for towarde the grynde aboute the Myrac and Cyphac is a hole wherby descendeth from aboue the thre bodyes aforesayd that is the veyne and artere that bryngeth the synewe sensytyfe that is harde to the necke of the bladder at the rote of the yerde and the hole of the yerde wherby mounteth the mater sparmatyke for to go out And thus may be seen that yf the hole towarde grynde be out of measure large the bodyes superyours as the zyrbus or guttes may descende in the loceon and swell the purs of the ballockes as yf one were broken and often maketh brustenesse where as maye descende moyste mater that wyll make a hermen ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the pyntyll DEmaunde What is the yerde and wherof is it composed Answere It is the yerde vyryll that is the cultyner and labourer of the felde of mankynde and is the way of the vryne and is composed of skynne of muscles of stryngê of veynes and arteres of synewes and of ryght great bandes ¶ Demaunde Where is the dysposicion of the yerde Answere It is planted vpon the backe of the share ¶ DemauÌ„de Fro whens are sent the skynÌ„e the stryngê the veynes arteres flesshe and the synewes Answere Fyrste the stringes are sent fro the bone satron and the partyes nexte it The veynes the arteres the flesshe the synewes the skynne are sent to it from the superyour partyes ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many pryncypal wayes hath the yerde and what dyuersyte of names taketh it in sondry partyes therof Answere It hath two wayes that is of the sperme of the vryne and the ende of the yerde hyght balanum The bowell hyght mitra and the heade hyght prepuce ¶ Demaunde Of what quantite ought the yerde of man to be Answere CoÌ„monly of .viij. or .ix. ynches howebeit to be plyfyke with any woman it ought to be proporcyoned at the necke of her matryce ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the losseum DEmauÌ„de Wherof bredeth the losseum and wherof taketh it name Answere It bredeth 〈◊〉 Syphac Myrac theyr partyes passynge and hangyng outwarde of it vpon the backe of the share at the begynÌ„ynge of it It is called the Dymdyme and there it doubleth and fro the lower partye it is called Loceum and is the coddes of the genyâ—alles ¶ Demaunde What are the ballockes Answere They are the pryncypall organs of the generacyon of mankynde for in them the mater spermatyke is made parfyte sure ¶ DemauÌ„de Fro whens coÌ„meth the sperme to the ballockes Answere From all the body and specyally fro the pryncypall membres for the bredynge of theyr vesseâ—les as of the herte the lyuer and the kydneys And for the cause of delectacyon the brayne hath coÌ„mutacyon therin for the synewes that descende fro the brayne to the ballockes Thus of all the body it taketh nature nat by quantyte but by vygour ¶ DemauÌ„de What is the matryce and in what place is it set Answere The matryce is the felde of generacyon of mankynde organ susceptyfe of gendrynge mater and is set betwene the bladder and the longaon ¶ Demaunde Of what substaunce is the matryce Answere Of a paÌ„nyculous substaunce ¶ Demaunde Of howe many skynnes or tunicles is the matryce composed Answere It is composed of two skynnes of whiche the inwarde is ful of sharpe veynes with the endes of which veynes be conteyned with the pannycles Lembryon and are deuyded in two parties pryncypalles after the nombre of the dugges thoughe there appere but these two chaumbres in the matryce yet after Mundyne there are .vij. smal chauÌ„bres in the matryce thre in eche of the two chauÌ„bres and one in the myddes and the outwarde tunycle neruous Nat as Auycen sayeth that it is create of synewes coÌ„mynge fro the brayne but as in substauÌ„ce is conseÌ„blable neruous for it is whyte and pryuate of menstruall blode is stretchynge as the synewes for it streyneth and loseth as nedes requyreth It coÌ„meth but very lytell of synewes wherby it feleth this outwarde tunycle is all playne and is nat deuyded ¶ DemauÌ„de Of what shape is the matryce Answere It is the shape of the instrument of generacyon of men for it is proporcionly made to the yerde and coddes of maÌ„nes genytours excepte that it is reuersed and is holowe within for to receyue mannes yerde in the tyme of copylacyon for the necke of the matryce is lyke a maÌ„nes yerde and the matryce with in is lyke coddes or purce of the genytalles of men And as men haue two ballockes or stones that passe and appere outwarde so haue women inwarde except that they be bygger in the man than in the woman And in men they are longwyse rounde and in women they be rounde and flat and are set on both the sydes of the matryce eche on a syde And euen so as the vesselles spermatykes ben in the myddes of the ballockes outwarde so be they inwarde in women ¶ Demaunde With what membres hath the matryce collygaunce Answere Theyr collygauÌ„ce pryncypally is with brestes by the veynes of mylke menstrualles for the which thynges nouryces haue nat well theyr menstruous floures ¶ DemauÌ„de Of what quantite is the matryce and the necke of it Answere The matryce coÌ„meth almoste fro the nauyll vnto the vtter parte of the cont in comprysynge the necke and all the body of the matryce Howbeit the necke of the matryce ought for to be naturally of .x. or .xj. fyngers brede after as the woman hath to meddle with man flesshely lytell or moche it waxeth longe or shorteneth And also it waxeth longe or short after as the man that medleth with her hath his yerde shorte or longe ¶ Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the ars gut whiche was lefte afore the better to se the Anathomy of the other nutratyfe membres DEmaunde What is the Longaon of what length is it and where is it set Answere It is the ars gut that is a palme or handefull longe almoste to the kydneys and is set ryght ouer the foundement on the backe and tayle ¶ DemauÌ„de Howe many muscles be in the ars gut and wher to serue they it Answere There be two that open and close it whan it nedeth ¶ Demaunde Howe many veynes coÌ„meth to the gut nygh to the foundement Answere Fyue braunches of veynes named Emorroides or Emorroidalles ¶ Demaunde With what membres hath the ars gut collygaunce Answere With the bladder and therfore whan one of them suffreth so doth the other ¶ Demaunde What is the pigneum Answere Pigneum in Arabyke is to saye the ars hole And it is the place betwene the ars the yerde whiche is a seame that foloweth the coddes and the stocke of the yerde ¶ Demaunde What are the gryndes Answere They are the clensynge places of the lyuer are of Glaudynous
dyseases where as it is wonte to be gyuen Secondly they be necessary and conuenable to be gyuen in all dysposycyons of maladyes and specyall in materyal maladyes saufe in suche as are hote and drye wherin they do many euylles and that it is true that they be profytable in the other fyrste dysposycyons and colde dysposycyons and moyste in as moche as it contraryeth them holly Thyrdly in hote and moyste dysposycyons in which suppose that holly they do nat contrary neuerthelesse they contrary accydentally in as moche as it voydeth the cause of the maladye Howebeit it is to be noted that suppose a cantere be a profitable remedy very conuenable yet it is nat nowe adayes so moche in vse as it was wont to be for the abusers of the arte and that exercysed it the whiche indyfferently and in all dysposyâ—ions that is to wyt in replection or otherwyse apply them And it is euyll done many euylles foloweth therby And therfore good Cyrurgyen beware ryght well that in a persone ful of humours good or bad neuer to apply Cantere without precedent purgacion ¶ Demaunde For howe many and what vtylytees are canteres made and ordeyâ—ed Answere For .vj. vtylytees The fyrste to comâ—orte the membres for they chanfe and drye the membres that were dulled with colde and humyâ—â—te And therfore Galyen sayeth of the auctoryte 〈◊〉 Ypocras that the drye thynge is nerest the hole â—hynge and the moyste thynge ferdest of The seâ—â—ude vtylite is to withstande deffende the memâ—re from corruption And therfore Auycen in his fourth boke coÌ„maundeth them to be done rounde aboute the estionoenes sores spredyng or compassynge and to corrupte bones The thyrde vtylyte that Auycen putteth is to resolue the coarted maters in any membre and therfore byddeth Albucrasis and Haly abbas that they be applied to the paynes of the ioyntes great doloure of the heade The fourthe vtylyte is to staunche the blode as Auycen putteth and Galyen in the fyfth of Terapentyâ— bycause they make scarre The fyfth vtylyte is purging olde fluxes as the eyes of all the body this vtilite putteth Arnolde of villenensis And for that cause be the cetons canteres done behynde the necke and in the fontenelles of the lacertes where as one is deuyded from the other vnder the sayd lacertes a two or thre fyngers fro the ioyntes The syxth vtylyte that Galyen putteth is to entrebreake and intercyde the matter And for that cause are the veynes of the temples canterysed bycause that the mater reÌ„ne nat in to the eyen and in ruptures that the bowelles shall nat descende and in the cyrcuyt and next places to wycked sores And of this vtylyte Arnolde of vylle maketh an afforysme where he sayeth that the rennynge can nat be diuerted nor yssue kyndly that his abiden may be coÌ„petently clensed by canteres The .vij. vtylite is for to drawe out the superfluytees This vtylite the coÌ„mon vsage approueth by operacyon of apostumes by canteres and by cuttynge of kyrnelles extyrpacyon of flesshe quycke or deade ¶ DemauÌ„de Which are the places and partycle of actual canteres Answere After men of this tyme there be .viij. The fyrste is applyed to the â—oppe of the heade wherto the mayster fynger may reche begynnynge a spanne fro nyghe to the rote of the nose stretching vpwarde the doctours wyll that there ought to be applied a rounde cantere with an oliuare for to resolue the brayne and dyuert the rewpose maters in the subiecte places by lowe and some depe them to the bone other rase make bare the fyrste table of the scul Howebeit Alb. approueth it nat and the sayde canteres applyed to the sayd places auayleth to ydlenes fallynge euyll paynes of the heade and to rennynge of the eyes to ptysyke and to all rewmes The seconde place to applye canteres oughte to be in the flesshe of the heade behynde in the noddle And they ought lykewyse to be applyed rounde with an olyuare and auayleth for to heate and conforte the heade in palsy in tremblynge of lymbes crampe and to pale lazery The thyrde place to apply canâ—eres is on the eye lyddes to correcte them reyse â—hem and is done with a cantere mytilyn in stede â—f pytche for to close the holes or places of the drawen â—eares to let theym growe agayne and ought to 〈◊〉 actuall that is in maner of a nedle Lykewyse â—â—ey be applyed to the lachrymalles to consume the â—â—perflue flesshe and is done with a small actuall â—â—ntelayre nygh to the nose for the fystula with 〈◊〉 quyll Lykewyse to the temples with a cantelayre to close the veynes to staunche the rewme that falleth ouer the eyes And it is applyed to the nose with an actuall throughe a quyl or rede for to consume the stynke The fourth place is for to apply theym within the vnulle for to cut it with a sharpe cantere throughe a quyl The fyfth place is the necke where as cetons are applied with tonges cetoned or with a nedle cetonned behynde the necke in the pyt and they are applied to departe the humours that reÌ„ne to the eyes as Lanfrancke sayeth And other say that they haue sen by experience that râ—uÌ„de canteres applyed to the sayde places lefte longe open heale the madnes and the fransy furyous And Galyen in the .xiij. of his Terapentye sayeth that a ventose made on the noddle is good helpe for rewmes that descende ouer the eyes and for the moste helpe so dyd Guydon The syxth place is in the fore parte of the necke vnder the chynne by the counceyll of some maysters for to clense the mater of gout rose other infections of the face and mouth and they wyl that there be applyed a cantere with cetons The seauenth place is on the homoplate vnder the fontelles of the armes thre fyngers fro the ioyntes where as manyfestly is deuyded the lacert from the lacert with a cantere and rouÌ„de clauall with heade and plate perced And in the sayde place is applyed inwardly the canteres for remedyes of the face fore parte of the necke And applyed in the sayde place outwardly on the arme is for dyseases of the heed and hynder parte of the necke The .viij. place to applye canteres is on the partyes of the brest or thorax vnder the furcules with a rounde cantere or cetons for dysease called asma or shortnesse of brethe and dysease of the lungpype And lykewyse they be applyed vnder the arme holes for the paynes of the sholdres and to clense and appale yâ— lepry and lykewyse for the dysease of epimace or apostumes of the rybbes is openynge made with a knyfe ansall to drawe out che rotteÌ„nes howbeit it is daungerous of the fystule or of death for the weykenes of the herte by cause of the ayre that thyrlleth in at the openynge as Albucrasis sayeth The .ix. place is on the fore parte of the bely on the stomacke with rounde canteres or
swete without salte vnto the scar be fallen and than to be dressed healed as vlceres be saufe onely that yf ye wyl kepe them open for to purge the humours and the vaporous fumes or that the place had ben opened longe aforehande For whiche thynge it shulde nat be sure to close it without that it were â—uacuate by another place for it shuld be daunger that the humours that were wonte to reÌ„ne in the sayde membre shulde remayne within and that peraduenture it wold deryuate to other membres and do more harme than was before ¶ DemauÌ„de Is it of necessyte that after it is closed to open it agayne yf it be lefull to open it in the same place Answere Yes or in another membre nere to it or to the next place as Arnolde of newe towne sayth in his parabolles ¶ Demaunde Yf they that be canterised with potenciall canteres may be ordred as they be canterysed with actualles Answere Yes saufe that they shal nat be bounde And also those that blyster make no scarre whiche must be well applyed correct and reprymate of theyr malyces And after that the blysters be reysed perce theym with cysours or a nedle and lay a coleworte leafe theron and couer it with lynnen and ordre it as ye lyst And bycause that they be nat blystred nor make no scar thus they fall within .vij. dayes ¶ Thus endeth this present questyonary made in the honour of almyghty god profyte of yonge studyentes in Cyrurgery wyllyng to apply their study in the same arte ¶ The maner to examyne lazares to approue lepry meselâ—y after the myndes of Doctours AS Galyen wytnesseth it is greate iniury be it done to man or woman to departe put away theym that be nat infecte with lepry nor touched with meselry nat beynge lazares And also it is greate dauÌ„ger to supporte haunte or be with suche as are stryken or dyseased therwith for it is a contagyous and dauÌ„gerous malady And therfore they that ought to iudge and approue them shulde ryght dylygently beholde theym considre the vnyuoke sygnes and equyuokes also And nat for one onely token gyue theyr sentences but by many conuenaunces and specyally vnyuokes ¶ Fyrste than whan that the approuers come or cal them dyseased to theyr presence for to examyne them they ought to conforte them with holsome wordes and tel them that the sayd dysease is penauÌ„ce salutary for the saluacion of theyr soules and byd them to take it pacyently And that they feare nat to saye the trouth for yf they were founde lazares it shuld be theyr purgatory in this worlde For albeit that they were refused of the worlde yet they were and be chosen of God c. And than cause them to swere to say the trouth and enquyre of them suche thynges as foloweth ¶ Secondly the examyners ought to enquyre of theym by the prymatyfe causes of lepry And fyrste enquyre of them yf there were any of his lygnage that he knewe to be lazares and specyally theyr faders or moders for by any other of theyr kynred they ought nat to be lazares but yf it were by some constellacion that influed equally vpon a kynred and specyally on them that dwelt togyder and haue one selfe maner of lyuynge as we se oftentymes by the tyme of pestylence yf any of a kynred be stryken or enfect that also many other as bretherne and cosyns or other parentes soone after are stryken yet or they haue be borne For as Auycen sayeth in his seconde treatyse the fyrste son of the fourth of his Canon in the fyrste chapyter of rottennes The fyrste cause of rottennes is meates and the nourysshynge that is of euyl qualytees And for that cause yf a chylde be nourysshed of a woman corrupte and infecte in her humours ought also to be infect And nat all onely yf the mother be a lepresse but let vs beholde also that for the sayd cause by experyence that they beyng conceyuâ—d in the tyme that the woman hath her floures â—nd that she be nat clene that scantly the chylde â—â—apeth lepry or to be scalled or tached with suche â—â—fecte dyseases or that he bere some tache vpon â—ym Also yf the father were fecte and in the mater wherof he is composed For as Galyen sayeth in the fyrste partycle of the efforysmes of Ypocras vpon this canon Et qui crescunt ¶ The thynges that are dyssolued of an other thynge necessaryly extendeth of the nature of the thyng wherof they ar dissolued Than ought ye to enquyre yf he hath had the company of any lepresse woman And yf any lazare had medled with her afore hym and lately bycause of the infect mater and contagyous fylth that she hadde receyued of hym It is to be noted that a woman is nat so dauÌ„gerous to be a lepresse to habyte with a lazare as it shulde be a man to habyte with a lazarous woman or with one that hath habited newly with a lazare For all infections remayne in the matryce of the woman vnto the tyme that they be pourged by theyr floures clensed whiche a man can nat do bycause he hath no receptacle where to holde the sayd iÌ„mundycytees ¶ Than ye oughte to enquyre of hym yf he hath had the quartayne feuers and howe longe syth For howbeit sayth Auycen in his fyrste fen of the fyrste boke of his Canon the feuer quartayne delyuereth a man of euyl melancolyke diseases and wyte yf he hath nat had the emorroydes and syth whan Lyke reason the emorroydes kepeth that he fall nat in to inconuenyence ¶ Than enquyre hym of his dreames yf his dremes be nat terryble and that he seeth blacke thynges and deuyls suche dreames betoken the melancolyke humour to haue domynyon wherby he is so enclyned And wyt of hym how he is wont to lyue as yf he hath vsed meates with stronge spyce and in great quantyte and strong wyues or garlyke lekes onyons and colewortes olde chese gotes flesshe of beares of foxes of mesyl swyne or salt meates and of vnclene fysshe all at one table yf he haue continued therwith And also of all maner herbes and such meates as brenne the blode and holly consumeth it Than aske yf he hath had great solycytudes chargeable thoughtes that hath dried hym made hym melancolyke ¶ Than ye oughte to beholde and consydre in your selfe of what complexyon he is aswel naturall as accydentall for suppose that lepry be a colde disease by incineracioÌ„ of humours yet Auycen sayth the moste auÌ„cyent cause of lepry is the euyl complexyon of the lyuer that is so hote and drye that it breÌ„neth the blode melancolyeth it ¶ After that the pacient hath ben examyned vpon the fyrste causes that dyspose a persone to be a lazare he oughte to be examyned and approued by the sygnes of lepry aswel equyuocalles as vnyuocalles and are the sygnes that coÌ„ueneth onely in this dysease and the equyuocal sygnes conueneth them in dyuers
maladyes ¶ Of the vnyuocall sygnes Fyrste than in procedynge as it is sayde to the knowlege of the vnyuocal sygnes in folowing the doctryne of Ypocras in the fyrste boke of the proâ—ostikes sayeng Primo enim egri facieÌ„ ê‘notabis Fyrste thou shalt note the sygnes apperynge in the face for they are the truest for all the sygnes vnyuocalles are holden there bicause that in the face amonge al other meÌ„bres of the persone is no greater nombre of spyrytes bicause of the .v. organes of knowlege that is there That are the hearyng speakynge seyng smellyng felynge also it is the barest of flesshe therfore it is soonest altered of all the other meÌ„bres at this cause Gordon preserued a man at MouÌ„tpyllier .x. yeres to be cast out agaynst the intencyon of all other doctours there because the tokens appered nat in the face yet it dyd ouer all the other membres ¶ Fyrste than begynÌ„e at the heyght of the heed beholde his here his browes plucke at them loke yf with the rote they drawe any flesshe by the rotteÌ„nes corrupcyon of theyr flesshe Such by defaute of nourysshynge is soone seen Item fele with thy fynger yf his browes be nat grauellous and ful of graynes bycause that in al lepry the vertue assymulatyfe defayleth And for that cause whan the nourysshing coÌ„meth to the meÌ„bres they may nat asseÌ„ble theym to the meÌ„bres at all therfore they remayne grayny the whiche thynge mounteth alway nexte the membres bare of flesshe as is the face Than beholde his eyen yf they be rounde specyally to the domestyke partye Also lykewyse yf his eares be rounde thycke and rugged Also yf his nosethyrlles be wyde outwarde narow wtin gnawen Also yf his lyppes guÌ„mes are foule stynkyng and corroded Also yf his voyce be horse and as he speaketh in the nose And also yf his brethe and sweate stynke and all that coÌ„meth fro hym and yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken and for that cause haue the most haunte Also yf his loke be steyed and horryble in maner of monster These sygnes be vnyuocalles that alwaye betoken lepry whan they are all or the moste parte of theym with the equyuocalles as it shall appere and such sygnes come in lepry by these causes as Auycen sayeth The fyrste generacyon of lepry is in the entrayles for that cause the lunges and lyghtes be hurte the pype of the voyce assysteth it and causeth them to speke as it were in the nose And for the rotten and corrupte fumes that mounte vpwarde by the conductes of the brayne and the heares lessen and fall for defaute of good fedynge And they appere in the face and in the brest ¶ Of the equyuocalles tokens THe Doctoures put .vj. tokens equyuocalles The fyrste is hardnes and tuberosyte of the ioyntes outwarde as the armes legges handes and fete for the drye mater that is stopped by melancoly The seconde is a morfewe colour derke â—or the blacke melancolyke humoure that corrupâ—eth the blode The thyrde is fallynge of heare spoken of in the vnyuokes The fourth is wastyng of a brawne and chyefly of a poulce so that whan it â—s pynched it abydeth vpryght by the consuÌ„ption of the sayde muscle The fyfth is the insensybylyte of the rotten humours of the outwarde partes exâ—cemytees spredde within them The .vj. is blacke â—operous skal and scabbe in the face and sores on the body by rotten humours and corrupt that stryue with the euyll fumosytees The seuenth is graynes vnder the tongue behynde the eares the causes are in the vnyuokes The .viij. is breÌ„nynge and felynge of pryckynges ouer all the body The .ix. is ruggyshnes of the skynne in maner of a goos for the greate drythe of the blode and humours And therfore they oughte to be vnclad water caste on them and loke yf it take and synke in the skynÌ„e by cause of theyr drythe where it semeth that they are anoynted they seme so moche to be fat The .x. that they be of yl rule and are coÌ„monly begylers The .xj. that they haue terryble dremes as I said before The .xij. that they haue weyke poulces The .xiij. they haue whyte vryne thynÌ„e and asshy The .xiiij. theyr blode is blacke and duskyâ—â—he of leady colour and sandye to se this it must be wasshen and streyned ¶ The maner to let them blode and to wasshe and strayne it FYloyne sayth that there must be a great openynge in the veyne whan they be letten blode bycause the thycke blode shuld nat remayne and the thynne onely come out And whan it is drawen consydre the substauÌ„ce and the colour yf it be so as is abouesayde and than wasshe it and passe it through a fayre whyte cloth and than loke on the flesshe that abydeth in the cloute and yf it be graueylous and troublous it is a great token Otherwyse take salte and medle it in the blode and yf it melte soone Another way take his vryne and vynegre and loke yf they wyll myngle togyther Yet do thus put some of the blode in to a basyn full of water and yf it go downe to the botome lyke meale it is a token that he is a lazare ¶ Then good Cyrurgyen do nat as a folysshe iuge that forthwith gyueth his sentence but fyrste or thou gyue it preferre God before thyne eyes and consydre dylygently the vnyuocal sygnes and the equyuocalles and se yf they agree but yet neyther iudge a man to be lazarous by the equyuocalles nor for one or two of the vnyuocalles nor by the least of the pryncypalles but there as the vnyuocalles in all or in the moste parte and of the pryncypalles accorde with the equyuocalles of the moste parte and of the pryncypalles FINIS ¶ Thus endeth the maner for to examyne lazares and to approue their diseases after the intencyon of Doctours ¶ Here begynneth the Formularye of the aydes of apostemes and pustules ordeyned at Parys by mayster Guydon of Cayllyac Cyrurgyen and doctour in medycynes at Mount pyllier Bycause that after the doctryne of Galyen in tertio de ingenio sanitatis lykewyse as of that workeman is the takynge of the essence of the dysease Also the scyence of thynges wherof it is gyuen it behoueth that it procede of the same I than Antydotary ordynary in the scyence of apostemes wherby the locall remedyes of the same apostemes shall be accomplysshed but we must fyrste knowe the matter of the same And that done may be fouÌ„de and chosen the entencyon cutatyfe after the natures of them And I say for certayne that it is ryght and artyfycyall waye to worke as it is proued in the treatyse before alleged Than I wyll put in this present formularye the knowledge of apostemes the aydes wherby may be gyuen locall remedyes after the intencyon of Galyen Rasis and Auycen suche as I can compryse in theyr doctryne And merueyle you nat yf
shall treate in this present boke the dysposycyons which augmenteth the vlcere in the whiche lyeth double councell of curacyon that is to wyte eyther to take the sayde dysposycyons all holly out of the body or to surmouÌ„t the incoÌ„modite that aboundeth 〈◊〉 The whiche thynge maye be easely done yf the dysposycyon be lytell But yf it be great the vlcere maye nat come to cycatryce vntyll that remedy be put to the sayd disposycyon wherby we must dylygently consyder what the sayde affeccyons and dysposycyons be and howe many in nombre in takynge our begynnyng as is aforsaid ¶ Euery vlcere is be it alone or with holownesse requyreth and demaundeth that the flesshe subiect be natural and that there be nothynge betwene the lyppes and extremytees that ought to be conglutynate which ofteÌ„tymes happeneth so that heare a spyder threde matter oyle or suche lyke thyng letteth the knyttyng And those thynges are as symptomes and accydentes of the sayde vlceres which yf they be present may hynder and let the curacion yf they be nat they let nat but the dysposycyon of the flesshe subiecte is cause of that whiche foloweth For with the same flesshe and by the same the lyppes that were asonder are closed and the holownesse fylled It behoâ—eth than that the sayd flesshe be kyndely bycause that these two thynges maye well coÌ„modyously 〈◊〉 made parfyte Than shal it be kyndly yf it kepe it selfe temperatly the which thynge is coÌ„mon to all other partyes Wherby it behoueth that the flesshe subiecte be holly temperate aswell to close â—he viceres as to fyll theym with â—lesshe but is it â—â—oughe of that Must nat the blode that gatheâ—â—â—h to it be good also and moderate in quaÌ„tyte 〈◊〉 semeth thiâ— to be trewe for it lacketh asmoch â—â—t the corrupte blode be as holsome for the cloâ—â—sge and as to fulfyll the flesshe as somtyme it â—â—keth erosion and exulcere the body And yf it be 〈◊〉 habundaunt in quantyte it engendreth exeâ—â—ment in the sores and as is aforesayd letteth and hyndreth the curacyon ¶ And also there be thre maners of vlceres dyffycyle for to be healed The fyrste maner haboundeth by the vntemperaunce of the flesshe subiecte The seconde by the vyce and yll qualyte of the blode gatherynge to it The thyrde for the ouer great measure and quantyte of the sayd blode Ought nat the dyuysyon to be made thus or otherwyse that is to wyte the cause wherfore some vlceres are stubburne and defycyle to be healed is for the mystemperaunce of the flesshe vlcerate or for the gatheryng of humours ¶ Yet agayne the mystempered flesshe ought to be deuysed in two dyfferences The fyrste is whan the subiect flesshe is out of nature in an onely qualyte The seconde is whan with the euyl qualyte it hath tumour agaynst nature ¶ The flowyng of humours is dyuyded in two dyfferences that is to wyte in the qualyte of gatherynge the humours in the quantyte Somtyme dyuers of the sayde dysposytyons are medled togyther and somtyme all But the Methode for to cure theÌ„ all togyther ought not to be gyuen but eche one by it selfe As yf the intemperaunce of the flesshe be drye fylthy moderate it with bathynge and wetynge in temperate water But at all and as many tymes that this remedy shal be vsed the ende of the bathynge and wetynge shal be forth with that the partycle becometh ruddy and ryse in a lumpe Than sease that bathynge moystynge For yf ye bath it any more ye shall close the humour agayne that was losed out And so ye shall profyte nothynge Lyke wyse the moystynge faculte of medycyns ought to be greater then it is coÌ„maunded in hole party yf the flesshe be more moyste than naturall habytude Ye must haue regarde to the contrary for the faculte of medycyns ought to be desyceatyfe and in no wyse to vse any water But yf ye must wasshe the sore take wyne or posca that is to saye oxycraton or the decoction of some sharpe herbe Lykewyse ye shall coole the pryde of the flesshe that is to hote and heate that whiche is to colde ¶ Ye shall knowe suche vntemperaunces partly by the colour and partly by touchynge and partly by felynge the dyseased For somtyme they feale great heate in the party somtyme manyfest coldenes delyte them in hote or colde medycyns And sometyme appereth rednes and somtyme whytenesse But it is an impertynent thynge to this worke to dystynke these thynges In the whiche worke we shewe not the Methode to knowe the affectyons â—ut for to heale them In suche wyse that by one consequence of wordes we be come vnto the sayd Methode to knowe the affectyons Retourne we â—han to our purpose ¶ Yf any partyes are vlceraâ—â— with swellynge agaynste kynde fyrste the swelâ—ynge must be cured What ought to be the curaâ—yon of all swellynge we shall say hereafterâ— Preâ—â—ntly we shall treate of whiche is coÌ„uycte and coÌ„mune to the curatyons of vnkynde humoures or swellynges with the vlceres yf the lyppes of the vlceres are dyscoloured onely or somwhat hardened they muste be cut vnto hole fleshe But whan suche dysposycyon or affection hath to procede further there must be had delyberacyon to knowe yf all the party dyscoloured and hardened vnkyndly ought to be cut or yf it ought to be cured by longe space of tyme. And without any dowbte in suche case it is necessarye to knowe the pacyentes wyll For some had leuer to be longe in healynge than to suffre incysyon And other are redy to endure all thyngê so that they may be soone healed ¶ Lykewyse here shall be spoken of the curacyon of euyll humours that gathereth in the partes of the sore places in as moche and bycause that it is an humour gnawynge aboute succorosyfe But in as moche as it is a wycked humour or ouer encreasynge in quantyte the curynge therof shal be spoken of in his owne place ¶ Than whan the humours that gathereth in the vlcerate partyes is nat very fer of nor in quantyte nor qualyte it behoueth to dyuert dryue away that is in restreynyng and to coole the heate of the partyes that are before the sore place Lyke maner ye must begyn the lygature at the vlcerate party in ledynge it towarde the hole partye as Hyppocrates wylleth in the fractour of bones Also that the salues that are layde to the sayde vlceres must be more vndryeng than they that are layd to a syngle sore And yf the flux or reÌ„nynge wyll nat stop with salues seke the cause of the sayde fluxyon and take it fyrste away Yf the fluxyon come by weykenes and feblenes of the party that receyueth it the sayd weykenes must be cured And such curacyon also shall be propre for the vlcerate party But yf cause of the sayd fluxyon habouÌ„de eyther by ouer moch blode or fylthynesse of all the body or of any of the superyour partyes ye must fyrst delay the sayd causes The weykenes of
answere me in what maâ—â—r it behoueth to heale suche an vlcere I call it â—ntyerly malygne cacoethes And therfore forth â—â—th I wyll consyder what is the disposycyon and â—â—feâ—â—ion of al the body For I wyl inuent of what â—â—â—de the humour superflue shal be as well by the â—â—mptomes of the vlcere as by the sygnes of all the 〈◊〉 Than forthwith I wyll purge the sayde suâ—â—â—â—â—e humour wtout taryeng that all yâ— elbow of yâ—â—â—â—ent get any dysease stoburne waywarde to â—â—â—â—yon But the sectatours of Thessalus that 〈◊〉 wyt they that obserue his preceptê wyll tary 〈◊〉 vlcere be olde bycause it maye retourne to 〈◊〉 wonderous and merueylous coÌ„munyte of inâ—â—â—â—rate vlceres as yf it were nat moche better to â—howe the coÌ„munyte of contumace waywarde vlceres the which wold indyke the curacyon and nat of the inueterate vlceres Afterwarde yâ— sayd ThessalyeÌ„s wold do one of both eyther they wold cut the vlcere and make it as it were fresshe and approche the partyes as for to knyt them or elles they wolde fyrste vse of the salue that is made of mustarde And all that proffite nat they wyl haue theyr refuge to vocyferacyons gestacyons and other exercytacyons and to the maner of lyuyng that chaungeth by cyrcuytes and after they wyll moue vomytynge by rayffert and yf the vlcere be nat cured by suche thynges they mynystre elebore called veratraÌ„ in latyn And yf the elebore serue of nothynge they sende the pacyent in to Lybie for the chauÌ„ge of ayre vndoubtedly Thessalus ought to adde this worde After this excellent and synguler curacyon of frowarde and rebel vlceres For of trouth the Thessalyens stay in vocyferacyons gestacyâ—ns other lyke thynges as yf they shuld couer the euyll habytude of the body whiche the Grekes call Cachexte and nat the vyce of the humour that the Grekes cal Cacochymie Is it nat merueyle yf they confesse nat to knowe the vlcere Cacoethes as soone as it is made and that they tary tyll it be olde And that often they vse cycaâ—ryce and open many tymes or they vnderstande what to do seynge also that they counceyll them that haue the feuers in what maner soeuer it be to passe the excesse that ought to come the thyrde day or no God knoweth howe they haue wel and parfytly knowen the contemplacyon of the Cryse and in what maner they may fore â—e the great encreasynge of the sore What coÌ„meth therof moste often Of a certaynte it coÌ„meth that the pacyentê abydeth in theyr beddes and consume throughe theyr defaulte which myght haue ben healed the seconde daye Of a trouthe nat ones or twyes or thryes alonely but .vj. C. tymes haue we wasshed many febricitans incontinent after yâ— fyrste actes which we haue seen done by our preceptours and maysters And consequeÌ„tly haue permytted them to lyue without feare in their maner accustomed as they that shuld no more haue the feuer whom wyse Thessalus that hath exigited the fyrste dyete that is to wyt nat to eate in thre dayes shuld haâ—e dryed vp and consumed in makyng them sterue for hungre in thre dayes loÌ„ge Than as I coniect he wolde fede them a lytell on the fourth day and â—o nourysshe them by lytel and lytel in suche wyse thâ—t the .vj. or .vij. day they shuld scantly be able to 〈◊〉 aboute theyr customable besynes they that neâ—â—â— had the feuer but ones onely Of trouth he coÌ„â—â—med his pacyentes alway in theyr dyseases the â—â—â—iche ryght easely myght haue ben holpen For 〈◊〉 so were that the vlcere began to swell at the beâ—â—â—nyng it myght haue ben holpen in few dayes â—hessalus wolde suffre it to reÌ„ne a yeare or more 〈◊〉 taryed often so long tyll the sayd vlcere often â—â—â—e produced cycatryce and wolde often open it to wit yf it were contumaced Than after that he had begon the curacyon he purgeth nat forthwith the body but fyrste of all vsed his salue of mustarde and than his Iestes vocyferacyon certayne maners of lyuyng than his vomyte of rayffort And fynably of the Elebore what it is any other thyng than to lyngre a hole yere That is to wyt by the lyuyng god whan the pacient may be healed in .vj. dayes or in .vij. at the moste shulde we prolonge a moneth to knowe yf the vlcere be Cacoethes and wycked and than that we shulde begyn the curacyon But what necessyte was it to speke of the propre coÌ„munyte of vlceres iueterate seynge that they are mutyle in the curacyon albe it that it were lefull to wryte nat of the coÌ„munyte indicatryce but of the curacyon of vlceres nat inueterate but contumaced and rebell For it happeneth that some vlceres and diseases are contumacy and rebellyon to heale Howbeit indicacyon curatyfe is nat taken of this contumacy and rebellyon But it is the disease that gyueth the fyrste indicacyon of healyng And of the sayd fyrste indycacyon are founde the remedies as I haue declared That is the maner to heale by Methode as that we do in folowyng the auncyentes yf it so be that Methode is an vnyuersall way which is coÌ„myng to all partytuler thynges ¶ Here is Thessalus be gyled for he weueth that all yâ— knowledge of them that do any thyng by Methode is Methode surely it behoueth that he that doth any thyng by Methode haue notyce and knowledge of the lyke and vnlyke Neuerthelesse that is nat Methode that is â—o wyt the sayde notyce of lyke and vnlyke Also Arystotyll and Platon affermeth it nat whiche Thessalus dare falsely alledge But at this tyme is nat conuenyent to reffute reproue suche purposes wherfore I wyll retourne agayne vnto the Methode curatyfe promyttyng to shew that there is a pryncyple of Methode in all curacions and that the way that ledeth fro this pryncyple to the ende is semblable in all partyculer thynges wher by albeit that in all dyseases it semeth that there is one propre and pryue Methode to heale neuerthelesse in all thynges there is one coÌ„myn gendre for it behoueth alwayes to begyn at the indycacyon that is taken of the dysease that we entende to heale And than we must esteme and dyscerne yf the cause of the disease be ceased a redy or yet presently it augmenteth maketh the sayde dysease Yf the sayde cause be alredy ceased we must come so the Methode wherof hath ben treated in the thyrde boke of this worke But yf the sayde cause yet presently make the dysease the Methode is treated in the .iiij. boke By the whiche Methode thou shalt fynde the remedyes of a phlegmon and of a â—euer and shortly to speake of all maladyes That â—s to wyt yf nothynge is done thou shalt nat take â—ayne to enquyre the precedent causes but shalt begyn onely at the dysease But yf any thynge be done presently thou shalt prepose two fynalytees of curacyon And than do the other thynges by order as it is sayd ¶ Nowe it behoueth to merueyl of
Thessalus dyscyples nat for bycause they fayle in such thynges but bycause they do vse these names Dyspathies Metasyncrises Imbecyllitees â—yrmytudes and sondry other such names And yf ye questyon them what suche names meane they wote nat what to answere For to knowe what it sygnyfyeth that they call in all inueterate vlceres Metasyncrynien ten exu in Greke they answere nat with one accorde nor clerely nor prudently yf that it were an auncient name or vsurped by any of the Grekes at aduenture we myght vnderstande of that they haue wryten what thyng it sygnyfyeth But bycause it is a propre name vnto theyr stupydite that is to wyt that is come of the supposycyon and Hypothese of Asclepiades lyke as their other decrees is it nat then iust reasonable that they iustyfy theyr dreames That is to wyt from whens this that is sayd Syncrinestai ta somata â—ai diacrinestai As ye wolde sayd medle dyuyde the body And that it were onely leafull to vsurpe suche names to them that call and constytute the lytel body Atomes and the poores and conduytes or the indiuidnes vacuyte And fynably the impatable and inalterable thynges to be the fyrste elementes As that for certayne they vsurpe and contynually vse such maners Moreouer Thessalus in his Canon whan he confermeth the pryncyples reneweth some thyng besyde that which was put in wrytynge by Themyson and Asclepiades and ensigneth clerely what he wyl say for he hath nat estemed all togyther as Asâ—â—epiades That is to wyt euyn in such wyse as in Symmetrye that is to say that in competent and coÌ„moderacyon of smal conduites lyeth and consisteth the helth And in Ametrie that is to saye in vncompetence and immoderacyon in them the dysease Also that curacyon or sanacyon is none other thynge but a retourne to the fyrste symmetrye or coÌ„moderacyon of the sayd conduytes but he weneth that all the state and condicion of the sayd conduytes must be chaunged And of this opynyon is proceded the name of Metasyncresis which may sygnyfy as moche as Metaporopoesis in Greke That is to say mutacyon of the state of pores smal conduytes Howbeit it was nat leful for hym to vse the name of Dogmatystes in places where he coÌ„maundeth to eschue the vncertayne and darke names onely haue the vnderstandyng attentyfe in the coÌ„munytees whiche appere euydently Than his dyscyples and seruauntes answere that he must nat be herd as a dogmatyke whan he vseth of these names Mais alephos that is to say symply For of a trouth some of his dyscyples are accustomed to susteyne and defende hym in this maner in reuokynge vs agayne to another name that is Arphiâ—â—a whiche we translate symplenes The whiche name of a trouth I can vnderstande what it sygnyfyeth For yf he dyd sende vs agayne to a name more vayne that is in Greke vioticos the whiche they expose doth signyfy as moch as semblably to the vulgare of men Truely as moch shuld it be to say Aphelos nat duely nor ryghtwysly but without arte or scyence For the men that are the moste lyghtest and quycke of speche vse names of artes and sciences vnder some sence that hath no foundacyon And whan they are demauÌ„ded what they mene they can neyther tell nor showe The which thynge thâ—se Thessalyens confesse to be theyr decent custome the which thyng we do obiect them and for certayne they wyll also confesse that they vnderstande nat partfytly exactly what is Metasyncrysis yf it be sayd of the mutacyon of poores that in Greke is called Poropoia in dede it shulde haue some vnderstanding and sygnyfy somwhat but vayne in many maners bycause that our bodyes are nat composed of corpules motes nor of poores And yf they were true yet shulde it nat be possyble to shew in what maner Mustarde myght chaunge or alter the state condycyon of the poores And yf any can shew it yet shuld he nat be consentynge and confermed to theyr secte seyng that they saye to be content with the apparent coÌ„munitees wherby that they vse no more such names and that they hyndre and let vs no more for it is leaful without the name of Metasyncrysis to say in other wordes the curacyon of froward vlcereâ— as the Emperykes do ¶ Also we haue shewed in the seconde boke howe the sayde Thessalyens arâ— lykewyse abuse at the vocable Atonias that is to say Imbecilite for they take the name as the emperykes for it sygnyfyeth none other thynge but that the actions is nat kepte But yf they propose that there is any facultees and vertues that gouerneth man whiche we afferme and almoste all the auncyentes besydes that they gaynsay to the preceptes of Asclepiades they propose vncertayne thynges of the which the Auctours agre nat wel togyther howebeit they coÌ„maunde to flye suche thynges ¶ But tell me Thessale clerely what betâ—keneth this vocable Metasycresem yf thou say that it betokeneth to chaunge the poores small conduytes thou begylest thy selfe and vsurpest vncertayne thynges yf thou say that it is as moche to saye as to yelde the party of the body stedfast and hole or al the man thou sayst no more to this purpose than the Emperykes excepte the nowne For they knowe wel that man becoÌ„meth hole by other remedyes but they knowe nat by what cause and reason the remedyes restore helth For none of the Emperyke can tell yf the faculte of medycament chaungeth the poores nor yf it make symmetrie and coÌ„moderacyon nor yf it altereth the qualyte of the pacyent party howbeit the Emperykes are discrete yf they say that they knowe onely one thyng that is to wyt yf they haue noted and obserued often tymes that vtylyte hath folowed whan the meâ—ycament of Mustarde hath be mynystred to such a sore and in such tyme. Neuertheles they speake nat of Methode nor reyse theyr browes at it And be nat pleased with suche notyce and myssaye nat the auncyentes nor dysprayse nat Hyppocrates nat estemynge hym as nothynge but they alowe hym and afferme that he hath sayde all verytable thynges But yf Thessalus here that myspryseth Hypocrates and al the other maysters vnderstandeth nat that all the preceptes that he hath wryten of the frowarde and rebell vlceres ben Emperykes Albeit yf he wrote them wel coÌ„modiously it shulde be somwhat profytable but it appereth nat that he hath done so seyng that he parnerted the ordre of remedyes and vsed remedyes for the party or that al the body was prepared In good soth it is a sygne and argument of an vntaught and great ygnoraunce seyng that in this thynge almost all the maysters of medycyne do agre albeit that in sondry thyngê they iarre that is to wyt that all the body muste be emptyed and purged of all his out waxynges or that any partye be take subiecte to the stronge and vehement remedyes ¶ For who soeuer wolde iudge eyther by experyence or by reason for there is none other thyrde maner to iudge nor
in what arte soeuer it be nor in any partye of lyfe he shall fynde that it is a great incoÌ„modyte to mynystre to the sore party any salue or plaister that is bytter and hote or he prouideth for all the body which fyrste requyreth his propre cure For the sayd medycameÌ„t draweth to it from all the body in the maner as cucurbyte and ventose doth the excrementes and superfluytees And so it cleueth and stycketh to the sayd party greued and sore in suche wyse that with great payne it may be scantly pulled of ¶ Wherfore it must be asked of these Thessalyâ—ns from wkens the sayd fantasy came to Thessalus to wryte fables and toyes as touchyng the curacyon of frowarde and rebell vlceres seynge that none Emperyke nor racyonall hath so wryten before Albeit neyther Thessalus nor any of his dyscyples and sectatours dare nat afferme that suche ordres or remedyes do agre with expexyeÌ„ce or with reason Moreouer they can nat shewe in what maner of tyme indyke and nat the disease nor also that is yet more howe Thâ—ssalus is nat all holly folysshe and dul that iudgeth that the cause must be estemed that letteth and kyndreth the cycatryce of vlceres the whiche cause is to be done awaye and lykewyse seeth nat that it suffyseth and that the length of tyme of vlceres sâ—rueth of nothynge with this he considereth nat that he must do thus nat onely in vlceres but also in all other dyseases as the auncyentes do admonysshe But they answere nothyng to these purposes but that they say alwayes that we do nat vnderstande them wel as yf they knew parfytely the thought of Hyppocrates and of all the auncyentes And afferme that Thessalus hath a good opynyon wheÌ„ he sayth that there is a coÌ„munyte of the inueterate vlceres and that Hyppocrates vnderstode it so in the boke of vlceres which wryteth in this maner It is profytable that the blode do flowe contynually from the olde sores in what maner that it hath ben seen nedefull ¶ At all aduentures than what may come to speake soÌ„maryly of the sentence and intelligence of Hyppocrates thoughe I haue nat promysed that I wolde speake of it in this place but that which I wyll say shall be of the interpretacyon of the wyt knowledge of the auncyentê The whiche as we haue sayde as yet hath gyuen no se et but studyenge with symple and pure thought to inuent some thyng profytable to helth it is wel semynge that they haue founde some thynges by vse some by reason Than dyd they wryte theyr inuencyons many tymes without gyuynge any reason to theyr inuencyons somtyme they dyd the which they haue done for cause of the profyte of the readers For they trusted to be profitable to theyr successours as to the good and ryght vsage of inuented thynges to knowe the reason of theyr inuencyon and haue wryten it dyligently To the contrarye where they haue estemed that it shulde be superflue to recyte they haue obmysed and left some ¶ Nowe it is well knowen to all after that I holde my peace that the auncyentes haue well loued shortnes of speche and pryncypally for that cause Nat a lonely Hyppocrate but also all the other auncyentes Somtyme wtout makynge mencyon of the myddel moste added the thyrde thynge For yf the fyrste thyng be sygne of the seconde the thyrde necessaryly foloweth after the seconde For this cause the fyrste they put the thyrde obmyttyng and leauyng the seconde ¶ I haue shewed sondry tymes howe the auncyentes and chyefly Hyppocrates haue wryten suche thynges And he that wyll knowe and parfytely vnderstande the maner of interpretynge that the auncyentes had ought to be exercysed in theyr style and maner of wrytynge For this tyme I wyl expose onely that whichâ— I haue purposed that is to wyte the vlceres the which after wel and duely to haue done all thynges requysyte althoughe they be nat cured the maysters in medycyns call them Cacoethe in greke we call the malygne or wycked stoborne and rebell ¶ Nowe haue we spoken in the boke afore what curacioÌ„ of vlceres is ThaÌ„ these vlceres here all are called Caroethe inueterate and dinturnes in vsynge such names indyfferently Lykewyse for to knowe the dysease Cacoethe is that is to saye waywarde stoborne or rebellyous for to heale it maketh somwhat with the other sygnes neuertheâ—esse the dyuturnyte or that the said vlceres be calâ—â—d dyuturnes of longe contynuaunce And inueâ—â—rate as waxen olde and in dede arâ— suche that 〈◊〉 maner of conuenyent indycacyon of curynge 〈◊〉 it must be inuented bycause that the vlcerate â—arty is yll ordred and paynfull That inuented â—he maner of curynge is euydent But thou must â—â—ye howe so Of a trouth yf thou heale the vlceâ—ate parties prouided that they onely are payned but yf all the body habounde in vycyous and corrupt humour In emptyenge clensynge the sayd humour for truely the sygne of the vycyous humour is the dyuturnyte of the vlcere but the inuencyon of that which is vtyle and expedyent coÌ„meth nat fyrste of the dyuturnyte but of the malyce of the humour wherby these thre thynges folowe eche other by ordre That is the sygne thaffection and the curacyon The sygne is the dyuturnyte thaffection is the vyce of the humour and the curacyon is the euacuacyon of the sayd humour by this meane ye shal fynde that the auncyentes many tymes after the fyrste anone make mencyon of the thyrde leuyng the myddylmoste As Hyppocrates dyd whan he said it is vtyle to cause the blowe flowe often out of vlceres inueterate in what maner that it be so that the thyng be seen behouefull nat that the dyuturnyte indyketh the curacyon but the vyce of the blode For a lytel after he sayth thus The vyce of the blode hyndereth greatly the healyng of the sayde vlceres Also putrefaction of blode and all thyng that is come by transmutacyon of blode letteth all other vlceres for to heale Anone after whan he speaketh of vlceres that come nat to festring he sayth this wyse The vlceres may nat be closed togyther yf the lyppes and partyes that are rounde aboute it become swarte or blacke bycause of the rotten blode or varyce that is to say a tumyde vayne that causeth the fluxion yf ye heale nat the sayd partyes that be aboute it Afterwarde he wryteth of the cure of the varices And furthermore he maketh mencyon of the purgacyon of all the body as well in other woundes as in them where there is feare and daunger of rotteÌ„nesse called in Greke spha celos and also in serpentz vlceres and in al Eschirmenes that is to say that are eaten and reade ¶ And thus Hyppocrates is accustomed to name the vlceres that be reed by any humour And also whan he speketh of them that ensueth he sayeth in suche wordes In euery vlcere where as chaunceth to come Erysipclas all the body must bâ— purged And fynally yf ye rede
coÌ„men to the purpose place to speke It is a thynge iust and trewe to shewe that Hippocrates hath ben inuentour nat onely of that we haue sayd beâ—ore but also of all other thynges that is for to be knowen to hym that ought to hele an vlcere well For it appereth that he hath inuented the reason and maner to heale the symple vlceres and that are without other affection which lyeth and consisteth in dissiccacionâ— But also partyculerly by the kyndes of euery dysease For eyther the vycyous humours flowe no more in the sore partye or els it floweth styll Yf it flowe no more it behoueth onely to succour and remedy the party that is payned That is to wyte yf it appere pale blacke or read it must be scarified and made to blede Then afterwarde bycause that I maye vse his wordes must be layde therupon a sponge more dryer then moyst I thynke that no persone is ygnorauÌ„t that this partycle that is to wyte than hath in this place any strength of denyall as yf he sayde thus drye and nat moyste And afterwarde ought to be applyed remedyes dyssyccatyues And than yf it be requisyte for to drawe blode agayne and forth with after make suche thynges as is abouesayde vnto the tyme that the helth be all togyther gotten And yf the lyppes of the vlcere appere harde and stony they must be cutte wherof is spoken in this wyse Yf the vlcere that are cyrculer and rouÌ„de be caued somwhat it behoueth to cut in maner of a cyrcle the partyes that are coÌ„men in swellynge which in Greke is called call apostema Eyther a hoole or halfe a cyrcle accordynge to the length Also it is wrytten of all tumours that are coniunct with an vlcere how it ought for to be cured Lykewyse of the varyces for by the occasyon of them the vlcere is waywarde and rebel to be healed yf that any humoure of the sayde varyces do flowe in the vlcerate partyes In lykewyse whan the fluxyon of humour coÌ„meth â—rom all the body he byddeth that all the bodye be purged without takyng of any indicacion of tyme. And for certayne it shuld be a laughyng thynge that so many of dyuers and often contraryes shulde be taken of a coÌ„munyte For put the case that any indycyon of tyme be taken yet fynally it must be sayd what it is and compryse it in a suÌ„me as Thessalus doth nat onely we whiche hath alway an indycyon of the dysease of the body that is stopped that is to wyt that it be vnlosed and another vnlosed of the body to be stopped Lykewyse in the vlceres that that is fylthy requireth to be clensed that that is caued to be fylled that that is egal to be festred And that that ouergrowen fâ—esshe that it be had away as Thessalus selfe is authour Let hym shewe than that there is a thynge proporcyoned in the dyuturne and inueterate vlceres as there is iÌ„ all them aforesayd whiche is nat possyble to hym for he byddeth that they shulde be cut But what is that racyonall indycyon taken of tyme and than to vse remedyes of Mustarde of the whiche he taketh and vsurpeâ—h this vayne worde Metasycrisis after that he prouoketh vomytes by Raffortz And at the last whan he fyndeth none other remedy to vse Elebore Of the which thynges shal be spoken more playnly hereafter whan we shall shew that no indicacyon in what dysease soeuer it be nat taken of tyme. Albeit that the tyme is somtyme sygne of the dysease ¶ But I fynde agayne aâ— Hyppocrates wherof I merueyle of his great dylygence in all other thynges and chyefly yâ— he hath nat forgoten that whiche is pryncypally to be consydered of the mayster in medicyns touchyng to indicacion Nat onely in one dysease or two but in all That is to wyt the indycacyon that is taken of the myghtynes of the dysease which the Methodykes onely haue nat left whiche is no merueyle but also dyuers of the racyonalles Emperykes althoughe it be in dyuers maners For when they say that they haue obserued the euacuacyon of the cours of to moche blode they confesse manyfestly that they haue no regarde of other thynges that appere in the sores for to come to such euacuacyoÌ„ which that I say therfore the purgacyon is euacuacyon the which is nat indicate by the cours of to moche flowyng of blode but also for bycause that althoughe that there be no cours of redoundyng blode we must somtyme come haue refuge to the sendyng of blode in greke called phlebotomy For when the disease is great with the force of strengthes there is none but he make phlebotomy yf he be expert in the workes of the arte And sothly we se that the emperykes coÌ„meth to the sendyng of blode when any is fallen from a hye place Or when there is any partyes sore brused hurte with any wounde thoughe that the pacyent were hole sounde before without superhabundaunce of blode By the whiche it appereth that it is nat the redoundyng of blode that indicateth the phlebotomye but it is the myghtynes vehemency of the dysease the force of the strengthes acceptynge alway children And by an other reason as yf a man be hole sounde in no wyse hurt is ful in habundaunce of blode for all yâ— it is nat necessary to take his blode from hym For to some fastynge may satysfye to another small eatyng to anotherâ— flux of the wombe or purgacion or hauntynge of batthes to another onely besynes or habundaunt fretyng may be ynoughe But the phlebotomye is nat necessary to such folkes as the emperykes say also Lykewyse purgacyon is nat coÌ„uenable in the onely habundaunce of vycyous humour But lyke as the phlebotomye is made eyther for habuÌ„daunce of blode or for the magnytude fyersnes of the dysease also the purgacyon is made for the habundaunce of some other humour for the vehemency force of the dysease ¶ As touchynge the myssyon of blode we haue treated in another boke shall treate hereafter In this present boke I wyl speke of the purgacyon For they that be dyseased desyre it Nat onely bycause that it euacueth the superflue humour noysome wherw t they be greued but also to put it out be cleÌ„sed And for this cause Hyppocrates aswel in his other workes as in that that he hath wryten of vlceres considereth the vehemency strength of the dysease to the indication of purgyng sayth thus ¶ Purgacyon by the bely is profytable to many vlceres to the woundes of the heade of the bely of the artycles or also yf there be dauÌ„ger of rotteÌ„nes in the bone or where sutares behoueth or also to gnawyng Lykewyse to serpent vlceres other affections that maketh the vlceres long in healyng And also where as rollynges must be vsed in all suche affections behoueth purgacyons ¶ By these wordes it is clerely shewed that purgacyon is ê“fytable to all
canteres with cetons that kepeth it better open for the dyseases of the stomacke or on the lyuer or on the mylte for the dyseases of the sayde membres And vnder the nauyll for the water of ydropesy And Albucrasis and Haly do them with claualles dowble or treble The .x. place is in the flankes for the rupture and in the coddes for swellynge of the coddes and flankes with ceton and on the share for the bladder The .xj. place is behynde on the reynes and is made with a rounde or clauall cantere The .xij. place is on the fontyâ—elles vnder the knee .iij. fyngers brede there as the â—â—â—ert is dyuyded fro the lacert and is made with â—ounde claualles with place for the purgacyon of â—â—l the body and the dyseases of the legges ¶ Deâ—aunde Which are the general vtylytees of canâ—eres potencyalles Answere Potencyall canteres are profytable and serue to suche thynges as the actualles do saufe that they conforte nat as the actualles but they weyken the membres therfore be they more appropried to empty and deriue the humours open apostumes and restrayne flux of blode than the actualles ¶ DemauÌ„de Which are the partyculer and profitable places of potencyal canteres Answere Fyrste as touchyng theyr partyculer vtylytees they are taken of the places where as they are applyed and the places where as they are applyed ben suche for the brennynge potencyalles ought to be applied iÌ„ fâ—esshely places bycause of theyr deâ—e drawynge and deper than the actuall brennynges Howebeit they be more greuous in noble membres And the blysters potencyall canteres be applyed vpon places betwene flesshe and fell as vnder the chynne behynde on the necke in the face on the ancles and on the handes for it holdeth but humours that are betwene the skynne and yâ— flesshe as it appereth by experyence ¶ DemauÌ„de Whiche and howe many be there of actuall canteres wherto they be vsed and what shapes haue they Answere Dyuers auctours haue vsed and dyscryued the forme or shape of certayne Wyllyam of Salicet discriueth .vj. or .viij. Lanfranc .x. Henry of Mundeuyll .vij. Howbeit of all coÌ„mon canteres Guydon dyscryueth but .vj. whose names formes foloweth ¶ The fyrste is called Cultelere of Câ—ustean that is a knyfe and it is of two maners one is called Dorsall bycause it hath a backe cutteth but on the one syde and the other is Ansall bycause it is made in maner of a swerde cuttynge on both sydes And with this Cultelere be the superfluous flesshes cut and apostumes are opened and the sores vlceres rectified Of the which Culteres the shapes or fourmes are suche as be here fygured ¶ The seconde cantere is named Oliuare bicause it resembleth a kyrnell of Olyue as sayeth Haly abbas in his .ix. boke de ragali dispositione in the seconde party and chapyâ—er of doctions of the heade and nat lyke to Olyue leafe as wened Lanfrancke Salicet and Henry Also his operacyon declareth it the shape is thus ¶ The thyrde Cantere is called Dacteler bycause it is in semblauÌ„ce of a Date stone and it is bygger than is the Olyuare and the fourme is suche ¶ The fourth is named punctuall which hath the poynte sclendre and rounde it is of two maners One is made with a rest or platte bycause it shall nat â—erce thorowe the skynne and with this there be â—anteres to the dyseases called knottes in the fontenelles and in the armes and legges The other is playne longe in maner of a beme of the soÌ„ne whiche is applyed with a quylle The fourmes of them are suche ¶ The quyll ¶ The fyfthe is called a cantere subtile wherwith the Cetons are applyed with small tonges brode and perced And this is lyghter and more durable ¶ The plâ—â—◠¶ The fourme of the seconde is suche that the punctualles bycause the name of punctualles do fall often haue nede of byndynge more tydeous than these be the fourme is suche ¶ The tonges ¶ The .vj. is called Cyrculare whiche hath .v. adiutours to make .v. canteres ad nodulum with plate perced of .v. holes after this fourme folowynge ¶ Demaunde Howe and in what maner ought the canteres be applyed Answere They ought to be applyed in the fourme as foloweth That is fyrste the place must be sought where that they shall be applied and wype it wel and drie it than blysse it after take your platyne or quyl and apply them all colde but ye must nat let them â—ye long and than gyue the canteres to the worke man that shall applye them all hote and very flamynge so that the pacyent se them nat And let them be applyed vpon the sayde places in reuoluynge them contynually from one place to another that they cleue nat to the flesshe tyl the rednes begone And they muste be harder pressed vpon the bones â—han on the synewes and more lyghtly and let it 〈◊〉 done as oft as nede shall be ¶ Demaunde In what tyme and in what hour ought the canteres â—o be applyed Answere After Galyen in the thyrde â—nd thyrtene boke of his terapentyke at all tymes â—nd at all houres as necessyte requyreth so that â—he body be clene and nat full of humours ¶ Demaunde Howe longe ought they to be kepte open after the canterysyng Answere After the doctryne of Rog. of those maysters by the space of .xl. dayes or more by the space of thre monethes for that is the laste terme of apostumes as Ypocras sayth in the .vj. partycle of his afforysmes and seconde of the pronostyces And the cause is for the vertue confortatyfe entreth by the canteres by the foresayde tyme is euaporate and the place weyked and also there abydeth replexyon of euyll humours by the sayde openynge ¶ Demaunde Howe ought the place to be kept open after the canterysynge Answere They must be kepte open with tentes or knottes of waxe or with water in the whiche is steped and dyssolued the vertue of Euforbie or scamony or colloquintida or of elebora after the kynde of the humour that shall be purged or with a pease or a nut made of the wood of yuy or of Gentian and ouer it lay a cole leafe or an yuy leafe ouer that a lynnen cloth thre dowble and a platyne of brasse or laton or of syluer bounde theron and be remoued twyse or thryse a day ¶ Demaunde How must they be ordred that shal be canterysed Answere Thus. Fyrste or they be canterysed they must be conforted and to them declare the vtylytees and goodnes that canteres wyll do to them and yf it be nede to make to holde hym fast and to bynde hym well And after that they be canterised ye must apply on the sayd places oyle of Roses with whyte of an egge well beaten togyder and well in corporate by the space of foure dayes And than apply vpon it a maturatife made with butter wel wasshed and vnsalted and a lytell wheate floure or with some other vnctuous thynge and