receive examination when we shall have time or when it please my Reader in Pathologicall Anatomy Cur duo But we say that nature hath made two Kidneys for more strong and more equall attraction from the liver Ob aequalem attractionem as two eyes for equall aspect So then she hath made two for one little one had been too little for so great a businesse and one great one had not poysed the body and therefore two Historiae Vesalii Eustachii Vesalius saw one in habente ventrem impense prominentem So Botallus observed one great one and Eustaâ—hius two on the left side and one on the right Situs Situs Behind the guts and stomach under the liver and spleen close to the Ridge-bone and the sides of Cava and Aortae but not equally distant the better to draw water 〈◊〉 Cava which was of necessary use whilest it was in the small veins bepatis mesenterii but now come into larger passages and thickened by the heat of the liver and heart there is no use of it Non aequâ—lis Their seat is not one against the other that they hinder not traction They are lodged upon the muscles which bend the thigh a little beneath the edges of the short ribs in the hollow between the Ribs and the huckle-bone wrapped between two Coats of the Peritonâ—um Inter duplicaturam Peritonaei and therefore the Kidney may be wounded the Cavity of the belly untoucht and wherefore in the stone not out Hence stupor craris by the compression of the muscles and nerves descending Concerning Bauhinus's Question de Nephrotomia Avicen in 3. Can. 18. Nephrotomia Avicen sen doth discommend the Practice Est enim operaetio ejus qui rationem non habet Iâ—â— de part follows this text Serap Serap tract 4. cap. 22. sayes that some of the ancients command to cut the back super latus duoram Iliorum in loco Renum But his judgement concurres with Avicen that Audacia est diffiâ—ilis vehementer This is the judgement of the Arabians The right is lower then the left Ren dexter inferior sinistro Conâ—rar secundum Rufum Piccolhom because it gives place to the liver it reacheth to the third vertebrae of the loynes Rafas sayes the right is higher and greater Piccolhominy sayes it 's commonly higher quia all parts of the right are higher then the left And both Rufus and Piccolhominy have this opinion from Aristotle 3. Piccolh de Part. An. cap. 9. Quia motus ex parte dextra provenit natura dextra validior est supercilium dextrum majus arcuatum magis quam sinistrum habetur And Averroes puts to it Averroes Quia officium ejus validius est habetque suum situm modo quo melius attrahat But we find the contrary for it 's only then equall or lower then the lest when that part of the liver comes shorter and hollower They are seldome even in regard of the position of the liver and spleen Yet Riolanus hath seen them equall The left is under the thinner piece of the spleen Sinister higher then the right that sometimes it reacheth to the second vertebra of the Chest The right for the Emulgent veins shortnesse is seated close to the Trunk of vena Cava the left for double length of his Emulgent is not so near the Cava they are four or five fingers distant one from the other and seldome nearer Yet neither is half higher then the other In beasts the left is higher Some have observed certain Rami or vessels which run from the left Kidney into the right Testicle but in women to the right part of the uterus Conneâ—us Lumbis Connexus is by the benefit of the externall Coat of the Peritonaeum to the loyns Riolanus sayes better inter duplicaturam Peritonaei which is membrana adiposa Membrana adiposa ab Aristotele 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is subject to be dislocated and thrust out of place even to Os sacrum and hath been taken pro schirroso mesenteriâ— Well they are tyed to the loyns the Diaphragma Diaphragma Dexter Caeco Hepati Sinister Colo Lieni venae Cave Aorta vesica the right to Caecum and sometimes to the Liver the left to Colon whereby many times the Collick and Nephritick pains are not distinguished yet both eased by Clysters To the spleen to vena Cava and Aorta by the Emulgent vessels to the Bladder by the ureters to the liver heart and Brain by the veins Arteries and Nerves hence that diversity of passions Figure is long and broad broader upwards Figurae eminent flat backwards to the Ilia long bossy answerable to the bent of the HypochoÌ„dria forwards like a bean so that their faces to the Vena Cava are hollow for the more fit receit of the vessels Their Magnitude is answerable to the Quantity of the serum which is avoided Magnitudo But the left is lesser and shorter then the right Yet they are of the length of 4. vertebrae and the breadth of 3. fingers at most Their bignesse is much different in men Before we come to the substance of the Kidney it is fit that we take view of the two membranes with which each Kidney is invested The externall membrane hath Externa membrana as the inner his beginning from Peâ—itonaeo But the externall shuts it in as in a purse and therefore it 's called Renum Fascia Renum Fascia This sticks not close to it but is easily separated it receiveth into it venaâ— adiposam and sometimes a branch from the Emulgent It is wrapped about with a great deal of fat Adepâ— which is made of the surplusage of the nourishment of the vessels but the right is not so fat as the left says Aristotle which Eustachius denies Aristotle lib. 3. de part Animal cap. 9. because the right side is dryer and subject to more motion now all motion doth consume fat which Eustachius denies and brings the example of the motion of the heart and the eyes Yet Averroes Quia membrorum dextrum validius calidius motus autem pinguedinem liquet in sicco it's true in hunâ—â—dâ— false Adeps of the Kidney Adeps Piccolhominy would have their matter to be oyly aeriall and lentoris cususdam particeps vapours of the bloud Their efficient cause not being the frigidity of the membranes but their thicknesse so that the vapours arising and struck into these thick membranes quasi suo lentore viscati membranis adhaerescuntâ— and there concocted and made thicker tandem in adipem concrescunt so that a great part of oyly and excellently elaborated bloud runs with the water into the Kidneys by whose heat it 's turned to vapour and so breathing forth per Caeca Renumspiracula strike into the thick membrane of the Kidneys where sticking and there further concocted is thickened and comes to be
suffer by their continuall motion This great one hath his rise out of the left ventricle with a large mouth from whence by his contraction bloud and spirit elaborated in the left ventricle is conveyed with heat into the whole body and least in the dilatation they should run back into the ventricle nature hath put three valves in his orifice Tres valvulae intus foras Sigmoides Sigmoides intus foras vergentes as are in Vena Arteriosa but are greater and stronger quia the body of this artery is stronger then that of Vena Arteriosa These hinder the aliment drawn out of the guts by the Mesaraick arteries from coming to enter the heart In some creatures it is cartilagineous in some bony secundum Aristotelem Quia quod movetur movetur supra aliquo quiescente cui innititur dum movetur The branches of this artery come along with those à Porta and Cava yet sever with Cava As the veins which come to the skin have no arteries so in the substance of the muscles they are seldome seen with veins because the bloud is thinner and the spirits breathed from the arteries can come further without help of an artery Use of this great artery and his branches have a double consideration Vsus duplex 1. ut canales Ad spirituum vitalium retentionem c. 1. as they are pipes or channels 2. as they have pulsation As channels they are given to the parts for three causes 1. That they may hold spirituall and vitall bloud and distribute it through the whole body 2. To carry vitall spirits for the upholding of the parts 3. To transmit with the same spirit heat and vitall faculty through the whole bodie As they have pulsation 2. ut pulsatiles 1. Naturalem calorem fovere c. they have 3 uses 1. To preserve the naturall heat of the parts by saving it for otherwise it would be extinguisht 2. By his motion to hinder putrefaction in the veins for bloud else would soon putrefy 3. To shake the bloud into the substance of the parts whereby nutrition may be made This motion of the arteries is called pulsus Hic motus Pulsus which is perfected by dilatation and contraction and it is not insitus arteriis but flows à Corde as appears if you tie an artery beneath the ligature it moves not and are simul dilated and contracted with the heart Only in this they differ that the motion of the heart is greater and vehementer Arteries are close under veins not for safegard but that by his motion they may force bloud to come into the veins as likewise being dilated they draw from the veins and contracted cast it back again by the mutuall passages of the veins and arteries so likewise by their mouths terminated in the skin all fuliginous excrement they may avoid and draw a great part of aire into them And this is that that Hippocrates says Totum corpus foras introque spirabile est Hence is his necessity Neither was there any creature ever without a heart although the Auspices in Pliny did feign many creatures without hearts when they would deterre the Emperours from some enterprise De Pulmonibus RIolanus commands us that before we touch the heart we shew the vessels and then the lungs Yet with Bauhinus we bring the lungs in the last place These are the receipt of life spirit and aire for the refreshing of the heart and the instrument of respiration and voyce and given to those creatures quaerespirant and have a neck and therefore fishes quia non respirant want lungs and the left ventricle of the heart They are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod est respirare Situs in the hollow of the chest Figura a little different from the mouth least by the sudden arrivall of the aire they should be too much cooled Yet in bodies with long necks where the aire comes not conveniently tempered we see a disposition to consumptions and dry diseases In the living whilst we draw in aire they fill the whole cavitie except the hollow between the coats of the Mediastinum whilest we expirare they fall but not so much as in dead bodies for that they are full of aire and bloud And although we use with bellows to blow them yet are they never so full as in the living because they are to hold aire for many motions of the heart as is plain in Divers and singers Connexus to the neck and back Connexus collo by the benefit of Aspera Arteria although the greatest part is free of them whereby they may more freely move and by the intervention of the Mediastinum they are tied before to the Sternum Sterno as likewise by certain fibres to the sides of the chest and Pleura behind to the vertebra Per fibras Pleura If too streightly tied it causes a difficulty in breathing Massa ne Cor deprimant Yet Massa says there is good use of these ties in regard of the heart least it should be crushed with the weight of the lungs They are likewise tied to the heart per venam arteriosam arteriam venosam Motus is diversly argued De motu secundum Aristotelem à Corde Galen ad fugam vacui Aristotle 3. de Part. Animal cap. 6. will have the motion of the lungs to be à Corde Galen will have them move non propria vi sed ad fugam vacui as appears in wounds of the chest the aire entring the lungs move not because the aire fills the empty place But the chest being whole the lungs necessarily are dilated to avoid vacuum Neither do they only fall as Bauhinus observes ad vacui fugam but either pressed by the chest or by the aire expired or by both they fall together Yet so as Nature ties them to the Pleura that they may follow the motion of the chest Laurentius ad motum Pectoris Laurentius will have them move non à Corde quia illius motus perpetuus non est nec vi propria sed per accidens they follow the motion of the chest Aver propria vi Averroes will have them move propria vi non thoracis motum sequi for so there might be granted a perpetuall motion Riolan motu insito Riolanus his motus is insitus and depends not from any other and is dilated and contracted like a bag not like a bellows for in a free breathing the chest standing still the lungs move quia respiramus And breathing is perfected by dilatation and contraction Figure is fitted to the parts they rest upon Figura ad cavitatem Pectoris Therefore without they answer the cavity of the chest and are extumescentes within they are hollow that they might the better yield with his lobes to the heart and be his covering The right joyned to the left represent the cloven foot of an oxe They are divided by the benefit of the
cameratum Laurent Testudo It 's common to both parts of the brain It 's long as callosum corpus broad behind sharp before It 's of a triangular figure consisting of unequall sides and with two arches in the back-part and before with one Vsus Fornicis is to hold up the great weight of the brain Vsus ad robur 3. ventr that it presse not the hird ventricle Under this arched body appeares this third ventricle which is nothing but the common cavity which runs backward of the two upper ventricles and so it 's called communis cavitas Communis cavitas Gal. Perforatio veatr or meatus communis of Galen Those that deny the number of ventricles call it perforatio duorum ventriculorum others the middle venter because it 's between the upper most and the fourth in centro terebri or because it is the center of the brain It first appears a long cleft then backwards and taking up the Fornix it's broader per medium testibus natibus divisus conspicitur Testibus natibus divisus Figurae dubiae Meatus duo 1. ad Basine It 's of a doubtfull figure for the eminencies in it Meatus 2. whereof one runs to the basis of the brain through which the Pituita of the 2 first ventricles does descend The second passage which is the hindermost and greater then the former as Laurentius observes and neglected of Galen as Vesalius will have it is a piece of the third ventricle ◠ad nates and runs under the stones and nates above rhe beginning of spinalis medulla into the fourth ventricle and is a passage into the fourth in which are small particles observed The first is glandula pinealis Glandula pinedis penis or penis cerebri this is seated at the entrance of the fourth ventricle to maintain a free passage of spirits from the third to the fourth On both sides of this third ventricle there are four corpuscula two of the uppermost from their form called nates Nates 2. Testes 2. and under these two more which are testes little hard and round bodies Use 1. Vsus 1. molem prohibere 2. adliberum spirituum ductum Ventriculus 4. To keep the moles cerebri from pressing upon the fourth ventricle Second for a free passage of animall spirits Ventriculus quartus is between cerebellum spinalem medullam nay Riolanus will have it in cerebello latitare Riolan in Cerebello and Vesalius likens it to both hands put together it is the lest thinnest and of an ovall figure broad above and streightned downward till it ends in acumen Baub in spinali medulla Calamus seriptor Herophilo Vsus ad ductum spirituum Bauhinus would have the greater part to be in spinali medulla Herophilus likens this sinus to calamo scriptorio Use to guide the spirits into spinalem medullam It 's wrapped in tenui meninge This is the most principle venter and according to the Arabians the seat of memory Sedes memoriae Arabib for his hardnesse and drynesse But in truth the seat of all animall faculties is the substance of the brain In this is contained much water as in the rest but the two first besides this humour have plexum choroidem and are large to hold the great part of spirits The third hath vas venosum which comes à quarto sinu crassae meningis De Nervorum Paribus COncerning the originall of nerves Nervi there are divers considerations some generationis others distributionis and a third radicationis of this last briefly The old Peripatetick quarrell with Galen we give over Galen à basi anteriori cor as from the brain or the heart Galen from the anterior Basis of the brain is quarrelled by Vesalius Fallopius Ves Fal. a posteriore Varol à cerebro cerebello Bauhin Laurent à medulla oblongat who à posteriori basi cerebri Columbus prope tercium ventriculum nulli à cerebello Varolus from cerebrum cerebellum Piccolhominy neither from cerebrum nor cerebellum sed from medulla oblongata so Bauhinus and Laurentius For my part among these great Masters I do believe that they arise close to the third fourth ventricle for since they are carriers of animall faculties and spirit it 's fit they should come out of the treasury of spirits and that is the third and fourth ventricle Concerning their number Galen makes seven pair Septem paria Galen Colum. 9. Ves Fal. Bauh 8. Columbus nine pair Vesalius Fallopius Bauhinus eight pair the old Distich Optica prima oculos movet altera tertia gustat Quartaque quinta audit vag a sexta est septima linguae To which adde the eight pair which is olfactus The first pair are odoratus Par 1. odoratus see quosdam à basi cer Galen 1 parop ticorum which are two seated under the Basis of the brain close by the opticks and so run white and small ad spongiosum os Those which reckon but seven pair call the opticks the first These are the greatest thickest and the softest under the middle of the Basis cerebri where medulla oblongata appears they rise divided then coming forward in an oblique line in the middest of their way close by sphenoides they run together not by intersection or per simplicem contactum but as is well expressed by Laurentius and Bauhinus per medullae confufionem and so make one inseparable body with the scull into the center of the eye The inner substance is medullous for the fit portage of spirits till it come to the crystalline where dilated it makes reticularis tunica The outward which are coats of Dura Pia are spent in uveam corneam But of these in our History of the eyes Secunda conjugatio veterum 2. oculos moventium a basi is nervorum oculos moventium which rise from the Basis cerebri together and from hence it is well observed that if you draw your eye to one side the other follows From this one root many sprigs some to open the lids and to lift up the eyes others to shut them down others to draw them together others to cast them about and some fibres run to the very coats of the eyes Ramuli ad musc temporal and sometimes to the temporall muscle whatsoever Fallopius and Laurentiut say and that 's the cause why the temporall muscle hurt the eye suffers vice versa Tertia conjugatio is the least of the nerves 3 par Columb and not observed by the Ancients as Columbus will have it Yet Galen in his 9. de usu part 8. says it comes ad maxillam superiorem Bauhinus ad musculos faciei This ariseth at the side of the Basis of the brain close to spinalis medulla and so runs streight forward piercing the dura Mater and enters with the second pair the common Foramen into the circle of the eye and so
cover'd with both membranes and by them divided It takes up the whole region of the Occipitium and for a little space it's joyned spinali medullae and gives some part to his constitution unto which on both sides it is continued by 2 round pieces and in the middest by the Pia Mater that the fourth ventricle gape not and so stretched up ad nates it 's separated from the brain by Dura Mater that the vessels may be safely carried in profundum Cerebrum Forma Forma is broader then long or deep the lower back part hath the figure of a globe in whose middle there is a sharp impression made by the extuberancy occipitis ossis Before towards the nates it's sharp and hath his figure from the place It seems to be made of three pieces Dividitur in dextram sinistr mediam Proces vermifor the right left and middle which are not divided but continued The sides put together make as it were two globes The third part makes the vermiformes processus Substantia is the same with the brain if you consider it freed from Pia Mater Substan eadem cum Cerebro sed durior except in the Busis whence comes spinalis medulla which is harder then other parts and more hard then the brain So that spinalis medulla becomes harder and answers neither in colour nor hardnesse to the brain For Cerebellum is of an ashy-colour and white only in the superficies of the sinus but the medulla spinalis is most white as likewise the Basis of the brain which gives him his beginning In some it's four times lesser then the brain Quadruplo minus Cerebro in others ten times It hath a broad sinus in the middle but not deep which makes the seat of the fourth ventricle to be higher It hath no cavities within as the brain nor so many excrements and those which it makes are easily sent forth It hath two processus which are called vermiformes Proces Vermiformes tenuis meningis duplicaturae The first looks upon the fore-part of the ventricle and the other upon the hinder which is common to Cerebellum and spinalis medulla Piccolhominy would have them to be tenuis meninx folded together which in dilatation of the brain is extended in contraction folded Vsus ad Spirituum ductum Vsus Cerebelli ad spirituum retentionem The use of both is to keep a passage open continually for the spirits to flow into the Spinalem medullam Use is the same that the brain and to hold here the animall spirits Galen that from hence the harder nerves may come forth but Vesalius denies it De Spinali Medulla MEdulla properly is a simple moist fat white substance without sense contained in the cavity of the bones and hath his originall from bloud which is slipped out of the veins into the cavities It 's white as it were spermaticall but it receives that change from the bones It 's within the bones for their nourishment and that it might refresh them in great motions and in other violent causes which might heat and dry them Improperly it 's spoken of the brain and of his marrow which differs much from it for it can never be molten and consumed as that of the bones can which is covered with a double coat and therefore for difference sake it 's called spinalis donsalis the pith of the back because through the neck back and loins it descends It hath a double signification sometimes for all that marrow of the brain which is called oblongata of which part is within the scull but in a more strict signification it signifies that part which is in the hollow of the vertebrae without the scull That in the scull Bauhinus divides and he hath it out of Piccolhominy into corticem medullam The cortex compasseth the medulla is of an ash-colour is the aliment of the medulla as the vitreous humour is crystalliui The Medulla is a white so lid firm and more compacted substance and is distinguished by certain oblique lines Medulla is double either globosa or oblonga Globosa is of the figure of the Cranium Medulla oblongata is either within the scull or without and this last is properly Spinalis Medulla This in a large signification takes his beginning from the hinder ventricle of the brain and is a production of Cerebrum Cerebellum And this agrees with the doctrine of Hippocrates in lib. de Carnib and with Galen Vesalius says à Cerebri basi and so Platerus Columbus calls it Cerebrum oblongum with a double rise the greater from the brain the lesser from Cerebellum That which is à Cerebro is unicum that which is à Cerebello is bifidum and so is divided into the right and left side Varolus will have quatuor radices à Cerebro Cerebello Piccolhominy à medulla globosa Cerebri and so agrees with Hippocrates Ecclesiastes Sinus argenteus Situs takes up the sinus Calvariae about the great hole of the hinder part of the head under Cerebellum The part within the Cranium is four fingers long The roundnesse of the middle finger The rest which is properly spinalis comes out of the Cranium at the great hole and so by the hollow of the vertebrae unto the extremity ossis sacri per ossa that it may be a guard that it be not hurt ab incidentibus The Greeks called this perforated place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sacram fistulam Membranae which are by Hippocrates called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are three and so many by Galen Vesalius Piccolhominy two Theophilus four Bauhinus three The first from a ligament which ties the fore-part of the vertebrae which backwards ends in a nervous and strong coat which keeps in extension and bending the Medulla from breaking or from being hurt by the bones About this there is a thick and viscous humour as to the rest of the articules and parts which are for motion to defend them from drought and pain There is a second coat from Dura Mater and a third from Pia which are not separated as in the brain The hard covers the Medullam and the Pia divides it into two parts and ties his vessels and soft substance together for through this they run for the nourishment Substantia is common with that in Basi Cerebri or Medulla globosa yet so as it is harder and fitter for motion as the softer part for sense and the lower the harder and it 's different in colour as being the whiter and free from all anfractus Bauhinus will have it principium nervorum and to have almost the same use as to hold animall spirits and to perfect them And therefore his dignity is equall with that of the brain since it respects life whose consumption brings death as 7. Epidem is plain or wound as in Bauhinus wench of 17. years old It hath the same motions that the brain hath of Systole Diastole