Therfore if that I should wryte the same agayne I shoulde both be ouer tedious to such as showld heare me also I showld breake my promyse because I haue promised to write a brefe and a shorte treatyse vpon Phisicke The .x. chapter of powers or faculties A Facultie or a power is the cause frō whence the action procedethe There be .iii. faculties or powers diuers ech to other which gouerneth the bodye and be called Animall vitall and naturall The animall power or facultie cummeth from the brayne by the senewes geueth both mouyng and felynge to eche part of the body and is author of the senses and all voluntary actions The vital power cummeth from the harte and is caryed in the pulse throughout the bodye wherto it geueth life wherof it is euident that the hart is the wel of lifely heat the natural power cōmeth from the liuer and is caried to euerye parte of the body by the vaynes and serueth to the norishynge of the same This power or facultie is deuided in .iiii. other powers the first is attractiue the second is retentiue the third concoctiue or alteratiue the fowerth expulsiue The attractiue power is the same by y e which euery part of y e body draweth to it such iuyce as is mete and conuenient to norishe it and that iuyce which is sooneste made like is most conuenient for nowrishment therfore this power seing that it prepareth matter to the norishment of euery part serueth to the power alteratiue or concoctiue The retentyue power holdeth y e same which is al redy drawen vntyl it be altered chaunged this power also serueth vnto the alteratiue or concoctiue power The alteratiue power hath name of hys action for it altereth the iuyce and at the length maketh it lyke to the part that is norished The expulsiue power or facultie separateth the euyll from y e good lest with long tariynge together the one shoulde marre the other this as the other serueth to the alteratiue power These .4 powers be in euery part of euery naturall body as Gallen witnesseth in hys bokes of powers or faculties ¶ The .xi. chapter of Actions AN action is an actuall mouyng procedinge from a facultie and therefore the facultie is alwayes the cause of the action wherfore whan the power perisheth ther foloweth no action at all That which the action hath made finished is the worke as bloud fleshe bone and as ye may call euery action a certayne worke of Nature so ye can not call euery worke an actiō as flesh is a work of nature not an action There is in y e body .ii. manner of actions One is called Anymall or voluntarie which procedeth from the synowes and muscules this is suche an actiō y t whan it is it may be seased whan it is not it may be raysed as a man listeth as in example The head armes and legges may be moued or holden styll as it shall plese the dody that hath them This action is parted in to thre The first is of feelynge which is deuided in .v. as in to the action of seinge hearinge felinge smellynge and tastyng The secōd is the action of voluntarye mouyng The third is the action of the cogitation memory and reason which of all the rest is most noble and excellent As for respiration is a voluntary action because it is in oure wyll to holde oure breth or to let it go which is euident of the seruaunt that Gallē speketh of which held his breth vntyl he dyed Wherfore it is euident that sūme voluntarye actions be free sum serue the affectiōs of the body For to walke any whither or to speake with any body or to take any thinge be fre actions but to ease the belly or to make water serue the necessitie of the bodye Yt is possible for a mā to holde hys peace yf he haue so constitute with hym selfe an hole yeare to gether but to hold his excrement or hys water .ii. monethes or .ii. weckes it is not possible For they prouoke so oft and greue a man so muche that oftentymes they wyll not abyde tyll they maye be conuenientlye let forth and lyke vnto these is respiration or the actiō of brething For whosoeuer hathe his brethe stopped but a very littell tyme it is a greate doubte yf he dye not fourth with all But the naturall action which is not voluntarye cummeth of the vaynes and pulses For let a man doe what he shall and yet they wyll doe theire office without any let Amongest the naturall actions be reckened generation Auction nutrition Formation Alteration appeticion attraction concoction retention distribution excretion such other But as for generation it is not one simple naturall action for in it is bothe alteration and formation The amplyfycation and increacement in length bredeth and depenesse of all the vttar partes of the bodye is called auction Nutrition is the assimilation or makyng lyke of the nurishment to that that is nurished to the whiche apposition and agglutination or adhesiō be necessary For after that the iuyce which afterward shall nurish euery part of the body is once fallen from y e vaynes it must first be put to and then ioyned or glued last of all made like It is very mete and expedient for euery Phisition entending his pacientes health diligently to consider all the actions as well the animall as naturall because of them the constitution of the body is easy to be knowen For what body so euer is in health the same hath all the actions parfit and sownde and what body is sicke and diseased it hath cleane otherwise Moreouer the action for the most part declareth the place affected For there can be no action hurt but that part or instrument wherin it is must be affected also ¶ The .xii. chapter of spirites A Spirit is a subtyl thynne and bright substance made of the finest partes of the blowd that the power may be caried from the principall partes of y e body to y e rest wherby eche maye doe hys dutie and office There be in number only .iii. spirites the animall vitall and naturall The animall spirit hath his place in y e brayne and being dispersed in the senewes geueth the power of mouinge and feling to eche part of the body It is made of the vitall spirite The vitall spirit is in the hart and is caried in the arteries throughout the body being the very cause of all naturall and lyuely heat It is made of the exhalations or the dryest and finest partes of the bloud Yf there be any naturall spirit it is in the liuer and vaynes and in dede to say the truthe there is no greate nede for any spirite to carry any power of nowrishing through the body seing y t euery part draweth hys nurishment euen as the adamante stone draweth yron besyde this the liuer hath no such matter as any spirit can be made of For if
to say y e springe summar autumne and winter be For euery one of these by hym selfe and without comparison maye be called hote cold drye or moyst of this fashion the spring is withoute all excesse because there is not as is in wynter more colde then heat nor as in summar more heat thē cold lykewyse there is a mediocritie of drynesse and moysture and therfore Hippocrates sayeth that it is the most holsumest tyme of all the yere and a tyme in the which there chaūseth no deadly sicknes For y e moste part of the diseases of the springe happen by reson that all the euyll humors be driuen from the innar partes in to the skynne Wherefore the diseases be rather to be imputed to the body then to y e tyme of y e yeare For what body so euer hath good homours that bodye remayneth styll in healthe so long as the spryng lasteth paraduenture it doeth not so in summar autumne or wynter because these tymes brede or encrese euyll humors as summar encreaseth chollar autumne melancholy wynter fleme watrish humors It is possible that sum man wyll reprehend my sayinges obiecting the begynnyng of the springe to be coulde accordyng to wynter the latter ende hot as in summar In dede I confesse no lesse then y e begynnynge of the springe to be a lytell coulde and the latter ende a lytell hote but not in excesse as it is eyther in summar or wynter Wherfore it can not be called hote and moyest as sūme doe suppose because it can not be hot and temperat both at one tyme. As for summar by the consent as well of the Philosophers as of phisitions is hot and dry because there is in it more heat then could more drinesse then moysture Autumne simply and without exception can not be called colde and dry as sūme holde opinion for it is not coulde because there is as muche heate as coulde seing the middle of the day is much hotter then the mornynge and euenynge Therefore it is founde to be distemperat in heat and coulde and so mixt of bothe that it can nether be called hote nether coulde Therefore it is full of perilouse diseases because it is distempered both in heate and coulde and because it hath more drynesse then moysture therefore it is called dry As for wynter it is moyst could not because it is more moyst coulde then y e other times of the yere but because there is more moysture then drines more could then heate Nowe that I haue so brefelye as I coulde declared the temperamentes of the tymes of the yere it is mete cōuenient to shewe in as fewe wordes as I can the temperamentes of the iiii ages which are chyldehode youth mannes state and olde age Chyldehode is from the chyldyng the space of .xv. yere next folowyng and it is hote and moyst and that is easie to be perceyued hereof that the first constitution of the chylde is of seede and bloude the whiche both be hote and moyst Youthe beginneth where chyldehod endeth continueth .x. yeres in this age ther is more firye heat lesse natural heat thē is in childehode as Gallen witnesseth in hys second boke of temperamentes Mannes state begynneth at .xxv. and continueth to .xxxv. the which tyme is hote and dry Olde age beginneth at .xxxv. and continueth the rest of the lyfe though summe doe recken it but to .ix. and fortie yere and it is colde dry Ye shall fynde in other places mo differences of ages howbeit I thinke these sufficient for suche as be not to deynty and exquisite Whoso thinketh hym selfe not satisfyed with this brefe exposition of temperamentes let hym reade diligently Galenes .iii. bokes of temperamentes and I dout not but he shall be satisfyed For I makyng haste to better and more profitable knowledge cānot finde in my harte to tary any lenger in this disputation yet whoso euer shall dilygently examine in hys mynde that that is wryttē before may easely yf he be not halfe folishe gather y e rest which wanteth without a techer or an instructar ¶ The .viii. chapter of humors HVmours be fower in number that is to say bloude chollar flewme and melancholy of the which bloude is hote moyst and swete Flewme is coulde moyst and vnsauery lyke vnto the pure water yelowe chollar hote dry and bittar blacke chollar or melancholy coulde drye sowre and stipticke These humours be called hot could dry and moyst because they be so in power and not in acte and ther is great difference betwixte thinges that be hot of power and thinges hot in acte For that thing is hot in acte which is hot alredy and that is hot in power which is not hot alredy but may and is apt to be hot afterward so we call bryne or vinegar drye though they appere to the eye to be moyst yet experience hath proued them drye because they consume the superfluous humours bothe of flesh also other thinges Whan these .iiii. humours reserue theyr forsayde qualities then the body wherein they be is hole and without disease and the before named humours be called of the Phisitions naturall The receptacles of bloud be the vaynes and pulses but the bloud that is contayned in the pulses as Gallen sayeth in his first boke and first chapter of affected places differeth from the blowde of the vaynes in that that the blowde of the pulses is both hotter thynnar yelower The well of the blowde is the liuer not onely that but also the first instrument of mannes bodye and the naturall and true cullour of the blowd is red which Galen affirmeth in many places Where blowde redoundeth the body is feat fayer mery plesantly disposed Flewme of cullour is white which at the length by y e meanes of naturall heat may be tourned in to bloude and therefore seinge it is a nowrishment but halfe boyled nature hath prouided no propre or peculier receptacle for the pourgynge of it For flewme engendred in the stomake or mawe be cause it is carryed together w t the iuice that came of the meate drinke vp in to y e liuer is at length by much alteration tourned into bloude and that which is caryed together with the bloud in the vaynes may skant be spared because it mittigateth the greate feruent and outragious heat of y e bloud therfore it hath morenede to tarry styll be altered then to be pourged caryed away but y t that remayneth behynde in the guttes is pourged caryed quite oute at the fundament by reason of the chollar cūmynge fro the lyuer as Gallen sayeth in the .v. of his bokes of the vse of the partes of mannes body The excrement which falleth frō y e brayne in to y e mouth can not properly be called flewme but rather muck or sniuil flewmatick bodyes be slothfull slepy fleshye soone horeheared Yelowe chollar hath his name of his culour nature hathe prouided a proper
and yet the same accidentes be called also passiōs The reste which be the faultes of sum action as ouer much inanition or retentiō be alonly called passions not affections because they be not thinges permanent but is only and remayne so long as they be in growing Here it is to be noted that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes firste whan it suffereth of it selfe as if the guttes suffer payne of anye sharpe or bytynge humors conteyned within them which may be called theyr owne passion Secondarily whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another as whā the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres cummynge from the stomacke which is called a passiō by consent of other ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected ¶ The .ii. chapter Of the causes of diseases THe cause of y e disease is an affectiō against nature going before the disease and stirring it vp which of it selfe firste hurteth no action but accidentally that is to say by other And secōdarily as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases one is externall so called because it is outwardly receiued and was not before with in the body as colde and such other The tother is called internall which is within the body as humors putrified within the body growen out of temper Gallē speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen w t other of the same layer affirme that ther is an other cause which ioyneth euer with the disease and the takyng away of it is as they say the curynge of the sicknes as yf rotten or putrifyed humors kindell a feuer thē by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is takē away y e feuer must cease of necessitie howbeit it is for y e most part sene that y e feuer remayneth after the putrifactiō is clene gone wherfore it is euident that Auicen and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin howbeit I thinke this to be y e thing which deceyueth them They define sycknesse as it were the actiō hurt alredye and not that that hurteth the actiō first so that they call that the sicknesse which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallē or elles of such as folowe hym as Aetius Paulus Aegineta Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man can do no lesse thē confesse the same ¶ The .iii. chapter Of diseases A Disease is an vnnaturall affectiō of the body by which the action is fyrste hurt therfore it differeth frō the cause in that y e the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe but by meanes of the disease Of diseases ther be .3 chefe principal kindes one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of y e latins similares such be y e bones senewes vaynes with all other simple sparmaticke partes another is in the instrumentes as in the heade eyes handes and feet the thirde consisteth in them both That disease y t happeneth in y e sparmatick partes is such a distemperature ether of heat coulde drynesse or moysture that it hurteth summe action for a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole and not sicke but whan the distemperature groweth so much that it hurteth any action of the body then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered is sicke and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt may not be called sicke but intemperat For of them that be hole yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat one of these .ii. muste nedes be true ether all men alwayes to be sicke or elles all men to haue one distemperature which bothe be very false The same distemperature which before I called a disease of y e sparmaticke symple partes is deuided in to .ii. Egall not egal it is called an egall distēperature whan all partes of the body are distempered alike as in the feuer hectica which is a cōsūptiō wherin al partes of y e body be like hote and the contrary vnto this is the distemperature which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy that falleth in to the legges and feete and in all kynde of feuers excepte the before named hectica Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii kyndes The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie as the burnynge of the fire or of the sunne The .ii. is besyde the qualitie the fluxe of sum humor as in y t kynde of swellynge y t is called phlegmon Besyde this of distemperatures one is simple and an other is compound it is called simple whan on qualitie as heat or colde excedeth alone and compound whan many excede together as hot and moyste colde and drye excedynge to gether in one member The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes may be called the euyll constitution or composiciō of them But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases for sum be simple and they be .iiii. in number one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation another in the number of partes the thirde in the quantitie of eche part and the .iiii. in the composition The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie or elles after by casualtie which shoulde not and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe of number whan there be ether to many or to fewe partes of quantitie whan they be ether to big or to litel of cōposicion whan they be put in wronge places or whā they that shoulde agre together doe not The thirde kynde of disease is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes as to the instrumentall and it is the deuision of that that is hole and of one pece which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō in the fleshe a byle in the bone a broken creuise in the senowes a conuulsion or crampe These diseases sumtyme be compounde whiche is whan they be ioyned to other Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis of the which sum be verye quicke and sum be dull or slow Such as be very quick wil be at the worste in .iiii. dayes or soone after Of such as be quicke and sharpe there be .ii. sortes for sum wyll be at the worste in .14 dayes and sum not vnder .40 All
the pleuresie is knowen by the prickyng payne of the syde y e difficultie of brething by the fieuer whiche alwayes is annexed to it by y e coughe hardnesse of the pulse but y e greatnesse of it may be learned by the quantitie vehemency of the forsayde accidentes and the manner of it by the accidentes which folow it as yf they be many in number yf they be longe mightye and euyll or such as to these be cleane contrary the mouynge of it by the tyme of the partes of the fit To these .iiii. the consideration of the cūtry the tyme of the yere the nature cōstitutiō of the sickmanes body with other such as is in this same chapter before rehersed is necessary also Of these that Phisition which is an artificer shall easily iudge life or deth in his pacient he y t is not let hym speake no farther thē he knoweth so he shall sustaine no blame nor shame ¶ Of the vryne The .ii. chapter SEing that the vryne is the alonly marke of y e liuer vaynes in what error thinke you that the Phisitions are now a dayes which take vpon them to iudge all diseases by the vryne which is as absurde impossible as of the spettell to declare the gryefe of the bladder and raynes wherfore seinge that agaynste all knowlege and good lernynge they do so shamefully abuse the lookynge of the water deceyue the poore ignorant and simple people so craftily I thinke them worthy to be called as Aristophanes calleth them couetouse and vnlerned Phisitions sithens that they esteme more theyr filthy lucre then the truthe But nowe to my pourpose The vryne is the excrement and watry substance of the blood which after y e concoction doone in the vaynes is drawen thense by the kidneyes or raynes in to the bladder where it is reserued tyl it may cōueniently be let out in the beholding of the which ther is .4 thinges to be cōsidered which be these folowing y e substance cullar quantitie cōtentes of y e which no man can wel iudge which knoweth not parfitly y e holsummest of all other the best vrine wherto he may cōpare the rest The best water or vryne and the which is of a temperate man in substance is nether to thicke nor thinne but moderate in quantitie as much no more then he dronk in cullar sumwhat inclinynge towardes yealowe hauynge a white light and equall sediment such a water as this of a yonge Phisition shoulde often be loked vpon to the entent that whan he seethe any other differ neuer so litell from it he may forthwith cōiecture the same man whose water he hath sene so much to differ from parfit health how much hys water differeth from the other Now after I haue showed which is the best water ther remayneth behynde the declaration of such thinges as is in y e vryne especially to be cōsidered which I pourpose to declare orderly The substance of the vryne is ether thicke thynne or moderat and equall betwixt both That which is moderat is of all other the best and yf it be to thinne or thick it declareth vnparfit concoction Of the thyn vryne there is .ii. differences For the one is pissed thynne and clere and so remayneth styll and the other is pissed thinne and clere and after becummeth thycke and troubled but they be both crude rawe and doe lacke concoction thus they differ The tone signifieth extreme cruditie declarynge nature as yet not to haue begūne any concoction The tother showeth that nature hath begun concoctiō but very lately The troublesumnes signifieth great plenty of wyndie spirites to be mixt with the watry substance of the vryne Of thycke and troubled waters there is also .ii. differencis yf it be thick whan it is pissed then afterward it waxeth clere hauing a residence in the bothome which proficieth of sum inequall turbulent matter remayning behynde in the vaynes And on the other side sum other water whiche after it is made is thicke and remayneth so stil which signifieth great trouble and agitation as yet to remayne in the bloode Hitherto I haue declared the substance of the vryne wherfore now foloweth the cullar of the which ther be .vi. differencys in especiall which is white pale tawny yealow red blacke For all the rest be contayned vnder these Vndar white is contayned the cullar of cristall snowe water the which all signifie great cruditie Not so whyte as these is milke horne white the hearres of a chammell And as the vrynes of these cullars differ from very white so they declare better concoction After whyte they be next that be sum deale pale the which because they be a littell tincte they ar not extreme crude A pale cullar is made by the mixture of chollar and water together so that in the mixture there goeth but a litell chollar to a great dele of water of pale by meanes of concoction sūtime is made a light tawny which Actuarius taketh to be the cullar of gilt After a tawny followeth a light yelow which is a cullar like the floures of cartamus which is commonly called the gardyn saffaron after the which commeth yealowe whiche is the cullar of saffaron and a light red whiche is y e cullar of a certayne drug called bolum is next then red it selfe which is the cullar of a cherry after these is a darke red whiche is the cullar of a mulberry and yet there is a darcker which is made of whyte and red egally myxte together and of the latyns it is called Venetus grene is the cullar of beetes whiche the gardiners call the whyte beetes or elles the cullar of y e precious Emmoroyde Besyde these there is yet other cullars as the cullar of oyle the cullar of lead and all cole blacke cullars which is knowen almost of euery chylde Yf I haue here in the discripsions of cullars misse or wronge named any cullar I praye the paynters to accept my good wyll and pardon my ignorancye in the iudgyng of cullars y e Phisiciō shoulde be prouident because that oftentymes with euery light occation the cullar of the vrine dothe alter and change not only in them that besicke but also in thē y t be hole of this mutatiō or chaunge there is .3 special causes The first is meate not wel altered or disgested which is not apt to make bloude wherfore it changeth the cullar of the vryne to y e same cullar that it selfe is of which is wont to happen to them that is sicke and diseased yea and sumtyme to such also as is hole moreouer sum medicine will alter the cullar of the vrine The second cause of y e altering of y e cullar in y e water is the drinke for the vryne cōmonly kepeth the cullar of those thinges which is receyued in the drinke The .iii. cause is the collyquation of such thynges as consume and melt in the body