Therfore if that I should wryte the same agayne I shoulde both be ouer tedious to such as showld heare me also I showld breake my promyse because I haue promised to write a brefe and a shorte treatyse vpon Phisicke The .x. chapter of powers or faculties A Facultie or a power is the cause frō whence the action procedethe There be .iii. faculties or powers diuers ech to other which gouerneth the bodye and be called Animall vitall and naturall The animall power or facultie cummeth from the brayne by the senewes geueth both mouyng and felynge to eche part of the body and is author of the senses and all voluntary actions The vital power cummeth from the harte and is caryed in the pulse throughout the bodye wherto it geueth life wherof it is euident that the hart is the wel of lifely heat the natural power cōmeth from the liuer and is caried to euerye parte of the body by the vaynes and serueth to the norishynge of the same This power or facultie is deuided in .iiii. other powers the first is attractiue the second is retentiue the third concoctiue or alteratiue the fowerth expulsiue The attractiue power is the same by y e which euery part of y e body draweth to it such iuyce as is mete and conuenient to norishe it and that iuyce which is sooneste made like is most conuenient for nowrishment therfore this power seing that it prepareth matter to the norishment of euery part serueth to the power alteratiue or concoctiue The retentyue power holdeth y e same which is al redy drawen vntyl it be altered chaunged this power also serueth vnto the alteratiue or concoctiue power The alteratiue power hath name of hys action for it altereth the iuyce and at the length maketh it lyke to the part that is norished The expulsiue power or facultie separateth the euyll from y e good lest with long tariynge together the one shoulde marre the other this as the other serueth to the alteratiue power These .4 powers be in euery part of euery naturall body as Gallen witnesseth in hys bokes of powers or faculties ¶ The .xi. chapter of Actions AN action is an actuall mouyng procedinge from a facultie and therefore the facultie is alwayes the cause of the action wherfore whan the power perisheth ther foloweth no action at all That which the action hath made finished is the worke as bloud fleshe bone and as ye may call euery action a certayne worke of Nature so ye can not call euery worke an actiō as flesh is a work of nature not an action There is in y e body .ii. manner of actions One is called Anymall or voluntarie which procedeth from the synowes and muscules this is suche an actiō y t whan it is it may be seased whan it is not it may be raysed as a man listeth as in example The head armes and legges may be moued or holden styll as it shall plese the dody that hath them This action is parted in to thre The first is of feelynge which is deuided in .v. as in to the action of seinge hearinge felinge smellynge and tastyng The secōd is the action of voluntarye mouyng The third is the action of the cogitation memory and reason which of all the rest is most noble and excellent As for respiration is a voluntary action because it is in oure wyll to holde oure breth or to let it go which is euident of the seruaunt that Gallē speketh of which held his breth vntyl he dyed Wherfore it is euident that sūme voluntarye actions be free sum serue the affectiōs of the body For to walke any whither or to speake with any body or to take any thinge be fre actions but to ease the belly or to make water serue the necessitie of the bodye Yt is possible for a mā to holde hys peace yf he haue so constitute with hym selfe an hole yeare to gether but to hold his excrement or hys water .ii. monethes or .ii. weckes it is not possible For they prouoke so oft and greue a man so muche that oftentymes they wyll not abyde tyll they maye be conuenientlye let forth and lyke vnto these is respiration or the actiō of brething For whosoeuer hathe his brethe stopped but a very littell tyme it is a greate doubte yf he dye not fourth with all But the naturall action which is not voluntarye cummeth of the vaynes and pulses For let a man doe what he shall and yet they wyll doe theire office without any let Amongest the naturall actions be reckened generation Auction nutrition Formation Alteration appeticion attraction concoction retention distribution excretion such other But as for generation it is not one simple naturall action for in it is bothe alteration and formation The amplyfycation and increacement in length bredeth and depenesse of all the vttar partes of the bodye is called auction Nutrition is the assimilation or makyng lyke of the nurishment to that that is nurished to the whiche apposition and agglutination or adhesiō be necessary For after that the iuyce which afterward shall nurish euery part of the body is once fallen from y e vaynes it must first be put to and then ioyned or glued last of all made like It is very mete and expedient for euery Phisition entending his pacientes health diligently to consider all the actions as well the animall as naturall because of them the constitution of the body is easy to be knowen For what body so euer is in health the same hath all the actions parfit and sownde and what body is sicke and diseased it hath cleane otherwise Moreouer the action for the most part declareth the place affected For there can be no action hurt but that part or instrument wherin it is must be affected also ¶ The .xii. chapter of spirites A Spirit is a subtyl thynne and bright substance made of the finest partes of the blowd that the power may be caried from the principall partes of y e body to y e rest wherby eche maye doe hys dutie and office There be in number only .iii. spirites the animall vitall and naturall The animall spirit hath his place in y e brayne and being dispersed in the senewes geueth the power of mouinge and feling to eche part of the body It is made of the vitall spirite The vitall spirit is in the hart and is caried in the arteries throughout the body being the very cause of all naturall and lyuely heat It is made of the exhalations or the dryest and finest partes of the bloud Yf there be any naturall spirit it is in the liuer and vaynes and in dede to say the truthe there is no greate nede for any spirite to carry any power of nowrishing through the body seing y t euery part draweth hys nurishment euen as the adamante stone draweth yron besyde this the liuer hath no such matter as any spirit can be made of For if
to say y e springe summar autumne and winter be For euery one of these by hym selfe and without comparison maye be called hote cold drye or moyst of this fashion the spring is withoute all excesse because there is not as is in wynter more colde then heat nor as in summar more heat thē cold lykewyse there is a mediocritie of drynesse and moysture and therfore Hippocrates sayeth that it is the most holsumest tyme of all the yere and a tyme in the which there chaūseth no deadly sicknes For y e moste part of the diseases of the springe happen by reson that all the euyll humors be driuen from the innar partes in to the skynne Wherefore the diseases be rather to be imputed to the body then to y e tyme of y e yeare For what body so euer hath good homours that bodye remayneth styll in healthe so long as the spryng lasteth paraduenture it doeth not so in summar autumne or wynter because these tymes brede or encrese euyll humors as summar encreaseth chollar autumne melancholy wynter fleme watrish humors It is possible that sum man wyll reprehend my sayinges obiecting the begynnyng of the springe to be coulde accordyng to wynter the latter ende hot as in summar In dede I confesse no lesse then y e begynnynge of the springe to be a lytell coulde and the latter ende a lytell hote but not in excesse as it is eyther in summar or wynter Wherfore it can not be called hote and moyest as sūme doe suppose because it can not be hot and temperat both at one tyme. As for summar by the consent as well of the Philosophers as of phisitions is hot and dry because there is in it more heat then could more drinesse then moysture Autumne simply and without exception can not be called colde and dry as sūme holde opinion for it is not coulde because there is as muche heate as coulde seing the middle of the day is much hotter then the mornynge and euenynge Therefore it is founde to be distemperat in heat and coulde and so mixt of bothe that it can nether be called hote nether coulde Therefore it is full of perilouse diseases because it is distempered both in heate and coulde and because it hath more drynesse then moysture therefore it is called dry As for wynter it is moyst could not because it is more moyst coulde then y e other times of the yere but because there is more moysture then drines more could then heate Nowe that I haue so brefelye as I coulde declared the temperamentes of the tymes of the yere it is mete cōuenient to shewe in as fewe wordes as I can the temperamentes of the iiii ages which are chyldehode youth mannes state and olde age Chyldehode is from the chyldyng the space of .xv. yere next folowyng and it is hote and moyst and that is easie to be perceyued hereof that the first constitution of the chylde is of seede and bloude the whiche both be hote and moyst Youthe beginneth where chyldehod endeth continueth .x. yeres in this age ther is more firye heat lesse natural heat thē is in childehode as Gallen witnesseth in hys second boke of temperamentes Mannes state begynneth at .xxv. and continueth to .xxxv. the which tyme is hote and dry Olde age beginneth at .xxxv. and continueth the rest of the lyfe though summe doe recken it but to .ix. and fortie yere and it is colde dry Ye shall fynde in other places mo differences of ages howbeit I thinke these sufficient for suche as be not to deynty and exquisite Whoso thinketh hym selfe not satisfyed with this brefe exposition of temperamentes let hym reade diligently Galenes .iii. bokes of temperamentes and I dout not but he shall be satisfyed For I makyng haste to better and more profitable knowledge cānot finde in my harte to tary any lenger in this disputation yet whoso euer shall dilygently examine in hys mynde that that is wryttē before may easely yf he be not halfe folishe gather y e rest which wanteth without a techer or an instructar ¶ The .viii. chapter of humors HVmours be fower in number that is to say bloude chollar flewme and melancholy of the which bloude is hote moyst and swete Flewme is coulde moyst and vnsauery lyke vnto the pure water yelowe chollar hote dry and bittar blacke chollar or melancholy coulde drye sowre and stipticke These humours be called hot could dry and moyst because they be so in power and not in acte and ther is great difference betwixte thinges that be hot of power and thinges hot in acte For that thing is hot in acte which is hot alredy and that is hot in power which is not hot alredy but may and is apt to be hot afterward so we call bryne or vinegar drye though they appere to the eye to be moyst yet experience hath proued them drye because they consume the superfluous humours bothe of flesh also other thinges Whan these .iiii. humours reserue theyr forsayde qualities then the body wherein they be is hole and without disease and the before named humours be called of the Phisitions naturall The receptacles of bloud be the vaynes and pulses but the bloud that is contayned in the pulses as Gallen sayeth in his first boke and first chapter of affected places differeth from the blowde of the vaynes in that that the blowde of the pulses is both hotter thynnar yelower The well of the blowde is the liuer not onely that but also the first instrument of mannes bodye and the naturall and true cullour of the blowd is red which Galen affirmeth in many places Where blowde redoundeth the body is feat fayer mery plesantly disposed Flewme of cullour is white which at the length by y e meanes of naturall heat may be tourned in to bloude and therefore seinge it is a nowrishment but halfe boyled nature hath prouided no propre or peculier receptacle for the pourgynge of it For flewme engendred in the stomake or mawe be cause it is carryed together w t the iuice that came of the meate drinke vp in to y e liuer is at length by much alteration tourned into bloude and that which is caryed together with the bloud in the vaynes may skant be spared because it mittigateth the greate feruent and outragious heat of y e bloud therfore it hath morenede to tarry styll be altered then to be pourged caryed away but y t that remayneth behynde in the guttes is pourged caryed quite oute at the fundament by reason of the chollar cūmynge fro the lyuer as Gallen sayeth in the .v. of his bokes of the vse of the partes of mannes body The excrement which falleth frō y e brayne in to y e mouth can not properly be called flewme but rather muck or sniuil flewmatick bodyes be slothfull slepy fleshye soone horeheared Yelowe chollar hath his name of his culour nature hathe prouided a proper
A uery brefe treatise ordrely declaring the prīcipal partes of phisick that is to saye Thynges natural Thynges not naturall Thynges agaynst nature Gathered and sette forth by Christopher Langton Anno dn̄i M.D.XLVII ¶ Wylm̄ Baldwyn ▪ ¶ Who so desyreth health got to preserue And lost to procure ought chefely to knowe Suche naturall thynges as therto maye serue Great knowlege wherof this boke wil him show Whiche smal though it seme contayneth as much Of arte to be knowen of them that are wyse As byg myghty bokes agastfull to tuche As well for the wayght as for the heauy pryce Reade it therfore all ye that loue your healthe Learne here in an houre elles where in a yere Scarce red the which Langton willing our welth Hath englyshed brefe as it doth appere To whome the free geuer of your so great gayne Yelde thākes prayses a payment for his payne Consule valetudini The contentes of this Boke ¶ The firste boke OF what kynde of artes physicke is Cap. i. Of the sectes in Physycke Cap. ii The partes of physicke iii. The distribucion of Physicke in to three fourmes Cap. iiii Of the numbre of thinges naturall v. Of Elementes Cap. vi Of temperamentes Cap. vii Of Humors Cap. viii Of the partes of mannes body Cap. ix Of powers or faculties Cap. x Of Actions Cap. xi Of Spirites Cap. xii ¶ The seconde boke OF the number of thinges not naturall Cap. i Of Ayer Cap. ii Of meate and drynke Cap. iii Of exercise and rest Cap. iiii Of Slepe and watche Cap. v Of Fulnesse and emptinesse Cap. vi Of the perturbations and sudayne mocions of the mynde Cap. vii ¶ The thyrd boke OF the number of thynges agaynst nature Cap. i Of the causes of diseases Cap. ii Of diseases Cap iii Of Accidentes Cap iiii ¶ The fowerth boke ¶ Howe to iudge of any disease Cap i Of Vrine Cap ii Of the excrementes of the belly Cap iii Of the Spettel Cap iiii Of the Pulses Cap. v Finis ¶ To the right high and mighty Prince Edwarde Duke of Somerset Protector of the kynges maiest realmes and dominions and gouerner of his most Royall person Christofer Langton wyssheth health and encreace of all godlynesse PHisicke hath bene so afflicted clogged wyth ignoraunt wryters it were to tediouse to rehearce eyther theyr names or theyre opinions that before Gallenes dayes none knewe which was the truth And though Gallen wrot orderly yet by the iniurye of tyme the best parte of his workes be lost to the great hynderaunce of all suche as shalbe studentes in Phisicke Yet yf but halfe that that remayneth were englysshed I woulde then thynke y t we shoulde haue al thynges in Phisicke a greate deale the playnar to the great profit welth of the realme dyuers wayes For fyrst it woulde saue great exspence of money which vnlearned strangers dayly carrye awaye Than it woulde be the safegarde of manye mennes lyues whiche myght be able to do the king otherwyse right good seruice And finally it wolde cause a great encrease of wisdome whiche passeth bothe golde precious stones Wherefore I consideryng the wealth of the greater nūber haue taken vpon me to wryte orderly of a great peace of phisicke which I dedicate vnto your grace not that I thynke it worthy so noble a Prince but partly because I iudge you a man muche desirous to knowe suche thinges as be here set foorth for the bodyly healthe partely for that I trust your noblenes wil further al godly ententes whiche yf ye doe ye shall not only encorage me whiche am but a lernar and as yet a young student in Physicke but other also whiche are alredy perfect in the workes of Physicke dayly to set foorth suche thinges as may profit many and hurte none Thus I praye god graunt to youre grace in al your affayers most prosperous successe and after this trāsitory lyfe ioye withoute ende Amen The fyrste boke ¶ The fyrste Chapter Of what kynde of artes Phisicke is SEyng that I haue taken vpon me to wryte a breefe treatyse vpon Phisicke for the alonlye commoditie of ignoraunt and vnlearned studentes in the same I think it very necessarye and expedient to open and declare bothe playnlye and brefely what physicke is whiche in Latine is called Medicina in Englysshe woorde for woorde Medicine Hyppocrates in his boke de flatibus whiche is as muche to saye as in his boke of Spirites or blastes affirmeth that Medicine or Physicke is nothyng but the adiection of that that lacketh or the subtraction or takynge awaye of that whyche is superfluous redoundeth the whych declaration or definition Gallen alloweth in manye places trulie not w tout a cause For ther is no parte of phisike but it is cōprehended in thys finition Auerroes in the .vi. boke and the .i. Chapiter of his gatheringes dothe define phisicke verye fetely in these wordes folowinge Medicina est ars factiuarum vna ratione et experimento inuenta que tum sanitatem tuetur tum morbum depellit whiche is as muche to say in englysh as Phisike is one of those artes whyche dothe make thinges inuented or found out by reason and experience and the whyche partly defendeth health and partly beteth away disease and siknes Herophilus woulde haue defined it after this fashion Medicina est scientia salubrium insalubrium et neutrorum Whyche in englyshe is as foloweth Physike is a science of thynges holsome vnholsome and of neyther of bothe Gallen vseth thys finition in hys boke y t is called ars medica not because he doth so greatly alowe it but because yt serueth hys pourpose whyche is easie to be knowen of that that foloweth where he sayeth that this worde scientia must be taken in that place accordynge to hys common significatyon and not as it signifyeth properlye wherefore phisike is an arte and no science and seynge yt is an arte I thynke yt well donne to shewe in what kynde of artes it is For there be many differences of Artes but especiallye .iiii. One is called in Latyne Contemplatoria whiche hath his ende only in the seyng and beholdyng of thynges and maye well be called contemplacion or knowlege suche is Arithmetick Astronomie natural philosophie for ther is none of these artes that doth any thing but is onlye ended in contemplacion and studye There is an other which is called in Latyn Actiua in Englysh practise and consisteth in doynge as dawnsyng and harpyng wyth other lyke The thyrde in Latyn maye be called Factiua which besyde the practise and studye leaueth behynde his woorke as payntyng buyldyng and of this kynde there be two artes for some make the workes them selues as weuyng tanning and some correct and amend the thynges whan they be made as botchyng and clowtyng of old garmentes houses other thīges The fowerth in Latyn is called comparans which in our tong may be called a gettyng arte for it doeth make nothynge but by studye
industry getteth certen thynges as fysshynge and huntyng these truly do make nothyng but their study labor is to get somthyng And to be brefe Phisicke as Gallen sayeth is a kynde of those Artes whiche restoreth theyr woorkes nowe alreadye done and correcteth the same and not of them whiche make theyr workes newe For Phisicke of her selfe maketh not her examples as the arte of buyldyng knyttyng and weuing dothe But as that arte that mendeth olde houses and piceth olde garmentes so phisike doth amend the euyll constitution of mannes bodye ¶ The seconde Chapiter Of the sectes in phisyke YT is nowe alredye shewed that phisike is an arte which restoreth healthe beynge absent and defendeth the same beynge present but howe thys art maye be gotten yt is not agreed vpon amongest all men for some thynke experience sufficiente to the gettyng of this arte and do cal them selfes therof Empericos These be they that haue ther firste respect vnto the heape of accidentes and begynneth their cure of them wythout any knowledge ether of the disease or the cause and they call the forsayde heape of accidentes in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the whyche in Lattyn is called Congeries and concursus and in Englishe a heape and concurryng or runnynge to gether Secundarilye they obserue and marke in the cummynge to gether of Accidentes Medicines which they know to be mete for the disease onlye by vse and experience Thyrdely they lerne remedies of the historie of suche as they haue before proued Fowerthly they goe from lyke to lyke For what soeuer remedyes they haue proued by experience in manye men and often tymes but alwayes they proue them in the same and lyke measure orelles by chaunce and as a man woulde saye vnloked for they marke and obserue them to be lyke to haue one effect the same they vse boldly ▪ nothyng curiouse in the inquyryng what facultie or nature they be of that is to saye whether they be hote or colde drye or moyste they beleue and credit the olde auncientes whiche hath lefte in wrytyng suche thynges as they haue noted and obserued by experience that y t thē selues haue obserued marked they cal in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche in Englysh maye be called theyr owne inspection and looke what they haue obserued marked by chaunce as yf a mā by fallyng from hygh be woūded or hurte or els yf a man beyng sicke and folowyng his appetite drīke colde water the whiche hath eyther done good or euyll they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to saye an obseruacion made by chaunce But whan they learne that that is marked by other they call it in Greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whiche may be called the obseruation of other They vse also to go from lyke to lyke whiles they intermedle with suche thīges as they haue not yet proued althoughe they be of one kynde and this is called of them in greke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in englysh is goyng from lyke to lyke and by this rule they transfer one medicine to dyuers euyls and from one place affected to another from one medicine whiche they knewe before to an other of the same kynde vnknowen Yf the naturall egestions be holden to long then the party hath a byndyng disease they saye but yf they runne to muche that they call an open disease And yf a man be bothe bounde and lewse together than they call that sycknes a combynation of bothe the fornamed euyls as yf the eye shoulde suffer a fluxe and an inflammation together of the whiche the inflammation is a sycknes that byndeth and the fluxe an open disease then theyr remedye in suche a case is to bynde that that runneth and to open that that is boūde as if there be any inflammation in the shoulder or arme what is their rule what but withoute deliberation or consideration of the place affected strayght to lewse the bellye yf it fortune bothe the forsayde euyls to chaūce at one tyme in one membre then what do they vtterly necglect that that is of the least daunger and these be they which reprehende Hyppocrates because he sayeth that physicke is a longe arte and that mannes lyfe is but shorte for they saye that it is not so but rather cleane contrary For as they saye yf al that is superfluous were cut out phisicke myghte be easily learned in .vi. monethes The begynner of this secte was Syrus Asclepiades scholer after whome came Thessalus Proclus and manye other Moreouer there be other which be called Dogmatici because they grounde all theyr doynges vppon reason These do learne diligently the nature and cōstitution of all suche bodyes as they take in hand to heale and doe marke verye dilygently euerye day the alterations of the same besyde this they say that yt is euerye honest Phisition hys part to know and consyder well both the nature of the ayer waters and wyndes and the place also wher the sycke abydethe and his accustomed diet as well in meates and drinkes as bathes exercises other thinges to the end that he may haue a sure knowledge bothe of the causes remedyes of all diseases They wyll also that he be suche an one that he be able to proue by reason what nature any kynde of medicyne hath and that he be able to apoynt though he neuer sawe yt before what yt is able to doe and they counsel euery Phisition to begynne his cure accordyng to the strength of the sick and not as y e disease paraduenture shall wyll hym And they doe not denye but that experience is necessarye howbeit they denye it to be sufficient to cure all malledies and to finde and serche out all thynges And also they say y t without reson experience can hardly be come by The first author and founder of this sect was Hyppocrates Lous withoute dowt the moste lerned and noble Phisition that euer was after hym came Diocles Praxagoras and Chrysyppus w t many mo no lesse lerned then famouse ¶ The .iii. chapter The partes of phisicke THere be .vi. especiall partes of phisicke the firste dothe considere the constitucion of mannes nature bodie The second defendeth the bodie from sycknes kepynge it in healthe The third inquireth the causes and accidentes of sicknes and diseases The forthe conteyneth the knowledge as well of thinges past as also present and to come The fifth showeth an order and a way how all diseases shoulde be healed and this part is deuyded into thre other partes The firste of the thre techeth the healing of sicknesses by diet only and therefore it is both the chefe and moste noble parte of phisicke and without the which the other partes which serue to the helyng of diseases can not be and hereof it is that Hippocrates wrot thre great bokes of the remediynge of all feruent diseases by diet onlye in the which boke he proueth euydently that of a lytell faut or error in the diet
of suche as be sycke foloweth death without remedy the whiche thing yf it be true as vndoutedlye it is what be such Phisitions worthye as doe vtterlye necglect the same and thinke that they haue done a great feat whan they haue wrytten a byl or two to the appoticarie takynge no care in the meane tyme what manner of dyet the sicke kepeth The seconde parte healeth by medicins inwarde outwardly taken But there be medicins of .ii. sortes that is to say simple and compounde and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple and this care whiche is a greate charge is commytted to such as be vnlerned yea and in many places more is the pittie to folish ignorant wemen I wolde rather wishe the handlynge of suche Iuelles to be in the handes of y e best lerned and wysest Phisitions For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at if a Paynter know not his pensill or a coblar hys nall or a tannar his lether so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne yf he know not the matter of that arte which he professeth But now adayes he is most set by and had in the gretest estimation which knoeth y e least which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases whiche is as lyke to be true as one shooe to be mete sit for so many feet And as for medicins they be not worth a vyle straw except they com out of Ethiop Arabi or India wheras for vs english men ther is non so good as our owne Englishe simples For it can not be proued y t nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat so hath she medicyns also but the suttylties of men for their owne gayne and priuat Lucre hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries and other places elles where The thyrd part is Surgery which is wrought by mannes hand which Gallen commendeth hyghly in many and sundry bokes ¶ The .iiii. chapter The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes QVre forfathers haue distributed and deuided Phisicke into thre formes or orders and that for no other pourpose but that yonge studentes of Phisick might lerne diligently and a gret dele the better remember what so euer they had red in the monumentes of olde writers The first order is of those thinges of y e whiche mānes body is made of and it hath plesed the foresayde elders to call suche thinges as oure body is cōpact made of thinges natural because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary The seconde order is of those thinges with the which oure bodye is nourished that yt may remayne in healthe these thinges be called not naturall not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature but because if they be geuen without discreciō they may make suche alteration in the bodye as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye the lyfe The thirde order is of such as hurt and harme the body and corrupt it therfore they be called thinges agaynste nature be cause they be clene contrary to nature ¶ The fyfth chapter Of the number of thinges naturall NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke whiche entreateth of the naturall cōstitution of mannes bodie this part of Phisicke is not put firste without a cause For no mā can do any good with a medicyne whiche is ignorant in the constitutiō of mannes bodie therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact made be seuen in number 1 Elementes as the fiere ayer water and erthe 2 Temperamentes as hote cowlde moyst and drye 3 Humores as blowde fleume chollar bothe yelow black 4 Partes as flesh bone brayne harte liuer heed and handes 5 Faculties as Animall vitall naturall 6 Actions as Animall naturall 7 Spirites as animall vitall and naturall These thinges I entend god willing to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt will geue me leaue begynnyng first wyth the Elementes ¶ The sixte chapter Of the Elementes TVlly y e eloquent Romain counselleth very wel euery mā first of all and before he make any far procedynge to defyne the thing of the which he pourposeth to entreat to y e entent that euery mā may perceyue what it is y e is spokē of therfore according to his counsell I wyll fyrst define what an element is wherfore an element as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato and Hyppocrates is the lest part of that thynge of the which it is an element and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges there be but fower in number which is the fyer Ayer water and yearth and as of these all thynges naturall haue there begynnynge so at the length they shall be resolued into the same agayne For Hyppocrates sayeth in a boke which he entytelleth the nature of man that after the soule is once dissolued from the body euery thinge wherof the body was of first is returned in hys owne nature agayne as loke what in the begynnyng was drye that is tourned in to drye what was moyste becōmeth moyste agayne and lykewyse heat is turned into heat and colde becommeth colde agayne but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes that is to say pure and simple bodyes that y e is made of them is a bodye mixt and corruptible Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body any thinge that is simple and not mixt or compounded leste thou lose thy peyne but be contented yf thou se a member that is could hard and drye and a nother that is moyste rare and fluxible to thinke the tone to come of the yearth and the other of the water And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe in thy mynde the nature of a spirit then remember the ayer For seing that the elementes be the lest partes of owre bodies it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together nether man nor no other liuinge creature coulde be made of them for what part of the body they should towch they must of necessitie corrupt the same For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt or dammage the towchynge of any thynge that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde moyest or drye And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye as wheate or barley is mixt in a hepe for of the grayne ther is no alteratiō seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole but the elementes be so altered and chaunged that after the mixture ther remayneth nothyng but onely a signification of theire qualities
excrementes wolde be taken heede to of the Phisicion because he may diuine diuerse thinges bothe of their substance qualitie and coulour The thirde way to cleanse the bodie is by vomit wherof Nature hath much good For they that vomit often for the most part be alwayes hole For there is euacuation made as well of flewme as of chollar by meanes wherof the stomacke is not filled with euyll humors the head findeth muche ease Vomiting is most profitable for them that be cholerick hauing large brestes short neckes wide mouthes it profiteth also to such as by meanes of great eatynge drinkinge reserue crude and rawe humors in theyr stomakes yet he that wyll be hole and pourposeth to be olde let hym not be to busye with vomittynge For the muche vse of it causeth deafnesse hurteth the eyes it breaketh y e vaynes of the breste and lunges it offendeth the teathe and causeth head ache Therfore it is y e Phisitions dutie to declare who is apt to vomit and who is not For suche as be not apte to vomit shoulde be pourged dounwarde and in no-case constrayned to vomit such as be not apt to vomite be they that be betwixt fat and lene hauynge theyr brestes narrowe and theyr neckes long and such as be leane slender and haue wyde brestes shorte neckes be apt to vomit In vomittyng the excrement must be loked well vpon for the sight of it shall amend the coniecture of the Phisicion The forth way of emptying y e body is by boxyng which as Gallen sayeth in hys boke y t he wrote of boxing doth not only make euacuation and drawe oute muche matter but also easeth the payne and diminisheth the swellyng dissolueth wynde and styrreth vp appetite where it was almost lost confirming the strength of weake stomakes calleth againe life in swounes and fayntynges it draweth also swellynges and fluxes from one part to another stinteth bledyng and stayeth wemens flowers There be .2 kindes of boxing on is withoute any scarifiyng which preuayleth moste in drawing backe of humours as in y e drawing back of wemens flowers whā they rūne to much these be light boxing glasses which be vsed w tout scarifiyng The other is w t scarifiyng which is vsed in hard swellynges cummynge of melancholy or whan y e partes be troubled w t the fluxe of any sharpe matter whiche muste be drawen from one to another in sharpe quicke diseases wheras y e pacient may spare no bloude scarifyinge profiteth watryng eyes and also paines both of head brest backe The .v. kynde of emptying the bodye is by bathe and here ye muste marke that there is .ii. kyndes of bathes one is naturall and an other artificiall That is called natural which springeth of his owne accorde without y e healp of mānes inuention Of naturall bathes summe be hote by the mixture of niter salte allume brimstone chaulke lyme yrō copper goulde syluer tinne which ether lieth in the bothom of the bathe or elles in the rockes or hylles from whence the springe cūmeth whereof water taketh his qualitie by this reasō y e bathes which be in a towne called Bathe here in Englande be hote to the great admiration of all ignorante people These kyndes of bathes be good for suche as be diseased in their ioyntes or haue crude raw matter in theire bodyes and be diseased ether with pockes pyles or emeroides but for men that be in health and haue swete humors they be nothyng mete yea and the vse of them is very perilous Artificiall bathes be made by mannes witte therefore they be not in all places lyke But here in Englande they be nothing so commendable as in Germany and other places For here there is but one hotte house and therefore the subtell parte of the humor is drawen out and y e grosse is left behinde But in Germany in other places they haue diuers houses first one wher they put of their clothes an other where they be annoynted and rubbed and in the thyrde house they sweate and be washed the forthe house is not so warme as the thyrde the fyfthe is sumwhat colde nowe that I haue declared the partes of the artificiall bathes whiche were vsed in the olde tyme and yet be in many places I purpose to shewe in as fewe wordes the commodities of the same begynnyng with the firste part which is a warme house prepared with fire or wyth warme water and swete herbes to the entente that the littell pores of the skynne may open easilye and the hole body with all the humors be sumwhat warmed The nexte house beinge sumthynge warmer stirreth vp the spirites and dissolueth the grosse humors and the rubbyng with the annoyntynge correcteth amendeth the hardnes of the senewes ioyntes and loynes the thirde house by hys greate heat dissolueth mightilye the grosse humours by meanes wherof nature pourgeth the bodye of them and the luke warme water moysteth the hole body taketh away werynesse yf ther be any in the vtter partes y e fowerth house because it is sumwhat coldar reducethe nature by litell and litell to here pristinate state The fifth by meanes of his colde shutteth agayne the pores of y e skinne which beateth the naturall heate in and causeth good concoction amendyng the action bothe of the stomacke and liuer The sixt kinde of those thinges which lewseth the body is sweat and it ought to be prouoked whan any euyll humors is in the innar partes as in feuers pestilent agues It may be prouoked diuersly as by the heate of drye bathes hote stones yrons or by swete herbes and warme water ether in pottes or in blathers But in all vehement and sharpe diseases and especiallye in hote agues the Phisiciō shoulde take great hede of the sweat markynge very dilygentlye which is good and whych is euyll For by them he may coniecture muche of the cause of the grefe but as Hyppocrates sayeth those sweates in feruent and hote diseases which cōmeth in the iudgyng dayes doe ende the feuer be best and most holsume and it is not euyll whan the patient sweateth in euery part of hys body so hys paynes waxe lesse withall but whā y e body sweateth muche and the paynes encrease it is not good Howbeit it is worst of all yf the sweate be cold And whan the face head and necke sweat onlye if it be in any hot ague it declareth dethe whichout any remedy In prouokyng of sweate the Phisition shoulde take hede that it be not to much for feare of dissoluyng of the strength of hys pacient The seuenth kynde of euacuation is exercise wherof we spoke before in the fowerthe chapter of this same boke The .viii. kynde is abstinence or hungar which doth not extenuat nor make euacuation of him selfe but by meanes that that is not restored which w t abstinence or fastinge was wasted Fastyng or abstinēce may be takē .ii. wayes eyther vtterly to forbeare
by the hemorrhoides which is the name of certayne vaynes cūminge to the loweste parte of the fundament by the which nature purgeth the body of melancholye wherby it deliuereth the bodye of many diseases which Hippocrates affirmeth sayinge They that haue the hemorrhoides be safe frō all paine of their sides and inflammatiō of their lunges nor shal be troubled nether with byles scurfe nor no kynde of lepry Therfore the Phisiciō must take great hede in stoppynge of them lest they be the authors of great and perilous sicknessis as of the dropsie consumtions He that requireth a longer disputation of this matter let hym reade ouer Hyppocrates bokes written of the same matter The xvi kinde of euacuatiō is the fleshly or carnall copulation which profiteth y e body much yf it be vsed moderatly and in due tyme For it amendeth the fulnesse of the body and as Aetius in the .viii. chapter of hys .iii. boke Agineta in the 3. chapter of his .i. boke witnesseth whan the body is at the groweth it maketh it strong nymble and quicke and amendeth the hard habyt of the bodye For it mollifieth the instrumentes and dilateth the pores and pourgeth the body of flewme Morouer it quickneth y e wit pacifieth anger wherefore it profiteth all them that haue lost ther wyttes either with anger or elles w t sorowe it profiteth them also which haue the fawling euil such as haue heauinesse in theyr browes and ache in theyr heades many tymes be cured by it Which Hyppocrates confirmeth saying carnal copulation which is called venus ▪ amendeth all diseases that cum of flewme howbe it yf it be vsed to much it hurteth the eyes and all the sensis and the head senewes brest raines loynes thyghes and morouer hasteneth olde age and deth and vtterly dissolueth the strength of the bodye and hereof it commeth that they that vse it to much be forgetfull and be weake full of payne both in their ioyntes loynes thighes it bringeth many to y e strangury many to the gout Of all tymes of the yere it may safest be vsed in thy springe it is vtterly to be abhorred in autumne and in sūmar Winter also by meanes of hys greate colde is not very good the best houre for it is as Gallē sayeth whan the body is in a meane betwixte full and emptie and excedeth nether in heat nether in colde drynesse nor moysture Therefore who so euer wyll vse it let hym beware of cruditie drunkennes hungar werynesse vomittynge pourging of the belly watchyng and all other such as healpeth to dissolue the strength of the body After moderate eatyng is the best time of it and before slepe for that amendeth y e strength and maketh that there foloweth no colde after it For slepe immediatly folowing it taketh away the werines of the muscles and senewes and calleth in the natural heat which maketh the concoction perfit Moreouer this time is best and aptest to the procreation of children for many causes but especially because the woman whyles she slepeth holdeth her husbandes seed beste The .xvii. kynde of euacuation is perspiratiō or euaporation which is done ether by nature or elles by medicine which so finely subtylith the humors that they passe by the insensible poores of y e skinne without any putrifiynge Hitherto I haue declared the kyndes of euacuatiō or emptines the which euery diligent Phisition must so well obserue that he may knowe whan to vse this kynde or that or elles whan to stop for sumtyme it is better to encrease humors ▪ then to diminishe them Finallye the Phisition shoulde obserue and marke howe he should make euacuation and where and what and whan and how much ¶ The .vii. chapter Of the perturbations sudden motions of the minde THe Affections which be the sudden motions and perturbations of the mynde ought not to be neclected of the phisitiō because they be of great might and make great alteratiō in all the body y e whiche amongest al other feare Ioy angar and sorowe declare euidently Feare by drawing the spirite and bloud in to y e innar partes leaueth the vtter pale for colde Anger setteth the body on fire with mouing of the bloud to the vtter partes as in anger the pulse beteth mightely so in fere it beateth almost nothyng at all sorrow is an affection w c the which y e hart as though it were smytten is drawen together and doth tremble and quake not without great sense of payne and so by lyttel and lyttel whiles the sorow goeth not away the strength of the hart is quite ouerthrowen and the generation of spirites is letted by meanes wherof the lyfe is vtterly extinct suche a cruell scourge is sorow vnto mā Feare and sorowe differ of this fashion y e sorowfull mā suffereth that by littell and litell which the fearfull mā doth suffer all a tonse Ioy is a sudden motion with the whiche y e harte reioysing dilateth hym selfe and suddenly sendeth furth al hys naturall heat and spirites wherby sumtyme it chaunseth that a weake body diethe in Ioy because for lacke of strength the hart cā not call in agayne his naturall heat and spirites Aulus Gellius in hys .iii. boke and .xv. chapter writeth ā historye worthy to be remembred of one Diagoras y t had .iii. sonnes which were all crowned of the people in one day at the playes of the hil Olimpia whilest the people and his iii. sōnes reioysing embrased their father castyng theyre garlandes vpon hym he died in theyr armes Philippides also a maker of playes whan he had y e victorie amongest the Poettes whiche he loked not for died by and by amongest them all Howe be it anger kylleth no man because it nether cooleth the naturall heat nor yet dissolueth the strength The phisition shoulde marke earnestlye not onlye these but all other affectes of the mynde also partly that he may know of them what humor redoundeth but especially that he may lerne how to resiste them and by hys counsell master them in the ende †The ende of the seconde boke The third boke ¶ The first chapter of the number of thinges agaynste Nature THynges agaynste Nature be .iii. in number the firste is the cause which goeth before the disease The seconde is the disease it selfe by whome the action is first hurt The third is the accidentes folowyng the disease This same parte of phisicke which inquireth of the causes and the accidētes of diseases is called of the Grekes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 soundeth nothing elles but the mouyng of any thing that is affected wherfore he hath hys substance no lenger then he is in mouing altering or changing and so he differeth from affection taken specially the which is nothynge elles but an alteration remayning in a thing that hath suffered by this meanes the disease and the cause with the accidente which be affections of oure body as pale and euyll culour be called affections
and yet the same accidentes be called also passiōs The reste which be the faultes of sum action as ouer much inanition or retentiō be alonly called passions not affections because they be not thinges permanent but is only and remayne so long as they be in growing Here it is to be noted that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes firste whan it suffereth of it selfe as if the guttes suffer payne of anye sharpe or bytynge humors conteyned within them which may be called theyr owne passion Secondarily whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another as whā the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres cummynge from the stomacke which is called a passiō by consent of other ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected ¶ The .ii. chapter Of the causes of diseases THe cause of y e disease is an affectiō against nature going before the disease and stirring it vp which of it selfe firste hurteth no action but accidentally that is to say by other And secōdarily as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases one is externall so called because it is outwardly receiued and was not before with in the body as colde and such other The tother is called internall which is within the body as humors putrified within the body growen out of temper Gallē speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen w t other of the same layer affirme that ther is an other cause which ioyneth euer with the disease and the takyng away of it is as they say the curynge of the sicknes as yf rotten or putrifyed humors kindell a feuer thē by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is takē away y e feuer must cease of necessitie howbeit it is for y e most part sene that y e feuer remayneth after the putrifactiō is clene gone wherfore it is euident that Auicen and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin howbeit I thinke this to be y e thing which deceyueth them They define sycknesse as it were the actiō hurt alredye and not that that hurteth the actiō first so that they call that the sicknesse which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallē or elles of such as folowe hym as Aetius Paulus Aegineta Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man can do no lesse thē confesse the same ¶ The .iii. chapter Of diseases A Disease is an vnnaturall affectiō of the body by which the action is fyrste hurt therfore it differeth frō the cause in that y e the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe but by meanes of the disease Of diseases ther be .3 chefe principal kindes one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of y e latins similares such be y e bones senewes vaynes with all other simple sparmaticke partes another is in the instrumentes as in the heade eyes handes and feet the thirde consisteth in them both That disease y t happeneth in y e sparmatick partes is such a distemperature ether of heat coulde drynesse or moysture that it hurteth summe action for a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole and not sicke but whan the distemperature groweth so much that it hurteth any action of the body then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered is sicke and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt may not be called sicke but intemperat For of them that be hole yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat one of these .ii. muste nedes be true ether all men alwayes to be sicke or elles all men to haue one distemperature which bothe be very false The same distemperature which before I called a disease of y e sparmaticke symple partes is deuided in to .ii. Egall not egal it is called an egall distēperature whan all partes of the body are distempered alike as in the feuer hectica which is a cōsūptiō wherin al partes of y e body be like hote and the contrary vnto this is the distemperature which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy that falleth in to the legges and feete and in all kynde of feuers excepte the before named hectica Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii kyndes The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie as the burnynge of the fire or of the sunne The .ii. is besyde the qualitie the fluxe of sum humor as in y t kynde of swellynge y t is called phlegmon Besyde this of distemperatures one is simple and an other is compound it is called simple whan on qualitie as heat or colde excedeth alone and compound whan many excede together as hot and moyste colde and drye excedynge to gether in one member The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes may be called the euyll constitution or composiciō of them But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases for sum be simple and they be .iiii. in number one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation another in the number of partes the thirde in the quantitie of eche part and the .iiii. in the composition The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie or elles after by casualtie which shoulde not and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe of number whan there be ether to many or to fewe partes of quantitie whan they be ether to big or to litel of cōposicion whan they be put in wronge places or whā they that shoulde agre together doe not The thirde kynde of disease is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes as to the instrumentall and it is the deuision of that that is hole and of one pece which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō in the fleshe a byle in the bone a broken creuise in the senowes a conuulsion or crampe These diseases sumtyme be compounde whiche is whan they be ioyned to other Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis of the which sum be verye quicke and sum be dull or slow Such as be very quick wil be at the worste in .iiii. dayes or soone after Of such as be quicke and sharpe there be .ii. sortes for sum wyll be at the worste in .14 dayes and sum not vnder .40 All
other diseases which passe .40 dayes before thei be at y e worst be called dul or slowe But as quick and shorte diseases haue theyr begynnynge of bloude and chollar which be hote humors so slowe dull haue theyr disseases beginnyng of colde humors as of flewm melancholy Let this generall and brefe declaration of diseases at this tyme suffice ¶ The .iiii. chapter of accidentes THis worde accidente is takē .2 maner of wayes generally and specially generally it signyfyeth any thing contrary to nature specially all thinges agaynst nature excepte the causes of diseases and diseases them selfes Therfore it is nothynge elles but an vnnaturall affection of the body which foloweth the disease as the shadowe foloweth the body The accidentes specially taken be deuided in to .iii. partes For sum be the fautes errors of actions sum affections of oure body other sum folow them both ether by ouer much excretion or retention of excrementes other like such thynges Of the error in actions there be .ii. differences animall natural The faultes or errors of the animall actions be yet deuided in to .iii. for ether they be faultes of y e sences as of hearing seinge tastyng smellyng felynge or els of mouinge or finally of the principall actions as of ymagining thinkinge and remembring These be all the animall actions of the which eche one may be hurt iii. manner of wayes firste if the action be vtterly extincte as yf a man see nothyng at all secōdarily yf it be not vtterly abolished takē away but decayed sumthing or not parfit as whan a man seeth but euen scantly as they do which the ignorant call sand blynde Thirdly whā it is depraued and wronge wrasted as whan a man of force seeth thinges which he did not beholde with hys common sense as they do which loke a goggell And as it is euident that all these fautes happen in the sight so they happen also in eche one of the other before named sensis There be thus many as folowe naturall actions appeticion concoction digestion pulsatiō attraccion alteration retention expulsion Of the which eche may erre .iii. manner of wayes as is sayed before in the actions animall and the fautes or errors of the same be accidentes folowyng diseases There be besyde these .iiii. manner of accidentes which be affections of oure bodies as vnnaturall cullers ether in y e hole body or elles in sumpart of it Fylthy sauors also ether of y e mouthe nose or eares and obsurde and vnnaturall sapores belonging to the taste and beside these hardnes drines roughnes of the skynne As for the vnnaturall inanitions or detentions from whense so euer they cum they be contayned vnder one of these .iii. differencis For eyther they be vnnaturall ī their hole substance as that fluxe of bloude that is called commonly the emorroydes or elles they are in theyre qualitie as sumtyme it chaunseth in wemens flowres or finally in their quantitie they be founde vnnaturall as the great abundance or lacke and scarsnes eyther of the vryne or sweat The whiche euery one is handeled to the vttermoste in Gallē where he entreateth of y e causes of accidentes ¶ The ende of the thirde boke The .iiii. boke ¶ The first chapter Of that part of phisick which teacheth the knowlege of thinges y t be past present and to cum THis is that same part of phisicke the which as I sayed before contayneth the knowlege of thinges that be past and the inspection or the beholdynge of such as are present and the prophecie or prognostication of thinges to cum And therfore the mo cōmodities it hath the more exactly it wolde be lerned for first it teacheth y e knowlege of all passions diseases in y e which yf the Phisition be ignorant he shall neuer be able to do any thing worthy prayse in the body Therfore that yonge studentes may the more luckely attayne to the knowlege of this parte of phisicke I wolde counsell euery eche one of them to reade diligently Gallens .vi. bokes of places affected in the which he handleth this matter at the large For so it shall be brought to passe that he shal be experte in the diseases of euery part be the part neuer so lyttell Who so is exactly sene in this knowlege shal besides other haue this especiall commoditie which is that among the sicke his credit shall be greate for the sicke man trusteth none so muche nor is so well ruled of any as he is of that Phisitiō which is able to declare thinges present paste and to cum Therfore the disease is easilye cured whan the Phisition and the pacient be both against it moreouer he shal beare no blame what so euer chaunce or happen to hys pacient y t I may omytte the great prayse glory and renoune which with one consente shall be geuen hym euery where Therfore Hyppocrates counselleth all Phisitions diligently to learne this knolege The whiche no man hath so well discussed I except Hippocrates alwayes as Gallen hath Wherfore they that be able to vnderstande hym let them go no farthar but as for yonge and ignorant studentes for whose sake only I haue taken this in hand if they reade diligently this littell rude worke I truste though they be not satisfied yet they shall not lese all their payne Therfore first of all to the accomplysshynge or gettyng of this knowlege it is necessarye to expounde this worde Crisis which the lattyns call iudicium in english it may be called iugement but at this present time it signifieth any suddē mutation in euery disease whether it be longe or short and this sudden mutation is parted in .iiii. For ether the sicke is made hole incōtinent or elles is in a greate towardnesse to health or dieth out of hand or finally becūmeth a greate deale worse The first of these mutations which w tout any delay cureth the disease is simply and absolutly called Crisis The other which only amendeth y e disease is called crisis insufficiens which is to say ā insufficient iugement The third is called mala crisis that is to say an euyl change or iudgement The .iiii. may be called both vnparfit and euyll also To y e knowlege of this chaunge which is called crisis the .iiii. times of the disease that is to say the beginnyng the encreasynge the heyght and declination must be obserued and marked of the Phisition The beginnyng is deuided in .3 the first inuasion of the disease is the firste beginnynge is simple w tout any bredth The .ii. hath bredth and continueth to the thirde day The third is the tyme afterwarde tyl y e begynnyng of concoctiō The time wherin the sicknes groweth is frō the begynnyng of concoction vntil the disease be at his ful strength which before is called the heygth The .iiii. tyme which is called the declination begynneth after the heygth and lasteth tyl the disease be ful past and ended These be the vniuersall
the pleuresie is knowen by the prickyng payne of the syde y e difficultie of brething by the fieuer whiche alwayes is annexed to it by y e coughe hardnesse of the pulse but y e greatnesse of it may be learned by the quantitie vehemency of the forsayde accidentes and the manner of it by the accidentes which folow it as yf they be many in number yf they be longe mightye and euyll or such as to these be cleane contrary the mouynge of it by the tyme of the partes of the fit To these .iiii. the consideration of the cūtry the tyme of the yere the nature cōstitutiō of the sickmanes body with other such as is in this same chapter before rehersed is necessary also Of these that Phisition which is an artificer shall easily iudge life or deth in his pacient he y t is not let hym speake no farther thē he knoweth so he shall sustaine no blame nor shame ¶ Of the vryne The .ii. chapter SEing that the vryne is the alonly marke of y e liuer vaynes in what error thinke you that the Phisitions are now a dayes which take vpon them to iudge all diseases by the vryne which is as absurde impossible as of the spettell to declare the gryefe of the bladder and raynes wherfore seinge that agaynste all knowlege and good lernynge they do so shamefully abuse the lookynge of the water deceyue the poore ignorant and simple people so craftily I thinke them worthy to be called as Aristophanes calleth them couetouse and vnlerned Phisitions sithens that they esteme more theyr filthy lucre then the truthe But nowe to my pourpose The vryne is the excrement and watry substance of the blood which after y e concoction doone in the vaynes is drawen thense by the kidneyes or raynes in to the bladder where it is reserued tyl it may cōueniently be let out in the beholding of the which ther is .4 thinges to be cōsidered which be these folowing y e substance cullar quantitie cōtentes of y e which no man can wel iudge which knoweth not parfitly y e holsummest of all other the best vrine wherto he may cōpare the rest The best water or vryne and the which is of a temperate man in substance is nether to thicke nor thinne but moderate in quantitie as much no more then he dronk in cullar sumwhat inclinynge towardes yealowe hauynge a white light and equall sediment such a water as this of a yonge Phisition shoulde often be loked vpon to the entent that whan he seethe any other differ neuer so litell from it he may forthwith cōiecture the same man whose water he hath sene so much to differ from parfit health how much hys water differeth from the other Now after I haue showed which is the best water ther remayneth behynde the declaration of such thinges as is in y e vryne especially to be cōsidered which I pourpose to declare orderly The substance of the vryne is ether thicke thynne or moderat and equall betwixt both That which is moderat is of all other the best and yf it be to thinne or thick it declareth vnparfit concoction Of the thyn vryne there is .ii. differences For the one is pissed thynne and clere and so remayneth styll and the other is pissed thinne and clere and after becummeth thycke and troubled but they be both crude rawe and doe lacke concoction thus they differ The tone signifieth extreme cruditie declarynge nature as yet not to haue begūne any concoction The tother showeth that nature hath begun concoctiō but very lately The troublesumnes signifieth great plenty of wyndie spirites to be mixt with the watry substance of the vryne Of thycke and troubled waters there is also .ii. differencis yf it be thick whan it is pissed then afterward it waxeth clere hauing a residence in the bothome which proficieth of sum inequall turbulent matter remayning behynde in the vaynes And on the other side sum other water whiche after it is made is thicke and remayneth so stil which signifieth great trouble and agitation as yet to remayne in the bloode Hitherto I haue declared the substance of the vryne wherfore now foloweth the cullar of the which ther be .vi. differencys in especiall which is white pale tawny yealow red blacke For all the rest be contayned vnder these Vndar white is contayned the cullar of cristall snowe water the which all signifie great cruditie Not so whyte as these is milke horne white the hearres of a chammell And as the vrynes of these cullars differ from very white so they declare better concoction After whyte they be next that be sum deale pale the which because they be a littell tincte they ar not extreme crude A pale cullar is made by the mixture of chollar and water together so that in the mixture there goeth but a litell chollar to a great dele of water of pale by meanes of concoction sūtime is made a light tawny which Actuarius taketh to be the cullar of gilt After a tawny followeth a light yelow which is a cullar like the floures of cartamus which is commonly called the gardyn saffaron after the which commeth yealowe whiche is the cullar of saffaron and a light red whiche is y e cullar of a certayne drug called bolum is next then red it selfe which is the cullar of a cherry after these is a darke red whiche is the cullar of a mulberry and yet there is a darcker which is made of whyte and red egally myxte together and of the latyns it is called Venetus grene is the cullar of beetes whiche the gardiners call the whyte beetes or elles the cullar of y e precious Emmoroyde Besyde these there is yet other cullars as the cullar of oyle the cullar of lead and all cole blacke cullars which is knowen almost of euery chylde Yf I haue here in the discripsions of cullars misse or wronge named any cullar I praye the paynters to accept my good wyll and pardon my ignorancye in the iudgyng of cullars y e Phisiciō shoulde be prouident because that oftentymes with euery light occation the cullar of the vrine dothe alter and change not only in them that besicke but also in thē y t be hole of this mutatiō or chaunge there is .3 special causes The first is meate not wel altered or disgested which is not apt to make bloude wherfore it changeth the cullar of the vryne to y e same cullar that it selfe is of which is wont to happen to them that is sicke and diseased yea and sumtyme to such also as is hole moreouer sum medicine will alter the cullar of the vrine The second cause of y e altering of y e cullar in y e water is the drinke for the vryne cōmonly kepeth the cullar of those thinges which is receyued in the drinke The .iii. cause is the collyquation of such thynges as consume and melt in the body
as the fat which whan it wasteth for the most part cullereth vryne Besyde these there be other causes also whiche do the same as exercise hungar slepe watche w t a great many other such like which in the beholdynge of the vryne eche one by hym selfe shoulde be diligently considered of the Phisition Now I entende to declare what may be coniectured in the vrine of the substance cullar A thinne vrine signifieth the lacke of natural heat not without the obstructions of y ◠liuer raynes splene by meanes of cruditie A thicke declareth excesse of matter humors fillinge the belly guttes and the holowe partes of the liuer which yf it be sene in a feuer thynne goinge before it signifieth the dissoluing of y e feuer But if after y t the feuer is alredie cū y e vryne appere thick nor in continuance of time waxeth no thinnar thē it signifieth plenty of humors Concernyng y e cullars what white pale yelowe read signifie partly is alredy declared more may be gathered of these y e folow The darke red which is the cullar of the mulberry showeth y t the bloode burneth in the vaynes The grene signifieth the worste kind of chollar to be encresed both in quātitie qualitie That vryne which hath y e cullar of oyle showeth y e colliquatiō of y e hole body or elles of y e raynes only The blacke water sumtyme declareth healthe as in the pourginge of melācholy but if grene went before thē it is a very argumēt of death it is more to be feared in men then wemen Now we be cū vnto the quantitie which in them that be hole should be so much as was dronken The water excedeth in quantitie for y e most part by meanes of these causes folowynge first whan a man eateth and drinketh to much the meat being to moyst or the drinke being watrishe wine The second whan he hath taken medicynes which prouoke vryne The thirde whan the raynes is distempered with ouer much heat The forth whan the belly is drier then it ought to be naturally The fyfte whā ther procedeth no euacuatiō of y e belly nor other wayes which Hyppocrates witnesseth sayinge Water much in quantity made in the night prophecieth of a small siege Litel water hapneth of cōtrary causes First of littell drinkynge drinesse of meates muche exercise and other lyke vnto these which be wont to dry the body Secondarily for meates medicyns whiche for their grosnesse make obstruction in the liuer and splene and other places Thirdly for the grosnesse and clammynesse of humors Forthly for the plentifull pourgynge of the belly Fyftly for the vehement heat and drinesse in a feuer Sixtly for the weaknesse of the excretiue power both in the raynes other partes seruynge to the avoydynge of the water or vryne The .iiii. thynge which in the vryne is to be considered be the contentes so called I thynke because they consist in euerye parte of the altitude of the body of the water And as the heyght of the body of the water is deuided in to .iii. as in to the bothome of the vryne the brinke or highest region in to the middell of these extremities so of the contentes sum swymmeth in the top and other hangeth in the middell and sum goeth to the bothom In y e contentes ther be .iii. thinges to be considered y e substance cullar and quantitie The substance because sūme be thicke and other sum thynne and sūme in a meane betwixt bothe The contentes of healthy waters be moderat of substance light egall They be called light which be continuall of of one pece not rough nor broken in any part suche as is to these contrary may be called rough Cōtentes y t be grosse signifie copie plenty of crude raw humors in the vaynes sumtime y e strength of the excretiue facultie in pourginge superfluous humors Contentes y t be thinne signifie weaknesse of nature in y e secōd cōcoctiō ▪ declareth also grosse humors to be subtyled made thynne Concernyng the cullar of contentes sū be very whyte summe pale sūme yealowe sūme red sūme bluddy sūme blacke sūme of diuers cullars Contentes very whyte be ether peces of slymye humors or els matter to much baked whiche commeth from sūme of the innar partes pale contentes be euill because they decline from the naturall cullar yealowe be euyl also in that y t they declare the ouer muche encreasinge of chollar red signifie lacke of concoction and the contynuynge of the disease Blodie declare y t the blood is not throughly labored of nature blacke signifieth ether y e mortifiyng of naturall heat or elles the pourgynge of melancholy Nowe since that I haue brefely declared the cullar and substance of the contentes ther remayneth behynde the quantitie which if it be much as it showeth the nurisshynge of the body so it dothe the fortifiynge of the excretiue facultie For while nature laboreth much in alteryng the nurrishemente she must nedes make many excrementes The scarcity lacke of cōtentes happeneth ether of fastyng or exercise or obstruction in y e vaynes or finally of ouer slowe concoction Sumtime there is an euill sauor in the vrin which signifieth ether rottennesse of sum part of the body or elles the mortifyinge of the hole body specially yf y e substance cōtentes be euill ¶ Of the excrementes of the belly The .iii. chapter THat siege or excrement is best moste naturall whiche is soft and lieth together hole and well compact made at the accustomed tyme in health and in quantitie correspondent to that y t is eaten of the contrarye part that is an euill and an vnnaturall siege or excrement which is hard thynne or rough not made in y e accustomed howre of healthe If the siege be very much cullared it is euyll and signifieth ouer muche chollar in the guttes and if it be not tincte at all but like vnto the meat whiche was eaten it signifieth cruditie no chollar at all to resorte to the guttes but if y e siege be yealowe in y e declination of the sicknesse thē it declareth the body to be pourged of chollar very well If the siege be grene it showeth that there is great plentie of rustie chollar and yf it be blacke it signifieth ether the abundance of melancholy or elles the adustion of blood in the stomacke Yf it be of the cullar of leade then it betokeneth the mortifiynge of the innar partes or at the leaste an extreme colde in the same If it be ether fatty or clammye no like meat hath be eaten immediatly before it signifieth the hole body to consume If it be verye muche stinkyng it is a sure token of putryfaction In these thinges the nature and qualitie of the meates be as well to be cōsidered as the imbecillitie an weakenesse of the guttes in suffering fluxes and reumes from the head whan the excrement in cummynge