and ingenious but the cold is dull slowe and obtuse in vnderstanding the hot complexion hath swift motions of the mind but the cold is of a slow and dull spirit In like manner in hot complexions the teeth doe soner grow and increase then in the cold We must also consider the forme and shape of the body whether it bee fat or leane because that leauenes doth argue an hot body and the fatnes a cold bodie which is to bee vnderstood by nature not by disease or by custome as in extraordinarie cares immoderate vse of Venus too vehement and often exercise and long fasting all these cause a leane and a thin body so in like manner idlenes much banquetting and delicious liuing doth sometimes cause that a body naturally giuen to bee leane may grow fat And so also a cold disposition may grow leane by greefe by cares by hunger such like for the body may be so macerated that it may waxe leane contrary to nature Besides the cold complexion is not so hairy as the hot as may be perceiued by Eunuchs and women which are of a glaber and smooth skinne The signe that is taken from the colour of the haire is deceitful because that the colour of the haire is chaÌ„ged with the age by the dominioÌ„ of a red yellow black or white humor for in the first age the haires that Calidi sunt vilosi et birsuti are yellow heate increasing through age they waxe black at the length the same heare vanishing and much slegme increasing they waxe white In like manner by things receiued into the body the constitution is discerned for the hot complexion is offended with hot things as wine not delayed vehement exercise meates with hot spices and they fall quickly into hot diseases as into Feuers and other cholerick diseases but those hot things are beneficiall vnto cold complexions Moreouer the temperatures of the principall parts as of the heart the liuer the braine and the testicles and of those necessarie parts of life as the stomach and the lungs are knowne by their proper signes as Galen teacheth in his Arteparua of which for the most part Oribasius and Paulus haue written and set forth in their Synopses Doct. Well I would haue you as Def. hum Humor esl succus naturalis guo corpus totum nutritur souetur et conseruatur briesly discourse of humors to the intent wee may not stand ouer long about this first part which is called Physiologia Stud. I haue already sayd that there are foure principall humors bloud choler slegme and melancholy these are called Primogeniti filij quatuor elemeÌ„toruin for choler is of the nature of the fire Omne liquidum fluxile corpus humidum flegme of the water the melancholick humor of the earth bloud of the aire for bloud is hot and moist as is the aire Doct. Wee will not stand long to discourse of humors because I am perswaded that you are sufficieÌ„tly studied therein but tell me your opinion is bloud the onely nourishment of the body or no Stud. It is the opinion of Aristotle that Sanguiaem solum myâ—â—ire bloud is the only nourishment of the body preseruer therof Although some are of opinion that because some parts are spermatick and other fleshie that therefore the fleshie parts are nourished with the blond the spermarick parts with the seed and the bones with the marrow the stomach with that which is called Chilus that therefore blood is not the only nourisher To which I answere that al those parts are nourished with the bloud some immediatly as the sleshie parts some mediatly as the solid parts for the seminal liquor is nothing but bloud made white by the coctioÌ„ alteratiue of the solid parts The marrow also is framed of the bloud and therefore according to the Logicians Causa causae sit causa causati for the bloud is the materiall cause both of Causa causae sit causae causati the marrow and the seed and therefore it is not to bee doubted but that all the parts are nourished with the bloud but the stomach to be nourished with Chilus is affirmed by Galen tertiÌ„o de naturalibus facultatibus But there it is abused by the name of Nutrition for it satisfieth the animall appetite by his quality that is to say by his sweetnes but not the natural quality by his substance And it may very well be perceiued by the infant in the mothers wombe whose stomack is nourished and doth grow not by Chilus because hee receiueth no such nourishment by the mouth but materno sanguine which the liuer draweth by the veines of the nauell and therefore the stomach is nourished with that bloud which it doth containe in his veines and not by Chilus Doct. I am also of your opinion but I pray you go forwards and declare vnto mee the differences of humours Stud. I will in no wise omit the differences of humours which be in number eight foure naturall and foure vnnaturall I haue alreadie shewed that the naturall is bloud flegme choler and melancholy the vnnatural is the same turned by putrefaction or else some otherwise from their natural qualities but as for the generation of them it is by the vertue of the liuer working vpon the matter and substance of food receiued into the stomack for the nourishment of Generatio humorum the body And euen as there is perceiued in new wine foure differences of humours viz. the flower or boyling of the wine secoÌ„dly the watry substance of the wine thirdly the feces or dregges thereof and lastly the pure and sincere wine so of Chilus in the liuer part is made bloud part watrish flegme part yellow choler and part grosse or blacke choler Doct. What is bloud Stud. Bloud is a temperate humor hot and moist sweet the apt and conuenient nourishment of the body Doct. What is flegme Stud. Flegme is a cold humour moist and without sauour as it were bloud 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 crude somwhat white which is carried about with the bloud to the end to mitigate the heate of the same and that it may bee conuerted into bloud by the last digesture it helpeth the distribution of the humors and doth nourish those parts that are agreeable or like vnto it selfe Doct. What is choler Stud. Choler is an humour hot dry and bitter which as it were the froth of the bloud is carried together with the same that it may nourish the like members vnto the same it openeth the Meatus and penetrateth it is prositable to the nourishment of those parts that haue the like temperament Doct. What is melancholy or black choler Stud. Melancholy or blacke choler is a naturall humor cold and dry thick Melancholy grosse blacke and sharpe part of which is carried with the bloud to the end to make the same the thicker and to nourish the bones and the spleene and it is as
enim duae sant prima communes causae morborum plethea cacochymia sicremedia sum mâ—ssio Sanguinis purgatio either by opening of a veine or purgatioÌ„ Cacochymia is a vitious quality of all the foure humours or of some one of them for either blood is distempered or choler or flegme or melancholy and that body which is so distempered is called corpus cachochymicum a body of an euill complexion iuice or disposition First therefore in the choice of the remedie we must first be carefull to deale with the cause before the disease or the symptom the antecedent before the coniunct the antecedeÌ„t cause as I haue said springeth from plethoria or cacochymian and the former is remoued by phlebotomi and the latter by purgation In the choice of the remedy also wee must consider in opening of a vein what Remedy 〈◊〉 weine must be opened as the Cephalica for the head the Basilica for the naturall parts the Epalica for the middle parts and the diseases of the stomacke and the splene In the choice of the remedy we must also diligently consider the seate of that cacochymia whether it may be remoued with Aloes Cassia or with some coÌ„mon Clyster for to purge from the first region as from the stomack from the lutestims from the hollows of the liuer from the Mesenterio and the splene it is sufficieÌ„t oftentimes to vse Rhubarb Senna Agarick with such like but where it resteth in the parts more remote we are then to vse a stronger means as Scammomack medicins coloquintiáa hermodactils black helebor others of the same kind In the choice of the remedy we must also consider the greatnes of the disease for a great disease doeth require a great remedie and a lighter the lighter remedie sometimes a small disease is cured onely by abstinence frication exercise and with light remedies In the administration of a remedy we must also consider the strength of the sicke and so dispose the medicine accordingly And this is an obseruation that the remedy must be alwares greater then the disease and before the opening of any veine a clyster must precede lest the crude humor which for the most part is contained in the first region be carried into the places that are empty of blood Doct. You haue satisfied me well in the Theorick part let vs now come to the practise Shew me your method in the Therapeuticke part let me know how you will remedy diseases that proceede of blood which we will comprehend vnder Synochus or a continuall feuer Go to let me know your method for the curation of a continuall feuer Stud. That shall I most willingly performe and I hope to your full satisfaction and contentment General remedies against diseases proceeding of bloud vnder the example of a continuall Feuer SYnochus is a continuall Feuer proceeding Signa from bloud the signes are an vnseparable rednes in the face an inflation or puffing vp of the veines artires and temples with lassitude and wearisomnes of the whole body with a sleepy disposition the vrin is red and grosse the patient hath a difficultie of breathing a full pulse high and swift The cause and the kind of the Feuer being perspected the cure wil easily follow Purgatio The first intention is with a clyster or some gentle purgation only I except cassia partly because of his humectation it increaseth the putrifaction and partly because head-ache is familiar to this Feuer and by the vse of cassia is increased by reason of the abundance of vapours that ariseth from the same Secondly I open the basilica of the right arme and according to the counsell Venae sectio of Galen I draw blood euen to the fainting of the patient And because it sometimes hapneth that in a full body a veine is hard to be found and therefore blood cannot be drawne I then cause your sanguisugae to bee applied to the thighs legs shoulders or otherwise I prouoke the Hemrrhods the Menstrus or bleeding at the nose Then to resist putrification I giue syrupus de acetositaet citri De limonibus De granatis Oxysacharum simplex with the waters of roses sorrell gramen and Cichory Or Rec. Syrupi de acetositate Curi â„¥ ij Aquae graminis â„¥ viij Fiat Iulep which must be giuen inter pastu The Syrups of Buglosse De lupulis De fumaria giuen in the waters aforesaid doeth clense the blood And forbeause the thinner blood by heate is apt to be turned in to choler and the grosser into melancholy we purge with Cholagogo as Rhubarb and with Melanagogo as Sena with some refrigerant decoction which doth also open and clense the blood as for example Rec. Radicum graminis Acetosaean Drag iij. Cichorij totius Endiuiae Scariolae an M. j. 4. Sem. frigid malor an Drij sunt Diuretica Florum cordialium an 〈◊〉 j. Fol. Sennae mundat â„¥ j. Fiat decoctio In colaturae â„¥ viij infunde Rhabarbari Drag iij. in lein expressione dissolue syrupi De Cichorio simplicis syrupi de fumaria compos an â„¥ j. ss fiat apozema in duas Doses In the whole course of the cure must be repeated clysters that haue a cooling facultie as for example Rec. Lactucae Endiuiae Scariolae Portulacaean M. j. Fiat decoctio in collaturae lib. j. dissolue mellis sacchari violati an â„¥ j. Diapruni solut Drag vj. or confectio hamech â„¥ ss velvtriusq Drag ij olci violati â„¥ iij. fiat clyster And because the blood in the great veins doth putrifie and is wont to moue great heat and paine about the loynes we doe apply ceratum refrigerans Gaseni or that which is prescribed against the hot distemperature of the reines The diet of the Patient must be thin â—â—…ctus and such as may not increase bloud for bodies that are full and impure by how much the more they are nourished by so much the more are they hurt in stead of wine he must vse aqua horaij or aqua graminis if the patient haue difficultie of breathing you may ad therevnto liquorish iniubes or the roote of vngula cabalina to strengthen the heart buglosse burrage for the heat of the liuer cichorie lettice purslan for the heat of the reines the cold seedes and Alcecengi for costiuenes violets pruna acida Tanarinds He must obstaine from egges wine if it possible may be from flesh because it doth increase the bloud and so consequently the cause of the disease Of diseases proceeding of choler with their cure vnder the example of a Feuer tertian Doct. PRoceed now to the cure of cholerick diseases which wee Febristertiana will comprehend vnder a tertian Feuer Tel me how wil you cure a tertian Feuer Stud. As there is a common cause of all diseases so for the most part there are common remedies the heate of choler is first to al to be asswaged by the vse of cooling medicines as syrups of Cichorie De endiuia De
head or by the consent of some other member or by both but the matter of the disease is either blood choler flegme or melancholy or else sometimes vapours arising from the same Achor or Furfur it is a kind of vlceration of the head like a scurffe or dandruffe and is like vnto branne or oatmeale It springeth through too much humiditie and moistnes of the braine and somtimes through melancholy or some salt humor it is not much different from Fauus which is also a kind of scaly matter in the head Phrenitis or Frenisis is the Frensie or madnes some affirme that it is bred in the pellicles of the braine called Pia mater either by inflammation or impostumation it causeth alienation of the mind and losse of memorie There is an other kind of Frensie which doth follow as accidents of some disease as with a Feuer the Plurifie and such like Lethargus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an other disease which doth take his name from the forgetfulnes of all things It hapneth with the alienation of the mind and a sleepines not to bee resisted It is caused of flegme which cooleth the braine ouermuch and moistneth it and therby doth prouoke sleepe it is deriued of Lethe obliuion and of argos hebetudo that is dull obliuion Caros or subeth is a depriuation of a mans sense and motion It doth differ from Lethargus because that those that be affected with the Lethargre will answere to a question demanded but those that are affected with this disease are occupied with a deep sleep and if they be stirred or pricked although they feele yet they will say nothing nor once open their eyes It is caused of a cold grosse and viscous flegmatick humor filling the braine Melancholia and mania is an alienation of the mind troubling reason and waxing foolish so that the Patient is almost besides himselfe It doth come without a wound or an vlcer either in the braine or in the marrow of the backe or in any particular sinewes Torturaoris called of Almansor contractio it is vntruly named the palsie for it is more neerer a crampe for because it doth contract the sinewes of those partes The chiefe cause of this disease springeth as of that of the Palsie or else of cold or some angry passion Spasmus or conuulsio in English the Crampe it is a disease in the which the sinewes are drawne and pluckt vp against ones will there bee of it three kindes the first is called by the Latines Distentio and is when the neck doth remaine altogether immoueable and cannot bee turned any way but must bee holden right forth the second is called in Latine Tensio ad anteriora in this disease the head and the neck bee drawne downe to the breast the third is called tensio ad posterioria in this disease the head is drawne downe backward to the back and the shoulders The causes by Hippocrates are said to be two that is fulnes and emptines of the sinewes in the body somtimes it doth come with the biting or stinging of some venemous beast some are also of opinion that the extraordinary vse of Venerie and vsed vpon a full stomack may cause this desease also debilitie and weaknes and the want of blood may be an occasion of this disease Catarrhus is a distillation of some rheumatick matter vnto the lower parts as when it doth discend to the nostrels and cause oppilation it is called Coryza or when it doth descend to the parts of the throat it is called Branchus or when it doth descend vnto the brest or to the lungs then it is called the catarrh from whence this verse doth arise Si fluit ad pectus Rheuma tuicc dico catarrhū Ad fances branchon ad nares dico coryzam The catarrh is also caused either through some outward coldnesse or heate sometimes by euaporation of meats sometimes by the smell and odor of hot and cold things by the immoderate vse of Venerie oucrmuch sleepe violent exercise or too much rest or repletion There are many other diseases which do spring from the braine as palpitatio membrorum tremor and stnpor with such other like which for breuities sake I doe omit CHAP. II. Of the affects of the eyes THe affects of the eyes are opthalmia the cataract lippitudo leucoma glaucoma Aegilops suffusiones and such like The opthalmia is an inflammation or an hot impostume in the eye It is caused of some distillation from the braine or else of the corruption of blood mixt with choler and somtimes accidentally by a stripe or blow the smoake dust the sunne c The cataract of some called suffusio is a disease in which the Patient doth imagine oftentimes that he seeth black things it is a corrupt water congealed like a curd ingendred of the humors of the eye distempered betwixt the tunicles set before the sight of the eye the Crystaline humor The causes hereof may bee a fall stroake heate cold paine by whose meanes the humor is drawne and gathered together or the cause may bee vapours and humours ascending to the braine and from thence discending to the eyes which in processe of time and by reason of cold are changed into water and in the end is become thick and congealed Lippitudo bleare-eyes it is when the vnder lidde of the eye is subuerted Rasis doeth affirme that to be lipitudo when the white of the eie is turned to rednesse It is caused of some salt humor or of superabundance of rheume with corruption of blood Leucoma a kind of webbe the which is rooted in vpon the eies The cause is a viscous humor or some rheumatick matter sometimes also it may come of a stripe or bruise Glaucoma is vsed in two senses for it is taken vnproperly for a webbe cataracte or spot which is gathered and dried round about the apple of the eye but there is a difference betweene the cataract and Glaucoma for the cataract is a collection and an heap of other humors then of those which are naturall in the eye slowing vnto it from some other place but Glaucoma is properly vsed when the crystaline humour is drie and thicke and the colour of it is greene whereupon the eyes seeme greene or pale Aegilops is a little fistula in the corner of the eie neere vnto the nose out of the which doth issue continually flegme or a thinne humor arising of some former disease as of anchilops suppurated but either not speedily opened or negligently dressed or rather it doth arise of some slimie matter or moist medicines or the aire which hath altered and rotted the bone in that part CHAP. III. Of the diseases of the eares DOlor aurium paine in the eares is caused of some through cold taken in iournying by cold winds somtimes it is caused of cold bathes and medicinall waters also it doth chance to many through hotte distemper sometimes through inflammation sometimes sharpe and biting humours doe cause paine in
then called Orthopnaae Pleuritis the Plurisie or Laterau dolor It is an inward inflammation or apostumation of the vpper skinne girding the ribbes called Pleura It is caused of abundance of hotte blood flowing vnnaturally To the aforesaid vpper skinne within there is adioyned difficultie of breathing the cough a continuall feuer a vehement pricking paine and a hard and sharpe pulse Peripneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs with a sharpe Feuer and difficultie of breathing It is caused of strong distillations falling to the lungs or else of the Squinancie or the Asthma or of the plurisie or of other diseases sometimes a simple inslammation is the cause of this disease Sputum sanguinis spitting of blood It is caused many times of an outward cause as of falling from an high place or a stroake or with riding or leaping or of some heauie thing fallen vpon the Breast Sometimes immoderate colde or heate breaketh the veines as Hippocrates doeth witnesse sometimes fulnesse and abundance of naughtie blood doeth gnaw asunder the veines and breaketh open the heads of them sometimes also sharpe humours falling from the head to the lungs doeth gnaw asunder the veines Empiema or suppuratio it is a spitting of a kind of matters caused when an apostume or botch beeing in the vpper skinne of those which doe girde the ribbes inwardly or else in some vpper skinne of the brest and being broken it is shedde and powred into the emptie place of the brest which is betweene the lungs and the vpper skinne girding in the ribbes It is sometimes caused through some eruption of blood and sometimes through fluxe of the head and other parts falling thither which doth sometimes change into the squinancy Ptisis or Tabes it is an exulceration of the lungs vntill there followeth spitting of bloody matter It is caused through a sharpe and gnawing humour flowing to the lungs from the head It is caused also through blood and matter that doeth remaine after the bursting out of it in them that haue the Plurisie Peripneumonia or Empiema They which haue this disease their flesh doth wash away their eies are hollow they are vexed with a cough and the feuer hectick they haue difficulty of of breathing with a pale and sware countenance Chap. VIII Of the affects of the heart and breasts PAlpitatio and tremor cordis is the panting and trembling of the heart it is a corrupt motion of the heart or a stretching out of it against nature our moderne Physitions doe call it Cardiaca It is caused through some distemperature or an euill humour which doeth rest in the celles about the heart or else some tumour or swelling against nature sometimes imbecillitie and weakenesse may cause this disease and sometimes it ariseth through a grosse melancholicke blood Syncope is a swift failing of the strength and is caused through much excretion and auoyding of blood also throngh infection about the braine and the heart causing oppilations or else through some great sickenesse it may also come through great heate and suddaine cold it may come through vehement sweating and other immoderate euacuations sometimes also feare dread and such like perturbations of the minde may cause swounding Chap. IX Of the tumour of the Pappes THE tumour of the Paps is of manisold causes for sometimes it proceedeth of cold somtimes through concretion of milke sometimes through inflammation somtimes through a stroke or blow sometimes there is an hard tumor which is cancerus and doth arise of some inward cause as the stopping of Menstrus vnnaturall melancholy and such like Concretio lactis curding of milke is caused through abundance of milke which is not drawne forth It is caused also of some hotte distemper when that through ouer-much heate the thinner part of the milke is digested and dissolued and the rest groweth together and turneth into curds it may also bee caused of colde which may cause the milke to congeale and turne to curds Inflammatio mammarum the inflammation of the Pappes is caused of abundance of hotte blood flowing to the Pappes sometimes through milke curded and turned to suppuration and matter CHAP. X. Of the affects of the stomacke DOlor stomachi paine of the stomacke is caused when naughtie venemous and gnawing humours bee kept in the stomacke whereby it doeth chance that through intollerable gnawing they cause swounding which they call stomachica Imbecillitas stomachi weakenes of the stomacke is caused through distemper of the working qualities without any flowing of humours sometimes it is caused of an humour being contained in the bosome and large space of the stomacke which hath power either to heate or coole or to moisten or drie or two of these qualities mixed together And sometimes also it is caused of an humor stuffed and drowned in the films and coats of the stomacke Vomitus nausea vomiting and disposition thereunto proceedeth of a naughtie and wicked motion of the expulsiue facultie of the stomacke It is caused of a vitious humour contained in the stomacke being either hotte or colde which humour either swimmeth in the concauity and hollownes of the stomacke or it is stuffed in the filmes thereof cleauing like bird-lime sometimes great exercise after meates sailing on the seas and ouer-fat meates may be the occasion of vomit Eructatio belching is caused either of ventositie or of some sharpe and fower humour sometimes it proceedeth of an hotte cause and that is perceiued when either there is bitternesse in the mouth inflammation thirst or that the patient receiueth remedie by cold causes as Gal. affirmeth Si à materia calida sunt cum siti si à frigida cum fame Singultus yelking or hicket is a motion of the stomacke as it were a crampe raised of the expulsiue facultie which goeth about to expulse euill and hurtfull things It is caused for the most part either of fulnesse or emptinesse as is affirmed by Hippocrates also sometime it is caused through the biting and gnawing of sharpe humours also coldnesse of the mouth of the stomacke is oftentimes the cause of yelking sometimes it is ingendred in feuers when either the stomack or some other bowel is inflamed Sitis thirst hath a two fold cause the one is through want of moisture and partly through abundance of heat also through much drinking of olde strong wine sometimes it is caused through salt humours or eating of very salt meates and sometimes the stomack is dried by the consent of the whole body as it happeneth in burning Feuers CHAP. XI Of the affects of the liuer and splene Imbecillitas Iecinoris weaknes of the liuer is caused of distemper either hot cold moist or drie a hot distemper doth burne vp as wel the humors which were before in the liuer as also those humours which are carried to the liuer by the veines mesenterij But cold distemper doth make the flegmatick and raw humor which is alreadie contained in the liuer tough and hard to bee moued and the humors that be carried to the
it were the dregs and sediment of the bloud All these foure humours as I haue said being made vnnaturall they turne to the hurt of the body as when melancholy is burned it becōmeth vitious and causeth madnes when it is mingled with too much flegme it causeth a doltish disposition and worketh cold diseases When blood becommeth vnnaturall it is made wheyish and watrish and is very hurtfull as in the hydropsic when red choler is burned it becommeth vitious and biting when flegme is made vnnaturall through a weake digesture it is made a watrish humor and so hurtfull to the body There is also another natural humor and is Primogenius the first and chiefe humor called Humidum radicale which is Humidum radicale ingendred in the similer parts or insited in nature for from the first beginning the members of the whole body are filled with a certaine dewie humor or only moistnesse truely the first thing that is ingendred hauing its beginning from the blood monstruall This humor yeeldeth nourishment to the naturall heate and therfore by the same it is consumed and needeth restauration which is performed by the accession of nourishment Galen termeth this humor the solid substance of the similer parts Doct. Now it resteth that you shew me the seat or place of euery one of these humours Stud. These 4. humors which are ingēdred in our bodies being mixed they are contained in unamassa sanguinis that is in the fountaine of blood which is said to be the better part of it selfe and being exactly confused they rest in the veines which the Physitions doe consider as it were the chiefe Elements of the bodie but those humors which are by nature deriued without the veines whether it be yellow choler in the gaule or melancholy which the splene draweth or flegme which is ingendred in the stomacke through crudities or the matter which distilleth from the braine to the nostrils and such like they are in no wise to be accoūted elements of our body and therfore they be not humors but excrements and so they are called which nature whiles it is in strength doth expell as vnprofitable vnto places conuenient and the excramentall seat of yellow choler is the gaule from whence it is purged by vrine and the stoole the receptacle of the melancholick humor is the splene by which being drawne it is spartly cōncertd into the nature therof partly it is deiected to the stomacke Doct. Proceed now to spirits and let me know what a spirit is Despiritibus Spiritus definitio Stud. A spirit is a subtile flame or rather an airy substance giuing strength and power to exercise proper actions in euery member Spirits be two fold the one vitall the other animall the vitall spirit is a subtill flame engendred from the blood and is dispersed by vertue of the heart into all the body to giue vnto the same liuely heat and a power of motion and action The efficient cause is a naturall power in the heart the matter from whence it proceedeth is blood for it is ingendred of the blood which is in the left ventricle of the heart the forme is the flame it selfe flying through all the Artiers The finall causes are two the first is that it might giue liuely heate vnto the body the second is that it may be the instrument of action and motion in the whole body The animal spirit is as it were a starrebeame which is sent from the braine by the Nerues into all the body to giue motion and sense and all other animal actions vnto the same Doct. From whence is the Animall spirit ingendred Stud. It is ingendred of the vitall spirits by the vertue of the braine elaborating and concocting the same There are some that adioyne a third kind of spirit that is Spiritus naturalis in gendred in the liuer which is the thin substance of the blood and is like vnto a vapour this spirit is carried by the hollow veine together with the blood into the heart where it is wrought by the naturall strength of the heart and so is made a vitall spirit and so the naturall spirit is as it were the matter of the vitall spirit and the vitall spirit is the matter of the animall spirit De partibus Doct. Goe forward vnto the parts of mans body and tell me first what a part De partibus is Stud. Euery member of the bodie is accounted for a part of the body and Membra principalia they are of two sorts some principall and some officiall the braine the heart and the liuer are accounted principall members some also account the testicles amongst the principall members The officiall members are the sinews and they doe serue to the braine the arteries Membra officialia which doe serue to the heart the veines which doe serue to the liuer the spermaticke vessels which be inseruient to the stones There bee also some parts that be called partes similares or Homogenae and some Dissimilares or Heterogenae The Similar parts are so called for being diuided they remaine in themselues such as they were before and those are the bones cartilagies ligaments tendons fibres membrans the skinne and the flesh with the fatte and such like The members or parts Dissimilar are the contrary Some members are called instrumentall as the stomacke the reines the bowels with all the great sinews Doct. It followeth that we speake of De faculta tibus potentijs faculties or powers Tell me therefore how many sorts of faculties or powers are there Stud. There are three sorts of powers that is to say Animal Spiritual and Naturall the Animall facultie according to Plato whom the Physitions do follow is placed in the braine the vitall or spirituall is placed in the heart the natural in the liuer Aristotle in secundo De Anima rehearseth fiue faculties or powers of the soule viz. Potentiam vegetatiuam sentientem Appetitiuam loco motuam and Rationalem Doct. What is that vegetatiue power Stud. The vegetatiue power is that which doth nourish increase strengthen the body and therefore it doeth containe these foure faculties that is facultatem nutritiuam auctricem generatricem and formatricem Doct. What is that nutrition or nourishment Stud. It is the conuersion of meate and drinke into a spirituall substance performed by the force of heate that there may bee a restoring of the same which began to be decayed The efficient cause of nourishment is naturall heat Materia ex qua or the matter from whence it springeth is the meat and drinke receiued into the body Materia in qua or the subiect is mans liuing body The formall cause is the same Assimilation or conuersion of meate and drinke into the similitude of enerie member to be nourished for one part is turned into the substance of the bone another into the substance of the flesh c. The end is the restoring of the same which began to be consumed for
all vlcers if onely we consider the vlcer is exiccation but if we consider the cause from which it is ingendred or nourished and symptoms without remouing of which it cannot be cured it hath foure intentions of curing The first that we prescribe a fit diet The second that wee intercept the matter antecedent The third that we remoue the symptoms and dispositions ioyned with the vlcer The fourth that we dry the thinne recrement of the vlcer and deterge the grosse Doct. How will you performe your first intention as concerning a sit and connenient diet S. I prescribe a diet to the patiēt either smal or large according to the strēgth of the patient or aboundance or fewnes of humors in the qualitie of meates I haue consideration of the temperament and humors redounding as wel in the whole body as the part affected as if the humors be sharp hot those we alter vnto coldnes and with all correcting the Acrimony and sharpnes Doct. How do you finish the second Stu. The 2 scope I also performe when I consider as wet the qualitie as the quātitie of humors offending as well in the whole body as flowing to the part affected and so by euacuation and imersion partly by purging medicines partly by bloud letting if strength age and other things doe agree partly by binding frictions fomenting of the parts opposite to the vlcer partly by repellent medicines to intercept the fluxe such as is vnguentum ex boro and such like Doct. How is the third scope finished Stud. We performe the third intention when wee remoue as I said the manifold and diuers Symptoms and euill dispotisions ioyned with the Vlcer for sometimes there is ioyned distemperature sometimes paine somtimes tumor and swelling and somtimes contusion often times Hypersareosin but more often thicknes of lippes corruption of bone virulent excrement foule matter hollownes crooked windings as in Fistulaes with cacoethia and euil disposition all which haue diuet scure Doct. What is the difference betweene a Fistula and an Vlcer Stud. A Fistula is a deepe and hallow Vlcer indurated with a strict and narrow orifice which doth require handie operation as the common Vlcer doth and the difference is that the ore hath callositie and induration and the other hath not Doct. Well now wee must proceed to tumors against nature tell mee how many tumors be there against nature Stud. The Physitions prescribe foure kinds of tumors against nature according to the foure humors the first is called Phlegmone and is an inflamation or collection of blood and as Galen saith is a simple tumor and an affect of the fleshie parts proceeding of a fluxe which sweateth through the coats of the veines like vnto a dew wherein they gather together to themselues a tumor with heate rednesse stretching pulsatine or beating paine which is proper to great inslammations The second is called Erysipilas and is properly an affect of the Skinne and doth proceed of pure choler and is much hotter then phlegmon and therefore is of some Physitions called ignis sa or ignis S. Anthonij and of some ignis Persicus which names may also be applied vnto or to his kinds The third is called Oedema and is soft loose and without paine springing of thinne slegme or vaporous spirits The fourth is called Scirrhoi or Scirrhus that is induration or hardnesse and is a tumor proceeding of a grosse melancholick humour and is hard without paine and sometimes without sense and sometimes also it happeneth of grosse and tough slegme and of the dregges of blood sometimes also slegmon is turned into scirrhus by the application of medicines that doe vehemently coole and binde Doctor Let mee know your method for the curing of flegmon Student The curing of Flegmon doth consist in a fourefold intention the first doth consist in prescribing of fit and conuenient diet which is in the due vse of those sixe things that bee called not naturall In this affect therefore wee must bee verie carefull to make choice of a pure cleere and cold aire also the diet must bee cold and a little drying and that which doth procure and ingender little blood and therefore wine egges and nourishing brothes must bee refrained or very little vsed the part affected must in no case bee exercised and there must also a meane bee kept and obserued in sleepe and watchings sleeping in the day time and after meales must be auoided the belly must be kept loose either by clyster or otherwise the patient must auoid anger clamour contention withal he must flie from venery and the vse of women as from a most deadly enemy The second scope is in the restraining of the Fluxe of humors which is performed as well by reuulsion as by medicines repelling therefore presently in the beginning we must open a veine in the beginning we must open a veine in the opposite part so that the Patient haue a plethorick and a full body but where there is no fulnes of body and yet notwithstanding we feare the vehemency of the disease through the greatnes of the cause and that withall the disease is in his augmentation then for reuulsion we cuta veine not far from the affect so likewise when the disease draweth to his state if it be possible we open a veine neere the effect But this wee must be carefull of that before phlebotomy the belly must be emptied and the common excrements auoided either by clyster or some bole of Cassia or otherwise The third scope is in curing of the matter now coniunct and impacted together for that must be auoided Therfore in the increase we haue a twofold scope of curing the one in repelling of the matter flowing the other in discussing of the matter inhering vnto the part Doct. What medicines haue you that doe discusle and resolue Stud. Medicines that doe discusse which be of the gentler sort are Aqua calida Vinum giluum ac tenue Panis furfuraceus fermentatus Adeps suillus gallinaceus anserinus Anatinus Oleum vetus Oleū chamoemeli Oleum anethinum Lana sordida butyrnm Furfur hordeum Lentes althea Malua agrestis chamoemeli meliloti Parietaria Absynthium brassica Caricae pingues The stronger medicines are Farinae seminis lini faenegraeca lupinorum Orobi adipes taurinus vrsinus Leoninus Olea larinum Rutaceum irinum sicynium Nucum Radices Ireos aristolochiaerotund Bryoniae gentianae follia Hyssopi Marioranae Saluiae Rutae obrotan pulegij calameti Origani sem anisi faeniculi anethi Dauci carui flores sambuci Anthos Gummi Ammoniacum B dellium galbanum Opoponax But in all hotte tumours wee are to vse the gentler remedies beforesaid and in the increase we mixe discussiue medicines with those that bee astringent As for example in a cataplasme we say Rec. Farina seminis lini ℥ j. ss Far. hordij ℥ ij Flor. cham P. j. Rostrub Drag iij. Fol. bacchar myrti an Dr. j. ss Let al be boiled in vineger to the
the eares Sovitus aurium sound and noyse of the cares is for the most part ingendred of a windie vapour or of grosse and clammy humors sometimes it is caused through weakenesse of the members When it doth chance in the recouery of a disease some humour is taken into the sinews of the cares it may be caused also of outward things as of cold heat or a blow on the head Surditas grauis auditus deafnes and slow hearing it doth begin sometimes at ones birth and sometimes afterwards which doth chance either through cholericke humours flying vpwards or through crude and grosse humors stopping the hearing Parotides be inflammations which are wont to issue out in the kernels which be by the eares It is caused of abundance of hot blood which is either mixed with choler or flegme or melancholie and sometimes it is caused of humors compact in the head and sometimes of the rest of the body by sickenesse and especially by feuers CHAP. IIII. Of diseases of the nose OZenae are certaine vlcers in the nose that be deepe and rotten out of the which doth breath a lothsome and stincking sauour the cause is sharpe and rotten humours which flow to the nostrils Profluuio sanguinis ex naribus flux of blood at the nose is caused by a two fold meanes as internall and externall externall as some fall a stripe vehement exercise and tarying in the sunne Inward causes as plenty of blood or thinnes of the same and sometimes great drinking of wine Polypus is a fleshie matter growing in the nostrils like vnto a kind of caruncle Hippocrates doth affirme that it is incurable sometimes it is caused through grosse humours descending to the nostrils and sometimes it ariseth through a melancholicke humour Coryza Read before in the description of Catarrhus CHAP. V. Of the affects of the mouth and teeth Foetor oris stinking of the mouth it is caused for the most part through putrifaction of the gummes or teeth or through meat sticking still in the teeth many times it commeth through hotte distemper of the skinne of the mouth sometimes also through corrupt and rotten humours sticking in the mouth of the stomacke sometimes vlceration of the mouth or lungs is the occasion of the stinking of the breath Acola and apthe are certaine vlcers bredde in the vppermost part of the mouth and haue a certain burning heat some are whitish and some are of a red colour and some are blacke and they are the most perillous they ingender for the most part in infants and sucking children when either the nurses milke is naught or the child cannot wel digest it These vlcers sometimes chance to them that be of perfect age as well through great flux of vitious and corrupt humors to the mouth as also through sharpnes of those things that are eaten and drunke Dolor Dentium the tooth-ach it is caused sometimes through hot or colde distemper sometimes through flowing of humours out of the head vnto the rootes of the teeth which through their sharpenes either doe gnaw about them or else with their abundance they ingender greefe in the teeth as if inflammation be about the fleshy parts Paine in the teeth is sometimes without inflammation of the gummes sometimes in the sinew wherein the rootes be planted Dentes denigrati molles teeth that be black and loose happen through the flowing of vitious humours and sometimes through a stripe or fall sometimes through flowing of moisture which doth loose the sinews and ligaments and so doeth make the teeth loose or else gnawing and weakenes of the gummes in which the teeth are set are the cause of loosenes There are many other infirmities of the teeth and mouth as Apostumes in the tongue inflammations chaps and such like vlcers of the gummes with the excrescence of flesh all which I ouerpasse for breuities sake CHAP. VI. Of the affects of those parts that serue to the voice TVmer vnulae the swelling of the vuula sometimes the vuula is inflamed and sometimes it falleth downe It is caused either of rheume or else of some hot humour but if the vuula doe fall it doth proceed either through great labour or heat or else through great sicknes or weakenes Squinantia or angina it is an Apostume of the throte Hippocrates in 3. prog 17. describeth foure kinds and Celsus doth approue but three kindes and the first kind doeth seldome appeare outward and for the most part is mortall the three other be not so dangerous It is caused through some flux of humours that doe descend from the head to the throte and sometimes it doeth come through euaporations ascending from the stomacke to the throte Bocium the Greekes call it Bronchocelen the Latines call it Hernia gutturis it is a great round tumor in the throte it setleth it selfe between the skin and the sharpe Arterie in the which sometimes grosse flesh is included as it were a kind of humour like vnto hony fatnesse or like to cheese and egges sodden together Tonsillarum inflammatio the inflammation of the Tonsils some doe call them amygdalae the Almonds they are often times inflamed for their places are hotte and moist Those which are most vexed with this euill haue abundance of blood and children and infants which doe sucke through the drawing of the milke sometimes it happeneth to men and women by the drinking of strong wines and through greedie deuouring of meate especially if they bee eager or sharpe sometimes there are vlcerations of the Tonsils which hapneth vnto those that doe abound with vitious humours CHAP. VII Of the affects which are incident vnto the breast and lungs OF the Catarrhe we haue alreadie spoken of in the infirmities of the head Tussis the cough Galen in lib. 1. cap. 2. de symptomatum causis doth affirme that a cold distemper of the instrument of breathing to be the cause of the cough Also a humour distilling from the head to the trachoea arteria and sharpnes onely of the vpper skinne of trachaea arteria going about within doeth prouoke the cough sometimes it is caused through cold or flegme descending vpon the lungs sometimes it happeneth through heate dissoluing the superfluous matter of the braine and so through a catarrhall distillation the cough is excited Asthma is a disease in the which the patient hath difficultie of breathing and it is caused when as grosse and clammie humors in abundance be gotten into the gristles lappats of the lungs or when as there is some swelling like vnto a botch sometimes a pestilent aire and the fumes of quick siluer may be the cause The disease hath a threefold division for first when it is but small and that there is no danger of suffocation at is called Dyspnaea secondly when it doeth grow more vehement and that the patient cannot breath without wheesing or difficultie it is called Asthma thirdly when the patient is not able to lie in his bedde for feare of swounding or suffocating it is
liuer it doth leaue them halfe digested A dry distemper doth make the humours drier and thitker Moist distemper doth make the humors thinne more watery therefore those which haue a weake facultie of the liuer are called Hepatici Obstructio Iecinoris obstruction and stopping of the liuer is caused of vapours windinesse hard to digest somtimes it is caused of grosse and viscous humours in the ends of the veines springing from the flat part of the liuer by which veines nourishment is sent from the stomack and bowels to the liuer Inflammatio Iecinoris Inflammation of the liuer is caused as other inflammations in other members Apostema hepatis the Apostume of the liuer hath a twofold cause as externall and internall external as a fall bruse and such like internal as gluttony indigestion of the stomack weaknes of the vertue digestiue of the liuer humors gathered together in the liuer somtimes it hapneth through inperfect clensing of the gall splene raines and intestines Scirrhus lienis hardnes of the splene it is caused of a certaine humor which cleaueth stubbornly to the splene and sometimes it happeneth after an inflāmation of the splene if it bee not rightly cured Obstructio lienis stoppings of the splene is not caused onely of the weaknesse of the attractiue vertue which is in the splene but also through stopping of the passage by which the dregges of melancholy are deriued from the liuer vnto the splene by which meanes the same vnpure excrements of blood are dispersed into all the parts of the bodie which causeth a kind of corrupt and vnnaturall colour in the whole bodie which doth incline to blacknes and if there be not speedie remedie there doth not onely follow the blacke Iaundes but also that same most dangerous disease called Scorbutus after the which doe follow most dangerous and vncurable vlcers Scorbutus the Scuruie is caused through obstruction of the splene whereby the course and passage of melancholy is hindred which being mingled with the rest of the blood infecteth all the body with vile wasting corruption the grosse part whereof falling downe staineth the legs with spots like vnto the colour of pomgranets and the thinner part being carried vp doth defile the gums with sharp fretting and lothsome growing out of the flesh This very disease is thought to be that which Plinie maketh mention of in lib. 25. of his naturall history calling it stomacaco and sceletyrbe Icteritia the Iaundes which is a sheding of yellow choler or melancholy all ouer the body sometimes there chanceth shedding of choler to the skin the liuer being safe as in the crisis of diseases many times the iaundes is caused doth chance when the blood is corrupted without a Feuer of some externall cause as it falleth out by the biting of some venemous beast Also it may bee caused through inflammation or change of the naturall temperament of the liuer Somtimes it is caused through weaknes of the bladder that receiueth the choler which doth not draw it from the liuer vnto him and so doth leaue the blood vnpure also sometimes it is caused through obstruction and weaknes of the vessells whose mouths are deriued from the gall to the liuer and for that cause cannot draw the cholerick humor Somtimes it is caused through obstruction of the passages that doe goe to the bowels Cacexìa euill state of body which is a waterish disposition of the whole body whereby it waxeth loose and soft it is ingendred for the most part of some long sicknes after the scirrsosyti and hardnes of the liuer and splene Hydrops the dropsie there are 3. kinds of them the first is called Ascites the second Tympanites and the third is called Anasarca yposarca Sarcites and Leucophlegmatia Ascites is when much watery humor is heaped vp betweene the skin or filme called Peritoneum and the bowels Tympanites is when much windines and superfluous vapour is gathered in the aforesaid places of the belly Anasarca is when the humour is dispersed throughout the whole body that all the flesh doth appeare altogether moist and wet like a spunge The dropsie is caused through great coldnes of the liuer or through other parts ouermuch cooled which doth bring the liuer into the same affect The liuer is affected through the splene being cold and by the stomack and the bowels also by the lungs the raines the midrisse also it doth chance through vnmeasurable auoiding of the haemorrhoas or through womās fluxe or retention of the menstrus or through some other great affect of the wombe Some fall into the dropsie after the gout and the great paine called Sciatia and sometimes also the dropsie doth follow the Iaundes but howsoeuer it is the coldnes of the liuer weakenes thereof that doth cause the dropsie CHAP. XII Of the affects of the belly and intestines DIarrhea is a great flux of the womb without exulceration and inflammation It is caused through weaknes of the instruments that serue to digestion also through abundance of nourishment and meat that is moist and viscous and through corrupting of the same meate Moreouer gnawing and biting of those things that are contained in the bellic also flowing of some things from aboue to the belly and also weaknes of the retentiue vertue Lienteria is a certaine lightnes or smoothnes of the bowels or a flux of the belly in which those things that are eaten and drunke are auoided euen in the fame order that they were receiued that is before it be changed or digested it is caused often times through a grieuous flux Dysenteria preceding which causeth deepe exulceration of the bowels also somtimes it is caused through weaknes of the vertue retentiue for being weakned the meates bee neither digested nor distributed but they are cast forth crude moist and nothing changed also somtimes it doth ingender after long flux of the wombe sometimes also when dropsie water is auoided by the bellie Dysenteria is an exulceratiō of the bowels the Latines call it tormina because through it the bowels are tormēted and fretted very much with paine there is ioined with this inflāmation excretiō of bloody matter dreggie the belly and the intestines are vexed with griefe Gordonius saith that it is a bloody flux with excoriation exulceration of the intestines It is caused through exulceration of the bowels also through drinking of naughtie medicines as scamonie and such like also through eating of fruit sower meats or through sharp gnawing humours flowing from the whole body to the belly or ingendered in the belly it selfe Tenasmus is a continuall desire to goe to the stoole or siege which the Patient cannot auoid and yet there is no excrements auoided except it be a little blood or filthie matter like vnto sniuel It is oftentimes caused through cold or sharpe and cholerick humors or salt slegme or impostumation or inflammation ingendred in the rectum intestinum sometimes excrements baked in the blind gutte doe cause
Tenasmus Colica passio the cholich or paine which is bred in the gut called colon it is caused many waies for sometimes it is ingendred through grosse and slegmatick humors fallen downe within the thinne skinne of the gut colon Also sometimes through windines which may not goe out Sometimes it is ingendred through sharpe and gnawing humours which doe afflict the foresaid bowels vehemently Sometimes the baking of the excrements in the intestines is the cause of that greefe Iliaca passio the Iliac passion is a disease causing most greeuous paine in the small guttes this disease is called of the Latines Voluuius and Conuoluulus It is caused through continuall corruption and crudity of meats but especially of fatte meates which doe ingender obstructions in the small guttes also vehement colde restraining and withholding of the excrements In like manner much drinking of cold things especially if it be taken when they sweat CHAP. XIII Of the affects of the reines and bladder MIctus sanguinis pissing of blood is caused through weakenes of the reines which be not able to diuide the vrine Sometimes blood is pissed forth through breaking of a veine in the reines as sometimes it doth happen to those that haue lifted some great waight or leapt violently or fallen from some high place Sometimes it doth chance through gnawing of the veines of some sharpe humours flowing from aboue Renum inflammatio inflammation of the reins It is caused through corrupt humors and medicines that doe engender inflammation of the reines and especially continuall and vehement ridings Calculus renum the stone in the reines is caused through continuall crudity and rawnes of the stomacke whereby abundance of grosse and earthy humours are heaped together and burning of fiery heate about the reines parcheth the humours and so baketh them together and hardneth them into a stone Diabetes is a continuall disease about the reines causing much thirst and also whatsoeuer is drunke euen as it is taken is pissed out againe It is caused of weaknes of the retentiue facultie of the reines but there is such strength of the attractiue vertue that it sucketh from the whole bodie through immoderate heate The patient is troubled with a marucilous thirst neither is it auoyded by receiuing of any kind of liquor Vlcers of the reines is caused through rupture and breaking of the veines in the reines also it is caused through rotting of inflammations and through sharpe and gnawing humors carried into the reines Inflammation of the bladder is a most grieuous and mortal disease it proceedeth for the most part as other inflammations Stillicidium urinae the strangurie is a disease when as the vrine doth distil downe by drops or by little and little and causeth a continuall prouoking and desire to pisse It is caused through the sharpenes of the vrine or by the exulceration of the bladder or by an impostume of the iiuer or the reines which being broken doth send the filth matter to the bladder through the sharpenes wherof it doth cause a continuall desire to pisse Dysuria is a disease wherein the vrine is hardly pissed out It is caused through weakenes of the bladder and through a cold distemper which hurteth the actions thereof Sometimes it is caused of grosse and slegmaticke humours which do stop the neck of the bladder Iscuria suppressio vrinae it is a disease in the which the vrine of the patient is altogether letted and stopped It is caused sometimes through weakenesse of the bladder sometimes it chanceth by the stopping of the nether passages of the bladder or of grosse humours or of a stone congealed Sometimes it is caused through inflammation or of or hardnes of some swelling against nature as the caruncle and such like which doth make the passage straiter or stoppe it altogether Also matter sent downe from the liuer and reines or some other place causeth stopping of the vrine Sometimes grosse and clammy humours fill vp and stop the passage so that the vrine is stopped and hindered Priapismus is a disease wherein the yard is extended in length and bignesse without any lust or desire to the acte of generation at all It is caused either through immoderate opening of the mouth of the Arteries or of some vaporous spirit ingendred in the hollow and sistulous sinew Sometimes this disease chanceth to them which haue abstained long from carnall copulation contrary to their custome especially to those in whom blood doth predominate and vsing little or no exercise Satyriasis is a continuall erection of the yard with a desire and appetite to carnall copulation the causes are as of that of Priapismus Gonorrhaea is a disease in which the seed or sperme is shedde against the patients will It is caused through imbecillitie and weakenes of the retentiue vertue in the vessels containing the sperme or through some other disease that moueth the parts of the vessels of sperme also sometimes it is caused through flux of the spermaticke vessels the seed that commeth forth is waterish and thin without appetite of carnall copulation and for the most part without feeling of it but sometimes it doth come forth with a certaine pleasure There is another kind of Gonorrhaea which those men are subiect vnto whose liuer reines and seminarie vessels abound with heat full bodies like to goats who in their nightly dreames lying vpon their backes shed forth a spermatick matter and effusion offeede of which the Poet Lucretius speaketh Irritata tument loca semine fitque voluptas Eijcere id quo se contendit dira libido Incitat irritans loca turgida semine multo Idque petit corpus mē unde est sancia amore There is yet another kind of Gonorrhaea and that is virulent and is a symptom that doth follow lues venerea Ischias called sciatica is a grieuous paine of the huckle-bone which the Greekes call Ischion It is caused through a grosse slegmatick humor which being congealed abideth in the ioint of the huckle-bones For which cause crudities and rawnes with vnmeasurable vsing of venereous acts must be auoided Also violent exercises and walkings with stopping of the haemorrhodes with other accustomed euacuations as the purgation of the menstrues other ordinary exercises may be an occasion of this disease Arthrites weakenes and paine in the ioynts is ingendred of continuall crudities and drunkennes with the immoderate vse of lechery also through vehement and swift deambulations and walkings through long standing and often riding also by suppression and stopping of accustomed excretions and fluxes and of letting slip of accustomed exercises sorrowes cares watchings and other perturbations of the mind do not onely engender this euill but doe also breed hurtfull and corrupt humors Sometimes also the colicke is turned into the goute when it is not well cured Thus haue I breefly touched those chiefe diseases that are incident to mans body I will now proceed to the definition of feuers and so draw this booke to an end Febris a feuer the