it will be here objected that Opium is full of subtile parts which on the contrary instead of condensing the Spirits must needs rarifie them and further that according to my discourse all sorts of Gummous matters should incline to sleep as well Opium which is a thing manifestly false In the first place I answer that the Spirits of Opium being actuated by the heat of the Stomach do serve to raise the Gummous part and to conduct it into the little passages of the Brain but having there introduced them they either fly away through their volatile nature or else condense with the moisture of the Brain The same thing happens after drinking any Spirituous liquor such as Wine Cyder or Beer for the Sulphureous Spirits of these liquors carrying along with them some phlegmatick parts do conduct them into the little vessels of the Brain or else do cause some Coagulation there whence it comes to pass that a man who is drunk commonly sleeps until the Spirits of the liquor he is intoxicated with are in part spent or evaporated out of his Brain In the second place I say that all Gummous or viscous things are not able to cause a sleepiness as Opium does because they have not equally the same proportion of volatile Spirits to convey them into the Brain They may indeed by giving more consistence to the bloud moderate its motion a little and excite some disposition to sleeping but it will not be done so quickly as by the means of Opium and they likewise do it with a great deal less force If you should mix volatile Spirits with the Gummous matters I now spoke of it would not follow that they would prove narcotick as Opium is because the Spirits not being capable of so strict an union with those matters as the Spirituous part of Opium has received with its viscous substance they would soon separate from one another in the stomach and the gummous matter would want a vehicle to convey it into the channels of the brain as would be requisite in order to cause sleep The viscous parts of Opium insinuating into the small channels of the brain do there produce a condensation or inspissation of the humors until by little and little new Spirits do draw together which by dissolving and rarifying this glue do carry it along with the bloud or other humors And then it is that the sleeping ceases a man finds himself awake as before Reason may be given why pains in many places are asswaged after the effect of Laudanum for these pains being caused by an agitation of the Spirits when these Spirits are condensed the pain consequently ceases And this Opium does perform exceeding well as I have said Those who fall into Deliriums in a continued Feaver do find themselves strangely relieved by the use of Opium by reason that the principal cause of this accident is an acrimonious salt which is got into the Brain and irritates its membranes Now Laudanum which is a viscous substance unites with these salts by means of its Sulphur and takes away their Acrimony It likewise stops the Dysentery the Flux of the menses and other Hemorrhagies by sweetning the acrimonious Salts which fomented them Lastly Opium may be said to be one of the greatest Remedies that we have when it is properly administred and in a reasonable dose but when it is given in too great a quantity it so thickens and glues the humors in the brain by its viscous parts that the Spirits which come afterwards to succour not being able to dissolve this viscosity are forced to stop and congeal likewise by little and little until at last they lose all their motion whence it comes to pass that many do dye upon the taking of Opium It is remarkable that many do so accustom themselves to the use of Opium that at last it is scarce able to make them sleep except when they take three or four times as much as is commonly given There are some men in France who can venture to take to a drachm and this quantity does no more in them than two grains in another It is well known that the Turks will take of it to the bigness of a hazle nut to fortifie themselves when they are going to fight The reason that they can do so is that Opium passing a great many times into the small vessels of the Brain hath in great measure dilated them So that finding the passages very large it makes little or no stop unless taken in a greater quantity than before for the Turks do not only accustom themselves to the taking of Opium by little and little but being of a hotter Temperament than we they supply more Spirits to the Brain for rarefaction of the humors which Opium might there have condensed If the Turks do find themselves fortified so soon as they have taken Opium it is by reason of these volatile Spirits which work in them much the same effect as the Spirits of Wine use to do with us Some have writ in opposition to what I have establish'd on this subject and say that if we have regard to the quantity of Narcotick vapours that may arise from a small dose of Opium it ought not to be imagined that those vapours should be able to shut the channels of the Spirits and humors which make a defluxion upon some part but that we should rather conclude the mitigation of pains and stopping of defluxions to proceed from a just proportion of the salt and sulphur of Opium and from the secret ferment they contain But this Objection will give us little trouble to answer when we consider that although the vapours caused by it are but few yet the vessels of the Brain in which the Animal Spirits do move are exceeding delicate and easie to be obstructed and that the too great activity of the Spirits which often fly into the diseased parts being thus abated by the viscous nature of Opium there must needs follow thereupon some ease and comfort without any need at all of admitting a stoppage of the vessels which contain the humors As for the proportion of salt and sulphur in Opium and the secret Ferment they pretend to acquaint us with in order to explicate this matter I know they are high terms indeed but illustrate the matter very little for though they say these salts and sulphurs do unite with Homogeneous particles that they meet with and destroy such as are the cause of the distemper yet we can never by this means obtain any clear Idea of that which makes Opium to be soporiferous Besides the virtue which Opium has to cause sleep I have observed that it is often Sudorifick I conceive this effect must not be attributed only to the volatile parts of this mixt which may be thought to operate this way after they are disingaged from its viscosity but rather to this that during sleep the inward vessels being as it were obstructed or in some manner coagulated and
continually steam from it for these Sulphurs consisting of gross parts do enter through the Pores of the Body and fixing themselves rather in the Nerves by reason of their coldness than in the other Vessels do stop the passage of the Spirits and hinder their course Mercury is given in the Disease called Miserere unto two or three pounds and is voided again by siege to the same weight it is better to take a great deal of it than a little because a small quantity might be apt to stop in the circumvolutions of the Guts and if some Acid humours should happen to joyn with it a Sublimate Corrosive would be there made but when a large quantity of it is taken there 's no need of fearing this Accident because it passes quickly through by its own weight Mercury mixes so well with rosinous and fat Bodies as to remain imperceptible all Vnguents Pomatums and Plaisters in which it enters are good against the Itch and Tetters and do dissolve cold tumours because it opens the Pores and drives by perspiration Furthermore seeing these Distempers are fomented by Acid humours it breaks their edge and hinders them from causing any further Fermentation Hitherto there is no Remedy found out to be so soveraign for the cure of Venereal Maladies as Mercury wherefore its greatest enemies have been forced to fly to it after they had tried a long time to no purpose to drive out the poison by other Remedies And in truth if we knew any milder ones that were able to terminate the Accidents of the Pox as well as this does 't would argue much rashness to make use of Mercury because it is not always conducted according to our desires and sometimes very scurvey consequences do happen upon it but we know no other that can be esteemed to approach it in virtue for all Venereal Diseases and especially the Universal Pox. It is killed in Turpentine then with Suet an Ointment is made of it that serves to rub the parts of the Body and particularly the joints with several days together after the Patient hath been prepared by Baths Broths and Purges The Friction is continued until the Salivation rises which is caused by a great many Shancres in the mouth for these Shancres by an exceeding great acrimony do open exceedingly the salivating Vessels and give way to a tickling Phlegm that runs down abundantly A Flux is also raised by applying Mercurial Plaisters upon all the Body and also by Fumigations by making one receive the Fume of Mercury Again it is raised by taking inwardly white Precipitate or some other Mercurial Preparation without using it outwardly Let us now come to reason a little upon it The effect of Mercury hath puzled almost all Chymical Philosophers and those Moderns who have explicated with much probability and likelihood many other Natural things that lay hid to our Forefathers have declared those of Mercury to be some of the most difficult I know very well that several Persons governed by false Principles have not forborn to give us their Explications but when their discourses come to be examined by Chymistry which alone is able to give us Demonstrations on this matter they presently come to nothing I shall here present you with a Thought of mine that seems more probable than any thing I ever met with and is maintained by Chymical Experiments You must first take notice and it is a thing indisputable among all Physicians that the Nodes Tumors and other effects of the Venereal Poison are fomented by Saline or Acid humours which make a certain Ferment and that this disease can never be cured until this Poison is quite destroyed This being supposed we must examine the nature of Mercury and see what will become of it if we mix it with Salts or Acids I have said that Mercury is a Volatile and we shall find hereafter that in the making of Sublimate Corrosive Mercury is mixed with Salt and Vitriol which are Acids that upon the encreasing the fire the Spirits adhering unto Mercury which is an Alkali do sublime along with it to the top of the Vessel and make together that which is called Sublimate Corrosive Let us now see in the cure of the Pox how Mercury is used It is mixed as I have said with Suet and with this Unguent the parts of the Body are rubbed a long time that the Mercury may pierce and enter through the Pores which it does as every Body must grant and this hapning there 's no contradiction at all in thinking that some part of it mixes with the Saline or Acid Ferment of the venereal matter after the same manner as it doth with Salt and Vitriol The Acid Salts of the Venereal Poison fixing in the Pores of Mercury which is as I have said a Volatile Alkali do sublime together being driven by the heat of the body up to the head which is the top of the vessel and the coolest place and so most proper to condense them At the same time it is that the Head swells and the inside of the mouth is full of Shancres which cause a pain much like unto that a man would receive if Sublimate Corrosive were applied some time upon an excoriated part Moreover the Salivating Vessels being prickt and corroded with this sharp humour do open and let fall abundance of Phlegm and this causes the involuntary Salivation that uses to accompany these Shancres and remains sometimes a longer sometimes a less time according as the Shancres are more or less acrimonious for the Phlegm trickling down continually cleanses them from their keen Salts and mitigates the pain whence it comes to pass that they are often cured of themselves and then the Salivating Vessels closing up again the Flux doth cease It sometimes happens when a man is not well prepared to receive a Flux or that it is raised too soon that the Sublimation being too violent some part of the Sublimate sticks to some one or more of the vessels and coroding their membrane causes grievous Hemorrhagies as I have seen to happen several times and among others to a man in Languedock who voided in half an hours time twelve pints of blood by mouth without dying of it notwithstanding because he was a very stout lusty man As for what may still remain of the Venereal Poison after the Salts are driven out its dissolution is then a very easie business because nothing but those Salts was able to hold it coagulated so that it is easie to conceive that the subtiler part of it may pass through the Pores and the more terrestrious precipitate and be evacuated by way of Urine Perhaps you 'l object that Mercury will raise a Flux in Persons who never had such a Disease as the Pox and who never had any of those tumours that contain Acid Salts but it is an easie matter to answer that there is no man whatsoever let him be never so sound but hath store of Saline or Acid humours in his
reason of it is that in the making of Vinegar the acids had in a manner fixed this sulphureous Spirit but when they do enter into the pores of Coral they are forced to quit it and so let it recover its volatility Magistery of Coral Take what quantity you please of the impregnation of Coral either red or white made with distilled Vinegar as I have said before pour it it into a Viol or matrass and drop into it the liquor of the Salt of Tartar made per deliquium a Curd will appear which will precipitate to the bottom in a very white powder decant the clear liquor and washing your powder five or six times with water dry it it is that which is called the Magistery of Coral Great virtues are attributed to it such as to revive and fortifie the heart resist poison stop the bloody Flux and all other Haemorrhagies The dose is from ten to thirty grains in some liquor appropriate to the disease Remarks The name of Magistery is given only to Precipitates and they are so called to express something more exquisite than ordinary The liquor of Tartar which is an alkali salt dissolved encountring the acid makes it let go the particles of Coral that it held suspended and so they precipitate by their own weight this precipitate is nothing else but a Coral finely powdered by means of acids which do easily divide into abundance of parts things that otherwise would seem indivisible But you must observe here that these preparations instead of rendring Coral more effectual as is pretended do indeed render it almost good for nothing which is a thing easie enough to prove if we consider that Coral works in our bodies by nothing else but by absorbing acids or sharp and salt humours which do continually occasion divers diseases for example it stops Haemorrhagies only by sweetning the keen salts which corroded the membranes of the veins or else raised great effervescencies in the bloud so as to make it extravasate it stops Diarrheas by destroying the acrimony of the Choler or other humors lastly if it cures the falling down of the Vvula and does remedy many other accidents it is done by nothing else but by breaking the force of the ferments which do cause them after the same manner as it destroys the acidity of Vinegar or some other liquor this being so as there is great reason to believe it it were far better to take Coral without any other preparation than that which is made on the marble then to dissolve it by an acid and precipitate it into a Magistery for the acid or sharp humors that this Magistery is to encounter in our bodies finding nothing in the medicine that is able to blunt their edges will continue their former activity and so no effect at all will follow In this Precipitation there does not appear any effervescency because the edges of the Vinegar being broken it has neither strength nor motion enough left to penetrate and to separate the parts of salt of Tartar but if the dissolution of Coral had been made with some stronger dissolvent than Vinegar such as Spirit of Vitriol there would be an ebullition in the time of the Precipitation because there would remain still action enough to the broken edges of that spirit for to enter into the pores of the alkali salt and to rarefie it Salt of Coral This operation is a Coral rarefied and opened by the Spirit of Vinegar Take what quantity you please of the dissolution of Coral made by distilled Vinegar as I said before pour it into a glass Cucurbite or earthen pan and evaporate in sand all the moisture there will remain at bottom a Salt of Coral keep it in a Viol well stopt it is given for the same reasons as the Magistery the dose of it is less being from five to fifteen grains Remarks In this Evaporation there come forth only the watry parts and the acids adhering to the Coral do form a kind of Salt If you should put this Salt of Coral into a Retort and distil it in sand you would obtain a liquor that is only styptick without any considerable acidity which shews that the acids are destroyed and do not come forth of the alkali as they entred in CHAP. XV. Of Common Salt THere are three sorts of Common Salt the Fossile Salt the Fountain Salt and the Sea Salt the first is called Sal Gemme by reason of its transparency and smoothness like to a precious stone it is that of which whole mountains are found full in Poland and other places the second is drawn by evaporation of the waters of some Fountains and the last from Sea-water by Crystallization or Evaporation these three salts are of the same nature and have almost the same effect they are used not only in Aliments but sometimes in Remedies too such as Clysters when they should be made very Carminative It is here observable that Sal Gemme is a little more penetrating than Sea salt that is drawn by Crystallization and that the Sea salt which is drawn by Crystallization is more penetrating than that which is made by Evaporation of the waters The reason that may be given for the piercing quality of Sal Gemme is this that having never been dissolved in water it never lost any of its keenness whereas the others do lose their more subtle edges in the waters and this chiefly when those waters are in strong agitation as are those of the Sea It is very probable that the violent Vomiting which does so much annoy those who take a voyage to Sea does proceed from these same subtile parts of salt which being volatilized do fill the sea-air for this vomiting does happen only to such who have not been used to breath a salt air and who besides are sufficiently shook by the motion of the Sea The Sea salt which is made in Normandy by evaporation of Sea-water over the fire is not so strong as that which is made at Rochell by Crystallization because in the evaporation many of the subtler parts of the Salt are lost and a mark of that is that if Sea-water is distilled over a fire â—ever so small it will not fail to carry with it some volatilized salt which will alter its virtue as experience hath testified several times But it doth not happen thus to Sea-salt Crystallized for it fixes of it self when the Salt-waters have setled for some time in places fit for their reception I have delivered my thoughts sufficiently touching the Origine of these three sorts of Salt in the Remarks I made on the principles wherefore there 's no need of repeating what I then said Sea-salt is made at Rochell in salt marshes which are places that must be of a lower situation than the sea and the ground must be Clayie for otherwise they would not be able to retain the salt-water that has been let into them Thus all places near the sea are not alike proper to make salt
Sympathetical powder When you would use this powder you are to take the bloud of a wound upon a linnen cloth and to sprinkle some of it upon the bloud It is pretended that though the bloudy linnen were ten miles off from the Patient when the Sympathetical powder is applied to it the wound would presently heal But the experience of several persons who have tried it and others may do the same does evince that men have had a great faith when they have talked of the effects of this powder for if it be not applied to a cloth newly blouded and even in the chamber of the Patient you will certainly find no effect from it Nay where such precautions have been used it performs no great matter and sometimes does nothing at all Now to explicate the action of Vitriol called Sympathy you must know that there does continually exhale into the air little bodies from this mineral salt and to convince you of it you need only to put the several Vitriols of different colours pretty near one another in the same place you will find after 12 or 15 daies that they have all changed colour a little in their superficies The white will become yellow the green whitish the blue greenish the red grayish These changes of colour cannot proceed but from little bodies which being separated from each kind of Vitriol and mixing in the air some part of them do fall confusedly on the matter And it must not be said that these changes are caused by the air which does open and rarefie these salts for if you put them into places separate or distant from one another this effect will in no wise happen You must also observe that the bloud to which the Vitriolick powder is applied retaining some heat still may thereby increase the activity and number of the little bodies which do arise from the Vitriol And these Vitriolick bodies dispersing themselves in the air are they that cause all the Sympathy for they do mix in the wound of the patient and because the virtue of Vitriol is to stop the bloud and to dry it you need not wonder if the volatile parts which come from it do perform the same effect But it may be objected that the volatile parts of Vitriol have no more determination naturally to go find out the wound of a person than other parts of the body and other places of the chamber Nay on the contrary that a wound being commonly covered with a plaister and somewhat thick bandage is not so likely to receive those bodies I answer that there is no need of giving any other determination to these volatile parts of Vitriol than is given to other volatile salts which are dispersed in the air but because wounds are always of a glutinous temper it is easie to conceive that these little bodies will adhere to them in greater quantity than to others as any downy substance which flies about a room wherein there is Glue or Turpentine will more easily stick in them than in other places As for the Bandage and Plaster used to wounds you must know that those who do use the Sympathetical powder do apply none of them But when it happens which is very rare that a mans wound has been cured by this Powder although there was a Plaister and bandage also laid upon it this effect can never be attributed to any thing else but the penetration of Vitriol for there are wounds that a very little quantity of Vitriol is capable of drying Thus I have given you the most rational explication that can be of an effect which has hitherto passed for a thing altogether inexplicable To conclude I would not advise any wounded person to insist or depend too much on a remedy of this nature for to one who ever received considerable good there 's a hundred who never perceived any effect from it and the cause of it has been that the volatile parts of the Vitriol have hapned to be diverted from the wound by some wind or else because the greatest part of people have their bloud too subtile and too active to be fixed by so little a quantity of Vitriol Nevertheless those whose heads are filled with the Sympathetical Powder do speak of it as of a never failing medicine And if a man offers to convince them by an experiment to the contrary as it is not hard to do they presently cry out that the reason it fails is because it is ill prepared but it is easie to convince them if they desire a serious satisfaction in it for the powder of their own preparation that they so much magnifie though it be successful in one will be found to fail in a great many others Many Authors have also written a great many falshoods in defence of the Sympathy as for example that if the urine of an Infant were cast into the fire so soon as it is made it would cause a heat of urine that if the excrements of an animal were thrown into the fire or among Nettles there would be an Inflammation in the guts of the same creature and many the like stories which a thousand experiments will prove not to be true Distillation of Vitriol This Spirit is an acid salt of Vitriol dissolved into a liquor by a great fire Fill two thirds of a large earthen Retort or glass one luted with Vitriol Calcined to whiteness place it in a close Reverberatory furnace and fitting to it a great Balon or Receiver give a very small fire to warm the Retort and make the water come forth that might still remain in the Vitriol and when there will distil no more pour the water out of the Receiver into a Bottle this is called Phlegm of Vitriol it is used in Inflammations of the eyes to wash them with refit the Receiver to the neck of the Retort and luting the junctures exactly encrease the fire by degrees and when you perceive Clouds to come forth into the Receiver continue it in the same condition until the Receiver grows cold then strengthen the fire with wood to an extream violence until the flame rises through the Tunnel of the Reverberatory as big as ones arm The Receiver will fill again with white Clouds continue the fire after this manner for three days and so many nights then put it out unlute the junctures when the vessels are cold and pour the Spirit into a glass body set it in sand and fit to it quickly a Head with its Receiver lute the junctures close with a wet Bladder and distil with a very gentle fire about four ounces of it this is the Sulphureous spirit of Vitriol keep it in a viol well stopt It is good for the Asthma Palsie and diseases of the Lungs the dose is from four drops to ten in some convenient liquor Change the Receiver and augmenting the fire distil about half the liquor that remains in the body this is called the Acid Spirit of Vitriol it is mixed in Juleps
Ambar and put it into a bolt-head pour upon it Spirit of wine to the height of four fingers stop this bolthead with another to make a double vessel and having exactly luted the junctures with a wet bladder place it in digestion in hot sand and leave it there five or six dayes or until the Spirit of wine is sufficiently tinged with the Ambar colour decant this Tincture and put more Spirit of wine to the matter you must digest it as before then having separated the impregnation mix it with the other Filtrate them and distil from them in an Alembick with a very little fire about half the Spirit of wine which may serve you as before keep the Tincture that you will find at the bottom of the Alembick in a Viol well stopt It is good for the Apoplexy Palsie Epilepsie and for Hysterical women the dose is from ten drops to a drachm in some proper liquor Remarks You must powder the Ambar finely that the menstruum may open its body the better this Tincture is nothing but the Sulphureous or oily part of Ambar which Spirit of wine a Sulphur does become impregnated with a liquor that were not sulphureous would perhaps dissolve the Ambar but that which is dissolved by it would be the more impure wherefore you must always use such a dissolvent as is of the same nature with the substance that you would dissolve Half the Spirit of wine is drawn off to make the Tincture the stronger Distillation of Ambar and the Rectification of its Oil and Spirit Fill with Ambar grosly beaten two thirds of an earthen Retort or glass one luted place it in a Furnace on two iron bars fit to it a large Receiver and luting the junctures close give under it a small Fire to warm the Retort and drive out the Phlegm Afterwards augment it by little and little there will come forth a Spirit and an Oil continue the Fire until there comes no more then let the vessels cool and unlute them Pour about a pint of warm water into the Receiver and stirring it soundly about for to dissolve some volatile Salt that often sticks to the sides of the Receiver pour all the liquor into a glass Alembeck fit to it a Receiver and luting well the junctures make a small Fire to heat the vessel then augment it a little the water and Spirit will rise and carry with them a little white Oil continue the Fire until there rises no more and the thick Oil remains at bottom of the Cucurbite without boiling separate the white Oil that swims above the Spirit and Phlegm and keep it in a Viol well stopt it is given inwardly in Hysterical Distempers in the Palsie Apoplexy and Epilepsie the dose is from one drop to four in some appropriate liquor it may be mixed with a little yelk of an Egg to dissolve it easily in water or broth The water and Spirit do remain mixed confusedly together now to separate them you must pour this mixture into an earthen or glass dish and evaporate over a very gentle Fire two thirds of it that which remains is the Spirit of Ambar keep it in a Viol well stopt It is an excellent Aperitive and is given in the Jaundise stoppage of Urine Ulcers of the neck of the bladder and in the Scurvy the dose is from ten to four and twenty drops in some convenient liquor The Black Oil which remains in the Cucurbite may be kept apart for outward uses to chafe the Nose and Wrists of women in Hysterical maladies If you would rectifie it you must mix it with so much sand as is necessary to make it into a Paste and put it into a Retort and placing it in a Furnace in a naked Fire distil all the Oil the first that comes forth will be red but exceeding clear keep it by it self It may serve instead of the white The Oil of Jet may be drawn as the Oil of Ambar but because Jet is more terrestrious it requires a stronger Fire Remarks The Oils of Ambar and Jet do work in Hysterical cases chiefly by their ill smell for we see that whatsoever is ungrateful to the smell does commonly allay symptoms in diseases of the matrix and that good smells do increase them The reason of these effects is not very easie to find seeing that all that has been hitherto said for explication of them has only come to this that the matrix sympathizing with the brain does rise upwards to share in the good smells of the brain and sinks downwards when the nose is offended with that which is unpleasant Nay some have thought the matrix to be a little animal by reason of the many motions that have been observed in it These kinds of discourses are indeed very proper to leave people in the same doubts they were in before and I don't think any body has received any satisfaction from them Therefore let us try whether we can say any thing more to the purpose When a woman receives an agreeable smell the tickling pleasure which this smell produces in the brain by means of the olfactive nerve does move the Spirits and determinate them to run into the vessels in a greater abundance and with more agility than they did before Then also is perceived if she minds it a certain titillation of the parts and all the senses do seem willing to partake of this good smell All this is common to men as well as women But because the vessels which go from the brain to the matrix do swell with this affluence of Spirits they must of necessity be abbreviated in their length as a cord is found to swell and to shorten when it is wetted or as the Fibres of a glove do shrink when the humidity that is within them is rarefied by the Fire These vessels being thus shortned they must needs give shocks and receive like returns from the matrix And then likewise it is perceived to rise and to move upwards But because this viscus does commonly contain a gross bloud and humors very easie to ferment which are actuated by these shocks there do rise from it gross vapours which oppress the diaphragm and do cause that which is called the suffocation of the matrix These distempers do likewise very often happen to women who have no ways been offended with sweet smells but that which causes the same symptoms does work after the same manner As for ill smells they must produce a quite contrary effect for by striking offensively the nerve of the nose the Spirits do retire back to their places and consequently the vessels and the matrix do resume their ordinary disposition But you will say perhaps that a grain of Musk or Civet is often applyed to the Navil to settle the mother and to lay the vapours This has been practised indeed by some but without any proof that ever it did any good or that it gave any ease Civet is put into the middle of
Limbeck and fitting a Receiver to it and luting close the junctures with a wet bladder distil with a pretty good fire three or four pints of the liquor then unlute the Limbeck and pour into it by Inclination the distilled water you 'l find at bottom a little oil which you must pour into a Viol and stop it close Distil the liquor as before then returning the water into the Limbeck take the Oil you find at bottom of the Receiver and mix it with the first Repeat this Cohobation until there rises no more Oil then take away the fire and distil the water that remains in the Receiver the same way I shall shew hereafter to rectifie Spirit of wine you 'l have an excellent spirituous Cinnamon water The Oil of Cinnamon is an admirable Corroborative it strengthens the stomach and assists nature in her evacuations It is given to make women have an easie delivery and to bring their Terms it likewise encreases Seed a drop of it is commonly mixed in a little Sugar-Candy to make the Eleo-saccharum which is easily dissolved in Cordial or Hysterical waters The spirituous water of Cinnamon hath the same virtues but two or three drachms are requisite for a dose After this manner almost all the Oils of Odoriferous Vegetables may be drawn such as those of Box Roses Rosemary Lavender Juniper Cloves and Anis-seed which do either swim above the water or fall to the bottom according as they are more or less loaded with Salts Remarks You must make the fire strong enough for if there be not a sufficient heat the Oil will not rise The Cohobation serves to open the Body the more that the Oil may compleat its separation Cinnamon yields less Oil than other woods or Barks and it is very difficult to draw six drachms of it out of four pounds let it be never so good The Spirituous water of Cinnamon is nothing but a rarefied Oil whose parts are separated in the water by Fermentation so as they become imperceptible they do make what is called a volatile Spirit which easily mixes with all sorts of liquors as doth the Eleo-saccharum for the Eleo-saccharum is properly an Oil whose parts being separated in the Sugar do easily mix in waters Tincture of Cinnamon This operation is an exaltation of the more oily parts of Cinnamon in Spirit of wine Take what quantity of bruised Cinnamon you please put it into a Matrass and pour upon it Spirit of wine one finger above it stop your matrass close and set it in Digestion in horse-dung four or five days the Spirit of wine will be impregnated with the Tincture of Cinnamon and become red separate it from the Cinnamon and after it is filtrated keep this Tincture in a viol well stopt it is an admirable Cardiack it fortifies the stomach and rejoices all the vital parts it may be used like Cinnamon water in a little smaller dose After this manner the Tincture of all Odoriferous Vegetables may be drawn CHAP. VI. Of the Bark of Peru. THE Peruvian Bark called Quinquina or Kina Kina by the French is a Bark that has been brought into these parts some years since from Peru it retains the name of the Tree from which it is taken the Spaniards do call it Palo de Calenturas or the wood against Feavers There are two kinds of this Tree the one is cultivated and the other grows wild the cultivated is much better than the other you must choose it of a compact substance bitter to the taste and of a reddish colour It is the most certain remedy that ever yet was known to hinder the fits of Agues The manner of using it for a great while past has been to give the patient the powder from half a drachm to two drachms with a little white-wine at the coming of the fit But this method has been quite changed in our days for at present we do infuse an ounce of the powder in two quarts of wine eight and forty hours in a Balneum the infusion is then strained and the patient is made to drink every day three or four little glasses of it at some distance from the Paroxysm The use of this remedy is continued a fortnight at least Some do frequently add to the infusion of this Bark the lesser Centaury Wormwood Chervil Juniper-berries the bark of the Alder-tree Sassafras Salt of Tartar and divers other ingredients thought to be Febrifuges But the basis of all is the Bark of Peru the rest of the ingredients do no great good Some do likewise mix with it a little Opium but that ought not to be done without a great deal of precaution You must observe to purge your patient well before you give him the Bark because this remedy shuts up the humors for some time and when they come to ferment a-new they do sometimes cause more dangerous maladies than he had before such as Asthma's dropsies rheumatisms dysenteries suppression of the menses in women and many others which have too too often succeeded Cures by this Bark For which reason many diseased persons have again wished for their Ague that were cured by this remedy The Bark is likewise very ill for those who have any Abscess in their body for it fixes and hardens the humor for some time which afterwards ferments and causes a gangrene in the part You must forbear the use of Milk and aliments of that nature when you take this remedy by reason of their cheesie part which would lie heavy upon the stomach and be apt to corrupt in the vessels It is probable that the Bark does check the humor of the Feaver much after the manner as an Alkali does stop the motion of an acid salt that is to say it unites with it and makes together a kind of Coagulum this humor does commonly remain quiet a fortnight and the person cured does find himself a little swelled and heavy especially if he were not purged before he took it Afterwards the Ague returns because the feaverish humor having been agitated by the Spirits or else being joyned with other humors of the same nature which have been preparing in the body during the fornights respite it gets quit from the Bark and ferments as it did before But sometimes and that especially when the body of one in an Ague has been well cleansed if you should persist in continuing the use of the Bark you will so fix the humor that you will dispose it to precipitate and be evacuated either by stool or urine or by insensible perspiration and the Ague returns no more for the Spirits in our body do by their motion push outwards as much as they are able whatsoever molests the oeconomy of the parts Tincture of the Peruvian Bark This Operation is an extraction of the more oily and separable parts of the Bark by Spirit of wine Put into a Bolt-head four ounces of good Peruvian Bark grosly powdered pour upon it Spirit of wine four fingers height above the
and those other things I mentioned which are preserved in Vinegar The acids will indeed endeavour to cut in pieces what stands in their way but having to do with parts too viscous and heavy they will soon lose all their activity and fix by their quantity and their gravity the natural salt of these Aliments as Vinegar fixes that of Cucumbers for when the acids do shut the pores of the matter and keep them firm and quiet the natural salt cannot exalt so as to cause any Fermentation or digestion The reason then why a small portion of acids will cause digestion in the stomach and a greater quantity will hinder it is that the small quantity will joyn with the natural salt of the Aliments and have its operation without shutting the pores of the matter whereas a great store of acids will quite fill the pores of this matter and hinder the motion of the natural salt for it is not enough that there be a great many acids to cause such a dissolution these acids must have room to move in and to make their jostles Thus these effects do make nothing against what I have asserted concerning acids for a greater quantity of them will always have more disposition and tendency to a dissolution but if this great quantity does Coagulate divers things it is only by accident and through the disposition of the matter into which the acid points have entred What I have here established concerning acids may serve very much to explicate the nature of Feavers and their principal symptoms First of all every body must grant that when there are Obstructions in our bodies the obstructed matter does ferment and sowr as Dough Wine and several other things grow sowr by being stale This matter by Fermenting sends saline or acid vapours into the mass of bloud which do cause divers alterations in it according to their quantity and quality for these acids are commonly mixt with sulphurs which are a kind of Vehicle to the acids and are more or less corrupted according as the matter whence they are derived has sojourned more or less in the obstructed part Now if these acid vapours are carried into the vessels but only in such a quantity as is fit to make a kind of Leaven they will then rarifie the bloud too much and whereas they by consequence do encrease its motion and heat they do cause that which we call a Feaver this Feaver must remain as long as the Ferment continues in the bloud and according as there comes a new supply of matter in place of that which nature has thrown off But if a greater quantity of acids should rise all of a sudden from out of the Obstructions then there must needs happen a kind of Coagulation for these acids thus abounding and fixing the grosser part of the bloud do partly lose their motion and quiet the Ebullition of the bloud by fixing its parts It is this kind of Congelation which causes those cold shiverings which are felt before the hot fit begins for as the heat is derived from the motion of the Spirits the cold is produced from the cessation of their motion The cold fit continues until the Spirits have by their activity rarified this Congelation for the Spirits being continually supplied with additional forces do make violent assaults until they have made their way free The Coagulum being dissolved the bloud should seem to Circulate as it did before but because the matter of the Coagulum is converted into a Leaven this Leaven makes the bloud to boil and so causes a Feaver this Feaver continues until the bloud is freed from all this Ferment either by Transpiration or by Urine Now to conceive how this Coagulum may be converted into a Leaven we must consider that the Spirits of the bloud have lost most of their acidity in dissolving this Coagulum and that there remains but only acidity enough to produce a Fermentation Nevertheless you must not think I mean by this Congelation now spoken of a Coagulum altogether like to that in Milk or to that which happens when an acid liquor is syringed into the Veins of an Animal for these Congelations are too strong and there would then happen the same thing or very near the same as does to the Animal who soon afterwards falls into Convulsions and dies because the course of the Spirits and bloud would be intirely stopt and they would never be able to break through so great an obstacle but I do understand here that the bloud is made thicker than it was and has not so free a motion as it had before which is enough to cause such cold fits Now it remains for me to explicate how it comes to pass that Feavers have their returns regularly by fits The matter that makes the Obstructions which I have laid down for the Fundamental cause of Feavers begins not to send forth its vapours nor to disperse its acid salt into the bloud in order to cause a Feaver until it has got together a certain quantity in the obstructed vessels and then it is probable that there is a new discharge of the matter This discharge or eruption of Feaverish matter must happen at set times so long as the Obstruction lasts because the humors which Circulate to the obstructed parts and there stop are always in an equal quickness and an equal quantity Now because in a Tertian the vessels wherein the obstruction happens do acquire in two days a sufficient repletion of matter to produce the Eruption and Fermentation I have spoken of the Fits do come to operate every second day But because in a Quartan the humors are more tenacious and heavy and flow with less expedition the Fermentation and eruption must needs be slower and consequently the fits more distant the one from the other The Quotidian Ague is caused by a Saline Pituita which is naturally fluid enough to make the matter ferment in less time wherefore it is that the fits do return every day We may reason concerning the other kinds of Feavers upon the same principle and explicate all the accidents that happen but I have no design to enlarge my self further upon this subject I should think it would be too great a digression and a book should rather be made on purpose to express all the circumstances which might be deduced from it Volatile Salt of Tartar This Operation is the Salt of the Lees of Wine volatilized by fermentation Dry the Lees of wine with a gentle fire and fill with them two thirds of a large earthen or glass Retort place this Retort in a Reverberatory Furnace and fitting to it a large Receiver give a small fire to it to heat the Retort by degrees and to drive forth an insipid phlegm when vapours begin to rise you must take out the phlegm and luting carefully the junctures of your vessels quicken the fire by little and little until you find the Receiver filled with white clouds continue it in
the reason that less fixt salt is to be found in Animals than Plants As for what many do say that Choler causes an Effervescency like an Alkali when an acid is cast upon it 't is a mistake through want of right Observation for no Ebullition at all happens for some time Nevertheless I will not say that an acid produces no Fermentation in Choler Bloud and other parts of the body for it does very often really do that but that is no more than uses to be done in new Wine Beer and other liquors of the like nature I have already explicated this sort of Fermentation We ought not to omit speaking of the Coagulation that 's made in Milk after a Fermentation caused either by Heat or some Acid put into it Methinks here is no need at all of supposing an Alkali salt that ferments with the Acid of this liquor as many suppose for explicating this Effect since if we consider but the natural composition of Milk we shall find it to be nothing but a Creamy substance swimming on the Serum and mixed only superficially with it by the intermixture of some salt so that it is in a fitting state of separation as soon as the salt gains a little more motion than it had whether it be by Fermentation or by encreasing its activity by an acid of its own nature Thus when the heat of the Summer or fire has stirred up the acid that is in the Milk or else some acid is poured into it the edges of the acid do cut and divide the Creamy part to gain a free motion in the Serum and separate into Curd all the Butter and Cheese Now there 's nothing strange in the Precipitation of the Curd especially when an acid has been poured upon the Milk for besides the weight it gains by thickning some part of the acids do mix with it and encrease its weight for according as the acid that was mingled is stronger or weaker the Curd does Precipitate more or less Perhaps some will say for as much as acid is always the cause of Coagulation in Milk there 's no great likelihood that a salt of the same nature should be the instrument of uniting the several parts of Milk But it must be considered that although there is an acid in Milk as no body can doubt seeing it sowres of it self when stale this acid is as it were imbodied in the ramous parts of the Oyl so that there is loses all its motion and cannot come to action but by rarifying the Oyl and making it fit to mix with the serous part it is the due proportion of this salt Oyl and serum that makes the Butter and Cheesy part of Milk Now I hope I have said enough to establish what I have affirmed that there 's no salt in nature besides the acid out of which all other Salts are made and that the Alkali salt has no Natural existence in mixt bodies My discourse will be the better relished when I speak of the Operations of Chymistry and you 'l find that by this Principle which I may call the most Natural and impartial of all that have been laid till now I shall be able to give account of many Phaenomena's that have never been explicated by common Principles Of Chymical Furnaces and Vessels It is not my design to relate here exactly all the kinds of Vessels and Furnaces that Artists have invented to use in Chymistry I shall describe only those with which you will be able to perform all Operations and send curious persons who would be more particularly instructed in them into the Laboratories where they may learn more on this subject than ever they will be able to do by consulting all the Books in the world These then are the principal The Furnace which is most in use among Chymists is that which is called the Reverberatory it must be large enough to hold a great Retort for the Distillation of acid Spirits and other things This Furnace must be fixt and made of Brick joyned together with a Lute compounded of one part of Potters earth so much Horse-dung and twice as much Sand the whole kneaded together in Water let it be two Bricks breadth that the Furnace being the thicker the heat may be retained the longer let the Ash-hole be a Foot high and the Door contrived if possible on the side that the air comes that when you have a mind to open it the Fire may be lighted or encreased the more easily the fire room need not be quite so high you must lay a-cross it two Iron-bars of the bigness of your thumb which will serve you to set your Retort upon and the Furnace must be still raised near about a Foot higher to cover the Retort fit to it a Dome or Cover that may have a hole in the middle with its stopple and a small Chimny a foot high for to place upon this hole when the stopple is taken out and when you would raise a great heat for the flame preserving its self by means of this little Chimney it reverberates the more strongly upon the Retort This Cover may be made of the same Paste that I shall presently describe speaking of Portable Furnaces It will be necessary to have several Furnaces of this same fashion but they must be of different sizes to work conveniently according to the bigness of the Vessel you would place in it For that the Fire may act more vehemently upon the Retort there must be left but only the space of a fingers breadth all round between the Furnace and the Retort These Furnaces may also serve for Distilling by the Refrigeratory in the Sea-Bath the Vaporous and the Sand-bath for you may place the Copper body upon the Iron bars when you would distil by the Refrigeratory It is easie to do the same with the Balneum Mariae As for the Sand-bath lay an iron or earthen pan on the bars and put sand enough into it for to cover the bottom and sides of the Vessel you desire to heat As for Fusions you must build a Furnace of the same matter and form as those spoken of before only you must forbear laying the two Iron bars in it that you did in the others for support of the Vessel Moveable Furnaces are made of a paste that consists of three parts of broken pots in powder and two parts of clay temper'd together with Water Their structure is just like that of the An Explication of the FIGURES of the FIRST TABLE A Great Reverberatory Furnace a The Ash-hole b The Fire-room c A Retort supported on two Iron bars d The Dome or Cover e The Receiver f A little Chimny g The Dome taken off the Furnace h A Retort i A small Reverberatory Furnace ready to work with k A fixed little Furnace for Fusions l An Iron pot to hold the sand m The Fire-place n The Ash-room o A Furnace in which is placed a great Copper Body p The Copper Body
evaporating some part of them over the fire or else by mixing liquors together that are of a different nature Cohobate signifies to repeat the Distillation of the same liquor having poured it again upon the matter that remains in the Vessel This Operation is used to open Bodies or to Volatilize the Spirits Congele is to let some matter that is melted fix or grow into a consistence as when we let a metal cool after it has been melted in a Crucible or else it is when wax fat butter or the like are taken from the fire and set to cool Detonation is a noise that is made when the Volatile parts of any mixture do rush forth with impetuosity it is also called Fulmination Digestion is when some body is put to steep or infuse in a convenient menstruum over a very gentle heat Dissolve is to turn some hard matter out of a hard into a liquid form by means of a certain liquor To Distil per ascensum is when fire is put under the Vessel that contains the matter which is to be heated To Distil per descensum is when fire is placed over the matter that is to be heated for then the moist parts being rarified and the vapour which rises from them not being able to arise away upwards as it would do if not hindred it precipitates and distils at the bottom of the vessel Edulcorate is to sweeten some matter that is impregnated with Salts by means of common water Extract is to separate the purer part from the grosser Fermentation is an ebullition raised by the Spirits that endeavour to get out of a Body for meeting with gross earthy parts that oppose their passage they swell and rarifie the liquour until they find their way out Now in this separation of parts the Spirits do divide subtilize and separate the principles so as to make the matter be of another nature than it was before Filtrate is to purifie a Liquor by passing it through a Coffin of brown paper Fumigate is to make one Body receive the Fume of another Granulate is to pour a melted Metal drop by drop into cold water that it may congeal into grains Levigate is to reduce a hard Body into an impalpable powder upon a marble Mortifie is to change the outward form of a Mixt as is done in Mercury Also Spirits are said to be Mortified when they are mixed with others that hinder or destroy their strength Precipitate is to separate a matter that is dissolved so as to make it fall or settle at the bottom Rectifie is to Distil Spirits for the separation of what Heterogeneous parts might have been drawn along with them Reverberate is to cause the flame of the Wood or coals that 's lighted in the Furnace to beat back upon the Vessel by means of a Dome placed over it Revive is to restore a Mixt to its former condition that lies disguised by Salts or Sulphurs Thus Cinnabar and the other preparations of Mercury are Revived into Quick-silver Stratifie is to lay different matters bed upon bed This operation is performed when we would Calcine a Mineral or Metal with a Salt or some other matter Sublime is to raise by Fire any Volatile matter to the top of the Cucurbit or into its Head THE FIRST PART Of Minerals WHatsoever is found Petrified in the Earth or upon the Earth is called Mineral Petrification is made by a Coagulation of acid or salt waters that are found in the pores of the Earth This Petrification differs according to the divers dispositions or different nature of the Earth and according to the time that Nature uses in its perfection The growth of Minerals proceeds from an accumulation or from several veins of congeled Waters that do as it were glue together and these veins are the cause that all the adjacent parts have their Sinus and meetings a travers one another and not running directly downwards These Sinus like so many joints are of great help to Labourers to cut in the Quarries for by those cavities the stones are in great measure separated before hand whereas 't would be extream hard working them out if nature had not so concurred The growth of Minerals is very different from that of Vegetables and Animals for whereas the former does happen through an agglutination of congeled waters as I have said the latter is performed by means of juices that insinuate and spread in the vessels and fibres that Animals and Plants do consist of Metals do differ from other Minerals in being malleable which the others are not They are counted seven Gold Silver Iron Tinn Copper Lead and Quicksilver this last is not malleable of it self but is so mingled with the others and because this is thought to be the Seed of Metals it is numbred with the rest Astrologers have conceited that there was so great an affinity and correspondence between the Seven Metals before named and the seven Planets that nothing hapned to the one but the others shared in it they made this correspondence to happen through an infinite number of little bodies that pass to and from each of them and they suppose these corpuscles to be so figured that they can easily pass through the pores of the Planet and Metal they represent but cannot enter into other bodies because their pores are not figured properly to receive them or else if they do chance to get admittance into other bodies they can't fix and stay there to contribute any nourishment for they do imagine that the Metal is nourished and perfected by the Influence that comes from its Planet and so the Planet again the same from the Metal For these reasons they have given these seven Metals the name of the seven Planets each accordingly as they are governed and so have called Gold the Sun Silver the Moon Iron Mars Quicksilver Mercury Tinn Jupiter Copper Venus and Lead Saturn They have likewise fancied that each of these Planets has his day apart to distribute liberally his Influence on our Hemisphere and so they tell us that if we work upon Silver on Munday Iron on Tuesday and so of the rest we shall attain our end much better than on other days Again they have taught us that the seven Planets do every one govern some particular principal part of our bodies and because the Metals do represent the Planets they must needs be mighty specifick in curing the distempers of those parts and keeping them in good plight Thus they have assigned the Heart to Gold the Head to Silver the Liver to Iron the Lungs to Tinn the Reins to Copper and the Spleen to Lead Thus you see in short what some of the most sober Astrologers do fancy concerning Metals and they draw consequences from hence which 't would be too long here to relate I have told you what the soberest among them say for nothing can be so absurd as what some of them would have us believe 'T is no hard matter to disprove these
it the parts of Lead close together and expel the fiery particles so that the Lead revives as it was before and recovers its Natural gravity The matter when shut up in the Retort would never be able to revive let the fire be made never so strong because the igneous particles would have no liberty to get out The Yellow earth that 's found in the Crucible seems to be of a Golden colour it is a terrestrious and bituminous impurity that the Lead is purified from There should be indeed but two drachms of it because four ounces of Lead are recovered wherefore the Augmentation must needs be from the fiery parts that remained in it as in a Calx Spirit of Saturn becomes inflammable from its containing in it some spirit of Wine that remains still involved in the Vinegar and was carried away with the acids into the Pores of Lead when the Salt of Saturn was made for if you quicken the Fire to distil this Salt the acids break in pieces and leave the Spirit of Wine at liberty insomuch that the Spirit of Saturn hath no acid taste The matter that remains in the Retort after the Operation may be easily revived into Lead as being deprived of the acids which gave it the form of Salt The Salt of Saturn may be likewise revived into Lead by mixing it with an Alkali Salt melted in a Crucible with a good fire because this last Salt destroys the acids that kept the Lead thus disguised but you must observe that it will flame before it revives by reason of the Spirit of Wine that I said was included in the dissolution of Cerusse made by Vinegar CHAP. VI. Of Copper COpper is a Metal that abounds in Vitriol and Sulphur it is called Venus because this Planet was thought to govern it particularly and bestow its Influences upon it and for this reason there hath been attributed unto it the virtue of encreasing seed and curing the diseases of those parts that serve for Generation But because Copper contains in it a Corrosive quality I would advise no body to use it inwardly Copper takes Rust very easily for if you leave but a drop of Water some hours upon a piece of it it makes a Verdegreese Have a care of drinking water that has lain in Copper vessels for it always dissolves some portion of it which appears easily from the taste it leaves in it It will not be altogether amiss to make mention here of an effect that is no less strange than usual 'T is that Water or any other liquor that 's heated or boil'd in a Copper vessel for a whole day together savours not at all or not so much of the Copper provided that it be not removed off the fire all that time as other water warm'd in a like vessel and put from the fire but an hour for whereas water alone can dissolve something of the Copper it would seem that being aided with the heat of fire it should partake of its nature the more Now in my opinion this is the most rational explication that can be given of this matter Every body may perceive that when the water begins to heat in a Copper vessel that 's set over the fire little Atoms do rise at bottom like the stirring of a powder and these Atoms do encrease according as the water receives more heat so that at length they make it boil on high these little Atoms can have no other cause than the fiery particles which passing through the vessel do drive the water upwards apace and rarifie its parts for this reason it is that the water is not able to dissolve any of the Copper for being continually raised upwards it can make no impression upon the bottom of the vessel Perhaps some will tell me that the liquor might take the impression of the Copper at the sides of the Bason but it is easie to imagine that though there don't pass through the sides so many fiery particles as do at the bottom there do pass nevertheless enough to hinder the liquor from sticking to or dissolving any particles of the vessel But now on the contrary the vessel being remov'd from off the fire and the motion of the igneous particles being quite ceased the liquor partakes easily of the Copper and so much the more easily as the fire has rarified the metal and rendred it more proper for dissolution Every thing seems to confirm this Opinion for if any liquor is put to boil over a strong fire in a Copper vessel it will not impregnate in the least but if you place it upon a small fire and leave it so for some time then because there will not pass enough fiery particles to cover all the surface of the vessel and raise up the liquor it will take some taste of the Copper but this taste will not be so strong as if you had left it the same length of time in such a vessel off the fire after it had been warm'd Liquors that are full of Salts do take the impression of Copper much more easily than those that are not Thus Confectioners do observe what I have mentioned for though they boil their Confections in vessels of Copper for a considerable time they find them taste nothing of the Copper but they know that if they should leave them but half an hour in the vessel taken off the fire they would be tainted with a most loathsom Copper taste We may learn from this Discourse not to use a Copper vessel when we have a mind to boil or heat a liquor gently and when we do think fit to use it to be sure to keep a good brisk fire underneath and not to let what we have boil'd cool afterwards in a vessel of this nature Another difficulty does here offer it self on this subject and it is to know why a Kettle that has been taken off the fire is not so hot at bottom as at the sides so that as soon as it is removed from off the fire one may touch it at bottom without burning ones finger which can't be done at the sides without present scalding The reason of which is that the fiery particles tending upwards through the bottom of the kettle which is flat in a direct line don't make any stop in passing through having but a little distance to conquer before they come into the liquor but those that rise on the sides finding a longer space to make upon the kettle do many of them stop in the Pores of the Copper It is not the same thing in vessels that are made in another form whose bottom is Globular because the fiery particles rising up in an indirect line do find more to do to pass through it than in a flat bottom and so by conference more of them do stop But it is objected that if igneous bodies do pass through the bottom of the kettle without any stop they would not be able to heat it any more when it is empty
not think the hardness of the parts of Steel above Iron whose Pores are more open does render it less proper for all sorts of Preparations seeing Spirit of Vitriol and many other acids are found to dissolve with the same ease both Iron and Steel I Answer that if Corrosive spirits do dissolve Steel they can dissolve Iron more easily and whereas a smaller quantity of them can operate upon Iron than Steel a better effect does thence follow Fifthly 'T is objected that the solidity of Steel may be an advantageous circumstance to it for the better fixing the dissolving Juices that are in the stomach and that for Metals the pure are to be chosen before those that are not so I Answer that instead of the solidity of Steels being helpful to the stomach it is certainly of great prejudice to it as well as to those other parts it is distributed into for the juices that are found in the stomach being but weak dissolvents are not able to penetrate nor rarifie this metal if it be too hard so that they leave it crude and indigest heavy and troublesome to this part Wherefore it passes away by Stool without any good effect as it often happens But now if a little of this Steel does happen to pass along with the Chyle it rather causes than takes away Obstructions for by insinuating into small vessels it stops in the narrow passages and causes grievous pains For what is said concerning the Purity of Metals it is of great use to Tradesmen for they by Purifying metals from their more rarified and Volatile parts do make them the less Porous and so the less liable to suffer prejudice from Air or time Thus Steel is much fitter for Utensils than Iron because its Pores are closer laid together and it takes not rust so soon as Iron but in Remedies it is not the same thing for those Metals that are more rarified and are more easily dissolved in the Body are such as we find best effects from for the reason I have given So that what Workmen call Purity is often but an impurity in Remedies Sixthly They say that if one would hope to find a distinct Salt in Mars it would be more likely to find it in that which is Purified than in the Faeces which are separated from it and which are indeed but the Impurities of Iron that Steel is made of I Answer there would be some reason to think that Salt might be more easily found in Steel than Iron if in the making of Steel Iron were simply Calcined without adding Nails and Horns of Animals in the Calcination for then it might be said that the Sulphur of Iron being in part evaporated its salt would be the more Soluble but we must consider that the Volatile salts which come from these parts of Animals being piercing Alkali's do destroy the acid salts of Iron and do thereby render the Steel more compact and unfit to take rust because the salts which by their motion did rarifie the metal are fixed and as it were mortified and have not the capacity of acting as they did This is the reason why a plate of Steel that has infused in Water will not give so great Impression to it as a plate of Iron Calcined of the same weight infusing the same time will do Another thing remarkable in the Calcination of Iron to turn it into Steel is that it is thereby deprived of its more Volatile salt which should have most effect with it in hopes to free it from Impurities and that which is called the Scories is the better part of Iron that has been rarified by its salt Thus for the same reason that some are pleased to call the rust of Iron its dross the whole metal may deserve the same appellation all of it being capable of rusting if it be but laid in the open air Another Aperitive Saffron of Mars This Preparation is the filings of Iron turned into rust in the Rain Put the filings of Iron into an earthen Pot unglazed and expose it to the Rain until it turns into a Paste Then set it a drying in the shade and it will rust powder it and expose it to the Rain again as before and so let it rust continue to rehumectate and rust this matter for twelve several times Then powdering it very fine keep it for use You may wet it with the water of Honey instead of Rain This Crocus hath the same virtues as the other and is given in the same Dose I cannot but prefer that which I described before because I conceive it to be more open than this Another Opening Saffron of Mars This Preparation is only the filings of Iron Calcined with Sulphur Take equal quantities of the filings of Steel and Sulphur powdered Mix them together and make them into a Paste with water put this Paste into an earthen Pan and leave it a fermenting four or five hours after which put the Pan over a good fire and stir the matter with an Iron Spatula it will flame and when the Sulphur is burnt it will appear black but continuing a good strong fire and stirring it about two hours it will be of a very red colour which declares to you the Operation is ended Let it cool and this Crocus may serve in the same Diseases as the former the Dose is from fifteen Grains to a Drachm Remarks I have thought good to deliver this Preparation for the convenience of such who need a great quantity of Saffron of Mars and who have not leasure enough to make it according to the other descriptions for it is sooner Calcined and is of a redder colour than any that are made with fire A Paste is made of the mixture to the end that the acidity of the Sulphur being diluted by Water may insensibly penetrate the Iron and open it the better and it is very easie to observe this penetration seeing that the matter does grow so hot of it self that a man can hardly endure his hand upon it It is the same thing whether you make a smaller quantity or make five and twenty or thirty pounds of this Preparation at a time it flames and half calcines before it is put upon the Fire which cannot be explicated but by the violent action and frication of the acid part of the Sulphur against the solid body of this metal This Operation may very well help us to explicate after what manner the Sulphurs do ferment in the earth when it happens to tremble and fires do burst forth as does too often happen in many Countries and among others at Mount Vesuvius and Mount Aetna for these Sulphurs mixing in Iron Mines may penetrate the Metal produce a heat and at last take flame after the same manner as they do in the present Operation And it will be in vain to object that there is no Air in the earth to help to fire the Sulphurs for there are clefts sufficient in the earth to give entrance
that it may be joyned with but because it doth sometimes prove very difficult to separate it from the Earths with which it is in a manner incorporated they are forced to distil it through Iron Retorts into Receivers filled with water Natural Cinnabar called Mineral is a mixture of Mercury and Sulphur that sublime together by the means of a Subterraneous heat and this is done near after the same manner as Artificial Cinnabar is made of which I shall speak anon Quicksilver by reason of its fluidity is hard to transport wherefore a great quantity of it is reduced into Cinnabar in the places whence it is taken after the manner following Artificial Cinnabar Cinnabar is a mixture of Sulphur and Quicksilver sublimed together Take a quantity of Sulphur and melt it in a great earthen pan then mix by little and little thrice as much Quick-silver you must stir about and preserve the Matter in Fusion till all the Mercury disappears Then powder your mixture and sublime it in pots in an open fire well governed you 'l have a hard Mass and of a very red colour If any heterogeneous Metal should have been mixt with the Mercury it would remain at the bottom of the Pots Besides the convenience of easily transporting Mercury by this means it is very useful in Painting It is also used in Pomatums for the Itch and to make Fumes withal to raise a Salivation Remarks A pound of Sulphur is able to incorporate three pounds of Mercury and to make a Mass together The cause of this mutation of Mercury into Cinnabar does proceed from the penetration which the more acid part of Sulphur does make into the Mercury and the intangling its parts whose motion is now checkt And being raised by the fire it volatilizes as it does but the Saline or acid Spirits of Sulphur do fix it so as that it is constrained to stop its volatility and settle in the upper part of the pot which is called subliming whereas when it is all alone or else joyned with some matter that cannot fix it it evaporates quite away Cinnabar is shaped like needles by reason of the acid Spirits of Sulphur which have entred into its body and have impressed such a figure its red colour may proceed likewise from the Sulphur which is of this colour when it is well rarified This Red appears brown while the Cinnabar is in the Mass but if you powder it very fine beating it a good while it becomes of a shining and that so high a colour that it has been called Vermillion Some women do rub their Cheeks with it when they have mixt it in Pomatum but they don't consider that so dangerous an accident may happen from it as a Salivation The Fumigation with it is made by causing a patient to receive the Fume of the Cinnabar thrown into the fire Reviving of Cinnabar into Quick-silver This Operation is performed in order to separate the Sulphur which is in the Cinnabar Take a Pound of Artificial Cinnabar powder it and mix it exactly with three pounds of Quick-lime also powdered put the mixture into an earthen or glass Retort whose third part at least remains empty Place it in a Reverberatory Furnace and after having fitted to it a Receiver filled with Water give your fire by degrees and at last encrease it to the height the Mercury will run drop by drop into the Receiver continue the fire until no more will come the Operation is commonly at an end in six or seven hours Pour the Water out of the Receiver and having washed the Mercury to cleanse it from some little portion of earth it might carry along with it dry it with Linnen or the crum of Bread and keep it for use You must draw thirteen ounces and a half of flowing Mercury out of each pound of Artificial Cinnabar You may again Revive the Cinnabar by mixing it with equal parts of filings of Iron and by proceeding in the Operation as I have taught Remarks When Mercury is thus revived you may be sure of its purity because if any Metal should have mixed with it in the Mine it would remain as I have said at the bottom of the Pot you sublime it in and if the Cinnabar were adulterated that which had been used in the adulteration either would not rise with the Mercury or else would separate from it in the Receiver Cinnabar being nothing but a mixture of acid Spirits and Mercury together if you mix it with some Alkali and drive it upwards by fire the Acids for the reason I have already spoken of concerning the Depart of Silver must leave the Bodies they were joyned to before for to enter into the Alkali and this is what happens here for the Acids finding the Quick-lime very porous do leave the Mercury and adhere to the Quick-lime so that this Mercury being disengaged from what held it fixt before and forced by the fire comes forth of the Retort in form of Spirit but the coolness of the Water that is in the Recipient condenses it and resolves it into Quick-silver A third part of the Retort is left empty because the rarified Mercury comes forth with such violence as would otherwise be apt to break the Retort You must leave the mixture to settle a day or two before you put the fire under it to the end that the Quick-lime may slake the while for if you should not observe this circumstance the Retort would burst You might also use such a Quick-lime as has been already slak't in the air and then you might begin your distillation immediately after the mixture but I do think that the Revivification will be the more exact when unslak't Lime is used because the Alkali will act more strongly upon the Sulphureous acids When the distillation begins abundance of Sulphureous fume is seen to come out of the Retort the juncture of the Receiver with the Retort must not be luted because it is better to let this Sulphur fly away for if it had no vent we might have reason to fear lest some part of the Quick-silver would joyn and unite with it in the Receiver and so we might be obliged to make a second Revivification of it If by way of curiosity you weigh the Lime which remains in the Retort after distillation you 'l find three pounds and half an ounce of it this little augmentation of weight proceeds from a remainder of the Sulphur of Cinnabar and the matter does smell of Sulphur Quick-silver is one of the greatest remedies we have in Physick when it is used as it should be but is full as dangerous when it happens into the hands of Quacks who use it upon all occasions for all sorts of Diseases and give it indifferently to all sorts of persons without any respect to the Temperament they are of Those who draw it out of Mines or work much with it do often fall into the Palsie by reason of Sulphurs that
which weighs nine ounces It is a good Escharotick it eats proud flesh it is used for the laying open of Chancres mixt with burnt Alom AEgyptiacum and the common Suppurative Some do give it inwardly to four grains for to raise a Flux with but this is dangerous unless rectified Spirit of Wine be burnt two or three times upon it Remarks This Preparation is improperly called Precipitate here being no Precipitation at all Many Authors have thought they could much encrease the redness of this Precipitate by Cohobating it or distilling Spirit of Niter three times upon the white mass but I have found by experience both ways that these Circumstances are of no use The white Mass which remains after Evaporation of the humidity is a mixture of Mercury with a great many acid Spirits for it weighs three ounces more than the Mercury did which was dissolved it is extreme Corrosive and fiery if applied to the flesh but according as it is Calcined in order to make it red the edges of the Spirit of Niter which caused the Corrosion do strike off and fly into the Air whence it comes to pass that the more we desire to encrease its redness by Calcination the less it weighs and the less it corrodes Some Chirurgeons observing this effect do choose the Precipitate that is not so red as usual when they would make an Eschar quickly If you still continue the fire some hours under the red mass it will sublime and still retain its colour this sublimate is not so Corrosive as the other which makes me think that the points of Spirit of Salt are necessary to make a sublimate very Corrosive The reason why it sublimes is because the Mercury being delivered from a great many acid Spirits which did fix it has power to rise with those that remain But because these remaining Spirits do moderate a little its volatility it makes a stop in the middle of the Viol. Some do put red Precipitate into an Earthen Pot and pour upon it Spirit of Wine well rectified then fire it and when the Spirit is consumed they add more and burn it as before they repeat the adding Spirit of Wine and burning it six times and then call this Preparation Arcanum Corallinum The Spirit of Wine by burning does carry off some edges of the Precipitate and joyns it self to the rest so that this Precipitate is sweetned and rendred fit to be taken inwardly If by way of curiosity you pour Spirit of Vitriol upon common red Precipitate such as I have described a dissolution will soon follow because Spirit of Vitriol joyning with the Spirit of Niter that remained in the Precipitate an Aqua fortis must happen from their union which is able to dissolve imperceptibly the parts of Mercury but this dissolution will happen without any Ebullition because the Mercury has been already rarified by an acid so that the Spirit of Vitriol does only dissolve them without making any commotion The solution is clear like other solutions of Mercury without any appearance of redness and the same Preparations may be made with it as are used to be by the solution of Quicksilver in Aqua fortis If instead of Spirit of Vitriol you pour Spirit of Salt upon the red Precipitate it turns presently into a curious white because the Spirit of Salt does break the force of the Spirit of Niter that was in the red Precipitate and the same thing must happen here as does when Spirit of Salt is poured upon the solution of Quicksilver for although red Precipitate be a dry body yet it is nothing else but a mixture of Quicksilver and Spirit of Niter I have given the reason why Spirit of Salt comes to weaken Spirit of Niter in my Remarks upon white Precipitate As for the sudden change of colour it is indeed somewhat strange that a matter which is grown red by Calcination should in a minutes time turn so exceeding white This Effect can be attributed only to the dislocation which the acid spirit of Salt does cause in the parts of red Precipitate and to the disposition it puts them anew into so that their Superficies is put into a capacity of reflecting the light in a right line to our eyes to give the appearance of a white colour for if by means of another sort of liquor or else by fire and some alkali body the disposition of the parts of your Precipitate is again changed it will obtain some other colour or else it will return and revive into Quicksilver If you pour the volatile spirit of Sal Armoniack upon red Precipitate it turns into a grey powder but if you throw a great deal of water upon it it becomes a milk though none of the whitest The same thing happens when you drop Spirit of Sal Armoniack into the solution of Quicksilver made with Spirit of Niter for soon after the effervescency is over a grey powder is seen to Precipitate and if you add to it water it becomes a milk of the same whiteness as the other Common red Precipitate then is subject to the same alterations as the solution of Mercury the red colour giving no particular impression to it which truly is a good proof that colour is no real thing but wholly depends upon the modification of parts Turbith Mineral or Yellow Precipitate This Preparation is a Mercury impregnated with the acidity of Oil of Vitriol Put four ounces of Quick-silver revived from Cinnabar into a glass Retort and pour upon it sixteen ounces of Oil of Vitriol set your Retort in Sand and when the Mercury is dissolved put fire underneath and distil the humidity make the fire strong enough toward the end for to drive out some of the last Spirits of all afterwards break your Retort and powder in a glass Mortar a white Mass you find within it which weighs five ounces and a half pour warm water upon it and the matter will presently change into a yellow powder which you must dulcifie by a great many repeated Lotions then dry it in the shade you 'l have three ounces and two drachms of it It purges strongly both by vomit and stool it is given in Venereal maladies the dose is from two grains unto six in Pills Remarks Though that which is improperly called Oil of Vitriol be the strongest and most Caustick acid of this Mineral Salt it is nevertheless much weaker than Spirit of Niter and so requires a greater quantity of it and longer time to dissolve the Mercury in for there 's much a-do to dispatch the solution in ten hours That which is distilled is exceeding weak because the Mercury retains the greatest part of the acid Spirits and they are the things that purge so strongly although many of them be carried off by the Lotions All these Preparations are nothing but so many different shapes of Mercury made by acid Spirits which according to their different adhesions do cause such different effects All these Precipitates and
wherefore the Liver of Antimony where it is used is in lesser quantity The Liver of Antimony that 's made with common salt-peter is the redder and comes nearer to the colour of an Animals Liver than that which is made with purified salt-peter this happens through the fixt salt which is in this preparation more than in the other for common salt-peter contains much fixt salt as I shall shew in its proper place this salt does likewise make the matter the heavier As for the virtues of these Livers of Antimony the difference is not very great but only that which is made with purified salt-peter is a little more Emetick than the other I cannot pass by here the false imagination of some men who think that preparation of the Liver of Antimony of which half a drachm or two scruples may be given is much better than that whereof 3 or 4 grains perform the same effect for there is no doubt but the taking so great a quantity of Antimony will give an impression to the stomach that a lesser quantity is not able to do Furthermore whereas these kind of preparations do commonly open the Antimony but little or but half-fix the saline sulphurs it is to be feared lest some salt they may meet with in the stomach should open them too much or volatilize them and so cause most unhappy accidents When the Liver of Antimony is washed with warm water some part of the fixt Niter that remained in it is separated Many have believed that the more violent part of the Emetick was carried off by this Lotion but on the contrary this fixt part is more capable of mitigating than augmenting its violence for the reasons I have spoke already You must observe that if you should put four ounces of prepared Antimony into a quart of wine the wine will not be more Vomitive than if you should put but an ounce because being loaded with as much of the substance of it as it is able to contain the rest remains at bottom and cannot be dissolved unless more wine be added Now an ounce of Crocus Metallorum or Liver of Antimony is according to experience capable of impregnating not only one quart of wine but after having poured off the liquor by Inclination if you put as much more wine to the matter that remains and leave it in digestion two or three days together you 'l have an Infusion as Emetick as the first You may if you please renew the wine that is poured upon it to be infused nine several times and it will always prove Emetick after which if you Calcine your matter a quarter of an hour in an earthen pot unglazed over a small fire stirring the matter continually with an Iron Spatule you may infuse it again as before and it will render the wine Emetick That Emetick wine which is made with the Crocus Metallorum is most in use it is likewise prepared with the Regulus and glass as I have said speaking of them You might likewise make another sort of it by infusing warm some days crude Antimony in white-wine for the tartarous salts of the wine do open the Antimony but it would not prove so vomitive as the other The Emetick wine is given alone or mixed with Purgatives that convey it partly by stool When you find an Inclination to vomit you must be provided of broth a little fat and take some spoonfuls to facilitate the Vomiting and hinder the great efforts which sometimes break vessels and cause mortal Hemorrhagies to follow You must also consider that those who have their breasts strait and bodies thin are much harder to vomit than others But let us leave those particulars to the wisdom of Physicians Antimonium Diaphoreticum This preparation is an Antimony whose sulphurs are fixed by Salt-peter and are thereby hindred from working otherwise than by sweat Powder and mix well together one part of Antimony with three parts of purified Salt-peter and having heated a Crucible red-hot in the Coals cast into it a spoonful of your mixture you 'l hear a noise or detonation after that 's over cast in another spoonful and continue to do so 'till all your powder is in the Crucible Leave a great fire about it two hours then throw your matter which will be white into an earthen pan almost filled with Fountain-water and leave it a steeping warm ten or twelve hours that the fixt Salt-peter may dissolve in it separate the liquor by Inclination wash the white powder that remains at bottom five or six times with warm water and dry it This is called Antimonium Diaphoreticum or mineral Diaphoretick or the Calx of Antimony This Preparation is esteemed good to procure Sweat and to resist Poison and consequently is good in Malignant Feavers the small Pox the Plague and other Contagious diseases The dose is from six grains to thirty in some appropriate liquor All the Lotions may be evaporated and a fixt Salt-peter will be found at the bottom of the vessel which works much like the Sal Polychrestum Remarks In this preparation three pounds of Salt-peter are used for one pound of Antimony that after sublimation of the volatile parts there may remain store of fixt Niter which unites with the Antimony and hinders it from being Vomitive It is observable that three parts of Niter with one of Antimony do not cause so strong a detonation nor so great a diminution of the parts of Antimony as when there are but equal quantities And the reason of it is that there 's too little sulphur of Antimony for the quantity of Niter and that some part of the sulphur does remain unactive in the fixt Niter which admits not of flagration for the volatile part of Salt-peter does not burn but according to the proportion of sulphur with which it is mixed And this is a proof of my assertion in this matter that if you throw upon lighted coals a little of that Salt-peter which you shall have drawn from the lotions of Antimonium Diaphoreticum it will still cause a flame to arise by reason of new sulphur which it meets with in the coals which sulphur does joyn together with the volatile part of Salt-peter that remained I shall speak more at large of the flagration of Salt-peter in the Chapter of this Salt You must put the mixture into the Crucible spoonful after spoonful that the Calcination may be done the better When it is ended the matter is washed for to separate the Salt-peter that is unuseful But let there be never so many lotions they can never wash away a certain inveloping or cover that is given to the Antimony by the fixt Salt-peter for each particle of Antimony is so closely united that it cannot any way be separated without recourse to some reductive Salt and this is it that makes this preparation of Antimony to be not at all Vomitive Many do say it is Sudorifick but I could never observe any such effect sensibly Nevertheless I would
writ that if Aqua Regalis dissolves Gold and cannot dissolve Silver the reason of it is that the gross points of spirit of Niter or Aqua fortis are subtilized by the mixture of sal Armoniack and are rendred fit to enter into the small pores of Gold whereas the delicate Fabrick of these same points does not leave them the necessary strength nor motion to divide the parts of Silver whose pores are a great deal bigger But this way of arguing does not agree with experience for what likelihood is there that the points of spirit of Niter are so subtilized by the penetration and division of the parts of sal Armoniack or where shall we find any example that after a considerable effervescency of two salts met together in conflict the acidity grows sharper than it was before this is a thing that can never be proved On the contrary every body knows well enough that no effervescency happens but the acid is in part blunted or broken thereby Moreover the Argument supposes that spirit of Niter does break its subtilest points in violently contending with the Sal Armoniack since also that in sal Armoniack there are alkali salts whose property it is to destroy acids I could further add here that the conjunction of salt with spirit of Niter should of necessity render its points more gross than they were and that the Crystals which are drawn by aqua Regalis have their shape not so keen as those that are drawn by aqua Fortis But that which I have said is so probable in itself and so easie to be convinced of if a man takes never so little pains to consider it that I should but amuse my Reader to little purpose if I should offer to give any proofs of it Neither do I find it convenient to make a long discourse in explicating how Silver which has lesser pores is more susceptible of the impressions of Air and Fire than Gold which has larger seeing I have already supposed that the matter intercepted between the pores of Gold is more compact and consequently more hard to separate than that of Silver Volatile Spirit of Sal Armoniack This preparation is a volatile salt raised from sal Armoniack by the means of Quick-lime and dissolved into a liquor Take eight ounces of sal Armoniack and four and twenty ounces of Quick-lime powder them apart and when you haved mixed them in a mortar pour upon them four ounces of water and put it quickly into a Retort whose half must remain empty Set your Retort in a sand Furnace and fitting to it a great Receiver and luting the junctures exactly begin the distillation without fire for a quarter of an hour afterwards increasing it by little and little unto the second degree continue it until nothing more comes forth take off your Receiver and pour out the Spirit immediately into a Viol turning away your head as much as may be to avoid a very subtile vapour that continually rises from it Stop the bottle close with wax to keep the Spirit in you will have of it five ounces and six drachms It is an excellent Remedy for all diseases that proceed from Obstructions and corruption of humours such as Malignant feavers the Epilepsie Palsie Plague Small-pox c. It drives by perspiration or by Urine the dose is from six drops to twenty in a glass of Balm or Carduus water Remarks Quick-lime which is an alkali destroys the strength of the acid Sea-salt which in a manner bound up the volatile salts in the Sal Armoniack whence it comes to pass that as soon as Lime and Sal Armoniack are mixed together there exhales an unsufferable smell of Urine for the volatile salts coming forth abundantly do so fill the Nose and Mouth of the Artist that he would never be able to put the mixture into the Retort if he did not take good care to turn away his head while his hands are at work Water is added to it to liquifie these volatile salts for if there were nothing to moisten them they would suddenly sublime to the neck of the Retort and stopping it all together would break it to pieces You must stop the Retort with your hand so soon as you have poured the water into it and shaking it one minute you must hasten all you can to fit to it the Receiver and to lute well the junctures for the Quick-lime does presently grow hot so soon as its body is opened and this heat which is very considerable would spend the more volatile of the salts if there were no care taken to preserve them The Quick-lime being wetted does swell and take up a great deal of room wherefore the Retort must be filled but half full that there may remain room enough for the Spirits to rarefie in you must also use a large Receiver in which the vapours that rise in abundance may be able to circulate with ease This Spirit is nothing but a solution of volatile salts in water if you would sublime and separate it from the water you must put the liquor into a matrass with its head and proceed as I shall shew when I describe the volatile salt of Vipers but this salt being dry flies away more easily than when it continues dissolved in water so that it were better keep it as it is This is a stronger Spirit than that which is prepared with Salt of Tartar because the little fiery bodies of the Quick-lime which are mixed with it have quickned the motion of the volatile salts likewise these fiery particles are they that do hinder the coagulation of this Spirit with spirit of Wine when they are mixed together for there must be a cohaesion and repose of parts in order to make a Coagulum You must also have a care when you remove the Receiver not to hold your head over it for this volatile salt suffering a greater separation than before enters the Nose immmediately and hinders Respiration insomuch that several persons have been seen to fall in a swound by that means alone Now to avoid this accident you had best have ready a wet cloth to stop the Receiver with so soon as it is unluted This Spirit is an excellent Menstruum to make precipitations with it destroys acids exceeding well as do all other volatile alkalis it is used to precipitate Gold after it is dissolved It is good in those diseases I named because it opens the pores and drives the humours by perspiration or by Urine according to the disposition of bodies moreover as it is an alkali it destroys the acids which caused these diseases Again it sometimes causes sleep because it dulls the keenness of acid salts which entring into the little conduits of the Brain do cause perpetual watchings It is better give volatile Spirits in Sudorifick waters than broth because the broth being taken hot the heat would evaporate the better part of the volatile Spirits before a man could reach the Porringer to his mouth You
soluble part of the other Divers little Objections have likewise been made me on this subject for want of duly examining what I have established Wherefore I do not desire to enlarge in the relation of them for I do aim as much as I can to avoid Repetitions as being good for nothing but to swell a Book and tire the Reader Wine diminishes the appetite as saith Hippocrates and the cause may be because the Sulphureous Spirits it is charged with do dull and oppress the Ferment of the Stomach which by its irritation caused hunger Vinous liquors may be made of all Fruits and many other things by means of Fermentation as from Apples Pears Honey and Hopps In like manner Berries Seeds Leaves and Flowers may be made to Ferment but because several of these things are naturally too dry to ferment easily they must be wetted with water after they are beaten and to quicken their Fermentation a little Yest is to be added and by this means liquors are made whence burning Spirits may be drawn as well as from Wine That which happens in the fermentation of Wines may serve very well to explicate many diseases but especially the Small Pox for it is very probable that in this disease the bloud does boil and ferment in the vessels much after the manner as Wine ferments in a vessel The little pustules of the Small Pox are a Tartar which is separated from the bloud to the skin after the same manner as the Tartar separates from the Wine to the sides of the vessel and indeed they have the same effect as salt in corroding the skin Infants are more subject to this disease than elder persons because their bloud is more like to Muste and consequently is more subject to ferment The Small-pox does usually happen but once in a mans life just as Muste does ferment also but once Distillation of Wine into Brandy Fill with Wine half a large Copper body cover it with its Moors head bordered with its Refrigeratory and fit to it a Receiver lute well the junctures with a wet Bladder and distil with a gentle fire about a quarter of the Liquor or else until the liquor which distils doth not burn when fire is put to it that which is in the Receiver is called Brandy and in French Aqua vitae Remarks Brandy is a Spirit of wine loaded with phlegm that it hath carried with it in the distillation these Spirits do always rise first and so it is known that there remain no more in the Cucurbite when the liquor that distils is no longer inflammable Brandy may be drawn from all sorts of Wines but more of it may be drawn in some Countries than others For example the Wines that are made about Orleans and Paris do yield greater plenty of Brandy than many others which seem to be stronger and the reason is that those Wines which appear stronger being loaded with a great deal of Tartar have their Spirits as it were fixed whereas the others containing but a convenient portion of this Tartar do leave their Spirits at greater liberty When Wine has been drunk there is made a separation of Spirits in the body much resembling that which is made by distillation for the heat of the bowels warming it causes the Spirituous parts to spread on all sides through the pores and some part of them to mix with the bloud and rarefie it from whence it comes to rejoyce the heart and encrease the vigour of the whole body but because these Spirits do always tend upwards the greatest part flies into the brain where it quickens its motion and produces a certain gaiety of mind that is wont to furnish us with many excellent thoughts But now if wine moderately taken is so profitable for the Functions of the body it likewise causes many mischiefs when it is excessively used for the Spirituous parts rising in great abundance do circulate in the brain with so much celerity that they soon confound the whole Oeconomy And then the objects will appear double and the walls of the place where one is seem to have changed their ordinary situation This Confusion remains until the Spirits having some good time dissolved the phlegm do in part condense with it and in part spend through the pores It likewise then happens that a man is prone to sleep because the Pituita being attenuated either by the Spirits of wine or by the phlegm they have drawn along with them glides into the small passages of the brain and retards the Circulation of the Animal Spirits by gluing them together for after the same manner as the motion of the Spirits in the Brain doth beget watchfulness so their repose or condensation produces sleep But I shall speak more amply of this subject hereafter when I come to treat of the effects of Opium The sleep which is caused through excess of Wine doth usually remain until the Animal Spirits have rarefied this phlegm and opened a free passage Those who are intoxicated with Beer Sider or some such like liquor do remain in their Drunkenness a longer time and sleep more after it than those who are drunk with Wine because the Spirit of these liquors carrying along with it a viscous phlegm into the brain remains a longer time in the disengaging it self and passing through the pores Again it is the viscosity of this phlegm which entring into the Sinus of the brain does cause so long a sleep because it is so hard to rarefie Those Accidents that I have related to proceed from the immoderate use of Wine are but the first and the less grievous though indeed they are but little to be desired every body knows that a continuation of frequent debauches doth at last render a man dull and stupid and this by reason the Spirits of Wine do not only trouble the Natural Spirits in their functions and render them Phlegmatick but likewise by rarefying them do ever carry off and lose some store of them These Persons are likewise subject to a continual spitting or else they are molested with defluxions Catarrhs and Gout because the Pituita being rendred more liquid by the Spirits and phlegm of vinous liquors is forced to descend through the Lymphatick vessels but if there happens to be the least obstacle in these vessels it takes its course with the Nerves and falls upon all the parts of the body Lastly when excess of wine does occasion falling into the Apoplexy and Palsie it is by reason the Pituita is rendred too liquid by the Spirits and Phlegm of wine and causes Obstructions in the head and hinders the natural course of the Spirits into the Nerves Many other sad effects of wine-debauches might be here mentioned but this digression is too long Let us return to our Operation After the wine hath been deprived of these Sulphureous Spirits there remains in the body a Tartareous liquor which being exposed a good while to the Sun in a Cask without its stopple turns
in it it would not turn red This Tincture doth not proceed from a fixt sulphur contained in the Salt of Tartar as many have pretended it is only an exaltation of this salt in Spirit of Wine for if by way of curiosity you should distil this Tincture you would recover only a Spirit of Wine and yet nevertheless there will remain at bottom but a small quantity of Salt of Tartar with its usual whiteness which shews sufficiently that this colour did only proceed from the exact mixture of the Spirit of Wine with the Salt of Tartar seeing upon their separation the colour disappears The Tincture of the Salt of Tartar loses its red colour as it grows old by reason that the more subtile part of the Spirit of wine is lost through the pores of the glass and there remains only a Spirit which has not strength enough to keep the Salt of Tartar in its exalted condition Magistery of Tartar or Tartarum Vitriolatum This Operation is a Salt of Tartar impregnated with the acidity of Spirit of Vitriol Put into a glass body what quantity you please of Oil of Tartar made per Deliquium pour upon it by little and little rectified Spirit of Vitriol there will be a great effervescency continue to drop more in till there 's no further Ebullition then place your Cucurbite in Sand and evaporate the Spirit with a little fire there will remain a very white salt keep it in a Viol well stopt It is a good Aperitive and is also a little Purgative it is given in hypochondriacal cases in Quartans Kings-evil and all other diseases wherein it is necessary to open Obstructions and to work by Urine The dose is from ten to thirty grains in some proper liquor Remarks Tartarum Vitriolatum may be made with the Salt of Tartar as well as with the Oil the Ebullition proceeds from this that the acid of Vitriol piercing the Alkali Salt of Tartar doth violently separate its parts and gives vent to igneous Bodies which were there imprisoned and this Effervescency comes to pass as often as an Alkali meets with an acid and remains until the acid can find nothing more to encounter in the alkali salt Then there follows a Coagulum at the bottom of the vessel because the acid and alkali clasping together do lose their motion and by their united weight do precipitate to the bottom And this causes the liquor to be much less acrimonious than the Oil of Tartar was before though at least an equal quantity of Spirit of Vitriol was mixed with it You must evaporate it gently and especially toward the end for fear the acid should rise withal This Salt is whiter than common Salt of Tartar as having been subtilized by Acids after the same manner as we see several other white things encrease in their colour as they are beaten into a fine powder If you do use two ounces of Salt of Tartar in this Operation you 'l draw two ounces and a half of Tartarum Vitriolatum This Augmentation comes from the more heavy and strong part of the Vitriol for that which is evaporated is very phlegmatick You may here use the Rectified Oil of Vitriol instead of the Spirit and then the less is requir'd because it is a stronger acid but the Tartarum Vitriolatum will not be so white as when Spirit of Vitriol is used by reason of some Tincture that always remains with the Oil of Vitriol rectifie it as much as you please Though some have written that if Tartarum Vitriolatum were put into a Retort and distilled one might draw Spirit of Vitriol as good as it was at first nevertheless it is certain that it will not be so strong a Spirit for it has lost the most subtile part of its acidity by encountring with the alkali which may be easily judged both by the taste and the effects If by way of curiosity you would search a little narrowly into this Operation and observe what happens during the ebullition of the acid and the alkali you would find that a great many little dashes of water do fly about especially if the vessel is not placed too low and you hold a lighted Candle near it for they will be apt to put it out This effect can have no other cause than the violent separation of the parts of the alkali by the acid which makes the watry part of this liquor to sparkle upwards being on all sides violently driven If you use Oil of Vitriol the ebullition is the greater and the heat the more considerable because its acid being stronger it separates the parts of the alkali body more easily Now considering the ebullition which happens between acid and alkali I have the less opinion of a method that some do follow which is to bathe a little the bodies that are to be embalmed with Spirit of salt and then to put Salt of Tartar into the embalming powder for it is very likely that this Spirit of Salt which is an acid by mixing with the alkali salt of Tartar may produce a Fermentation which may stir up the remaining humidity of the Carkass and make it to mix with the Ingredients of the powder and so instead of preserving the dead body we have reason to fear lest this Fermentation should rather hasten a dissolution of its parts Acids do sometimes dissolve and rarifie and at other times coagulate and precipitate as may be seen by the Operations which have been described These different actions do seem very strange for it is hard to conceive how one and the same liquor should produce contrary effects but I 'le give you an explication of this Phaenomenon which because it is built upon experience may perhaps meet with some Approbation An Acid proves always a dissolvent when good store of it is poured upon the matter that is to be dissolved but it makes a Coagulum as often when being in too small a quantity its points are fixed in the pores of the matter and have not power enough to get out and this is plainly perceived when Spirit of Vitriol is poured upon the liquor of Salt of Tartar for if you should mix but so much as is requisite to penetrate the Salt the acids do remain sheathed in it and bear it down whence a Coagulation and Precipitation happens but if now so much more or a greater quantity of Spirit of Vitriol should be still added to the liquor the Coagulum will disappear by reason that the little bodies which being gathered together maintained their part against the acid and hindred its motion will be then scattered and dissolved by the acid that is now grown the stronger The same thing may be remarked in all other bodies which can be dissolved by acids for if you take a little of any of those and pour a little acid upon it there is made a great effervescency and after that a Coagulum but if you add more acid the matter will all dissolve An acid can
likewise Precipitate what an alkali hath dissolved as we see in the Operation of the Magistery of Sulphur and this because the acid having dissolved and separated the parts of the alkali makes it let go its hold and the body precipitates by its own weight When Milk coagulates by the means of an acid it is because it contains a great deal of Cheese into which the acid enters and losing its motion weighs it down whence it comes to pass that the Coagulum which is made with a weak acid precipitates much less than that which is made with a greater quantity of acid but if you should in curiosity pour a great deal of acid upon the precipitated Coagulum you would find it dissolve by degrees The fermentation of Dough and other matters of the same nature does proceed from this that the natural salts having been put into motion by trituration or some other cause do rarifie and dissolve as much as they can whatsoever resists their motion but because these acid salts do exert their activity by little and little and do meet with much resistance the solution is made slowly and the division of some parts is with difficulty enough And this is that which causes the matter to swell as it does and to take up greater room than it had before Leaven does encrease the fermentation in dough because it self being a paste whereof the salts are become free to act by means of a long fermentation these salts do easily join with those of the other paste or dough and do help them to rarifie and dissolve the whole The same may be likewise said of other acid matters which cause a fermentation But when the acids have rarified the matter as much as they are able they lose their motion in it and then the matter coagulates that is to say returns into the same extension as before There is still one effect of acids which seems different from those I have now spoken of that they do preserve certain bodies which are put into them as salt keeps or preserves meat Thus when young Cucumbers Samphire or Capers are steeped in Vinegar there is no fermentation with them and consequently no corruption The reason of which is that the parts of Cucumbers and other like things being very viscuous and sluggish the acids do insinuate to dissolve them but they have not there their motion free enough to make their jostles and to divide the parts minutely so that the acids of the Vinegar do only fix in the pores of these matters and coagulate in them It is this coagulation which hinders the Cucumbers from corrupting for these acids do shut their pores and serve for so many little pegs wherewith to sustain their parts firm and quiet Sea-salt which is an acid does preserve meat and many other matters for the same reason I have already spoken of that in my Remarks upon the Principles The Coagulation then which acids do cause may justly be said to be an imperfect dissolution of bodies and I could here relate a great many other Examples to prove what I have asserted But I shall content my self with those already said And now let us see whether this discourse can furnish us with any thing that illustrates the digestion of Aliments in the Stomach Most of our modern Philosophers have not spared the notion of acid when they have endeavoured to explicate digestion they have conceived the Membranes of the Stomach to be all impregnated with it and many of them not contented with this liquor alone have brought some more of it from the Spleen and Pancreas but if all these acids were really in the Stomach the aliments would not escape coagulating and consequently an Indigestion as uses to happen after taking too many acids at Meals for conceive never so great a quantity of them either there would not be enough to dissolve the Aliments or else the Membranes of the Stomach would be attenuated and concocted too as well as that which they contain which nevertheless doth not happen in the natural temper of the body There is no need of seeking after these imaginary acids to cause digestion the spittle which mixes with the Aliments as they receive their first Trituration between the Teeth will furnish us with enough to actuate the Fermentation in the Stomach there is but little acid requisite to set the parts in motion but when once they are moved they do contain enough Salts and Spirits of the same nature which being quickned by the heat of this viscus will break all their Chains and find a vent out whence does infallibly follow an attenuation of the Aliment into a Chylous substance It will be said without doubt that the irritation in the Stomach which is called Hunger cannot be produced by any thing but an acid which finding no more Aliments to work upon uses to act upon the Membranes themselves But I think I shall explicate this Irritation better according to my own opinion than that of these men for I may with reason enough say that the spittle finding the stomach empty of all nourishment ferments alone and creates this Irritation seeing that spittle as every body must grant is loaded with a Salt but as for them they must make an acid to come from the membranes which nevertheless doth not irritate them but only when it meets with nothing else in the Stomach to exercise upon which is a thing hard enough to comprehend I know very well that some of them to avoid this difficulty will say that the acid is generated in the stomach from the remainder of that which is eaten which continuing some time in the stomach produces a Leaven after the same manner as Dough but then they must explain to me what the Ferment did consist of which served to digest the first Aliments that the Infant took Another Objection may be made to what I have said touching digestion it is that whereas I have maintained that acids do dissolve when they abound and Coagulate when they are but few in a great deal of matter it should happen that Spittle should then be apter to Coagulate the Aliments in the stomach and cause indigestion than would a greater quantity of acids for it seems according to my discourse the more acids are found in a matter the more liable it must be to dissolve To resolve this difficulty which seems to be very considerable we must observe that the natural acids of Aliments taken into the stomach are sufficient to rarifie and dissolve those bodies which hinder their motion when it has been begun by Mastication or by some salt of the spittle which serves as a Leaven to them much after the same manner as the salts of meal do rarifie the Paste when they have been actuated before by Trituration and Leaven together but now if there happens to be too much acid in the Aliments that are taken into the stomach they will have the same effects as Cucumbers
when the Phosphorus is not so hot as in the first Experiment and when it is not altogether so cold as in the second the alteration of the least circumstance quite alters the Experiment but the same things always happens in proportion with those already described We made another Experiment thus we put a little piece of the solid Phosphorus into a crystal vessel and we poured upon it a very fixt acid liquor I think it was Oil of Vitriol a great fume arose from the mixture we stopt the bottle with paper and stirred the matter several times after having left it some hours in digestion We lookt upon it in the dark and it appeared luminous though it were stopt and it has still been alike luminous from about two months ago until the present Indeed the light of it is not so great as is that of the Phosphorus but it keeps a much longer time That which is surprizing in these Experiments is that the air does sometimes make the Phosphorus shine and sometimes not Now to explicate this difficulty I do say that in the first Experiment the greatest part of the luminous matter of the Phosphorus did fly out of the bottle into the receiver and that that which remained in the bottle after it was separated from the receiver being deprived of its most subtle sulphurs was not able to give so great a light as before nevertheless the matter still retaining a little warmth there did rise from it enough particles to give a light when the bottle was unstopt but because by the cold the little bodies do condense and lose very much of their motion this Phosphorus likewise loses much of its strength and gives but a languid or weak light When the air was drawn out of the bottle the matter lookt very light and when the air was let to it again it went out the reason whereof is that the light being weak could not preserve its self but with a convenient proportion of air and there was some remaining still in the bottle for though the air be never so much pumped out of the vessel there will still remain a little behind The Phosphorus loses its light by the usual great quantity of air as a little candle will be put out by being exposed to the wide air or a small fire will soon go out when too great a wind blows strongly upon it So long as the Phosphorus sends forth a great many vapours a good deal of air is requisite to make it appear luminous and a little air will not be sufficient Wherefore when the Phosphorus was hot it would not shine until the bottle was unstopt but when it was cold it sent forth only weak vapors wherefore then a very little air sufficed to make it shine and when it received too much it was thereby suffocated The last Experiment made in the little Crystal bottle does further very well prove my explication the fixt acid liquor which was poured upon the Phosphorus did slacken the motion of its parts so that from that time they could not display their light with so much vigour as they did wherefore a very little sufficed to continue its light so that the paper-stopple served to give it sufficient air but when the bottle was stopt closely with its Crystal stopple no more light was seen for some time afterwards because that stopple did wholly hinder the entrance of air It is likewise the fixing of the Volatile parts of the Phosphorus which preserves the light so long for the matter having now less motion than before it was fixed its parts do come to be dissipated with the more leasure But you will tell me that the great fume which exhaled from it when the acid liquor was poured upon the Phosphorus is rather a sign of a greater than less dissipation of parts I grant that when this acid acts upon the matter there is at that time a considerable exaltation of parts but I say also that when this great motion is once over that which remains is in much less agitation than it was and you must observe that the strong acids such as Oil of Vitriol and Spirit of Niter upon being mixed with Spirit of Wine do cause a much like fume as this and yet afterwards the Spirit of Wine is much less volatile than it was Again the light of the Phosphorus which is in the little crystal bottle that is stopt may be said to be partly caused by an air which is produced by a kind of fermentation for doubtless there is some little action between the acid and the matter I find therefore that there is a parity of reason in the explication of the light which appeared in the viol after the air was pumped out of it and that which is seen in the little crystal bottle stop'd It is further remarkable that this same Phosphorus which went quite out when air was let into it by means of the Pneumatick Engine yet did not altogether lose its light when it received the air the common way that is to say meerly by unstopping the bottle whereof the reason is this the air that is communicated from the Air-pump comes in with a great force and violence through the pipe and so may very well put out the light of the Phosphorus which the air that has its ordinary motion is not able to do after the same manner as a candle lighted is much sooner put out when exposed to a blast of wind than when it is set in a place where the air is quiet From considering all the kinds of Phosphorus both Natural and Artificial and the Experiments that have been made upon them I cannot but conclude that the general cause of the light they give does proceed from a very great agitation of insensible parts and whereas it is very probable that fire is only a very violent motion of little bodies round their center the parts of our Phosphorus may be said to have received the same determination by the fermentations it has undergone for Wood never shines in the dark until it is become rotten that is to say until it has undergone a sufficient fermentation to make its most subtile parts move nimbly round their center The Bolonian stone is not luminous until it has been calcined a certain time in order to excite a motion of its parts The Viper being irritated darts forth its tongue with so much quickness that it appears all on fire Many little creatures such as some kinds of Caterpillars and Woodlice do shine in the night because they have a matter so exceeding subtile towards their tail that it produces a sort of fire and it is for the same reason of the motion of parts that Vrine does become luminous That which gave occasion to the working upon Vrine for the making of the Phosphorus was that in some little holes of the earth wherein there had been standing-puddles of Vrine a light had been observed to be seen at nights But you
263 how possibly they grow in our bodies 268 Succinum or Ambar 363 Sublimate Corrosive often counterfeited and how to be discovered 177 Its Corrosion much greater than that of Arsenick 182 How from so great a Poison it comes to be so mild as it is in Mercurius dulcis 185 Suffocation of the Matrix explicated 368 Sugar whence its sweetness is derived 243 410 how made 408 Sugar-candy how made 409 Sulphur 353 Its Flowers how made white 354 Its Milk 355 That half the quantity of its Milk or Magistery is as effectual as double the quantity of its Flowers 357 Its Spirit suspected in diseases of the breast 360 Its Salt why so much more acid then tartarum vitriolatum 362 Sulphur vivum 353 Sylver 74 how made or counterfeited by Alchymists 55 The difference between Plate-sylver and Coppel sylver 79 Its Crystals how Revived 82 Its Calx how Revived 86 Sympathetical powder its preparation and use and its operation explicated 334 335 336 The authors candid judgment of it 337 Syrop of Mars 148 T Tabaco 481 An Experiment made upon its Oil 483 Tartar 433 Its Cream and Crystals 434 Why its Crystals will not dissolve in cold water 435 No true Volatile Salt to be drawn from it 443 A quick way of making its Salt 445 That water thrown upon Tartar newly Calcined gives it a heat and ebullition like Quicklime 445 How its Salt mixed with distilled waters will make them look green 447 That its Salt will cause a flame after the manner as does Salt-peter when thrown upon kindled coals 449 Chymical Terms explicated 40 Tinctures how made 501 Turpentine 488 Tynn 92 V Venereal disease its venom proved to be an Acid 168 169 Verdigrease how made 127 Vermilion 157 Vinegar how made 429 That common Vinegar keeps its strength longer than the distilled Spirit 431 Good against the Plague ib. Vinegar of Saturn 111 Vipers when taken can live a whole Summer without eating if they have but air 505 How the Viper differs from Serpents 506 The quickest remedy for the biting of a Viper 507 Wherein her venom does consist 507 c. A Sudorifick water of Vipers 519 Virgins Milk 112 Vitriol its several sorts 329 330 The English how to be distinguished from the German 339 Its Spirit how Revived into Vitriol 341 That its strong Oil causes heat and ebullition with divers liquors that are not alkali 342 A remarkable instance of its Caustick Oil 343 Volatile Salts how Rectified 514 515 When to be used and when not 466 Why they become foetid and are alkalis 21 22 Vomiting when excessive through the taking Antimonial preparations is to be stopt with Cream of Tartar 231 232 W Wax 546 Wine 412 analyzed 420 Why Claret lies longer in the body and abounds more with Tartar than White-wine 412 Its Muste anatomised 413 No inflammable Spirit in the Muste ib. It s Spirit what ib. Why Muscat and Spanish wines are so sweet as they are and why they yield fewer Spirits than French wines 414 The Small-pox ingeniously compared with the fermentation of Wines 416 Its good and bad effects 418 419 How it causes so profound a sleep 419 The drawing Spirit of Wine by the Serpent rejected and another instrument preferred 421 422 c. What causes Wine to turn egre and what will hinder it 466 FINIS BOOKS Printed for Walter Kettilby at the Bishop's Head in S. Paul's Church-yard THO. Sydenhami M.D. Opera Universa oct Lister de fontibus medicatis Angliae oct Jones de Febribus intermittentibus oct Mayow Tractat. quinq è med de sal nitro c. oct Charletoni Inquisitio physica de Causis catamenionum uteri Rheumatismo oct Entii Apologia pro Circuitione sanguinis contra Parisanum Edit altera auct accuratior oct Lossii Observationes Medicae oct R. Grovii Carmen de Circuitione sanguinis quart Dr. Charleton's three Anatomick Lectures 1. Of the motion of the Bloud 2. Of the Organick structure of the Heart 3. Of the efficient causes of the Hearts Pulsation quart Dr. Webster's History of Metals quart Grew's Anatomy of Trunks oct 's Anatomy of Plants fol. Dr. Goodall's Royal College of Physicians of London founded and established by Law as appears by Letters Patents Acts of Parl. c. quart Dr. Smith's Portraicture of Old Age oct Burnetii Telluris Theoria Sacra quart Mr. Burnets Theory of the Earth fol. Dr. Hicks's Jovian in Answer to Julian oct Plato's Daemon or the State Physician unmask'd in Answer to Plato Redivivus by T. Goddard Esq Dr. More 's Exposition on Daniel quart Exposition on the Apocalypse quart Answer to several Remarks on his Exposition on Daniel and the Revel by S.E. quart Dr. More 's Answer to Dr. Butler about Judicial Astrology quart 's Reply to the Answer to his Antidote against Idolatry with his Appendix oct 's Remarks on Judge Hales about fluid bodies c. oct Dr. Falkner's Libertas Ecclesiastica oct 's Christian Loyalty oct 's Vindication of Liturgies oct Dr. Sherlocks Discourse of the knowledge of Jesus Christ with his Defence oct Dr. Scott's Christian Life first and second part Dr. Fowler 's Libertas Evangelica in pursuance of his Design of Christianity oct Mr. Kidder's Discourse of Christian fortitude oct Mr. Hesketh's serious exhortation to frequent Communion oct Piety the best Rule of Orthodoxy oct Dr. Worthington's great Duty of Self-Resignation oct Mr. Needhams six Sermons at Cambridge oct Mr. Grails Sermons at Norwich oct Mr. Long 's History of the Donatists oct 's Character of a Separatist oct Against Hales of Schism with Mr. Baxter's Arguments for Conformity oct 's Nonconformists plea for Peace impleaded against Mr. Baxter oct Mr. W. Allens Works in 4 Vol. oct Mr. Lamb's stop to the Course of Separation oct 's Fresh suit against Independency oct Dr. Charleton's Harmony of Nat. and Positive Divine Laws oct