making water is to be observed those Vrines which are made presently after eating and drinking When Vrine is to be received signifie nothing certainly especially if much drink be taken since the decoction is not performed Vrine is rather to be lookt upon after a perfect concoction and about the morning In Fevers regard is to be had of the fits because in time of the Paroxism the morbifique matter is expelled another way Secondly it is to be weighed whether any meat drink or medicine be taken which may change the Vrine Thirdly The whole Vrine to be taken It should first settle In what place should be kept Inspection of troubled Vrines the whole Urine made at once is to be be taken not to be mingled with waters made at several times Fourthly judgment is not to be given of Urine before it hath setled and the Contents enjoy their proper place Fifthly you must beware least the Urine by cold air or winds especially in an open vessel being exposed thereunto should be changed or corrupted yet it may be changed no less by too much heat then by too much cold Sixthly if the Urines are troubled they are to be setled by the heat of fire or rather warm water that they may return to their former state yet it is convenient to look upon troubled Urines before they become clear again since often times in troubled Vrines the substance of the Vrine is more manifest then in clear and often times Vrines which be not troubled seem to be alike when troubled they differ exceedingly and in troubled Vrines oftentimes that matter of the Vrine shews it self which scarce any one could believe had been contained in it when 't was clear Seventhly the Vrinal in Inspection ought to be quiet and not to be stirred only after Inspection it may be lawful to stir the contents Eighthly the Glass wherein the Vrine is to be viewed ought to be clear perspicuous and void of all colour Ninthly the Urine is to be cast neither in a place too shady nor too light yet the colours in a small shade so not too dark may be discerned best but the Contents in a lighter place CHAP. XII What may be discerned and foretold by a Vrine ALL diseases and affects cannot be discerned by Vrine only since there are diseases of many parts which alter not the Vrine What can be known by Urine but without dispute the Vrine may shew that disposition which is in the Liver and Vrines since the Vrine is an Excrement of the Veins of the Reins also and passages through which the Vrine flows and the diseases of the Bladder and Yard without controversie the Vrine may shew for if any thing be contained in the ways through which the Vrine passeth contrary to nature 't is easily mingled with the Vrine moreover the diseases of those parts which send matter to the Veins may be dscerned by the Vrine Whence if any peculiar part be affected and the Vrine changed also if in the part affected there be also made any peculiar change it is a token that such matter is transmitted from that part to the Reins and Bladder On the contrary also when the matter which is contained in the Veins is carried sometimes to other part s and causeth various Symptomes the diseases of those parts may also be known by the Vrines especially if other Symptomes agree with those of the Vrine Lastly when Fevers and venemous diseases may be joined with the diseases of many parts although the Vrines then do not first indicate that very disease of the private part yet 't is not unprofitable then to consider the Vrines and to observe the signs from thence of life and death And thus what may be known and foretold of every Vrine is manifest from those things which are spoken of the causes of all the differences which happen unto Vrine Book III. PART I. SECT IV. OF PULSES CHAP. I. What a Pulse is A Pulse which the Greeks call Sphugmos and Sphuxis A Pulse what is a motion of the Heart and Arteries proceeding from the vital faculty consisting of dilatation and contraction and is appointed for the preservation of the Harmony of the native heat Instruments of a Pulse Instruments of the Pulse are the Heart and Arteries and the Heart is the Fountain Chimny and Elaboratory of heat and vital Spirits but the Arteires are the Channels through which this vivifying heat is derived from the heart as from a Fountain and disperst through the whole body which work that they may rightly perform power is given to them by nature whereby they can dilate and contract them selves by perpetual motion Efficient cause by which means Arteries Blood with the vital Spirits is diffused through the whole body the vapors are expelled and cold air is drawn in neither is the motion of the Heart and Arteries made only by the fervent heat of the Blood and Spirits nor is this motion to be accounted accidental Vital faculty and as it were violent but the heart by a peculiar faculty which it hath in its self which they call Vital and Pulsisique is moved neither are the Heart and Arteries dilated because they are filled but they are filled because dilated Neither is this faculty denied to the Arteries although in its own manner it depends on the heart The vse of the Heart and Arteries The use of the motion of the heart and arteries and the end of their motion is the preservation of the native heat the generation of vital spirits and the distribution of them through the whole boby but the native heat is preserved as being hotter whilest 't is cooled and fanned and the matter fit for the generating of spirits is drawn but the fuligenous vapors are expelled The motion of the Heart and Pulse performs these duties by that double motion out of the which as of parts it is composed namely by Sistole and Dyastole or dilatation and contraction But because these two motions are opposite and a thing cannot be moved against its opposite unless first it be quiet It is necessary that these two motions admit of two cessations between the one is that which follows the Systole the other the Dyastole And indeed attraction is made by dilatation for the cooling and fanning of the heat and the generation of spirits But contraction is made for expulsion for the heart when it is dilated attracts blood the matter of vital spirits and arterious blood and air from the Lungs through the arterious veins But the Arteries draw some of the thinner blood from the Veins especially they draw aire through their small orifices opening to the Pores of the Skin by contraction the Heart expels fuliginous vapors and together emits arterious Blood and Spirits into the Arteries but the Arteries expel fuligenous excrements and together communicate some Spirits and arterial blood to all the parts CHAP. 2. Of the simple differences of Pulses THe differences of
and rest Exercise for idlenesse and too much rest fills the body with Excrements dulls the native heat and renders the body slow and feeble on the other side too much exercise dissipates the Spirits consumes the body and by consequence cooles the whole body hinders concoction the veins and vessels often break stirs up untimely humours heats them and causeth fevers and especially if the body be full of vitious humours they being stirred are carried through the whole body and stir up fevers and other distempers and symptomes Fifthly Passions of the mind the affections of the mind make great alterations in the body in anger the Blood and Spirits become extream hot and are hurried to the external parts from the internal whence they inflame the whole body and often kindle Fevers and raise other Symptomes Too much joy may so dissipate the Spirits that it is observed one may die therewith in fear and trembling the Spirits and heat desert the exteriour parts and fly to the heart and suffocate the heart sorrow by degrees dissolveth the Spirits cooleth the Body dryes spoils concoction causes watchings and begets melancholly diseases Lastly Excretions and retentions those things that are reteined in and sent out of our bodies are the causes of Diseases for if the profitable humors be untimely sent out it debilitates the body and consumes it but if the excrements are retained diseases are bred that are like unto them CHAP. III. Of the internal causes of Diseases and first of fulnesse of Blood INternal things which are the causes of diseases Internal things the causes of diseases either are generated in the body according to nature or are found in the bedy contrary to nature those which are generated according to nature are those three of Hypocrates conteining conteined and doing violence or as others would have it solid humid and spirituous those are called preternatural humours which are found in the body contrary to nature as stones gravel wormes and all things that are generated in the body differing from natural whereunto belongeth those things that are sent into the body and there stick and remain as darts bullets of lead and such like But these things are made to be the causes of diseases How many wayes either as they are in their whole kind contrary to nature or as they offend in qùantity quality motion or place The fault of humours in Specie is divided into Plethorick and Cacochimick The fault of humors twofold Plethorie for humours are either apt to nourish the bedy or not fit plenty of the one â—s called Plethorick of the other Cacochimick for Plethory is when blood and humours profitable for the nourishment of the body abound Plethorie towfold To the vessels To the strength and are beyond mediocrity This plenitude is twofold either as to the vessels when blood so abounds as that the vessels wherein it is contained are stretched beyond their ordinary bigness the other as to the strength when there is more blood then the strength can bear to which Horatius Augenius adds this mixt of them both to wit when there is so great plenty of blood as stretcheth and extendeth the veins and so great pains that the strength cannot bear it Chacochimy is an excesse of other humours besides blood Chachochimy namely when natural excrementious humours offend in plenty or preternatural excrementious humours abound and whilest either these or those putrifie and bring in a strange nature The seat of Plethory and Chacochimy Both pure and spurious Pure Plethory Pure Chacochimy Spurious The causes of Plethory The seat of Plethory is only in the veins but Chacochimy is not onely in the veins but also out of them and in the whole body or some parts especially the bowels But sometimes Plethory and Chacochimy are mixed whence both are divided into spurious and legitimate pure Plethory is when there is too great plenty of pure blood and humours without any vitious ones Pure Chacochimy is when there is too great plenty of ill humours and no good blood with them but when good juyce aboundeth and ill humours are mixed therewith it is called a spurious Plethory or Chacochimy according as blood and ill humours do more or lesse abound There are many causes of Plethory as plenty of Dyet supplies matter to cause it nourishment of good juyce and great plenty of such nourishment the Efficient causes are Constitution of the Body and principally of the Heart and Liver hot and moist and youthful age which may be occasioned in the Spring time and a temperate constitution of the Air idlenesse moderate sleep a life without care and paines suppression of accustomary evacuations of blood Chacochimy according to the variety of excrementitious humours is manifold The kinds of Chacochimy for sometimes phlegm sometimes choller sometimes melancholly and adust melancholly and sometimes serous humours abound of which humorsthere are again various differences CHAP. IV. Of Phlegm THere are divers kinds of Phlegm which are commonly divided into natural and preternatural The kinds of Phlegm Natural Phlegm Natural is a cold and moist juyce or blood not perfectly concocted but if we rightly observe the matter this humour is not properly to be reckoned amongst the excrementitious humours because the blood is crude and may be turned into the aliment of the parts Of the preternatural Phlegm there are four kinds unsavory The kinds of preternatural Plegm Unsavory sharp vitreous salt Unsavory Phlegm peculiarly and principally may be called a Crude Humour which for want of concoction hath not acquired that perfection which it ought in the stomach and therefore can no where in mans body be turned into good substance Acride Phlegm is also crude and called so from the taste it relishes of to them that void it Acride and proceeds from the defect of heat These two kinds proceed from the same causes which according to greater or lesser power they have of introducing coldness and crudity so sometimes this sometimes that kind is generated such are cold meates hard to be digested too great plenty of meat and drink and taken at unseasonable times a cold constitution of the stomach and the adjacent intrails which way soever occasioned Salt Phlegm Salt so called from the savour and is occasioned by the mixture of a serous humidity and a salt with Phlegm whence it is not simply cold but mixed with heat and drinesse and as there is more or lesse of the salt humour mixed so is it more or lesse hot Lastly Vitreous Phlegm is vitreous so called by Praxagorus because in substance and colour it somewhat doth resemble melted glasse this is exceeding cold clammy and thick CHAP. V. Of Choller CHoller is threefold The kinds of Choller Alimentary Natural and Contrary to Nature but the first is not an Excrement but the hotter and dryer part of the Masse of Blood of a different nature from that which is in
and hence venenate humours bred of poyson and poysonous matter do not seem so properly to be referred to Choller Phlegm Melancholly although in colour it seems to have some affinity with some of these yet their nature is far different and therefore are to be described by their Powers Hyppocratically The Melancholly humour explained Lastly of the Melancholly and black humour It is to be noted that by it selfe it is thick earthy feculent or salt and for the most part 't is so much moystened by many serous and watery humours that it becomes like unto Lee which consist of watery adust and salt parts and therefore it is called by some Water CHAP. IX Of the generation of Stones and Worms BEsides Wormes there are other things found and generated in the body Stones which are the causes of diseases as stones and worms that Stones for the most part are generated in all bodies experience and the observations of Physitians do manifest They are generated of feculent matter earthy slimy muddy and of moisture apt to putrifie which when the passages are straiter and narrower in the body sticks and of its own accord tends to coagulation and concretion Wormes also may be generated in most parts of the body Worms out of corrupt and putred matter containing in it Seed or some proportionable principle to Seed namely some vital principle CHAP. X. Of the causes of Diseases of Intemperature without Matter HItherto we have explained the causes of Diseases general The eauses of hot distemoen now we will handle them severally And First for Diseases of Intemperature Galen accounts five sorts of Diseases of distemperature by heat Motion of the body and mind Exercise which causes heat by too much stirring of the humours and spirits Putrefaction which is the cause of heat because in putrefaction the internal heat Putrefaction is called forth by the external and being outward is more sensibly hot Hot things touching our body The proximity of a hot thing and impressing their qualities on our bodies Costivenesse of body and Retention of the hot steeme which should passe through our Pores Lastly mixture with some hot thing or hot things taken into our bodies as Air Meat Drink hot Medicines Galen in his fourth Book of the Causes of Diseases of Distemperature by cold Costiveness reckons these The presence of cold things the quantity and quality of meats and drinks condenseing rarifying Mixtures of a hot thing Causes of a cold distemper idleness and immoderate exercise all which and if there be any other may conveniently be reduced into four ranks For whatsoever brings a cold distemper to the body do it either by altering and by its proper force cooling the body such are cold things whether outwardly applyed to the body or taken inwardly or suffocating the innate heat such are those things that prohibit the ventilation and blowing of the fuliginous vapours or extinguish the heat by their too great aboundance Dissipation or dissipate the same by overmuch exercise of the body or mind a hot constitution of Air and such like or through want of food which poverty may occasion or by letting too much blood Hence it is manifest that the causes of hot Distempers when they are in excesse become the causes of cold Distempers Drawing away food Moist by dissipating extinguishing or suffocating the innate heat The causes of overmoist Distempers may be reduced unto two the proximity to moist things or those things that hinder transpitation and so retain the cold steem of the body Dry distemper is occasioned by the contrary causes to wit Dry by alteration of drying things and want of aliment Compound distempers are from compound causes Of compound distempers and if the causes of simple distempers are joyned together there ariseth a compound distemper yet complication of causes is not always necessary for production of compound distempers since there are many causes which have in them double qualities which therefore if they have equal strength and force cause a compound distemper so that the body be so disposed as it be fit to receive the actions of them both alike CHAP. XI Of the causes of distemper with matter SInce every humour hath its peculiar Temperature The causes of distemper with matter and communicates it and impresseth the part which it adheres to The blood which is hot and moist heats and moistens yellow Choller which is hot and dry heats and dryes Phlegm which is cold and moist causeth a cold and moist distemper Melancholly which is cold and dry causeth a cold and dry distemper The matter which is the cause of distemper in the affected A collection of matter either is collected by degrees or else falls on it on a suddain 'T is collected either through the error of the Aliment or default of the part through the fault of the part it is collected when either the faculty of concoction is weak and doth not rightly elaborate the Aliment and from thence causes excrements which either the expulsive faculty can expel or the weaknesse of expulsion is such that it cannot expel that too great quantity or some disease of conformation and straitnesse of the passages suffers not the Excrements to be cost forth But by default of the Aliment the matter is collected when that is not good but such by reason whereof great store of excrements are generated or slimy and viscious humours are produced that the expulsive faculty cannot expel them A flux is either when humours are drawn to a part A flux made by drawing or sent to a part Attraction is principally through heat and pain not because they draw but because they afford occasion for humours to flow to the part to which you may adde for the supply of vacuity But humours flow to the parts affected Transmismission though they are not drawn for two reasons first because the humours collected in the vessels by their own violence begin to flow into some part according to its situation and its respect to the vessels Secondly because the parts which have strong expulsive power tire or decay in their strength or quality or being burthened with plenty of humours unlade themselves and lend that which is troublesome to another part either the whole body sends forth vencmous humours or else some parts Yet that there be made a flux there is required not onely the part flowing but the part receiving which is either weak or apt and disposed to receive fluxions CHAP. XII Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance DIseases of the whole Body Causes of diseases of the whole substance or of Occult qualities which are in the similar parts besides diseases of intemperature are all produced from causes of the whole substance or acting in a hidden manner such are all venomous malignant things and such as act in a hidden manner Of such causes some are produced in the Body
some happen to it from without Those which are in the body are humours and excrements Internal if they contein in them malignant and venomous qualities as putrified Blood Seed and other corrupt humours As for external causes External First venomous and malignant Aire Secondly Virulent and contagious Diseases Thirdly Poyson drunk or after what manner soever taken into the Body Fourthly Poysons which come by the smitings or bitings of venomous creatures or some other way communicated to the body externally Venom is either generated in the Air or else the Air receives it from some other thing Aire It receives it from some other thing by malignant exhalations and vapours from Cattel Marish grounds dead Carkasses and other such like exhalations Poyson is generated in the Aire by reason of its hot and moist constitution or the occult influences of stars Contagion is a Granary or if you please Contagion an Affect contrary to nature which is communicated to another body from a body affected likewise contrary to nature This Infection is twofold either by touch when the body which is infected toucheth that body which is next to it or at distance when a body far distant from another by that which it emits it infects the distant body Poysons taken into the body are either Plants Poysons taken Poysons from without or living Creatures or Minerals or poysonous Metals Poysons which happen externally to the body are the biting of venomous Creatures Stroakes Exhalations or venomous Unguents and Powders CHAP. XII Of the causes of Organick Diseases NOw for the causes of Organick Diseases and first the figure of Conformation is vitiated either by it selfe or by accident By it selfe it is vitiated first in the womb The causes of the figure vitiated through some error of the formative faculty Secondly out of the womb through violent motion either of those things that happen externally or those which are with us or in us or by the errors of our Midwives Nurses or Chyrurgions Thirdly by too great repletion and encrease and on the contrary by Inanition or Defect of Aliment and lesning the due magnitude or in default in number By accident the figure is hurt when any parts grow not as they ought but another way through loosening of Nerves Convulsion Inflammation or swelling a Scyrrhus or hard bunch on the Liver the cutting of a Nerve or Tendon or by some hard skin growing in them Moreover to what belongs to Diseases in the Channels of the Body Diseases in the Channel are either in excesse or defect Diseases of the passages in excesse the passages are too much dilated by something filling them contrary to nature and stretching them sometimes too much But straitness of the passages is either from our first formation when our stomachs are narrower then they ought or by repletion or when in an Empyema an Impostumation or Ulcer is generated in the brest and there broken and flowes and makes it narrower or whilest a stone groweth in some hollow part or by compressure when from what cause soever a hollow member lying under its Cavity is pressed too close or by the closing of its outsides or by constriction when by too much use of binding things the stomach is contracted Diseases of the passages since they are in excess or in defect The causes of Diseases of passages Anastomasis Diaresis An Anastomasis is caused first by the too great quantity or the quality of humours initating the expulsive faculty or the mouth of the vessels opening themselves moreover sometimes by Medicines and other things which have power to relax and loosen the mouths of the vessels A Devision is made by some gnawing or cutting cause such may be sharp humours or fretting Medicines either stretching them too much as too great store of humours Diapedesis or else breaking them as violent motion clamours heavy burthens knocking An opening the Tunicles of the vessels is by moistning and rarefying things The causes of defect and straitnesse of passages Obstruction Constipation Coalescence Compression The causes of the defect of passages or of narrownesse of them are five Obstruction Constipation Cealescence Compressure Subsidence The cause of obstruction is first that which is conteined in a passage and is not generated for such are thick or viscide humours clots of blood quitture hard dung stones worms and too great abouncance of humours The cause of Constipation is hard flesh as when there is a Tumour the flesh growes in the passage Coalescence is caused when after a wound the walls of the passages grow together Compression is made by things externally hapning which have power by weight and violence or otherwise to pâ—esse the passages and have strength to force them inward as divers tumours and bones out of joynt are amongst the internal causes amongst the external Bones Conâ—usions Stroakes and such like Subsidence Subsidence is when the outsides of the passages by too much moisture are made looser then they ought to which some adde Constriction by cooling and astringent things The causes of Diseases on the outside The causes of Diseases in the Superficies or extremities of the body are such as make it rough or smooth rugged things make it rough so does gnawing things and such as dry overmuch as sharp humours and medicines endued with such qualities sharp vapours Wind Smoak sharp Meates things endued with contrary qualities make the body smooth Moistâ—ning things make the body soft contrary to nature drying things make it harder the mixture of black humours and such as give a tincture spoyles the clearnesse of complexion The cause of Diseases of defect Causes of Diseases in number in number are either from a mans birth namely defect of matter or imbecillity of the faculty drawing matter being not able to retain and elaborate the same or error of formation Or else after one is born by outting burning gnawing putrefying and too much cooling either natural things abound contrary to nature and that from our beginning the cause whereof is either too great plenty of profitable matter and the strength and error of the formative faculty or after our birth as is a Membrane a Tubercle the cause whereof is plenty of good matter and by it occasion is given of breeding an Ulcer or somewhat contrary to nature aboundeth as Warts Stones and such like the cause whereof is peccant matter Magnitude is encreased contrary to nature Of Magnitude encreased either according to some dimensions only or according to all First it is encreased by things contrary to nature as by wind as in a Timpany and a windy Tumour or by water as in a Dropsie or by the falling of one part into another as when one is bursten Augmentation is made according to all the dimensions by the spreading of humours over all the substance of the body which comes to passe either by reason of profitable humours which happens to fat people and
blood necessary for the forming of the young be deficient or very little Generation is depraved when the young are very weak or when monsters are generated which comes to passe through the foul Seed of the Father or theâ— imagination of the Mother Lastly Abortion the causes of abortion are either too great bignesse of fruit or defect of necessary nourishment or humours which are contained in the Membranes which when they are broken are poured into the Womb putrifie and become sharp and stimulate the expultrix or by a breaking and loosening of the vessels by which the Child adheres to the Womb. CHAP. II. Of the Causes of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hindrance of respiration THe Symptomes which happen about the vital faculty Causes of the Palpitation of the heart or as hath been said Palpitation of heart swooning and sudden deprivation of the senses the causes of the Palpitation of the heart are first things troublesome to the heart meeting with it which it desires to remove from it namely vapours either in plenty or quality either manifest or occult or both troubling the heart putrid humours sharp hot abundantly rushing into the heart or pressing it also tumours and fleshy excrescencies and callous flesh bred about the heart or Worms molesting it in the Chest thereof moreover some moderate defect of the vital Spirits through want too great evacuations passions of the mind vehement griefe too much exercise which the heart strives by more vehement pulsation to restore and strengthen Thirdly preternatural heat encreased not onely consumes and scatters the Spirits but also enflames them which that nature may restore temperate and coole it appointeth this motion of the heart The causes of Sypothymy are defect and want of vital Spirits Of Sypothymy which either are not generated whether by defect of matter namely of air and blood or the debility of the generative faculty and from disease of the heart or being generated or taken away and destroyed whilest either they are suffocated or dispersed or corrupted by some occult or malignant qualities These causes if they are very grievous produce swooning The changes of Pulses shall be spoken of in their due place Respiration is hurt first when the moving faculty is hurt The cause of Respiration hurt Faculty of Luâ—gs hurt Of the Brest and that either of the Lungs or Brests the faculty of the Lungs is hurt either by its selfe when its temperament is destroyed and the innate heat is deficient as in such as are dying or it is hindered and hurt by accident when the brest by what means soever becomes straiter and the Lungs have not space wherein to dilate themselves The faculty of the Brest is said to be hindered by its self or by accident by its selfe when the animal spirits necessary to motion is wanting or because it decayes as in such as are dying or its influx is not made as in an Apoplexy or it is not received through default of the Nerves carrying the animal Spirits to the Muscles of the Brest and Midriff but 't is hurt by accident when by reason of the pain of the side or parts adjacent or matter and blood contained in the Brest or Wind or Tumours or something in the Panch the Brests and Midriff cannot freely be moved or when the Bowels in the Panch hanging about the Midriffe are obstructed exceedingly and swell so that by their weight between breathing the Midriff suffers not them to move freely Secondly Of Instruments Respiration is hindered by reason of the Organs when there is any Organick Disease or solution of continuity in the Lungs Midriff Muscles of the Brest and Panch the Wind-pipe Thirdly In regard of use when the custome of breathing is changed namely when it is too violent through the fiety heat kindled in the Lungs and Heart Lastly Of Air. Respiration is hindered by reason of the sharpness which we draw in in breathing if it be not fit for cooling and fanning of the heat The difference of an Astma and an Orthopnae The causes of an Astma and shortnesse of breath which are peculiar diseases of shortness of breath is this when a man constantly breaths with great difficulty without a Fever such as do those who after a violent â—ace and exercise stop The immediate cause is straitness of the mouths of the Lungs or the use encreased by reason of the narrowness of the Pipe of the Lungs but that straitness is caused by stoppages or pressure of the Lungs or of the Wind-pipe of the Lungs and both obstruction and compression are caused fiâ—st by thick and viscid humours but sometimes by thin and serous humours but in great plenty Moreover a Crude Tumour or by some swelling or gravel sticking in the â—ungs which cause obstructions when they stick in the Pipe of the Lungs but compression when they are in the substance of the Lungs or its Veins and Arteries This matter sometimes is gathered by little and little through its weaknesse sometimes it flows from elsewhere and most commonly it is thought to flow from the head by the vulgar but to me it seems more probable to flow through the Arterious Veins from the Liver into the Lungs whilest crude humours are generated therein or abound in a venemous kind which even that shews that in an Astma the cough is not alwayes present which neverthelesse perpetually accompanies a Catarrh and because these that are troubled with an Astma have always an ill habit of body and the signs of debility of the Liver A Crude Tumor may consist not onely in the Wind-pipes but without it which when it happens and consisteth about the smooth Arteries yet it presses the rough Arteries and respiration is thereby hurt and the Heart is drawn into consent and an uneven pulse is produced CHAP. III. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses SInce order requires that we speak of the causes of the Symptomes of the Animal faculty first of all the the sight is hurt divers ways by reason of diseases of parts constituting the eyes and the default of the optique and spirits The Tunicle called Cornea which comes in the fiâ—st place since it is transparent and void of colour that it may permit the passing through of visible species if it lose its transparency Faults of the Cornea or be affectd with a stange colour it hinders the sight it loseth its diaphanity if it be thicker and become more dense or be moistned or pustules or little skins cover it It grows thicker and more dense by drying and that either the whole which disease is called Caligo or else some part is become white which is called an Albugo Caligo Albugo which spot if it be perfectly white and darkning so that it permit no passage for visible species and cover the whole Pupil it causeth blindness but if it be not perfectly white nor hinders all the passage
latter is occasioned two wayes either when the vital spirits are generated vitious and impure in the heart which when the matter of the animal spirit is such in the braine 't is necessary that there be generated in such black animal spirits in the braine or because although the vital spirit be good and pure neverthelesle the constitution of the brain is vitious which changeth the pure vital spirit into a black animal spirit The cause of mad Love is sorrow and conti nual solitation Of mad Love to which anger is often joined arising through the desire of a fair thing whether it be really so or seem so to be for although the amorous herb Philtra may stir up desire to lust yet that desire is not terminated in any definite person nor can the mind of a man be compelled to love that which he is unwilling to love and that Philtra doth not cause love but madnesse also as experience often teacheth The cause of madness is a hot and fiery disposition of the animal spirits Madnssâ—e such hot and fiery spirits proceed from a hot distemper of the braine or hot vapours mingled therewith which black Choller will set foreward sometimes in the veins of the head only other times in the whole body especially in those that are great with child and when it resides about the womb whether they are generated of fervent blood or adust colour or dryed Melancholy The disease which causeth men to think that they are turned into Wolves is called Lycanthropie Lycanthropie if it proceed from a natural cause and not from the Devil It ariseth from the depravation of the imagination and ratiocination and the blood of living creatures being drunk may be very powerful to cause the same yet for the most part it becomes from poyson communicated to us by the biting of any mad living creature or by the froth of their mouths thrown upon us by spittle by receiving their breath with our mouths by eating the flesh of ravenous animals whence Wolf-madness also Dog-madness and Badger-madness do arise as Hydrophobie which is when one is distractedly timerous of waters which neverthelesse may be occasioned without the biting of any mad animal by poyson in mans body but principally is occasioned by terror of the observations of Physitians do witness and then the disease is not to be referred to madness because those Symptomes which are proper to those that are bitten with mad creatures do not appear in these but onely the diâ—eased are adverse to all liquid things and neither can swallow liquid things but also at the sight and noise of them they fall in danger of swooning and death which nature is peculiar to this poyson nor can any other cause be rendered from manifest qualities But the disease of Tarantators Of Tarantulas and a company of S. Viti occasioned by the venemous biting of a Tarantula and the Chorea of S. Viti so called hath its rise from a venemous and malignant humour somewhat like to the venom of a Taâ—antula begotten in mans body and indeed is the cause of the Symptomes of the rest of the poysons in general but because they dance in this manner that is proper to this poyson onely neither can there be rendered any manifest cause thereof but here it is necessary to fly to that sanctuary of ignorance and to say that this poyson is destroyed in an occuâ—â— manner by the force of musick and this little creature is harmoneous and delights in musick CHAP. V. Of the causes of the Symptomes of the mooving faculty IN the first place the cause of a Palsie Cause of the Palsie or deprivation of motion in one part or more is the defect of animal spirits in the Organs appointed for motion the spirits are deficient when they are not sent out by the Nerves from the braine as happens in an Apoplexy sometimes also this disease is called a Palsie for although they are emitted yet through the ill disposition of the part they cannot exercise motion and sense therein they are not admitted through default of the Nerves and spinal Marrow namely when they endure some cold distemper and moist especially yet sometimes hot and dry or are dull or are cut or knockt or beaten or are made narrower or by obstruction or compression by reason of some humor or tumor or tubercle whether they are in the Nerves themselves as after wounds of the Nerves and contusions of the same scars do arise or in the parts neer thereunto by some contusion by a stroak or a fall by a sudden relaxation made of the Vertabres or being bound Besides a Palsie there are other impotencies of motion Cause of taking away motion the cause whereof besides that of the Nerves even now explained in a Palsie is the fault of the part instituted for motion a vitious disposition and disease namely if the bones in the joynts which are framed for them cannot move oâ— cannot rightly be removed out of their place through ill conformation fracture relaxation if the ligaments which come about the joints and continue in motion in a natural state are broken cut asunder eroded attenuated or become softer or on the contrary are dryed hardned and filled witk a hard and knoty substance if the Muscles and their Tendones are cooled too much and their native heat be as it were dulled or moistned by some humour contrary to nature or on the other side if they are dryed and hardned if any tumor knot bunch hard flesh ariseth in them if they are wounded if the Tendones are so stretched out by violent motion that they become longer then they were or wont to be or as it were broken with bonds or if a painful tumor be in a Muscle The cause of Lazinesse is the reception of trouble in the Muscles and parts appointed for animal motion Of Laziness but since this slownesse is two-fold voluntary and against our wills the one comes without much exercise and labour from vitious humours burning the parts appointed for motion the other which is also called Excicrative comes after too much labour and motion the parts serving for motion being dried and the spirits consumed The cause of trembling is the imbecility of the motive faculty Of Trembling which cannot keep the member in that part wherein it is placed The faculty is become weak through the faintnesse of the strength and some defect of animal spirits whether they are not generated by reason of some distemper of the brain or defect of the vital spirits either scattered or consumed both which may be occasioned by too large evacuations long fasting watchings long and tedious sicknesse too much Venery or through diseases of the Nerves as distemper especially cold contracted by what meanes soever or want or losse of sense is occasioned by stupifactives or by straitnesse but lesse then in a Palsie The cause of Convulsion is the irritation of the expulsive faculty Of
generated in the parts themselves or drawn or sent from elsewhere CHAP. VI. Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt THe cause of a Vertigo is inordinate and circular motion of the animal spirits in the brain Of a vertigo but the causes which perform this circular motion in the brain are internal or external internal is an inordinate motion of a flatulent spirit moving the animal spirits circularly and exhibiting a false representation of the moving of external things and of its own body but this flatulent spirit takes the occasion of its motion either from its selfe seeing that every spirit by nature is moveable and fluid especially if it be hotter and more fervent then ordinary or moved by somewhat else whereas hereafter shall be shewen which the straitness of the vessels or of the Pores of the brain occasioneth for if both the flatulent spirits and animal spirits are moved in passages that are obstructed they return back and move circularly they are generated either in the brain whence a Vertigo by Idiopathy ariseth or are sent from elsewhere upward either from the whole body as in some Fevers or from some part as the Stomach Spleen Womb whence it is called a Vertigo by Sympathy the external and manifest causes are whatsoever humors can suddenly turn into and dissolve into vapours or stir up an inordinate and circular motion with winds and spirits such as when the constitution of the air is suddenly altered immoderate and untimely exercise emptinesse baths anger turning round of the body the beholding of bodies swiftly turning round or otherwise moving with violence looking down from a high place shaking of the head a fall and such like The cause of an Incubus or riding of the Mare Of an Incubus is a thick vapour ascending from the lower parts of the body and obstructing the hinder parts neer the Spinal marrow and hindering the passages of the spirits to the muscles of the brest whence respiration is hindered which when a man perceives in his sleep considering various causes he faineth and adviseth with himselfe and even from this or that he imagineth himselfe to be oppressed and suffocated in his dream This vapor is elevated from thick flegm or a Melancholy humor residing in the Hypocondries or proceeds from surfetting or swelling by lying supine or flat on the back in children also a vapour of the same nature is occasioned by worms A Lethargy commonly proceeds from a flegmatick humor thickning in the brain Of a Lethargy and so the matter of its selfe is cold yet by accident it happens to be hot but it is impossible that out or flegm only putrified both a fever and a deep sleep should arise for this humor is neither apt of its selfe to admit of putrefaction especially in the head neither if it should admit of it can it utter so much as will diffuse the heat over the whole body and kindle a Fever and heart the Heart especially if it putrifie without the substance of the Brain or its vessels in its bosomes and turnings but it is more agreeable to reason that this drousinesse either is not a primary disease of the brain but occasioned from stupifactive and pituitous vapors rendring the animal spirits dull and are the Symptomes of a Fever which are called companions namely of a continued Quotidian of a bastard Tertian and Semitertian or if it be a primary disease of the Brain it doth not seem to have its beginning only from putrified flegm but rather from a petuitous inflammation of the Brain or from an inflammation arising from the blood mixt with flegm In both these Lethargies there is present great heavinesse and hurt of memory by reason of stupifactive and pituitous vapors but a delirium by reason of vapors risen out of the putrid humors troubling the animal spirits The cause of a Carus is either the straitnesse of the Brain by compression Of a Carus or obstruction neer the bottom thereof from cold humors or a moistning cooling and repletion of the Brain from a câ—ld and pituitous humor and an alteration of the spirits by the same or a stupefactive power rendring the animal spirits unfit for the actions of the senses and motions wherewith not â—nly stupefactive medicines are endued but also some poysons humors in certain Fevers Smoaks and Vapors of Coals new Wine and new strong Beer c. A Catoche hath its beginning from a cold and dry vapour A Caroche endued with a peculiar force of fixing the animal spirits rushing into the brain and in some sort stopping the spirits rendring them immovable and as it were congealing them which for the most part is stirr'd up by a Melancholy humor such also is the force in a Thunderbolt and it is sometimes taken from the vapors ascending out of the earth in an Earthquake and breaking out of their cells but the spirits serving for imagination and ratiocination are rather fixed and stopt then those which lately were disperst into the members of the body which is apparent from hence that although those that are Cataleptick move no member yet if they are moved by another the power of moving exerciseth its selfe and being struck they fall down and moreover spreading their eye-lids they keep their eyes open The immediate cause of an Apoplexy is a flowing of the animal spirits into the organs of the body Of an Apoplexy hindering sense and motion but the influx of the animal spirits is hindered either by the passages through which they should flow into the organs of sense and motion or the narrownesse of the beginning of the Nerves or through the unaptnesse of the animal spirits themselves or by too great a quantity or perturbation of the same The straitnesse of the passages of the animal spirits is made when the beginning of the Nerves in the bottom of the brain is so shut that the passage and way for the animal spirits and motion into the organs of all the external senses are intercepted a few onely resisting which flow from the Cerebellum which scarce suffice for the motion of the brest which striveth exceedingly for respiration The beginning of the Nerves cause this straitnesse first the flegmatick humor poured into these places performs it by obstruction or compression which the Antients took for the principal nay some for the only cause of an Apoplexy Secondly blood poured out of its vessels by a stroak or any other cause whatsoever into the basis of the Brain and pressing the beginning of the Nerves Thirdly placing of flegm when the vessels of the Braine their being plenty of blood are filled and stretched that the substance of the Brain is compressed and the Pores and passages being made narrower a free ingress for the animal spirits into the Nerve is hindered Fourthly a blow or fall violently pressing the Brain it self and so the beginning of the Nerves rendring the animal spirits slow as it
plenty thereof as may render the Vrine thick A pale and thin Vrine is made when a small portion of choller is mingled with an aqueous Urine A pale and thin A pale red thick but a pale red and thick when choller is mixt in greater plenty but if any choller be mingled with a thick white Vrine the Vrine is dyed pale CHAP. VII Of the causes of smell quantity and such like accidents THe Urine which obtains the natural and usual smell Cause of the smell of Vrine signifies that the natural heat is right and concoction is well performed but if the Vrine smell not or lesse then the Vrines of those that are well use to do it is a token that the native heat is weak and almost no concoction performed Of no smel nor is the serous and excrementitious humour mingled therewith Sweet Vrine Of smelling well or that which smells well doth not proceed from any internal natural causes but if any such be found it hath acquired that smell from meats or medicines taken inwardly Stinking Vrines are caused first from meat and drink Of Faetid and certain medicines taken also from crudity and corruption of meats erosion and especially from putrifaction Fourthly from daily retention of Vrine in the Bladder Vrine naturally ought to answer to the drink Of store of Vrine but it is made more plentiful then is fit First if meats are administred which are full of aqueous humidity Secondly if the aqueous and serous excrements which use to be discussed by motion or evacuated other wayes be retained in the body Thirdly if nature from the other parts or the whole body expels the vitious humours through the passages of Vrine which useth to happen in Critick and Symptomatick evacuations as in a Diabetes or incontinence of Vrine Fourthly if Dyuretick medicine be taken On the contrary little Vrine is caused by contrary causes Of little Vrine namely not only by reason of small quantity of drink taken but of dry meats moreover if the aqueous matter be consumed which useth to be in burning fevers as also by motion and too much exercise Thirdly if the Vrine be converted to other parts Fourthly by reason of the straitness of the passages by which the Vrine ought to be expelled CHAP. VIII Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sound THe matter of a Content The matter of a sediment in sound men or Sediment in the Vrines of such as are sound for in Vrines of those that are exactly well there is scarce any Content save onely a sediment is some part of aliment which escaped concoction for since it neither can be changed into perfect blood nor into the nutriment of any part after the third concoction it is sent to the Reins and cast cut through the Bladder and there is scarce found a Vrine of a sound man The causes of diversity of Contents wherein the natural sediment doth not appear because scarce any body is so exactly sound which doth not generate some such excrement and no nourishment is to be found which cannot afford matter for such an excrement Whence according to the diversity of meats and natures thereof there ariseth diversity of Contents For although the Contents settle in the bottome and in those that are exactly sound yet in those which do not enjoy most perfect health The cause of the quality of the sediment or do not eat the best meats it doth not enjoy its natural place but in some and those which eat grosser food more then is convenient it doth settle in the bottome in others it ascends higher then is fit by reason of the heat which cannot subdue it A Sediment is naturally white and takes this colour from the veins and parts which are wont to impress a white colour on those things which they change Equal and continued is not divided by reason of heat rightly concocting and rendring this excrement equal and obtains the figure of a Pyramid which although all parts seem to the senses to be equally thick yet in truth some are thicker which settle underneath others thinner which consist in the superiour part A great sediment is through plenty of crude juice which affords matter for a sediment Quantity whence boyes through much eating and those that live in idleness and those whose accustomed evacuations are suppressed and females also have a more plentiful sediment but men because they are hotter and have not so many crude humors have less sediment the same happens in Summer through fasting too great evacuations and other causes consuming the humors also obstructions and much and thin drinks which are distributed and cast forth before it can receive any mixture or digestion with meat CHAP. IX Of the causes of Contents in Vrines of those that are sick AGain in sick people the sediment consists of the more crude part of the aliment which cannot turn into nourishment â—f the parts The cause of a sediment in the Urines of the sick with which notwithstanding other vitious humors also are mingled nay sometimes vitious humors onely may afford matter for a sediment but by how much the more the Contents of those that are sick are like to those that are well by so much they are the better and shew great concoction but by how much the more they recede from those either in colour or other qualities by so much they are the worse and indeed the differences of colours of Contents are borrowed from the humour whereof they consist but as for what belongs to the diversity of substance that proceeds from the variety os burning heat and various disposition of matter a farenacious sediment as Galen teacheth is made from thick dried blood Causes of a fernacious sediment Frothy Bran-lik Pulse-like or flesh unequally consumed by a fiery heat but rough or scaly when the solid parts are unequally consumed and scaly particles are cast forth with the Vrine and bran-like sediment proceeds from a flamy and consuming heat of a Fever and a sore in the bladder or veins a sediment that represents pulse proceeds from melting as Actuarius teacheth when a Fever comes to the flesh and melts it but it is not thought credible by the late Physitians that by the melting or flesh any thing so thick can be mixed with the Vrine and moreover those sediments they account do proceed from a scabby and exulcerated bladder or from a crude and melancholy humor Small Sand and Gravel proceed from thick and feculent matter which sometimes contains in it selfe a principle of coagulation and a light occasion being offered Of sand and gravel it concreates of its own accord Clods of blood are discerned when either from an ulcer Of Clods of blood or otherwise from a hurt broken or open vessel in a part through which the Veine passeth blood is cast out Quitture appears in the Vrine when an imposthume Of quitture in Urine or
the place wide and the bodyes next over it are heavy Of a thin the cause of a thin pulse is a weake faculty and a hard artery the concomitant causes are leanness of body and thinness and driness of the skin The cause of a swift pulse is the use increased Of a swist the vertue indifferently strong and the instrument soft the cause of a slow pulse is weake power or the use diminished Of a slow or the joyning of both these together The cause of a frequent pulse is the use increased with debility of vertue or hardness of the arterie Of a frequent Thin of a thin pulse strength of vertue with use diminished is the cause Of a vehement pulse Of a vehement weak strength of vertue is the cause of a weake pulse languishing strength proceeding from what cause soever A soft pulse proceeds from the softnesse of the Artery Soft hard a hard from the hardnesse of the same from what cause soever it come CHAP XI Of the causes of the respective differences of Pulses NOw followes what belongs to the respective differences of pulses The causes of inequallity of pulses Of a singular inequality and of an intermitting pulse and first for inequality the cause thereof is a weake faculty and an Artery either obtruded or pressed or too hard or too soft The reason of an intermitting pulse is because the use requires dilatation and the faculty is ready and prepared that it may satisfie the use but either t is loaden with plenty of humours or it is hindred by obstructions or compressure of instruments the same causes of inequality in motion of swiftnesse and slownesse are rendred but they are lighter The cause of Dicrotus or double striking pulse is an unequall distemper of the heart and Arteries Of a Dicrotus or the faculty varied by reason of an unequall distemper which striving by a contrary cause in the middle of its Journy is compelled as it were to begin a contrary motion Unequall pulses under many fingers do proceed either from weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or softnesse of Arteries Declining pulses which are called Myouroi Of Myourey proceed from weaknesse of the faculty whose action by how much the more remore it is from the heart by so much it is the weaker or from the placing of the artery part whereof is more remote from the heart and is placed more in the outside The cause of a congregation of many in equalities together are weaknesse of the faculty whither is oppressed A Sistematicall inequality or distracted or irritated and the fault of the instrument when the artery is either compressed or obstructed or filled pulses are made unequallyunequall from the faculty not weake by its selfe but rather burthened and oppressed Myourei Reciproci Of a deficient and moreover from the ill disposition of the artery and t is either pressed by some body that lyeth on it or some humour or tumour but unequal equally are made by an infirme faculty and indeed reciprocall Myouroi do proceed from a faculty not so weake as those which are deficient Intermitting and intercurrent pulses proceed from the same weakness of the faculty Of the intermittent intercurrent and the instruments compressed and obstructed yet the faculty labours more in an intermitting then an intercurrent and in it doth almost lye still Concerning the causes of unequall compound pulses Caprizantes the cause of an uneven pulses is when the faculty otherwise strong enough but now is oppressed by too great plenty of humours or is hindered by obstruction The causes of surging pulses are weaknesse of the faculty or plenty of humours or exceeding softnesse of instruments Like waves and the faculty is so burthened and oppressed with its load that it staggers and becomes unconstant From the same causes proceeds a vermicular pulse Vermicular formicant only that in a vermicular the faculty is not oppressed but is weak of its selfe but in a formicant t is very faint and the use striving and softnesse of the instrument being joyned therewith The causes of a serrine or serrate pulse is a strong faculty and the use increased Serrate together with hardnesse of the arterie and this pulse is familiar in inflamations of the internall membrances Trembling A trembling pulse is made whilst either the pulse is not perceived by reason of the trembling of the part or it goeth out trembling or when the heart trembles and communicates that affect to the artery The cause of a hectick pulse is somewhat that is fixed and stable and sticks to the solid parts also weaknesse of strength Hectick Rhythmorum The harmony is not changed unlesse the magnitude and celerity of the dilatation and contraction be altered but these are not changed except the use be changed so all the causes of Harmony depend upon the use for if the Diastole be swifter then the systole there is a great heate present then and a great necessity of refrigeration or expulsion of fuliginous excrements but if the systole be swifter and greater then the Diastole there is more necessity of protrusion of fuliginous vapours then of cooling CHAP. XIII Of the causes of varying of Pulses ANd in like manner divers differences of Pulses proceed from causes containing Of the Temperants of a Pulse which are secundary causes and first naturall things those which are hot by nature have a hotter Pulse and that comes from the use increased those which are cold the contrary the Pulses of such as are dry and leane are greater and thinner by much and somewhat more vehement but in grosser bodyes when the Artery is covered with much flesh and cannot be freely distended the Pulse is made somewhat smaller and more frequent Men have a greater Pulse for the most part then women Sex a little duller and thinner women on the contrary have lesse Pulses swifter and more frequent but if a woman be hotter then a man she will have a greater and more vehement Pulse The Pulses of boyes are great Of age very swift frequent in vehemency moderate of youth they are very great and vehement in celerity and frequency moderate Pulses of old men are the least slowest thinest and weakest As for the times of the yeare Time of the yeare in the Spring Pulses are greater more vehement in celerity and frequency moderate in the Summer they are fainter small swift frequent in Autumne weake in magnitude unequall in celerity and frequency in Winter small and moderate slow thin and weake Meate and drink immoderatly taken cause great Meat and drink how to change the pulse swift frequent too vehement unequall and Inordinate Pulses moderate lesser and weaker and in the beginnings swifter and more frequent afterwards slow and thin the use of wine especially makes great Pulses swift frequent and vehement and mutations which proceed from wines suddenly comes and suddenly goes
about the Tongue is taken away and that which was corrupted is separated and that change first appears in the top of the tongue hence that other paâ—t towards the chops also by little and little becomes pure Lastly the root and if any one daily do diligently observe the tongue of the sick the declination of these may be known no less from thence then by the urine The taste of the Tongâ—e being changed Savour signifies abundance of humours from choler the taste is bitter from sweet flegme sweete from a salt salt from an acid humor sour or sharp The tongue is made rough and dry by defect of the humidity which was consumed by the feaverish heat yet in roughness there is a greater defect of humidity then in driness only THE THIRD BOOK THE SECOND PART Of the Diagnostick Signes CHAP. I. Of the Signes of Causes in generall BUt now that we may come to the Kinds Antecedent Signes and that we may explaine the Anamnestick Diagnostick and Prognostick signes concerning the Anamnestick signes we only admonish you of this that the causes which have gone before are known either by the effects which are left or they are known by some profitable or hurtful thing which they occasioned As for the Diagnosticks Diagnostick signes of a disease at hand they are either of a disease neer at hand or present Of the signes of diseases neer at hand this is a general rule that every mutation in actions accidents and excrements after what manner soever hapning contrary to custome and without any externall cause Of a present threatens a disease for when all these things are right according to the natural constitution they are signes of health as soon as any thing in them begins to change from its natural state it signifies a falling from health into a disease and the same signes if they are gathered together and increased indicate a disease to be now present But since it doth not satissie a man to know that a disease is imminent or that it is present but it is necessary to know what the disease is the signes are to be propounded severally both of Morbifique causes and places affected of diseases as also of symptomes and that we may begin from the signes of causes which lead us unto the knowledg of diseases concerning the necessary signes of causes and by which any thing may be known certainly some are proper others common but collected together by a race or current and are limited within their proper subject Proper signes of humours from the tastâ— The proper signes are savour colour and motion of humors as to tast blood is sweet flegme watrish and unsavory choller bitter salt flegme causeth a salt taste flegme and melancholy an acid a sharp adust melancholy causeth a brackish taste The blood is red as also choler is red From the colour flegme that is white hath a white colour pale choler a pale yellow a yellow Leek colour a greene an Aeruginous is like Verdegrease melancholy hath a black hew troubled black choler black splendid and when one savour or colour agrees with two humors we may know the humour from the taste and collour joyned together so that when acid flegme and melancholy are joyned 't is acid by the white colour acid flegme is known by the black melancholy Moreover the humors have their determinate motions several daies the flegme is moved the day between each From the motion choler Melancholy is moved the fourth day if such a motion be wanting the blood offends choler also for the most part is moved about noon-day melancholy in the evening flegme in the night the swiftnesse also and slowness of motion indicate the humours of a disease for a swift disease depends on a thin humor hot and cholerick a slow on a dull and thick But because those signes lie hid in the innermost parts of the body so that the humours cannot be known Of the common signes Current a current of common signes then ought to suffice the causes and affects or the antecedents and consequences supply us with such signes antecedents are supplied by two fountains namely external and evident causes or things not natural and the disposition of the body but the consequences are all symptomes and whatsoever help or hurt Non-natural things dispose the body and bowels to the generation of this or that humour Antecedents according as they either heat the body or cool it or make other changes in it of which is spoken before Lib 1 Part 2. Chap 2. Moreover the dispositions of the body have great power in generating humors without which those evident causes can do little in producing them Now these dispositions may be reduced to four heads First there is an hereditary disposition of the body 2ly age 3ly Constitution of the body 4ly Intermission of some accustomed evacuations fit to generate this or that humour The consequences are symptomes Consequence namely actions hurt excretions and retentions and the qualities of the body changed also diseases arising from humours Lastly all things helping and hurting CHAP. II. Of the Signes of Causes and of Humours in particular AS for what belongs to the signes of every humour in particular gone before Signes of Plethory signifies that blood doth abound and a plethory as to the vessels is present as is expressed before in the Lib 2. Part 2. chap 3. The habit of the body is fleshly and firm overspread with an habituous vapour the veins are fuller and especially after exercise and heat swel the muscles are extended the strength of Nature is increased with a certain proportion of blood and if the blood fil the veins so ful that they cannot be cooled or fanned enough it grows thick and seeks to weigh down the inferior parts hence the muscles of the leggs being filled with blood are moved with paine and wearisomness ariseth Respiration is more difficult after labour in their behaviour they are merry and pleasant and their discourse and memory duller their sleep is profound and more durable and pleasing with flattering dreams and of red things and blood the pulse is great and strong all natural actions are excellently performed the urine is more plentiful and moderate in substance and colour and the contents therein are plentiful the colour of the whole body and especially of the face is red and rosie the reins of the cies are red the skin being touched is hot yet that heat is gentle they easily tolerate evacuations of blood by what means soever made sparing diet takes away the wearisomness and quencheth thirst but they are offended by hot and moist things and all things which increase heat idleness and food increasing blood hurts them but a plethorick constitution is known as to its strength by gravity of body an unequal pulse signes of crudity and oftentimes by signes of putrifaction begin Sweet flegme abounding is known from the causes which conduce to the
cause a Fever but such a kind of heat it ought to be as can cause such a hot disease as can hinder the performance of natural actions Whence 't is manifest that a Fever is one thing A Fever and feverish heat differ and a feavourish heat another thing A Fever properly is that hot distemper which happens in the living parts of a body and renders them unable to act but the fevourish heat is also in the humors and spirits and stirrs up that hot distemper of the body which constitutes the essence of a Fever CHAP II. Of the causes of Fevers in general ALthough there is but one only cause of a hot distemper of the whole body which constitutes the essence of a Fever namely preter-natural heat kindled in the heart and thence distributed over all the body yet the causes from whence that heat in the heart ariseth are several as Galen of the causes of diseases cap. 2. and in the first book of differences of diseases cap. 3. recites five Motion Putrefaction Contact of some hot thing Cloasure of the pores of the skin or a Retention of a hot stream and lastly Mixture with some hot thing And of these causes some by themselves and some by accident stir up heat First from Motion Motion sithence the Spirits and humours of our bodies are hot from the confluence of them into any part according to the various motion of the body and mind heat is increased which if it be greater and be either kindled in the heart or communicated to the heart a Fever ensueth Secondly Putrefaction excites heat Putrefaction For since all things that do putrifie become hotter and out of putred bodies are exalted many hot vapours thence heat is conveyed to the heart by the veins and arteries and from thence a Fever raised Thirdly contact of a hot thing exciteth a Fever Contact of a hot thing As if the body wax hot by the Sun Fire Bath or Medicine and that heat be sent to the heart a Fever followeth Fourthly if the pores of the skin are closed and a hot stream and hallituous excrements Retention of a hot steam which in concoction are generated in the body and use to be sent out through the pores of the skin be penn'd in heat is thereby kindled and a Fever bred Lastly when hot things are mingled with humours and spirits as meat drink hot Medicines all those communicate that heat which they contained in themselves to the Spirits and humours which if they penetrate the heart and from thence be distributed to the other parts of the body a Fever is thereby kindled And indeed the fourth of these causes or the retention of the hot effluvium is sufficient alone without the rest to cause a Fever But the other causes without this can hardly do it For although from Motion Putrefaction Contact and Mixture with a hot thing hot vapours are stirred up in the body yet if the body freely ventilate and that so much be daily evaporated and emitted of those vapours as are generated a Fever is not easily occasioned but when those vapours are detained a Fever is soon kindled But although these causes if they be powerful Disposition of a body to a Fever may raise a Fever in any body whatsoever yet in bodies inclinable an ordinary power in the causes may suffice to beget a Fever Now they are most inclinable to Fevers which abound with much heat salt and sharp humours For which reason Youths are more apt to Fevers of which you may read Galen 8 Of the Method of healing cap. 8. where the whole order of Inclinations to Fevers are set down 1. Hot and dry 2 hot and moist 3. hot only 4. dry only 5. temperate 6. cold and dry 7. cold only 8. moist only 9. cold and moist Yet to another kind of Fevers other bodies are more inclinable CHAP. III. Of the Symptomes of a Fever in general WHereas in a Fever the temper of a body is changed Symptomes of Fevers and rendred hotter hence certain Symptomes of Fevers must necessarily ensue And first of all it is hence manifest that those actions are especially hindred which should be performed by the similar parts as they are such and by the benefit of the temper of each such part no organick part concurring Such action since it is Nutrition and those that are subservient thereunto they are especially hurt in Fevers Yet because the Instruments by which other actions are performed consists of similar parts that imperfection is derived to the hinderance of them as of vital and animal actions Indeed the vital actions are principally hurt in a Fever because the fevourish heat is first kindled in the heart Whence in all Fevers the Pulse becomes more frequent and swifter for since the motion of Pulses in all Fevers may be increased first a thick Pulse as being most facile of all but if that frequency satisfies not the necessity celerity happens which if that be not sufficient then magnitude follows So that the strength be not debilitated The animal actions also are often hurt As for other Symptomes preter-natural heat is observed to offend internally or externally Also the excrements and qualities of a body are variously changed by reason of the hinderances of concoctions CHAP. IV. Of the differences of Fevers in general THe differences of Fevers are taken from their essence Differences or from their accidents Hippocrat 6. Epid. comment text 29. propounds the differences taken from the heat it self of the Fever that some Fevers are biring namely such as strike the hand of them that touch them and by reason of that sharp vapour which is stirr'd up by putted matter it doth as it were prick the hand but a mild one is such as hath troublesome heat but not so violent Moreover the heat oâ— some Fevers at the first touch is not sharp and nipping but if the hand be continued longer afterwards it betrayes itself On the contrary others are quick at first to the touch but if the hand continue longer it is overcome by the hand and a little abated But those are the most proper differences which are taken from inherence in the Subject and the cause of inhering which Fevers are divided into Ephemeraes putred and hectick the truest foundation of which division is that one Fever is in habitude the other in habit for although the fevourish heat in every Fever possess the similar parts of the body yet some are so inherent in the body that they require no cause to cherish them and although they are not fed by the kindling of humours and Spirits nevertheless they will continue which sort are called Hecticks Another hot distemper is so inherent in the similar parts of the body that unless it be cherished by the kindling of humours and Spirits it can no more subsist which Fever is called a Fever in habitude which in respect of the cause is twofold an Ephemera to
most part is thin and often makes toward the extremties of the body and is often full of malignity 't is conveniently expelled by sweat CHAP. XVII Of intermitting Fevers in general AFter continued Fevers intermitting are to be explained Intermitting Fevers But although the Ancients did extend the name of intermitting Fevers more largely and attributed the same to all Fevers which admit of some change of heat and are sometimes exasperated sometimes remitted and so to continued periodicks yet afterwards use brought it to pass that those Fevers only were called intermittent which sometimes cease and come to that apurexy or want of fire The proximate cause of an intermitting Fever is a putred vapour their proximate cause elevated from the putrefaction of excrementitious humours not continually as in continued Fevers but by certain intervalls sent to the heart and heating the same contrary to nature But how it comes to pass The fire place of Intermitting Fevers that the putred vapour is not continually sent to the heart but at certain times is very obscure For the explanation whereof since the knowledge of the place wherein putrefaction ariseth doth not a little conduce and whence the putred vapours are communicated to the heart which Galen calls the Furnace and Chimney in his 2. of the differences of Fevers cap. the last and in his 15. of the method of curing cap. the fourth that therefore is first to be explained But since 't is beyond the bounds of our Breviary of Institutions to reckon up the various and different opinions of Physicians concerning it we will here set down that opinion which we think truest The Chimney or Furnace and place wherein the matter the cause of intermitting Fevers is generated are the Mesaraick veins wherein the matter which sufficeth to irritate each single Paroxism is generated during the time of its interval And that many things which happen about intermitting Fevers do prove namely Loathing Vomitting Dolor of the heart Extension and pain of the Midriffe Intumescence about the Ventricle Bitterness about the mouth Belching and such like for in the beginning of intermitting Fevers pure choller is often ejected by vomit in great abundance which out of the more remote veins could not be evacuated in that manner and about the cava of the Liver Fernelius says he hath found the quantity of a pound by weight after the death of a Patient This choler being cast out the Fever is often cured which is a sign that it is the cause of the Fever and that it is collected in those first ways or passages Which Fomentations also used to the Hypocondries at the beginning of a Paroxysm shews by the mitigation of the trembling and shaking This matter is gather'd together in the Mesaraick veins a long time before it brings forth a Fever but when it begins to putrefie grow hot and be changed its heat being diffused over the whole body it exciteth a Fever which when it is dispersed the fevourish heat and Paroxism ceaseth and the Fever leaveth so long as till new matter which in like manner putrifieth in its due time is generated But although the matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers be generated in the Mesaraick veins and first passages the cause of intermitting Fevers conteined in the vâ—na cava Yet the whole doth not reside and continue included in them but is sent to the vena cava and arteries both during the fit and out of the same Nor is it here necessary to seek for occult and blind passages through which the putred vapours should be sent to the heart during the Paroxism since there are manifest passages enough for the branches of the Gate-vein are inserted into the substance of the Liver and the mouths of these have communion with the vena cava and the arteries going from the heart are joyned in the stomack guts spleen and other parts to the Mesaraick veins Yet 't is probable that the fevourish matter may be communicated to the veins not principally and only in the Paroxism but moreover some part thereof by that passage which is from the Meseraick veins to the Liver continually may be carried to them whence both by Galen 1. de cris cap. 7. and other Physicians a Fever is called a passion of a venemous nature And that is first manifest from the urines which shew evident notes of crudity and concoction in Intermittents Hence also it comes to pass that urines during the Paroxisms are laudable and like to theirs who are well since that the peccant humor is then protruded by nature out of the veins towards the circumference of the body and so the blood in the veins is become purer which again in the intervals of fits is polluted by the vitious humour proceeding from the chimney of the Fever The same is manifest out of those things which happen at the beginning of a fit and at that time which the Greeks call Episemasian for then spontaneous lassitudes stretching compression of pulses and other things happen which indicate that the matter which is to stir the Fever begins to be moved and as it were to swell in those common vessels veins and arteries That vitious humour accumulated partly in the Mesaraick veins partly in the vena cava when in time it putrifieth nature stimulated and irritated oftentimes strives several ways first by vomit and stool afterwards by sweats and urine sensibly to evacuate the same as also through the pores of the skin and by insensible transpiration it may discuss the same being resolved into vapours and steam For since that peccant humour is not exactly mingled with the blood but confusedly nature may easily seperate the same from the good blood and may shake it off each single fit which being discussed since putred vapours cannot any more be communicated to the heart the Fever also ceaseth and apurexie ensueth But because that as long as the Fever continueth some seeds and sparks are left in the granary and chimney Causes of the return of fits and seeing that there is imbecillity in the part 't is necessary that the humour flowing to it although it be good should be defiled with that pollution and excrement which was left as it were with leaven and through the debility of the part be corrupted and so new matter of a future Paroxism be generated And these fits continue and so often return until that those seeds that putrefaction and those sparks are fully taken away from thence and the weakness of that part restored Yet it seems probable that the whole matter which is the cause of a Fever doth not putrifie together in the first Paroxism but that part which is apt to putrefaction in the other fits the rest until the whole be putrified and consumed By these things it is manifest both where the matter that is the cause of putred Fevers is generated Cause of 〈◊〉 how it causeth a fit by what ways it is evacuated and
as in Poxes and these spots in these Fevers appear principally in the back arms legs and breasts namely in places through which the most eminent veins and arteries do pass but in the face they do seldom appear because it is alwaies obvious to the external Ayr. These spots have their original from the thinner parts of the putred and corrupt humour The cause whence they suddenly come out and vanish but although they are made by the expulsive faculty driving this part of the corrupt humour to the extremities of the body yet that seldom happens critically because they come out for the most part at the beginning the matter being not as yet concocted neither is there any notable evacuation of the matter made by them nor the sick are not the better for them but for the most part by how much the more plentifully they come forth by so much the greater store of corrupt matter is indicated which notwithstanding as is said already is not sufficiently evacuated by those spots There are of those spots several differences for first Difference they differ in colour some are red arising from the more temperate blood putrified others yellow green when choler is putrified others Pomgranet colour and black when melancholy putrifieth Moreover they differ in quantity for some come out more plentifully others more sparingly some are greater others less according to the quantity and thickness of the humour and strength or weakness of nature some come out at the beginning others in the progress of the disease This Fever is known by the signs of Malignant Fevers in general already set down and when the spots joyn together Diagnostick signs they shew malignity more plainly But what event of these Fevers may be hoped for is manifest by the prognosticks of malignant Fevers in general Prognosticks Concerning the spots themselves although it be good that the peccant matter be carried to the extremities of the body yet by these spots they cannot sufficiently be evacuated therefore although if they are plentiful they shew that store of matter is present yet they shake it not of and therefore they portend danger rather then health Neither is their paucity always good and although it signifie no store of matter yet it also denotes debility of nature These spots if they lie hidden are evil signs because they shew that the matter which before was coming to the outside of the body does now tend inwards and go to the head heart or some internal part Red spots are most safe yellow and green worse and pomgranate colour and black most dangerous Although such as come out at the first appear symptomaâ—â—cal yet those that break forth the seventh day or thereabouts are critical yet unless other good signs are present put no confidence in them because they do not sufficiently evacuate the matter but if they come out slowly 't is evil for that happens either by reason of the thickness of the matter into which if the malignity fall 't is not easily overcome or else by reason of density of the skin which hindreth free transpiration Lastly concerning the cure Cure those things that are spoken about the cure of malignant Fevers are here also convenient namely the belly is to be loosned either by Clister or lenitive medicine or if the matter tend upward and the sick be inclinable to vomit a Vomit must be given Then if occasion require Bleeding a vein is to be opened before the fourth day or else afterwards to be omitted but whether the spots now coming forth do hinder the breathing of a vein is shewed in the Institutions lib. 5. part 2. sect 1. cap. 17. But since nature it self strives to protrude the matter we see to the extremities of the body and 't is profitable in all malignant diseases to drive out the matter from the greater to the lesser vessels and to free the bowels from vitious humours the endeavours of nature is here to be assisted Sweats and the matter tending to the outmost parts of the body is by it to be evacuated because that otherwise that which is malignant will admit of no concoction Therefore let the sick be kept in a place moderately hot and forthwith some Sudorifique medicine and which also may resist malignity given such as are before propounded for the plague and malignant Fevers in general and for the Measles and small Pox yet those are to be selected amongst them that may not increase the feverish heat and the Fever and the malignity are to be weighed together and of that which most requires it regard must be taken Somtimes a looseness happens in this Fever When a looseness comes what must be done which unless it be too great should not be stopped but the business should be committed to nature and in the interim only with altering medicines and such as resist malignity the morbifique cause must be resisted Afterwards to fortifie nature Pearls Coral Hartshorn juice of Pomgranates Citron Confectio de Hyacintho Alkermes and such like are to be exhibited Externally likewise medicines are to be applied to the region of the heart and to the pulses Topical medicines which draw venome from the heart and resist malignity and some use an unction ex Hydraeolo and niter to relax the skin and draw out humours Neither is it unprofitable to apply vesiccatories to the arms Vesiccatories especially if the external parts are cold and the internal burn and that pains in the head deliriums a lethargy and other symptomes in the head are present for so both the humours are called from within outwards and are likewise refelled from the head CHAP. XIV Of the English Sweat THere was a kind of Fever malignant The English sweat which began in England in the year 1486. and thence it took the name of the English Sweat and it reigned there about forty years and killed almost an infinite number of Englishmen Hence being spread through the Netherlands Germany the Low Countries Holland Zeland Brabant in Belgia Flanders Dane Norway France it continued until the year 1530. The same Fever was accompanied with Sweats and was called the Sudatory Fever for those which were troubled with this Fever abounded with Sweat without Bubo Carbuncle or puttings forth the sweat perpetually and in great abundance coming out until the dissolution of the disease which hapned within twenty four hours space Together the sick languished deficient in mind with unquietness troubled at heart pain in the head and also with palpitation of the heart and they had a pulse thick frequent swift and unequal and the palpitation of the heart accompanied those that escaped oftentimes some years somtimes till death But the cause of this disease was inherent in the most subtile parts of the blood and spirits The cause which were together affected which the shortness of the disease argues and without doubt the blood and spirits contracted this malignity from
NINE BOOKS OF PHYSICK AND CHIRVRGERY Written by that Great and Learned Physitian Dr SENNERTUS The first five being his Institutions of the whole Body of Physick The other four of Fevers and Agues With their Differences Signs and Cures LONDON Printed by J. M. for Lodowick Lloyd at the Castle in Corn-hill 1658. THE INSTITUTIONS OR FUNDAMENTALS Of the whole Art both of PHYSICK AND CHIRURGERY Divided into five Books Plainly discovering all that is to be known in both as the Subject and end of Physick the Nature of all Diseases their Causes Signs Differences Events and Cures ALSO The Grounds of Chymistry and the way of making all sorts of Salves and preparing of Medicines according to Art nothing of the like nature in English before Written first in Latine by that Great and Learned Phycitian D. Sennertus Doctor and Professor of Physick Made English by N. D. B. P. late of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge London Printed for Lodowick Lloyd and are to be sold at his Shop next door to the Sign of the Castle in Cornhill 1656. To the Lovers of the Study of Physick especially those who desires to attain to the true knowledge thereof OF all the Arts and Sciences that the Sons of Men so much covet after there is none so pleasant and profitable as Physick Physick doth not onely teach thee to preserve thy selfe from the assaults of those manifold Enemies which Nature is liable unto but it teaches thee to restore Health when lost and to heal thy selfe though wounded by thy greatest adversary besides in the Anatomical part it entertains thy fancy with the wonderfull work of Nature where the unsearchable wisdom of the Creator is as legible as in those things we count more sublime and Celestial which if considered Physicians cannot be so Atheistical as the world reports them to be I undertook not this work out of design to prejudice the Colledge by making that English which they would have remain in Latine nor to advantage my self by any private gain but to benefit those who are unskilled in the Latine but lovers of the Study I say for the benefit of such have I put this into English Although by my Profession I am otherwise obliged it s something unsuitable to my spirit to have that Monopolized into the hands of a few which should be in common to all such is the practise of Physick yet would I not have those to Administer who are ignorant of the Institutions of Physick as too many have done of late to their own and others detriment He that can but well digest this Book his understanding will sufficiently be inriched in the very inside of the whole body of Physick and will need no other foundation to go upon being the best that ever the Doctors met with for their own informations I shall not need to acquaint thee with the Authors Method that thou wilt find by the Contents of Chapters before the Book nor of the Authors worth for that thou wilt sufficiently understand by his works which speaks aloud in their Masters praise whose fame and worth is well known to the Common-wealth of Learning throughout the world If thou meetst with any Errata 's in thy reading thou art desired to correct them the Translators absence sometimes from the Press occasioned them The Contents of the Chapters of the five following Books BOOK I. CHAP. I. OF the nature of Physick pag. 1 Of the division of Physick p 2 Of Health p 3 Of Temperaments p 6 Of innate heat p 10 Of Spirits p 12 Of the natural constitution of or ganick parts and the common unity of parts alike and not alike called simular and dissimular parts p 14 Of the faculties of the soul and of the differences of actions in Mans Body ibid Of the natural faculty and first of nutrition and augmentation p 15 Of Generation p 20 Of the vital faculty p 23 Of the animal faculty and first of the external senses p 25 Of the internal senses p 27 Of the intellective faculty p. 29 Of the desire and moving faculty ibid Book 2. Part. I. Of Diseases OF the nature of a disease p 31 Of the differences of diseases p 32 Of diseases of intemperature p 33 Of diseases of the whole substance or of the hidden qualities p 34 Of organick diseases p 35 Of diseases of confirmation p 36 Of diseases of number p 38 Of diseases of magnitude ibid Of diseases of composition p 39 Of diseases of solution of unity p 40. Of the accidental and common differences of diseases ib Of the times of diseases p 44 Book 2. Part. 2. O Of the causes of â—iseases p 46 Of things which are the causes of a disease and first of non-naturals p 49 Of internal causes of diseases and first of fullnesse of blood p 52 Of flegm p 53 Of choller p 54 Of melanâ—holy p 55 Of the serous humor and of wind p 56 Of humors according to the opinion of later Phisicians and of Chymists p 57 Of the generation of stones and worms p 58 Of the causes of diseases of intemperature without matter ibid Of the causes of distemper with matter p 59 Of the causes of Diseases of the whole substance p 60 Of the causes of organick diseases p 61 Of the causes of diseases of solution of unity p. 63 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 1. OF Symptomes Of the difference of Symptomes What a Symptome is p. 65 Of the causes and differences of Symptomes in general p 66 Of the differences in general of actions hindred p 68 Of the Symptomes of the natural faculty Ibid Of the Symptomes of the vital faculty p 71 Of the Symptomes of the external senses p 72 Of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 73 Of the Symptomes of the motive faculty p 75 Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt p 77 Of the Symptomes of the changeable qualities of the body p 78 Of the Symptomes of excressions and retensions p 79 Book 2. Part 3. Sect. 2. Of the causes of Symptomes OF the cause of the Symptomes of the natural faculty p 81 Of the cause of the Symptomes of the vital faculty and of the hinderances of respiration p 95 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the external senses p 97 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the internal senses p 103 Of the causes of the Symptomes of the moving faculty p 108 Of the causes of Symptomes wherein all or most animal actions are hurt p 113 Of the causes of Symptomes which happen to qualities changed p 116 Of the causes of Symptomes in those things which are sent forth and retained p 118 Book 3. Part 1. Sect. 1. Of signes in general of the difference and Heads of Signs OF the Necessity and benefit of the method of signs p 122 OF the differences of Signs p 123 Of the Heads of signs p 125 Sect. 2. OF knowing the temperature of mans body and of his principal parts of the signs of a
colder is hot Man for whose sake these things of Temperaments are spoken In man there is a twofold Temperament since his body is not simply mixed but organick and living there is required in him a double Temperament one of the body as it is absolutely and simply mixt The other as it is living This is lost by death and is often changed by old age but that remaineth sometimes in the dead carcass after death yet at length by putrefaction and corruption of that which is mixed t is dissolved In that also according to Heat Cold Drowth and Moisture there is a great diversity of parts But the matter which is proper to living Creatures in all is Heat and Moisture Again the Temperament of a living man is twofold Temperament Innate Influent the one Innate the other Influent Innate is that which is imbibed in the living parts of man by reason of the Innate heat is inherent in him from his first being Influent is that which floweth from the principal parts and is communicated to the whole body And that it is not the same with Innate is manifest from those that fall into a Swoun when the body becomes extreme cold and yet the Innate Temperament is not changed These three Temperaments though they may be considered severally Yet they concur to constitute one Temperament of a sound man And therefore although without all doubt amongst all other living Creatures man is of the most temperate so that other living Creatures as also medicines compared to him are said to be Hotter Colder Moister or Dryer Yet simply and absolutely he is not temperate The Temperament of a man of what sort it is for common-sense tels us that Heat in man is predominate over the other qualities for the Temperature of a man to perform his actions best is Hot and Moist and our lives consist of Heat and Moisture on the contrary coldness and driness lead us to death and by how much sooner a man is cooled and dryed by so much sooner he grows old and dyes Yet The differences of the Temperaments of man that heat and that moisture have their degrees For if the heat exceed the cold and the moisture the drowth moderately that Temper is best and is accompted Temperate All others differing from this are called either Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist or Cold and Dry although all in general are Hot and Moist These differences of Temperaments are commonly explained by the names of Sanguine Sanguine Cholerick Phlegmatick Melancholy Cholerick Phlegmatick and Melancholy Temperaments These differences and appellations may be admitted of if they are not taken from the diversity of excrementitious humours in various bodies but from the variety of blood which is the nutriment of the body For those whose Blood is temperate Occult qualities or moderately hot and moist are called Sanguines Those who have hotter and dryer blood and their bodies from thence become hotter and dryer are called Cholerick Persons Those who have colder and moister and their bodies from thence grows colder and moister are called Phlegmaticks Those who have cold and dry blood and their bodies from thence become cold and dry are Melancholians But we must not rest at the Primary qualities for there are others more noble and more abstruse the causes of many actions and of Sympathy and Antipathy with other alterations that must be granted although in this humane imbecillity for the most part they are unknown to us The Astrologers The opinions of the Astrologers that they may some way expresse the various Constitutions of Bodies according to the occult diversities of Stars call some Solar bodies born under the influence of the Sun so Jovial under Jupiter others Martial Venereal Mercurial Saturninal as being born under one of those and also admit of mixt constitutions born under several Planets nor indeed absurdly altogether since there is a great agreement and consent betwixt Superior and Inferior bodies But since there are divers parts of a body and each part hath its peculiar Temperature not onely proceeding from the mixture of Elements but some are hotter some have lesse heat in them neverthelesse they agree together to make the Temperament of the whole which is hot and moist and so heat with cold moisture with dry things are equal'd So that from thence there proceedeth a certain Harmony and the Temperament of the whole is moderately hot and moist But to constitute that Temperament of the whole The Temperament of the whole wherein it depends the noble parts of the body perform more then the rest and most especially the Heart the Fountain and Treasury of the native heat and vital spirits From whence all the parts of the body receive the influent spirits and heat Next to it the Liver which furnisheth the whole body with aliment namely bloud afterwards the Stones then the Brain the shop of Animal spirits last the Stomack the place for the first Concoction Concerning the Temperament of several parts The Temperament of the parts of the body The Hot Parts the most Temperate is the skin especially that in the Palm of the hand to which as to the mean the other parts being compared tend to heat cold drowth or moisture The Hot parts are the Heart of all the parts the hottest the Fountain of native heat and Closet of vital spirits Also the Liver flesh of the Muscles Spleen Reins Lungs Veins and Arteries Fat also and fatness The Cold are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Nerves Cold. Membranes Spinal Marrow the Brain The Moist parts are Fat the marrow of the bones the Brain Moist the marrow of the back the Duggs the Stones the Lungs the Spleen Reins flesh of Muscles the Tongue Heart and softer Nerves The Dry are Bones Gristles Ligaments Tendons Membranes Dry. Arteries Veins hard Nerves There is a certain difference of Temperaments in mans body by reason of Sex and Age As for what belongeth to Sex The Temperament of Sex Females are colder then Males as having contracted a colder nature from their principles of generation lest that the blood necessary for future generation by a stronger heat should be consumed The Temperament is also changed according to age to wit The Temperament of ages the age which is principally ordained for certain internal changes by heat and moisture Authors for the most part divide mans life into three ages Child-hood Manly-age and Old-age or Youthful Age of perfection Declination or if you please into the first middle and last age to which differences other ages spoken of by Authors may be referred The first age therefore is our Infancy which remaineth till the seventh year the second our Child-hood which for the most part continueth to the fourteenth year of our age then our youthfull age from the fourteenth to the five and twentieth when our growth for the most part in stature ceaseth And sometime Hippocrates in his first Book
the Spleen draweth to it self from the trunk of the Meseraick Veins The use of the Spleen before the Chyle be carryed to the Liver by an inbred faculty through the splenick branch of the gate Vein the more earthy and thicker part of the Chyle and generates blood though not so good blood yet fit and proper for its own nourishment and for the nourishment o◠the more ignoble parts of the lower Ventricle that thereby the pun◠and better part of the Chyle may be drawn through the branch 〈◊〉 the right side of the gate Vein called the Mesentery to the Liver and there purer blood might be generated and so in one work the Spleen serveth to cleanse the blood from dreggs and generate worser sort of blood For the Spleen is not appointed only for th◠drawing and evacuating the Melancholy blood from the Liver Th◠beginning of the Splenick branch which ariseth not out of th◠Liver but the gate Vein The Symptomes of Diseases in the Splee◠do shew the constitution of it to be neer that of the Liver and the◠is a connexion of the Spleen with the stomack by Vessels But the which cannot be turned into blood by the Spleen by convenien◠passages is evacuated and the thick and dreggish matter for th◠most part is sent through the paunch either with the excrements o◠without them through the Haemerod Veins and trunk of the gat◠Vein yet sometimes 't is evacuated by Urine The acqueous matte◠most commonly is drawn through the Splenick arterics to the Vein◠and purged out there yet sometimes that also is expelled by th◠paunch by sweats by the stomack In Sanguification in the Liver two excrements are generated Yellow Choler and Urine The excrements of the second concoction Yellow choler The Yellow Choler is gathered into the bladder of the Gall and from thence the most part is sent into the Guts and the sharpness of it stirs up the expulsive faculty to do its office to stir the dreggs of the paunch and is cast out with the ordure But the serous matter and the aqueous humor is drawn by the Veins through the emulgent vessels and is transmitted through the Ureters to the bladder Urine by which afterwards it is cast out and is called Urine The Urine therefore consists first of aqueous and potulent matte◠sent with the Chyle to the Liver but unprofitable to nourish the body Urine consists of three things afterwards of a clammy or salt excrement of blood and thirdly of natural contents in sound bodies but in bodies diseased of many other things which are mingled with the Urine And so Urine is properly called an excrement of the second concoction to wit wherein the serous part of Urine is separated from blood and mixed with potulent matter affords Urine Blood thus separated and cleansed from its excrements The parts of the masse of blood nevertheless is said to contein in it self many humours Nor is that masse of blood so elabourated and wrought in the Liver and conteined in the Hollow Vein plainly Homogeneal or of the same kind but some parts in it are Temperate others colder others hotter others dryer others moister The most Temperate in its kind is called blood the hotter and dryer part by reason of its consanguinity with choler is called Cholerick blood the colder and moister is called Pituitous blood the colder and dryer is called Melancholy blood Yet all these parts of blood are conteined under the form or essence of blood and are profitable for the nourishment of the body Nor do the humors in a sound body constitute a masse of excrementitious blood neither in the Veins of a man most healthy are these humors Choller Phlegme Melancholy acounted excrements Hence ariseth the decision of the question whether our body's be nourished by blood only or by the four humors For when Aristotle Tays that animals that have blood in them are nourished by blood only he intended the whole masse of blood but Physitians when they say that our bodies are nourished not only by blood but by other humors by blood they understand the most temperate part of blood or one part of the masse of blood and this they would have that not only that part but the rest of the masse to be profitable for the nourishment of the body But that our bodies are nourished by excrementitious humors no man in his wits ever said The third concoction The blood being perfected in the Liver is distributed through the branches of the Hollow Vein over the whole body to nourish it and all its parts That change by which it is assimilated to other parts is called the third concoction which is performed by the innate heat in each part Four secondary humors In this concoction the blood before it assimilates the parts receives some external dispositions and is changed into four humors called secondary humors The first is called Innominate or without a name The first In nominate when the blood passeth through the capillar Veins and admits of a sensible mutation by reason of the heat of the external parts and in the Spermatick parts turns white in the fleshy parts remains red 2 The second is Dew The second Dew namely that blood which passeth without the orifice of the Veins 3 The third is called Glue The third Glue The fourth is cambium or exchange The excrements of the third concoction two-fold thick thin because while it is still more concocted it becomes clammy and thick 4 The fourth is called dry Exchange which turneth into the substance of the part and exchangeth and changeth its nature with it This third concoction hath also its excrements one thick to wit filthiness in the skin which is collected in the garments also in the brain eyes and ears the other thin which is dissolved by insensible transpiration sometimes also it is evacuated by sweat For although all things are rightly performed in the body and the nourishment be well concocted and moreover nothing external and violent befal the body as Baths Heat Violent exercises no sweat passe through the skin in the night yet because even in the most healthy all things are not ever exactly performed and many deviate from their best condition as to health and moreover many errors are committed in diet Nature useth to expel such superfluities by sweats Another office of the natural function is Augmentation or increasing Augmentation by which mans body out of nourishment taken and assimilated to the parts is extended in all its dimensions and acquires magnitude convenient to perform actions Nutrition and Augmentation how they differ Although this function ariseth from the same soul with nutrition and is perfected with the same Instrument Innate Heat hath the same matter out of which it proceeds blood the same subject a living body yet it ariseth from another efficient determinate cause to wit from the increasing faculty it differs in form which in
the Vital Spirits should be carried from the heart of the Child to the exterior parts thereof namely the Secondines and the Urine-passage which is carried from the bottom of the bladder unto the Navel The time from the conception to the bringing forth Physitians divide into two parts the first is called the time of formation from the conception till the time when first the Child begins to move the second the time of adorning which is the time from its motion till its coming forth Of adorning Hippocrates in his book of the Nativity of a Child makes the time of Females formation to be two and fourty dayes but males thirty dayes which is to be conceived from their more imperfect formation but afterwards nature more elaborately frames the parts which are not framed in males till three months nor in females till the fourth month When all the members are framed and rendred more firm the Infant begins to spring and kick in males in the third in females in â—e fourth month as t is commonly reported so that the time of â—rmation being doubled is the time of quickning The time of motion the time of moâ—â—on being trebled is the time of bringing forth Yet one quickning 〈◊〉 more obscure another more manifest which about the middle of time of a Womans going with Child as all Women commonly perswade themselves is first perceived The time that Women go with Child although it be uncertain and various yet for the most part The time of birth it is nine months end or the beginning of the tenth month that a natural birth happens for the most part such Children as live come into the World at that time and that time for humane birth is most natural But before half a years time experience tells us that a Child can hardly be brought forth and live and if it so happen that before the scaventh month be ended a Child be borne and live it is a great rarity and very strange But in the seaventh month because the perfection is finished of all the parts the Child may live and especially which as Hippocrates in his book of beginnings says is of two hundred and ten dayes that is about the end of the seaventh month brought forth But Hippocrates says that a Child borne in the eighth month cannot live Yet others say that some that are borne in the eighth month may live After the tenth month the Child being great wants nourishment and roome to be in although we read some are delivered after the tenth month yet that is seldome The time of legitimate birth For a legitimate birth according to the Law of Nature is then when there is not roome enough for the Child to live and move in nor aliment enough to satisfy him for then 't is time to shake off his shackles those tunicles and indeavour to make away for its own birth and the Mother finds paines and the womb strives to put out that bagg and by its expulsive faculty sends forth the young which thing the Voluntary endeavour of the mother much helpeth which is done by her contracting her Spirits and depression of her Midriff and squeesing the muscles of the paunch CHAP. XI Of the Vital Faculty THE Vital faculty which Physitians call the second faculty although some would refer it to the Animal The Vital faculty differs from the other faculries some to the Natural faculty and others think it to be mixed of them both Yet since it differs not only from those actions which are performed by the natural and Animal faculties but also goes forth by its own organs nor doth it move hither and thither by the assistance of the Animal Spirits but by its own proper Spirits which from thence are called Vital Spirits it is deservedly to be esteemed a peculiar faculty diâ—â—inct from the Vegetable and Animal faculties There are three sorts of Vital faculties Its actions are three and so many motions of the heart wherein they relide The first is the generation of the Vital Spirit and heat The second is the Pulse The third is the Irascible faculty The first to wit Generation of Vital Spirits A Pulse It s definition Of Dilating Of Contracting is the generation of the Vital Spirits and influent heat The second without the which the first cannot perform its office is the Pulse namely the motion of the heart and of the Arteries consisting in dilating and contracting that so the Vital Spirits may be generated and distributed and the natural heat may be preserved in its natural harmony By Dilatation the heart is filled and attracts to its self air with blood from the right Ventricle by the Venous Artery which goes from thence to the heart and attracts from the lungs air and blood by help of the Arterial Vein into the left Ventricle of the heart for the generation and refreshing and restauration of the Vital Spirits and heat By the Systole or Contraction of the Heart it distributeth the Vital Spirits and Arterious blood through and by the help of the great Artery into the whole body and sends the fuliginous excrements to the Lungs by the Arterial Vein In like manner the Dilatation of the Artery through its little Orifices terminating in the skin attracts to it self ambient air to form and cool its heat the Orifices that are terminated neer the Heart draw from it the hottest and thinnest blood full of Vital Spirit But as the mouths of the Arteries with the Orifices of the Veins do draw the purest and finest Spirits to fostet and cherish their heat but by Contraction they expâ—l fuliginous excrements which action is called a steaming through or transpiration which is made through the hidden Pores of the skin and by the Latines is called Transpiratio In the third place the Irascible faculty belongeth to the Vital faculty The Irascible faculty from whence Anger Joy Fear Sadness and terrour and other passions of the mind arise And that its residence is in the Heart is most evident because the motion of the Heart and the Pulse of the Arteries are most evidently changed in the passions of the mind Respiration is also added to the Vital faculty as principally necessary to further its action Breathing and hath the same end and purpose as the Pulse hath and is instituted for the benefit of the Heart It is performed principally by the Lungs and the Lungs are as it were the fan or bedows of the Heart and are the primary Instruments of breathing and are indued with a peculiar power of moving themselves even as the Heart is differing only from the Animal faculty Nor are the Lungs moved only by the motion of the breast but by their proper force and power The motion fo the Lungs And although the motion of the Lungs and Breasts are made together yet neither are the cause of the others motion but they therefore move together because they conspire to bring one
faculty and why the Phantasie in the former the Rational in the middle and the Memory in the hinder part of the brain should be placed for the Imagination and Memory are conversant about the same things though after a different manner But although oftentimes one of these faculties being offended the others remain unprejudiced as oftentimes the Memory is lost the imagination and rational faculties not hurt and on the other side the apprehension and ratiocination offended and the Memory sound and perfect yet that cometh not so much to passe through the diversaty of organs parts of the brain from whence those actions arise as by the change of their proper dispositions and of those things which are required to perform those actions The affections of those senses hitherto explained are sleep and watchfulness The affections of the senses are two Sleep Sleep is a cessation of the natural and commonsense of the external senses ordained for the health of living Creatures by detaining of the Animal Spirits in the brain hindering them from flowing to the Instruments of sense and motion The causes that bring it to passe that the Animal Spirits flying into the brain are there detained and are as it were smitten and cease are several whereof some perform it by taking them away as watching labour and other things in the like nature or by rendring them lesse moveable and benumm'd or as others conceive by penning in and stopping their way as vapours ascending after taking of meat and drink or as it were pleasingly and contentedly stopping inviting from motion to rest which sweet melodies murmuring streams gentle rocking and the like occasion The end of sleep is the refreshing and strengthning of the Spirits and external senses by taking away their motions and operations and from hence comes a recovery of their strength and vigour Watchfulness is opposed to sleep Watching and it is nothing else but the efficacy or force of sense or solution rather of the senses proceeding from the hinderance of the free flowing of the Animal Spirits into all the members of the body Man waketh or is stirred up out of his sleep after a two-fold manner Either of his own accord when concoction is performed the vapours that hindred the Spirits coming forth are discussed and separated or sharp vapours are carried to the brain and trouble the Amimal Spirits that they cannot freely flow into the instruments of the senses or by an external cause when from a more violent external cause as Clamour or touch the sensitive faculty being stirred up converts its self to perceive Nor do the organs of the senses wholly want Animal Spirits in sleep but some stilâ— remain in them sufficient to discern more vehement objects CHAP. XIV Of the Intellective Faculty AT length we come to the understanding or rational faculty whereby a man is elevated above other living Creatures and is neer to and as it were like unto his maker The understanding abstracts things from their matter and without considerations of matter without quantity without figure knoweth things undersands things freed from their matter it is almost capable of infiâ—iteness it reflects back upon its self and knoweth it self and understandeth that it doth understand and because of that it hath an unatiable desire of the knowledge of eternity and blessedness It perâ—orms its functions without all corporeal instruments yet it hath â—eed of the Phantasie as its object to understand and the Imagination supplies the mind with intelligible matter And therefore although it have not its seat in the brain as in its organ by it self yet because it worketh by the help of the Phantasie and it behoveth the understanding to watch the Imagination by accident and by the consequence its seat is appointed where the imagination is namely the brain The reasonable soul comprehends two faculties The Understanding The Will the Intellect whereby we apprehend things and the Will whereby we are carried to chose things which we understand under the notion of good And things as they are beings we know them and as they are good we desire them CHAP. XV. Of the desire and moving faculty BEsides the knowing faculty Appetite two-fold sensitive rational there is given to man an appetite and force of moving The Object of mans appetite is good whether it be really so or seemingly so The appetite is two-fold sensitive and rational sensitive is that which desires that which seems good to the senses rational is that which desires that good that seems so to reason and the motions of the sensitive faculty are often resisted by the motions of the rational faculty and there ariseth strife discord betwixt the sensitive rational faculty Out of the appetite as its actions arise the affections and passions of the mind as we call them Voluntary Animal motion follows the desire Voluntary motion for after that an external object is brought by the external senses and common sense to the Phantasie it is known as profitable and acceptable or as hurtfull displeasing Love or hatred followeth this knowledge or thâ— desire of what is pleasing and flight of what is displeasing Motioâ— presently follows the desire in brute beasts but in man there is tâ—â— Judgment of the intellective faculty which values what is truly goâ— and what hurtfull The motive faculty Then the motive faculty follows that motioâ— which is commanded by the rational or sensitive faculty as the oâ— or the other over-ruleth by the contraction of the muscles the adâ— quate Instruments of motion which draw the tendons these tâ— bones and they being moved the members and whole body is caâ— ried from place to place either to accept of what is grateful or to resist and fly from what is hurtful But although a muscle be the adaequate instrument of motion yet the chiefest part of it consists of fibers or smal strings The Instrument of motion which being contracted the muscle is contracted and motion performed Although their are four different motions of the muscles whileâ— they are contracted or extended or moved transverse or remaiâ— streight as Galen says in his first Book of the motion of muscles anâ— eighth Chapter or as others explain it contraction conservation oâ— contraction or tonick motion relaxation and perseveration of relaxation yet contraction only to which tonick motion belongs is the proper action of the muscles but extension which is a passion rather then an action is not the immediate cause of motion for whilst a muscle contracted by its opposite muscle is extended it suffers it doth not act THE SECOND BOOK PART I. OF DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the nature of a Disease WHereas we have hither treated of those things that are incident to the body according to Nature Thingsprâ—ter-natural how many and so have discoursed about health now I will speake of those things that are preter-natural or contrary to Nature for I do not intend to make any distinction betwixt these
Greeks call it Exarthrosis when the joynts or heads of the bones go out of their hollow places or cavities Yet other parts besides the bones go out of their places which happeneth in ruptures when the paunch or guts fall down into the Cods or when by great wounds the guts come forth also in the falling out of the womb or of an eye Another kinde of Disease of composition is when the parts are separated that ought to be joyned together which happeneth if the bonds by whose intervene they are linked together are loosened made longer or broken which happeneth sometimes in the womb and other parts of the body or it happens if those are joyned together that should be parted a sunder as when one is tongue-tyed or the eye-lids grow together or two fingers grow together or the fundament be closed CHAP. X. Of Diseases of Solution of Unity THE third kind of Disease is common to similar and Organick parts Diseases of Solution of continuity and is called Solution of Unity when the parts which ought to be one and continued lose their continuity and are divided There are many differences of Diseases of Unity principally taken from the part affected Their differences and the causes dissolving Unity Those things which dissolve Unity some of them cut and prick others erode others bow and break others beat in pieces But the parts which are dissolved are either soft or hard if a soft part be dissolved by a thing that cutteth A wound it is called by the Greeks Trauma by the Latines Vulnus i. e. a wound But if a soft part be dissolved by a sharp instrument pricking A puncture Contusion it is called a Puncture But if a soft part be offended by a blunt weapon and a hard one and be straitned within it self it is called a Confusion the Greek Thlasis and Thlasma If a soft part be broken by any thing that bendeth it Rupture 't is called a Rupture and in the nervous parts peculiarly it is called a Spasme But if there be solution of continuity in a hard part or bone from any other cause then Erosion Fracture namely from cutting or contusion it is called a fracture Caries in Greek Agma and Catagma but if by Erosion it is called Caries in Greek Teredon i. e. rottenness in bones If continuity be dissolved in soft parts by Erosion An Ulcer it is called Elkos in Greek in Latin Ulcus Anglice an Ulcer Lastly An Apospasme if there be solution of Unity of compound parts and those which naturally are different from each other in kind are nourished and grow together they are called Apospasmes as when the skin from a membrane the membranes from the muscles and a muscle from a muscle are separated CHAP. XI Of the Accidental and common differences of Diseases HItherto we have spoken of the effential differences of Diseases The accidental differences of Diseases there remains the accidental differences which are taken from those things which follow the essence of a Disease or from the subject and causes and other circumstances and are also common to many First a body sometimes is sick of one disease One disease sometimes of anther and that is said to be one disease which onely seizeth on one part and offends its actions or when one disease afflicts the whole body but there are many diseases Many diseases which in a different manner affect many and different parts of the body A disease which occupieth one part of a body is either simple A disease simple compound or compound Simple is when no other disease is joyned with it Compound is when it is coupled with one or more other diseases in the same part whether they are of the same nature or of some other but diseases which are knit together not with other diseases but with some grievous symptoms are not properly called complicate diseases Fernelius calleth them diseases of fellowship Diseases of fellowship Solitary even as he calleth those that are neither joyned with any other disease nor with any grievous symptom Solitary diseases As for diseases that are not joyned together in one part there are many they are divided by Fernelius into separated and implicite connexed and consequent Separated are such as consist in divers parts Separated which neither have common use nor action neither do they communicate the affect by turnes from one part to another as the Podagra or Gout in the foot the Ophthalmie or Inflamed Eye Those are called implicite diseases which afflict divers parts which have one common use and action Im plicite as if divers parts of the breasts are afflicted Moreover he calleth them connexed and consequent diseases Connexed when one disease is the cause of another which principally cometh to pass when one part communicates its effects to another Secondly from the manner of generation and subsistence Making some are called diseases Making others Made Diseases Making are such Made that although they are produced out of their cause and now are yet they cannot subsist without their efficient cause but their cause retreating they also withdraw from their subject Made diseases may continue though their efficient cause be taken away Thirdly in respect of the subject Universall Particular one disease is called Universall which afflicts the whole another particular which affects any part of the body another externall which occupieth the outward parts of the body another internall which possesseth the inward parts thereof Some diseases also are congruous such as are agreeable to the Temperament and constitution of the body Others are Incongruous and disagreeable to the Temperament and constitution thereof Of Age. Fourthly in respect of age some are diseases of Infants others of children Sex others of boyes others of youths others of young men others of middle aged men and others of old men as also in Relation to sex some of Males others of Females Fifthly By the being of a thing By consent diseases some are by Idiopathy or Essence others by sympathy or consent A disease by essence is that which hath its beginning from a cause begotten in that place wherein the disease is stirred up By sympathy or consent is that which is stirred up by matter severed from the part where the disease is Sixthly Lâ—gitimate Spurious some diseases are legitimate others Spurious Legitimate are such as proceed from one simple and onely cause Spurious are such as proceed from mixt humours Seventhly some diseases are inherent to man from his first beginning others happen to him after he is begotten Those which come from our first beginning Hereditary are twofold first hereditary whose causes and dispositions are derived from the seed and menstruous blood of the parents to their children and cause a disease in them which they were troubled with secondly from ill conformity some evill may happen to the child
the declination for no man ever dyed in the declination of a disease In the same manner Particular times may be limited Particular times and every course hath its fit which course Remissness or an Intervall follows A fit hath its beginning increase state and declination which Particular times may happen during the Universall times The end of the first part of the second Book THE SECOND BOOK PART II. Of the Causes of DISEASES CHAP. I. Of the Causes of Diseases SEeing that nothing can perfectly be known unless the causes thereof are known whither can diseases be avoided unless the causes are shun'd neither can the same be taken away unless the causes if they are present be first taken away We will now treat of the causes of Diseases Although by the Philosophers there are rightly constituted four kinds of causes The sorts of causes the Materiall Formall Finall and Efficient yet here we are to speak onely of the Efficient causes of diseases for the form such as accidents have is already explained Diseases have not matter unless it be the subject wherein they are inherent The Physitian treats of efficient cause The causes of diseases are fourfold The proximate The remote the end also is not since they arise from the want of perfection and therefore Physitians when they handle the cause of diseases understand the efficient cause onely But Efficient causes of Diseases are considered either in respect had to a disease and a body or absolutely and as they are things which can take upon them the nature of mortifique causes If causes as they are referred to a disease or its effects they are considered thus first one cause is proximate and immediate another remote The proximate is that cause betwixt which and the disease nothing intercedes The remote is that betwixt which and the disease there comes another neerer cause The proximate since nothing can come to pass without a cause is in all diseases but the 〈◊〉 is not so Secondly since that of those causes which conduce to the generation of a disease and indeed such as some matter doth exeite Containing some are neerer others more remote and oftentimes there is a long rank of them Physicians call some causes containing others antecedent others primitive A cause containing which is also named consummative Containing is that which proximately adheres to a disease in a body and cherisheth it and which being put the disease is being taken away the disease is taken away so a stone is the cause containing of obstruction of the bladder A humour in a turnour is the cause of increasing of Magnitude but a cause containing and immediate is not absolutely the same for as much as all diseases have a proximate cause since nothing can be done without a cause but they have not all the cause containing namely thesâ— oke of a sword is the proximate cause of a wound but not the cause containing And those diseases only have a cause containing which are joyned with matter and are cherished by it as tumours obstructions putrid Feavers Yet you are here to be admonished that these things which are here spoken of a cause containing as also of the differences of other causes are all spoken of in respect of a disease defined by Galen per dispositionem or casually as they say for in respect or this not all but some diseases only have a cause containing But if a disease be defined formally and through impotency all diseases whatsoever have a cause containing namely some vitious dispâ—sition of body The antedent The antecedent causes are certain dispositions lying hid in the body which go before a disease and out of which a disease may arise For although that be most properly called a cause which doth now act yet Physitians call those things causes which as yet produce not any disease so that they may produce them Antecedent causes are defined not by the act but by the power of effecting so some vitious humour which lyeth lurking in the body produceth not a disease as yet yet it may gonerate one The primitive How causes differ The manifest evident The manifest externall that is called the antecedent cause thereof The primitive causes which anciently they called Prophasis are such as move the antecedent in a body and give occasion that they may become proximate causes such are watchings cares ange too much exercise and motion and such like But primitive causes and evident are not the same for every Proâ—atarcktick is evident or manifest but every evident and manifest is not a Primitive as a sword is the evident cause of a wound but not the primary for an evident or manifest cause is whatsoever produceth a disease in a manifest manner whether it be immediate or remote but the primitive can never be the proximate but alwayes requires preceding preparation of the body and a neerer cause in the body which it may move Nor is the primitive cause the same with the external for externall is only in respect of the body and every thing which is without the body after what manner soever it produceth a disease it is called an externall cause but Primitive is spoken in respect to other causes and is that which stirreth up and moveth the hidden causes of the body either within the body or out of the body whence Sleep Watchings Passions of the mind and other causes which are in the body are named primitive not externall Thirdly Evident causes Occult. some causes are evident others hidden and obscure evident and manifest are such as are obvious to the senses neither is there need of any other signes to know them by Occult and hidden are such as lurk in the body and require signes to be known by Fourthly Internall Externall some causes are internall others externall internall are such as are within the body externall are such as are without the body Fifthly Perse By accident some causes are by themselves others by accident Causes by themselves are such as produce dieases by their own proper force and violence and not by the assistance of other causes so fire heateth water cooleth A cause by accident is when it performs ought by the intervening of another cause and not by its own force so cold water by accident is the cause of heat whilst by its binding and closing the pores of the skin the hot exhalations are detained within which otherwise would evaporate by insensible transpiration Also some causes are common Common Proper Positive as Air Meat and drink when many use them in one place others are proper which are peculiar to certain men Lastly some causes are positive others privative positive are such as by their presence produce an effect like themselves Privative after which sort water cooleth Privative are such as by their absence produce an effect like themselves so heat returning to the internall parts and leaving the externall is the cause of
the bladder of the Gall. Excrementious Choller is twofold Natural and Contrary to Nature Natural is yellow Yellow Choller and is generated by Nature and that onely is properly called Choller it is an Excrement of the second concoction and generated in the Liver and collected into the Bladder of the Gall it is generated out of the hotter and dryer parts of nutriment Preternatural is that which is not generated in our bodies according to the law of Nature Preternatural whereof for the most part we account four kinds Vitelline Leekeblade colour Verdegrease colour and Woad colour or a blewish green The Vitelline is so called from the yolk of an Egge Vitelline it is yellow hotter and thicker it is generated of yellow and burnt Choller whence it is sometimes called rosted Choller And there is another kind of Vitelline Choller but not so properly so called which is neither so hot nor so yellow which is compounded of Phlegm and yellow Choller Leekgreen Choller so called Leekgreen because it represents their greennesse which is often voided with the Excrements of children by the panch and is often generated in the stomach by corrupt nutriment and sometimes also in the Veins and about the Liver out of the Vitelline from the great heat of the Liver and 't is of a venemous nature and it is hot and very biting the likest to Verdegrease The Aeruginous which comes neer to the colour of rusty greenish Brasse is generated out of corrupt aliment Aeruginous when the heat is more vehement in the Stomach in the Liver and Veins from the inflamation of the Liver and the too great heat of the Veins Lastly Woad colour Blewish green or a blewish green Choller is more deep in sense then the Leek colour and is caused by more adust Aeruginous Choller Aliment hot and dry Causes of Choller affords matter fit for all the kinds of Choller and especially sweet and fat things A constitution hot and dry hath regard to the Efficient cause and those things that adde to it are youth full age Ait that is hot and dry watching anger too much exercise of the body CHAP. VI. Of Melancholly THe third is the Melancholly humour Melancholly which commonly is distinguished into Alimentary and Excrementitious but Alimentary is nothing else then the colder and dryer part of the Masse of Blood The Excrementious is twofold Natural and Preternatural Twofold Natural Natural is that thick and feculent Excrement which in sanguification which is made in the Spleen as is abovesaid is collected and separated for the generation whereof much meat conduceth 'T is of a terrestrious and thick juyce of every sort especially being hardned with salt and fuliginous vapours old Cheese Cabbage all sorts of pulse as Pease c. a cold and dry constitution of air cares fear sorrow The black Melancholly which is generated contrary to nature Preternatural although it be sometimes also called by the name of melancholly yet Physitians for the most part call that Excrement which is naturally generated black Juyce not black Melancholly but that which proceeds from adustion is called black Melancholly and that Excrement is naturally cold and dry but this Preternatural hot and dry the worst of all humours But adust Melancholly is commonly accounted threefold Its kinds One is that which is occasioned by adust blood and is counted the least the second is that which is generated of Melancholly humours if they are burnt The third is that which proceeds from adust colour which is of all the worst Hence it is manifest that although all which can generate Melancholly humours or yellow Choller conduce to the generation of black Choller yet the generation of black Choller principally depends upon the too great heat burning the humours CHAP. VII Of the Serous Humour and of Wind. AMongst the humours that are the causes of diseases Serous what we are not to slight Serous Humours and Wind by Serous Humours we sometimes understand all thin humours and watery sometimes peculiarly we mean not those onely which are watery but have a saltnesse joyned therewith which Galen calls A salt serous moisture the greatest part of this serous humour turns to Urine and is ejected by it yet some part thereof is mingled with the Blood to clarifie it and make it more easie to be distributed and lastly through the Pores of the skin or insensible transpiration or sweat is emitted Of this serous humour there is found but small quantity in the Veins in sound bodies yet sometimes for some causes Preternatural there is found greater quantity The matter that breeds it are Meats that contein much Whey in and watery juyce in them It s cause much Drink Obstructions and Distempers of the Bowels by reason whereof this serous matteris not rightly separated it is deteined and gathered together because the reins do not draw enough and by reason of the weaknesse of the expulsive faculty and the suppression of its passages by Sweat and Urine Of humours oftentimes are generated Vapours and Wind Wind. which are the causes of many evils windy meats afford matter for wind so doth much drink especially when yellow and black Choller is spread over the stomach Also wind is generated from debility of heat which rusheth out of the abundance of matter that it cannot overcome it all and that is such either simply and in its own nature or in respect of the matter from the plenty whereof although it be otherwise strong enough it breaks out CHAP. VIII Of humours according to the opinion of latter Physitians and of Chymists ALthough some Chymists plainly reject these things that have hitherto been said The opinion of Chymists about humours according to the opinion of the Galenists and having rejected them they have in their stead and place put the names of Salt Sulpher and Mercury yet they have no reason for it for as Galen in his first Book of Places affected and second Chapter writeth That that which put we are diseased and which taken away we are freed 'T is taken for granted by all to be the cause of a disease but we see the humours being present we are diseased and being taken away we are freed therefore humours are the causes of diseases Yet this we grant that humours are not confined to the first qualities but that they have in them secondary qualities such are bitter acide salt sharp which may offend and hurt the body no lesse then the primary as Hypocrates of ancient Physick teacheth which he calleth the Powers and Efficacies also the force and strength of humours Whence Galen also and other Physitians call them Salt Nitrous Aluminent Humors which plainly manifest themselves in many diseases as the Gout Scurvy Cankers and others Venemous humours And so such humours are not to be rejected but to be explained by the principles of Chymists and such things as have affinity with themselves
grinding of the Teeth Strabismes a Convulsion of the Muscles of the Eye To these belong Convulsive Motions Convulsive motions wherein is made a Contraction of the Muscle towards his beginning but continues not in one difference of Location but it happens with various concussions and agitations of the Member as in an Epelepsie Sometimes also a Palsie and a Spasme are complicate A Palsie Cramp Complicate Voice hurt so that by changes and turnes they afflict and so the part is sometimes contracted and sometimes dilated Hitherto is to be referred the error of the voice which either is abolished as in Aphonia or dumbnesse or diminished as in an inward and obscure or small and low voice or it is depraved being broken in a shrill sharp hoarse or trembling voice The speech also is hurt Hurt of speech which is either taken away as in those which are called mute or else it is difficult as in those who pronounce certain Letters especially R with great difficulty or it is depraved as in those who in speaking now stop and anon precipitate their speech which evil the Greeks call Traulates and Psellotes the English Stammering Amongst these errors of Motion those Symptomes are to be reckoned wherein the natural expulsive Motion being stimulated by a preternatural cause ariseth up to expel it cannot perform motion without the help of the animal vertue and Organ such as are a cough sneezing yawning quaking stretching A Cough is a depraved motion A Cough and vehement efflation occasioned from the sudden constriction of the Lungs and Brest whereby that may be expelled which was troublesome and be sent forth by the instruments of breathing Sneezing is a motion of the Muscles primarily of the Brain Sneezing secondarily of the Brest and inferiour Muscles whereby that may be expelled which is troublesome to the Brain Yawning or Gaping Yawning is that motion whereby nature endeavours to expel the flatuous vapours by breathing them out of the mouth Stretching is a distention of the members in the whole Body Stretching discussing the vapours in them Shaking fits that is a concussion of the skin of the whole body Horror to shake off some troublesome thing Cold fits that is a shaking of the whole body Cold fits to put off that which offends it CHAP. IX Of the Symptomes wherein all or most part of the animal actions are hurt BUt sometimes it happens that either all or most of the animal functions are offended together amongst these Symptomes a Vertigo is the first the Greek Dinos and Iliggos A Vertigo 't is such a mischief and depravation of the imagination sometimes of the common sense that all things seem to run round in a circle and for the most part the motion is so hurt that a man falls down Sometimes the external senses are affected likewise which if it happen at the same time the eyes are obscured by a fuliginous mist the Greeks call it Scotoma and Scotodinos i. e. a shady disease Sometimes the hearing is somewhat depraved or some certain swimming ariseth or some other senses are affected Moreover an Incubus or a riding of the Mare An Incubus or an hindrance of breathing and interruption of speech and hindrance of motion as it were an oppression of the body with a false dream of a weight lying upon the brest A Lethargy which is a perpetual desire of sleeping A Lethargy with a giddinesse of the head with forgetfulnesse of all things or it is a continual Delirium with a weak Fever heavinesse to sleep and destruction of memory A Carus which is a profound or dead sleep A Carus wherein the sick hear not and being pricked scarce perceive it or a deep sleep with diminution or taking away of sense motion and imagination the breathing being gone A Catoch A Catoch or Catolepsis is a Diminution of the principal functions or external senses especially of feeling and voluntary motion by abolition or 't is a sudden apprehending whereby those which are affected being stiff remain in the same place and gesture of body as they were in when they were taken and opening and not moving their eyes they neither see nor hear nor perceive the breath and pulse onely remaining safe An Epelepsie is an ablation of the principal actions An Epelepsie An imperfect Epelepsie and of sense and voluntary motion with a preternatural Convulsion or Convulsive motion of the whole body To the Epelepsie also are referred certain Diseases as it were smal Epelepsies wherein the sick are not velified in the whol body neither do they fall down but some parts onely are twitched as either the head is shaken or the eyes are drawn or the hands and feet are snatched this way and that way or the hands are held shut or the diseased is turned round or runs up and down and in the mean time speaks nothing hears nothing perceives nothing Lastly An Apoplexie an Apoplexy which is an abolition of all animal actions to wit of motion and sense in which the whole body with the hurt of the principal faculty of the mind respiration after a sort being safe CHAP. X. Of the Symptome of the changeable qualities of the Body THe second kind of Symptomes are those which consist in a simple affect of the body The difference of qualities changed or the qualities of the body changed namely when some natural quality of the body is changed by reason of which change there follows no hurt of the actions their differences are to be sought out of the number of the external senses The visible qualities changed are colours contrary to nature Colours changed either in the whole body as in the yellow Jaundice or in a Cachochimy or ill habit of the body or in some part as in the Face Tongue an inflammation black Teeth yellow Nailes and such like Smells contrary to nature are changed Smells changed when a man breaths forth an ill smell either out of the whole body or from some part as the Mouth Nose hollow of the Arm-pits or soals of the Feet Tasts or Savours are changed when the spittle Taste changed or any thing else which swims in the Mouth is spit out and gives a sharp salt bitter or other taste but since these qualities are not the parts of the Body but Excrements they may be more fitly referred to the third kind of Symptomes To the fourth belong Tactil qualities onely Change of Tactil quâ—lities as they are contrary to nature and troublesome but do not hinder actions as Heat Cold Softnesse Hardnesse Hoarsenesse To Hearing may be referred sounds warbling crackling grinding of Teeth and such like which are perceived by hearing Lastly hitherto are to be referred common sensible things as Figure Magnitude if they are preternatural and all those things which are spoken of in the Hypocratical Face and are described in his First Booke of Prognosticks CHAP. XI Of the Symptomes
stomach doth not perceive its want of drink as it often comes to passe in Frensies and burning Fevers Again the Thirst is encreased through want Of encreased and drinesse of humours which proceed from those things which have drying faculties and such as consume the primogenial humidity of the stomach such are all drying and heating things as hot humours sharp and salt a hot and dry distemper in the mouth of the stomach proceeding either from the whole which is in Fevers or in some part neer to the stomack which either sends hot and dry vapours and humours to the stomach or by reason of the communion of the Tunicles and Membranes which cover the stomach the orifice of the stomach the Wind-pipe and the neighbouring parts communicating a hot and dâ—y distemper to the Oâ—fice of the stomach external causes which are evident perform the same as those which have a power of heating drying and consuming the humidity in the Oâ—ifice of the Ventricle Vitious thirst is caused by some vitious humour in its whole kinde contrary to nature Vitious thirst sticking in the mouth of the stomach The swal owing is hurt either when the faculty is offended Of swallowing hurt or through some external error and indeed the faculty either natural or animal may be hurt the natural is hurt whilest either the attractive faculty cannot draw meat through the strait fibres of the internal Pannicle into the parts or the expulsive through the Transuerse fibers inserted into the external Tunicle cannot thrust food which is drawn into the mouth of the stomach farther down into the stomach which is caused through the relaxation of the fibers of the Orifice of the stomach by reason of a cold and moist distemper when the matter flows from the head to the chops or by reason of their driness occasioned by some Tumour Ulcer or Excoriation The animal faculty is hindered when the Muscle which is before the gullet either is inflamed which use to be in the Quinsie or 't is contracted either by Convulsion or Palsie it is hindered also by reason of the straitness of the entrance into the stomach which proceeds from divers causes as Tumours in the Throat Relaxation of the Vertebraes of the Neck and Back external things being swallowed as when Fish-bones Pins and other things stick in the mouth of the stomach as also Wormes The swallowing is hindered by some external error when any thing hard dry sharp rough viscid or ungrateful is swallowed The retention of meat swallowed is hindered when it is abolished The causes of Retention of meat hurt diminished or depraved Retention taken away and diminished proceed from the same causes the one from the greater the other from the lesser and this comes to pass if the Retentrix be weak The Oblique fibres loosned by a cold and moist distempers or if any Tumour as an Inflammation or Ulcer be present The cause of windiness in the stomach is windy meats and a stomach not cold enough but the cause of floating with a noise is when the stomach is freed from that which might be turned into wind yet still remaining full of drink or extreamly cooled But the retentive faculty is depraved when the stomach doth not â—ightly infold the meat Of Palpitation and indeed a Palpitation with floating and noise happens through the weakness of retention and thick winds pen'd into the stomach Of Convulsion which arise either from the causes or crudity or from flatulent meat or yellow or black choller spread over the stomach But a constriction and a certain sighing or Hiccock happens when after emptinesse and defect of aliment the stomach too violently contracts it self having newly received meat Tâ—embling is caused by the imbecility of the retentive faculty from a cold distemper and the wait of the meat oppressing Of trembling Of Shaking The cause of abolishing and diminishof concoction in the stomaâ—h Faculty hurt External error and a certain Quavering when the Ventricle is molested by any biting thing especially choller For as much as what belongs to the concoction hurt is either abolished or diminished in the stomach they both proceed from the same causes they onely differ according to Major and Minor and the concoction is hindered either primarily and by it selfe when it cannot do its office withour the hurt of the rest of the faculties Or secondarily and by accident when it is vitiated by the retentive or expulsive faculty For unlesse meat can be retained so long as it ought The concoction cannot be rightly performed The concoction is hurt by its self either when the faculty is hindered or by some external error the faculty being hurt is hindered through some distemper of the stomach from what cause soever ariseth or other diseases of the stomach tumours ulcers and such like which hinder concoction the concoction is hindered through external errors first by reason of Excrements which if they abound in the stomach and offend with cold they are the cause of abolition and diminition thereof Secondly by meats which offend either in quantity or else divers and various kinds are taken or in quality if the meats are cold or hard and clammy and hard to be concocted Thirdly by reason of the time of taking food namely if meat raw betaken before it is boyled Fourthly after the taking of meat if a man watch the whole night or sleep very little or exercise himselfe violently or suffer the passions of the mind The corruption of meat is two-fold the one nitrous Depraved the other acide the nitrous hath its beginning from a hot distemper of the stomach the chollerick excrements being collected in the ventricle by hot aliments which are obnoxious to corruptions such as are sharp oyly pinguious things Milk Mushrooms garden Fruit and such like but crudity produceth acidity through the cold distempers abounding with cold aliments cold pituitous and melancholy humours in the stomach We have said the Symptomes of the expulsive faculty of the stomach are Hiccock Loathing Vomiting Choller Belching The immediate cause of Hiccock is something troublesome to the superiour part of the stomach Hiccock especially to the Orifice thereof which it endeavours by that motion to put away and expell but the causes which trouble the stomack on this manner are either in the Stomach it selfe or in the parts which can draw the Ventricle by consent The cause of Hiccock in the Stomach it selfe is matter either oppessing by its plenty or offending in quality as sharp meats and biting and such like humours sharp medicines malignant and foul vapours either generated in the stomach or sent thither from elsewhere Worms an immoderate cold distemper and those things which outwardly press the stomach which may happen by the pressing and bending the extremities of the ribs to the stomach But Hiccock by consent happens when the nerves of the sixth conjugation suffer together in an inflammation and percussion of the braine as also
inflammations of the Midriff the Eungs the Liver the Gutflion Loathing and Vomiting have their rise from the same causes differing according to Major and Minor Causes of loathing and vomiting either in the stomach it selfe ill affected and weak or from something contrary to nature tearing the stomach The stomach is ill affected by a cold and moist distemper or by conformation thereof or by a certain native straitnesse thereof by reason of drynesse and leannesse swelling an Ulcer whereunto belongs frequent vomiting which indeed it selfe disposeth the stomach to more frequent vomiting as also the shutting of the inferiour Orifice of the Ventricle by some tumour as an obstruction also of the Guts and mesentary and inverted motion of the fibres of the Guts The diseases called the Chollick and Stone by the communion of the Membranes and lastly wounds and hurts of the Braine and its Membranes But the matter which Irrirates the stomach to expel either loading it with its plenty or twitching it with its sharpnesse or moilifying the superior Orifice or by stimulating it with a malignant quality it doth it whether it be meat and drink or medicines poysons worms blood quitture choller effused into the stomach which happens to those which have a vitious implantation of the Pores or the Vessel that carries the Choller into the bottom of the stomach The evident external causes are too much exercise of the body and the sight of loathsome things The cause of Choller is offensive Moist Choller and sharp matter irritating the expulsive faculty of the stomach by its plenty and its quality to expulsion and stimulating it to evacuate upwards and downwards Such is Choller collected about the Liver Pancreas and parts adjacent also sharp adust humours salt nitrous and other peccant humours bred of corrupt food as Mushrooms Garden-fruits and such like strong purging Medicines and Poysons do the same and stir up this matter As for the difference betwixt the other Choller and this Dry Choller which we have newly explained that is dry this is moist the cause is a flatuous and sharp spirit stirred up by yellow black and adust Choller spread over the stomach Belching is occasioned by thick and fuming vapours breaking out upward and stimulating the stomach to expulsion Belching Concerning a loosenesse Alientary and Celiack affects the causes of a Lyentary and Coeliack affects are for the most part the same differing onely in magnitude And in this also that a Coeliack is rather a Disease of the Guts then of the Stomach although its name seems to signifie otherwise For in a Lyentary as hath been said the meat is cast forth crude In a Coeliack the Chyle is ejected contrary to nature and therefore the cause of a Lyentary is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Ventricle and Intestines by reason whereof the meat before it be perfectly concocted descends into the Guts and is cast out And indeed in a Lyentary the retentive faculty of the stomach is principally hurt Nor can it be that meat unconcocted can be cast forth out of the Panch unless it be sent too soon into the Guts by reason of some fault of the retentive faculty of the stomach but the Coeliack is occasioned rather by some hurt of the retentive faculty of the Intestines because Chyle generated in the stomach ought to remain some time in the Guts that it might there be in some manner elaborated and be conveniently drawn by the meseraik veines and the ordure should be throughly elaborated If the retentive faculty of the Intestines be hurt all these things cannot be performed but the Chyle untimely and in some as measure crude is cast out of the Panch but the retentive faculty of the Stomach and Guts is hurt either of its selfe or by accident of it selfe through a cold and moist distemper and that either alone or joyned with a phlegmatick humour as also by cicatrising after a disentary and the immoderate use of fat things and such as cause Lubricity By accident it is hurt when the expultrix being stirr'd up exceedingly drives the meat presently downward by reason of the ulcerous disposition of the Stomach and Guts caused by biting and sharp humours sometimes also by a hidden quality or from hurtful and poisonous meats or ill disposition of air A Diarhaea proceeds from the expultrix of the Guts stirr'd up by plenty of humours A Diarhaea crudity or pravity whether they proceed from corruption in the stomach and guts or flow from the wholebody or any part to the guts from what cause soever they are generated and collected The more remote causâ—s of Diarhae a are imbecility of concoction and distribution through the distemper of the stomach and parts adjacent ill diet untemperate air omitting exercises of the body or taking a strong purge The cause of a Dysentery improperly so called or of voiding of blood without exulceration of the Guts are the opening of the mouths of the Mesentary Veines A Dysentary either by too great plenty of this blood or by crudity by reason of the concoction of the Liver or being retained too long in the Liver Veines and by a burning with a preternatural heat But as for Dysentery properly called the causes are sharp and biting humours whether they flow from the whole or from some part to the Guts or are generated in them and are peculiarly troublesome to them of which kind also are sharp gnawing drugs â—speciplly violent purges sharp quitture and poysons A Tenesmus or desire to go to stoole and cannot void any thing but blood A Tenesm comes for the most part from the same cause yet principally salt phlegm and a sharp humour clammy thick closely sticking to the skin of the Gut called Rectum The Belly on the contrary is suppressed either because the expulsive faculty of the Intestines is hurt Suppression of the helly or because the Muscles of the belly do not help to expel or because the ordure doth not stimulate or because the Guts are not alwayes sensible of pricking and stirring up the expulsive faculty doth not expel either because it is hurt or frustrated by some external error or fault in the object 'T is hurt either because it is weakened by a cold and dry distemper or it is hindered by the strength and driness of the retentive faculty or by the narrownesse of the Guts which proceed first from astringent and drying things Secondly from their inflammation or a Tumor bred in them Thirdly from growing together especially of the Fundament Fourthly from the going out and turning of them which happens in a Rupture Fifthly from obstruction by reason of the hardnesse of the siedge Worms Stones viscous Phlegm Sixthly from the Muscles refrigerated and straitned shutting the Gut Rectum The belly is supprest through default of the object when the Ordure is too thick viscid and hard the Muscles of the Panch do not help to expel either because they are
weak or because they or the parts under them endure pain the Ordure doth not stimulate when either there is but little or when there is no mordication or it hath no sharpnesse or by reason of eating of cold meats or because yellow Choller is not mingled therewith The Guts are not sensible of stimulation either because their preception is dull or becavse through long retention they are accustomed to and become familiar with the Ordure or because they are stopt with phlegm The Illiack passion hath its original from the inverted motion of the fibres of the Intestines Illiack which proceed from some inflammation or obstruction from hard dung or from a Rupture or from Exulceration or a Canker or from a high flowing of humours Moreover for what belongs to elaboration of blood Sanguification hurt that is hindered either primarily and by its selfe or secondarily and by accident Primarily it is offended either when the faculty is hindered or by some external accident when the faculty is offended 't is done by reason of some diseases of the Liver distemper by reason of which alone without any other manifest disease of the Liver those which are troubled with its imbecility are called Hepaticks obstructions tumors ulcers But it is hurt by some external error when either the Chyle is not rightly elaborated in the stomach or when it is throughly elaborated some peccant matter is mingled therewith Secondarily or by accident it is hurt either when the attractive faculty is hindered by reason of diseases of the Liver or obstâ—uction of the Mesentary or because the retentive faculty in like manner is hindered through some disease of the Liver and especially through its moist distemper opening and gnawing of the ressels and thinnesse of Chyle or by the expulsive faculty principally by cold distemper and obstructions of the gibbous parts of the Liver by reason whereof the blood cannot be distributed But as for the Symptomes which happen in making of Urine The cause of an Iscury and of little Uria the first is an Iscury or suppression of Urine and making of lesse Urine 't is properly to called when the Urine is in the Bladder and is not ejected or very little is cast ouâ— which Symptomes arise from the same causes differing only according to Major and Minor but the Urine is suppressed or little is made because the xepulsive faculty is either hurt and weakened or hindered It is hurt whilest either the sensitive faculty oâ— the Bladder being hurt doth not perceive the pricking of the Urine namely when the proper Nerves of the Bladder are affected either by some stroak sliding loosening of the Vertebraes in that part wounds of the spinal Marrow and Tumors as also stupefactive Medicines being applied thereto or it may happen when the expulsive faculty is hurt and the transverse fibres of the Bladder appointed for expulsion or affected with some cold moist distemper or are extended over much that they lose their tune or note so that afterwards they cannot be contracted which comes to passe when the Urine is too long retained or the Muscles which help and assist the Bladder to expel Urine are affected so that they cannot be contracted But the expulsive faculty is hindered whilest the Neck of the Bladder and Urinary Passages are not open and is either stopt by a little Flesh or Callous Substance in the passages or is obstructed by Gravel clotted Blood Quitture or thick humours or it is comprest by a Tumour in compassing the Neck of the Muscle of the Bladder or of the neighbouring parts or it is shut by contracting of the Muscle of the Neck or it is pressed and wreathed by the falling of the Bladder out of its place Urine also is not made when too great plenty thereof is long retained too much dilating the fibres of the Bladder so that afterwards they cannot contract themselves nor cannot squeeze out nor expel Urine which comes to passe either when the Urine mens businesse being urgent of its own accord is retained long or when the pricking of the Urine as is said before is not perceived Lastly Urine is not cast out through its accustomed passage if by some Wound Ulcer Fistula of the Bladder and Urinary passages the Urine which ought to passe through them goes out by a way opened elsewhere There is another Iscury lesse properly so called or suppression of Urine when little or no Urine is sent and comes into the Bladder which happens when the attractive faculty of the Reins is hurt through distemper especially cold or is hindered by obstruction and straitnesse of the emulgent vessels or when the Urine is carried to another place and is cast out of the Panch or by Sweats or is collected in the Panch and stayes in the first passages as in a Dropsie But a Dusury properly so called Difficulty of making Urine or difficulty of making Urine is when the time of making water and the quantity is a little altered yet in the very making water the Urine doth not passe out freely but is made with great striving pain and burning which comes to passe by some fault of the Urinary passage namely whilest it is affected with some Ulcer and is eroded or the Vrine it self being sharp doth it or the passage was formerly ulcerated The cause of a Strangury is either some sharp thing which stimulates nature continually to expel Of a Strangury but because nature is sensible of pain it hinders free emission the Urine is made drop by drop and dribling which is caused by crude Urine unconcocted or having a sharp humour mixt with it by Gravel sticking in the neck of the Bladder or some fault of the Urinary passage whereunto belongs Intemperature of the Bladder and inflammations of the same and of the parts neer thereunto hot humours also exulceration of the neck of the Bladder and Urinary passage Involuntary pissing Of Involuntary pissing which happens both to those that are sleeping and waking is caused for the most part when the contractive power of the Muscle Sphincter of the bladder is taken away which is occasioned by a Palsie proceeding either from a cold and moist distemper of the same or by hurting of the Nerves which come to this Muscle by compression in loosening the turning joynts of the back neer the Hucklebone by a stroak a fall or some tumor or obstruction or by hurting of the same Muscle or certain fibres in cutting the stone of the bladder yet sometimes Urine is made against our wills when the Muscles of the Panch are exceedingly drawn together so that the Urine by reason of their constriction and compression of the belly is as it were forced out of the bladder as also sometimes it happens to those that are great with Child in their last months For the same reason they cannot contain their Urine But if a man contain his Urine waking Of pissing in ones sleep and in his sleep let
it go from him That happens by a certain imbecility of the Sphincter of the Bladder Yet there concurs a more deep sleep and a certain negligence of the superiour faculty as also custome It is not easie to explain from what cause a Diabetes doth proceed To this obscure matter I say Diabetes It seems probable that the immediate cause is the hurting of the retentive faculty of the Reines by too great plenty of Urine which when the Reines cannot endure they suffer it to flow into the bladder This plenty of Urine seems to be occasioned by the heat of the bowels liver and spleen and the veins drawing drink very powerfully and melting of the humours in the veins to which for the most part there happens imbecility and relaxation of those parts which carry the watry humour from the Stomack to the Liver and Spleen by reason whereof the drink is suddenly carried to the Reins The causes of those Symptomes which are deservedly joyned to these The cause of defect of milk and belong to the generation of milk seed and courses of women milk either is wanting or corrupt it is wanting either when it is generated in too small quantity or through some distemper of the Paps or some disease or straitnesse of passages by reason whereof they cannot draw and elaborate suffitient quantity of blood Vitious and corrupt milk is generated either through the pravity of the matter Vitious and fault of the blood or by some distemper of the bâ—ests Lastly Coagulated Milk grows thick and coagulates whilest either it is burnt by too much heat or if it abound in quantity and is retained 100 long in the brests or if any vitious humour be mingled the ewith which hath a power to coagulate A Gonorliaea Gonorhaea or emission of Sperm against ones will happens without erection of the Yaâ—d and desire of Venery 't is occasioned either by the hurting of the retentive faculty or some exrernal error the faculty is weakned through distemper principally moist rendring the spermatick vessels more loose whether it proceed from too great a flux of flegmatick humours or too much coition or other causes But from external hurt or fault of the seed whether it be too cold watry thin or crude sometimes also a Gonorhaea happens by convulsion as in such as have the falling sicknesse The cause of Nocturnal pollution is too great plenty of seed Of nocturnal polution heat and sharpnesse stimulating the expulsiye faculty and therefore this infirmity principally happens to those whose Reins and parts adjacent are very hot and to those who have sharp humour flowing to the spermatick vessels and then especialiy when nature in venereal dreams is irritated to ejaculate seed or their loyns are become hot by lying on their backs But the cause of a Venereal Gonorhaea is poysonous seed A Vencreal Gouorhaeâ— corrupt sharp and foul stirring up and stimalating the expulsive faculty The cause of suppression of Courses The cause of suppressions of Courses is the narrownesse of the veines belonging to the Womb and the foulnesse of the Blood as for the straitnefle of the veins they are most frequently the cause of suppression of Menstrues by reason of thick blood and dull humours sometimes they grow together with the vessels after abortion or compression of the same by some Tumours of the parts neer the cunto or from condensation contraction and driness of the â—â—â—tance of the Womb but by default of the blond the Courses are supprest whilest that is thick viscid and unapt to move The same cause Causes of diminishing of Courses The dropling of Courses but more gently occasâ—oneth small evacuation of Couâ—ses viz. They eithâ— flow in lesse quantity or else more slowly The comming down of Courses when they come out drep by drop and with pain is occasioned through default of the blood when there is too much and is thick viscid biting and sharp and flowing down to the Womb with too great violence some way obstructs the passages and extends them and stirs up pain or else through default of the passages or veins about the Womb and in the Womb when they are become narrower then they ought Too much slowing of the monthly Terms Of too much flowing aâ—iseth when the vessels are opened either by an Anastomasis when the mouths of the veins are opened or a Diairâ—sis when they are divided or when the blood being hotter thinner more moveable sharp and troublesome to narure stimulates the expulsive faculty to expel Now for the Causes of encreasing vitiated Terms Causes of encreasing vittated 't is manifest what things shew the causes of diminution thereof from what is spoken of want of nourishment But the cause of too much encrease is too great plenty of blood from too plentiful use of meat and drink full of nourishment an idle life much sleep too frequent use of baths of fair water and manly strength which converts the blood into the substance of the parts And these are the causes of the Symptomes of the natural faculty so far The causes of generation hurt as they belong to the preservation of individuals Now follows the causes of Generation hurt and that either tâ—ken away or depraved there is no generation made and bartennesle happens either in respect of the Man or of the Woman In regard of the Man In respect of the man it is hurt either through default of the seed or by vitious ejaculation of the same unfruitful seed or not sufficient is generated or the faculty is hurt through some distemper of the Stones especially cold and moist whence unripened thin and lesse spirituous is generated or else some hot whence too sharp seed proceeds or through default of matter whilest the blood and spirits necessary for the generation of seed or by old age or some disease drying the body or its principal parts or by fasting are defective or when the vessels which are necessary for generating and carrying of the seed be wanting or when the nutriment turns into fat or when the blood is vitious The emission of the seed into the Womans Womb is vitiated by the Yard either shorter whether by nature or by a disease or crowded through the shortnesse of the ligament The action is hurt by default of the Woman In respect of the Woman either when no seed or unfruitful seed is generated and emitted for the reasons lately mentioned Secondly if she do not draw and receive the mans seed by reason of her cold and moist distemper of the Womb or by reason of a Tumor Ulcer or Straitnesse of the neck of the Womb. Thirdly if she cannot retain the seed received because of the moist distemper of the Womb an Ulcer opening of the mouth of the Womb a flux of Courses and other humours Fourthly if the Seed be not well tempered by the womb or being some other way affected is not rightly cherished Fifthly if the
Convulsion of the Fibres and nervous parts in the Muscles by reason of something troublesome which draws the part joined to it into consent and stirs it up to this motion whereby the Fibres being contracted the Muscle is drawn back to its original Emprosthotonos Emprosthotonâ—s Opisthotonos is made in the Muscles which bends the body of such as are affected forwards Opisthotonos by the Muscles affected bends the body backward Tetanos is from an equal contraction of the Muscles Tâ—tanos Spasmus Cynious The Spasmus Cynichus or troublesome Cramp ariseth from a convulsion of the Muscles of the Mouth Trismos from contraction of the Muscles of the Jaws Also the cause of convulsive motions is a humor Of grinding Teeth Of convulsive motions or a vapor an enemy to the whole generation of Nerves irritating the expulsive faculty in them and stimulating them to expulsion yet is not fixed but hath various motions through all nervous parts and so the member is agitated in various motions and for the most part it happens that the braine is affected and matter is seâ—â— from thence into all the Nerves When the Cramp and Palsie are complicate Of the complication of the Crump and Palsie Privation of speech the â—â—mour is of a mixt nature which hath force partly oâ— loosening Nerves partly of vellicating and twitchiâ—â— them Privation of speech happens through default either 〈◊〉 the Spirits and Nerves which carry them or of the parâ— which are necessary for the bringing forth of a word The spirits are deficient in an Apoplexy Epilepsie anâ—â— Dumnesse properly so called Men are become duâ—â— through the fault of the Nerves when either the Nerveâ—â— of third pair are affected from whence the tongue also receives its Nerve which defect if it be native for the most part the hearing is abolished by reason of the communion of the Nerves of the tongue and the ear that felowship is hurt or when the Nerves of the sixth and seventh conjugations and those going back and vocâ— Nerves are either cut or stretched or cooled or intercepted or hurt by what means soever The voice is hurt through organick diseases thereof if either the Membranes of the Larinx or top of the Wind-pipe are filled with some humour and grow soft or some chink thereof be shut by what means soever or if the tongue be cut about or maimed or the Muscles which move the Larinx Tongue or Throat are hurt or relaxed or knockâ— or wounded or any other way affected contrary to nature or lastly through desault of the wind-pipe if that be cut exulcerated or closed The same causes are if they are lesse Of the voice and speech diminished diminution of voice and speech is occasioned yet more frequently the cause remains in the tongue namely if the ligament be too long from one birth so that it extends to the extremity of the tongue or if after a childs birth it be wounded exulcerated swoolen or be affected with a Palsie on the other side The cause of depravation of voice and speech Of stammering and first of stuttering and stammering is principally a moist distemper of the instruments of voice and speaking and sometimes a dry also an ill framing of the Tongue and its Muscles a Tumor borne under it as also the fault of a swelling at the entrance into the Throat and want of the fore teeth Hoarsenesse ariseth from over much humidity of the outsides or the instruments for speech Of hoarsenesse whether that matter flow from the head or be cast out of the brest from loosenesse and inflammation of the Columella or a fleshy substance in the entrance into the throat as also from external and evident causes first from air violently straining the voice daily which causeth inequality of the Wind-pipe All the causes of the Cough are those which hinder the instruments of breathing whether they be internal Of a cough or external causes either by Idiopathy or by Symptothy stir up the Cough by Idiopathy an unequal distemper principally cold causeth the Cough which is the greatest enemy to the brest sometimes also distempers hot and dry moreover the roughnesse of the Wind-pipe which happens either through distemper or through biting humors flowing from the head or by Medicines or sharp drinks or obstruction by a humour thick or thin a pimple gravel worms a little hard swelling clod of blood By Sympathy the Cough is raised if the other parts which can draw the Organs of respiration into consent be affected namely the Midriff Liver Spleen Stomach which by reason of the common Tunicle they have vellicate the instruments of breathing or send vapors to them or presse the Midriffe by reason of some Tumor ot obstruction But the external causes are cold air dry cold water too much desire of drink cold medicines applied to the brest dust smoak sharp vapors soure aliment sharp things and whatsoever contrary to the order of nature slide into the wind-pipe straying or wandring in the gullet if it intercept the way or stop it or exasperate the Artery or any way molest the Wind-pipe Those things cause sneezing whatsoever doth stimulate the Nostâ—ils Of sneezing and the fore part of the Brain to excretion whether generated in the body as humours flowing from the Brain or those things which affect the Nostrils by communion with the interior skins by Sympathy which comes to passe when worms stick in the Guts or whether they happen from without as whatsoever sharp things are dâ—awn by the nose smells also and sharp vapours the splendor of the Sun and over much light Gaping Of yawning or Yawning is when â—alitious vapours stick in the Muscles appointed for chewing and moving the lower chop which nature endeavours by this motion to cast off but some times imagination is the cause thereof Stretching ariseth from such vapors as may be emitted through the Pores Of stretching which neverthelesse are not sharp but being store of them they cause trouble in the spaces of the Muscles of the whole body stirring up the expultive faculty to expel which the nature may discusse it useth such a motion of the Muscles by constriction of them Lastly Shaking fits and trembling Horror and Trembling which are Symptomes neer alike as also are vehemency and greatnesse of motion and so is the difference of the cause they are stirred up by something that offend in the circumference of the body suddenly vellicates the sensitive parts and stimulates them to expulsion which it strives to perform by a natural concussion But the causes which bring forth that twitching are either external and evident as whatsoever befalls the body or vellicates the sensitive parts or cause the sharp humours contained in the circumference of the body to be stirred and moved as a spark of sire cast on scalding water thrown upon a biting medicine applyed to an Ulcer piercing cold and such like for internal as humors or sharp vapors either
sends it out moist or by taking of meats that loosen the belly or by defluctions from the Head to the Guts or by the effusion of Choller and other thin humours to the Guts But the ordure is become hard by too much heat which consumes almost all the humidity whether it be that internal heat of the Liver or of other parts neer thereunto or of the whole body either natural or preter-natural moreover from the drinesse of the Guts or of the whole body Thirdly if there be too much Urine or if there be a continued sweat Fourthly by thickning and astringent meats Fifthly by long stay in the Guts by reason whereof the moisture is sucked out Sixthly through want of aliment in the parts Of sharp Faetid and too much attraction of the members The dung is sharp through the mixture of sharp homours use of sower meats 'T is become faetid through the use of stinking meats and ill concoction especially by the mixture of divers sorts of meats as also by the humidity and heat of the body which disposeth it to putrifaction Ordure is cast forth with a noise through the mixture of much wind violently breaking forth It becomes white White when choller is not mingled therewith as in the yellow Jaundice through the use of meats that are whitening being mixt with plenty of flegm also Yellow It becomes yellow through much much mixture of yellow Choller It becomes green through aeruginous choller It grows black by reason of a black humor by the use of Cassia and such like Red. Black Frothy It becomes red by the mixture of blood or adust yellow choller It becomes frothy by reason of slimy flegm and a defluxion of windy matter from the head and mixture of wind The causes of the the changed qualities of Urine shall be explained in the following bâ—ok Hot sweats proceed from hot humors either whilest the humors wax hot Causes of sweat preter 〈◊〉 or especially when the matter is overcome is attenuated and concocted cold are caused through plenty of cold matter which cannot be so easily overcome as heat or by the resolution of spirits and extinction of the native heat or through the malignancy of the matter â—he sweat smels by reason of too great plenty of stinking filth they are yellow in the yellow Jaundice by the mixture of yellow choller Green by mixture of leek-coloured choller red and bloody by the watrishness and thinness of the blood loosenesse of the skin and weaknesse of the retentive faculty yet there are administred Wines which being drunk in some discolour their sweat They are salt for the most part which consist of a salt and serous excrement Bitter by the mixture of Choller sharp by the mixture of sharp humours The menstruous blood offendeth in quality whilest it is white Of vitious Courses yellow black or has any ill colour moreover whilest it smells foul and is too watry which comes to passe whilest the like humors are gathered together in the body or about the womb and goes out through it with the menstruous blood The spittle is too thick if it be contained too long in the Mouth Of the spittle changed and its thinner parts consumed or if thick matter distil from the head or be mingled with it or if it be thickned by heat which happens in Fevers It becomes frothy through the mixture of spirit and much air Spittle borrows its tastes from salt bitter sower humours especially cleaving to the Stomach It receives its colour from humours in the bowels and the vapours going out of them 'T is become white from flegm Yellow from Choller Red from Blood Black from Melancholy or thick dryed Blood Green from aeruginous Choller it acquires a foul smell from inward putrifaction especially from an Ulcer of the Lungs At length the excressions erre in quantity Causes of excrements changed the excrements of the belly are cast forth in greater quantity then is convenient First by reason of moist food especially if after the use thereof store of drink be taken Secondly by reason of meats containing little alimentary juice but much excrementitious Thirdly through the ill distribution of Chyle Fourthly by conflux of Excrements from the other parts to the Guts But fewer then is convenient are ejected for contrary reasons namely if the meat be hard and principally if little drink be taken after it if the meat be of good juice and nourishment and be taken in small quantity if the Chyle be greedily snatched from the Meseraik Veines and if Choller which is as it were the Goad to stimulate and expel dregs come not much into the Guts The quantity of Urine ought to answer likewise to the quantity of drink but that also is sometimes made in greater or lesse quantity the causes whereof shall be shewed in the following Book The causes of plenty of sweat are rarity of body Cause of store of sweat strength of the expulsive faculty aboundancy and tenuity of Excrements and therefore in the Crysis of a disease great sweats arise whilest all the excrementitious matter together and at once is put forth Little sweat is occasioned by contrary causes namely by the smalnesse or thicknesse of Excrements straitnesse of passages weaknesse of expulsion by the vehemency of the matter which destroyes heat Lastly why Courses sometimes flow more plentifully Of Courses sometimes more sparingly then is convenient above in the Third Part Second Section and First Chapter where we have spoken of suppression diminution and flowing of Months The end of all the Second Book Book III. PART I. SECT I. OF SIGNES In General Of the Difference and Heads of Signs CHAP. I. Of the necessity and benefit of the Method of Signs SInce we have hitherto explained what health is Necessity of the Semiotick Method and wherein it consists and what is the difference of things contrary to nature we now rightly come to the Method of healing and preserving health and are to teach by what means health may be preserved and diseases taken away The benefit of it but neverthelesse since arts are conversant about individuals and a Physitian doth not cure in general man but Peter and Paul c. The Method and way is first to be explained whereby the present constitution of every man both sick and well may be known which now lies hid in individuals they may be found out by the signs of a disease and what may be known and hoped for of the event and end of diseases and the Method of signs are to go before Moreover there is that benefit of this Method that whilest the sick see those things that may happen to them being known to the Physitian they may trust the more to him and obey him for the Physitian when he foresees those things which shall happen to the sick may have time to prevent them and avoid the reproaches of the vulgar whilest he foretells those things which
represents the colour of red Lead and therefore called plumbeous To these differences they refer Oleagenous Urine Oyly Vrine which represents the colour and consistence of Oyl Now these differences which are taken from the substance and colour are complicate and constitute The smell of Vrines compound differences amongst which the chief are seaven Urine thin and white thin pale thin flame colour or fulgent thick white thick red thick black Moreover besides these there are other differences less principal which are taken from other qualities and circumstances first from the smell for some Urines smell little others very little and have that odour which is natural to Urine others stink exceedingly and others smell pleasant From the sound for some Urines whilest they are poured out make no noise others make a noise From the quantity for some Urines are made in an indifferent quantity others more sparingly others more plentifully From the manner for some are made without difficulty and pain others with pain some drop by drop and others altogether CHAP. III. Of the Contents in Urine A Content in a Urine is every corpulent and visible thing which is mingled with the liquor of the Urine some Contents are essential Contents what how many fold others accidental the essential are those which appear for the most part in all the Urines of sound persons and most of sick but the accidental are those which neither alwayes nor most frequently are discerned in Urines Essential in respect of scite or place in which they abide there are three the sediment the suspension and the clouds the altitude of the whole Urine is to be divided as it were into three parts into the bottome of the Urinal and the highest region of the Urine and the medium betwixt these two extreams The subsidence or sediment of Urine The sediment of Vrine The suspension of Vrine The nubecula is that in Urine which descends towards the bottome and settles in the bottome Suspension or subliment is that which is contained in the middle and is as it were suspended The clouds and little clouds is that which hangs in the higher part of the Urine like a cloud yet suspension in Urine is sometimes taken by Hypocrates by the names of a cloud as in the second of his Prognosticks in the 29. Title is manifest Yet these Contents do not alwayes exactly keep their natural place for the sediment sometimes plainly sticks in the bottom and sometimes ascends higher and tends to suspension and sometimes suspension also ascends a little higher from the middle sometimes descends lower so also Clouds plainly overspread the extremities sometimes incline towards the middle In these three Contents The difference of Contents other differences moreover are to be considered from the substance a Content is said to be thick or thin equal or unequal plain and smooth or rugged equal is when all the parts of the Content are of the same thinness or thickness unequal is when one part is thick and another thin plain and smooth is that which observes continuity of parts divulsed or rugged is when there is no continuity for the colour A Content is either white red or black or tinctured with a colour neer to one of these In respect of quantity 't is either little much or indifferent out of which complicated divers other differences again do arise Concerning the accidental differences which are contained in the Urine contrary to nature Accidental differences some settle in the bottome others in the middle others in the superficies some stick to the fides of the Vrinal others are confusedly mixt with the Vrine Of the first kind are farenacious sediments Farenacious sediment like leaves like Pulse which represent thick branâ— little flakes which are like leaves grainem which represent a kind of pulse or corn besides these sometimes in a Vrine there are clots of blood small sands stones little rags of flesh quitture worms In the middle of the Vrine there sometimes swims little bodies like Attomes threds or rags and haires Hairs in Vrine and sometimes small sands cleave to the sides of the Vrinal representing the substance of Tartar But in the superficies there appears principally four things preter-natural bubbles and those various froth Bubbles Froth A crown a crown according to the common opinion when notwithstanding 't is nothing else then a shadow or light passing through the circumference of the Vrinal received within the compass of the Vrine and so is not properly called a Content and Fat yet besides these sometimes fine Sand swimming in the superficies of the Vrine CHAP. IV. Of the causes of the various consistence of Vrines AFter we have mentioned the differences of Vrine Causes of Vrine of an indifferent consistence Thin next we must find the causes of all those differences and first the cause of a Vrine of an indifferent consistence is a serous excrement of blood mingled with an indifferent quantity of water which happens when the faculty concocting is well The cause of a thin Vrine which hath little of that serous excrement mixt with it is debility of concoction especially in the Liver and Veins which coldness of the Stomach may occasion but principally store of drink also a cold distemper of the Reins Thirdly obstruction and straitness of the vessels through which thick humors cannot flow with the Vrine Fourthly the changing and converting of the matter in another part Thick Vrine is made by the mixture of any thick matter which happens when crude humors Thick which are cumulated in the Veins are expelled by nature this way or when any obstruction is opened out of the Spleen Liver Reins and other parts or an imposthumation is broken or ulcer the thick matter is mingled with the Vrine or if there be store of serous and salt humors If the Vrine be made clear and remain so Clear and be of good consistence it is a token that such clearness proceeds from the natural heat rightly elaborating the matter for nature elaborates not only aliment but excrements also as much as it can Thin and clear and impresses convenient qualities in them but if Veine be thin and clear also 't is a token of crudity neither hath nature then begun concoction of humors and if Vrines have any other colour then such waterish they obtain it from collerick humors mixt therewith But if the Vrine be made clear Troubled and afterwards be troubled and that be in a sound body it is a sign that he declines from his best health and is prone to some disease especially a Fever and it signifies the humors in the Veins to be indigested which nature now hath endeavoured yet hitherto hath not perfectly concocted but if the same happen to those that are sick it signifies that some concoction is now to be made and something of the peccant matter to be mingled with the watty substance but that mixture not
to be so exact and happening by some occasion from the external air or the heat vanishing of its own accord the vitious matter is separated from the other humors But if Vrine be made thick Troubled which grows clear and afterwards become thin that happens because the natural heat begins to perform and concoct the matter and to stir it and mingle it which notwithstanding since it is not exactly mingled the heat afterwards ceasing the Heterogeneal parts are separated of their own accord and the thicker reside in the bottome The same comes to pass if the Vrine be thin but some matter may be mingled therewith in its passage but since it is not exactly mingled with it but only confused afterward of its own accord it settles in the bottom Lastly Troubled which remains so if the Vrine be made thick and remain so it signifies great confusion of humors is made in the Veins by the heat stirring the humors but not rightly concocting them nor is there good concoction made which the excrements elaborate to make after their manner and indeed if such a Vrine appear in the beginning of such a disease wherein no concoction seems hitherto to be made by the natural heat it is a token that 't is caused by the fiery heat contrary to nature agitating and troubling the humors in the veins but if the Vrine in the beginning is not made thick but clear and afterwards becomes turbulent it is a sign that the disease grows worse and that the heat acting upon the matter contrary to nature is encreased yet always this and also other signs must have regard to the rest of the conditions of the Vrine and hence it is to be collected whether such signs be made by the strength of nature working upon the vitious humors or by the encrease of the preter-natural heat and putrifaction or debility of strength CHAP. V. Of the causes of colours in Vrines COncerning the causes of colours in Vrine The causes of a golden colour in Vrine a golden colour which agrees to the Vrines of sound men proceeds according to the vulgar opinion from some portion of yellow choller or rather from a serous and salt excrement yet that also something tinctured with choller which is mixt with the Vrine A white Water is made Of a whit either because nothing is mingled with it which may colour it which is properly called aqueous or because some white body is mixed therewith The first cause of aqueous Vrine is Crudity and weakness of the native heat by reason whereof this excrement is left Of an aqueous as it were imperfect Secondly obstructions of the passages through which the matter useth to flow to the Vrine Thirdly if choller and therewith that salt humor be carried to another place as happens for the most part in acute Fevers and Phrensies with them Fourthly much drink Fifthly heat of the Reins and Liver which plentifully draw drink to them but do not concoct it Sixthly Gravel in the Reins or Bladder too much of that which is salt and thick adheres but the aqueous flows out Vrines of another kind are made by the mixture of some white substance whether it be flegm or quitture or seed Of milky and these Vrines we call milky yet for the most part they are made thick and afterwards become clear and the matter setling in the bottome of what kind it is may be easily discerned A Vrine is somewhat pale Of palish Of pale when pale choller in a sufficient quantity or a little of yellow is mingled with the Urine but if much pale choller or yellow in an indifferent quantity be mingled with the Vrine a pale colour ariseth If yellow be mixed in greater quantity Of yellow the Vrine becomes yellow yet some times other causes besides internal external may give a tincture to the Vrine as Rhubarb Saffron the leaves of Senna and such like A ruddy colour in Vrine is caused by choller and blood Of blood red and indeed if the Vrine be coloured with blood it doth not look clear and is properly called Vrine dyed with blood and has a colour like water wherein the flesh of animals newly slain have been washed and is made either in some open vessel for what cause soever or by the weakness of the Liver and Reins by reason whereof they cannot contain blood and assimulate it to themselves or because nature at set times evacuates the blood abounding in the whole body with Vrine but the blood which is mingled with the Vrine is either thin and the Vrine is made red or reddish or thick which if much be mingled the Vrine is made exceeding red but if little either simply red or of a pale red but that Vrine which is coloured by store of choller the choller colouring it and and making it redder it shineth and is as it were like flame sometimes also it is made red and thick by plentiful mixture of adust choller like wine of a blackish or deep red Wine like Vrine is made by the mixture of ceruleous choller Of Vine colour Of grape colour or representing the colour of Woad as also by the mixture of plenty of red choller Grapy by the mixture of yellow choller exceedingly dryed and as it were changed into a Violet colour and degenerating towards black A green Vrine is caused by plenty of Aeruginous Of green and Leck-like colour Yellow and black Vrine are sometimes caused by the mixture of external things Of yellow and black as for what belongs to the internal causes the Vrine is made black when either the melancholy humour is evacuated with it which happens in those which cumulate melancholy humours in the Spleen or black choller is mixed with the Urine or when the heat and spirits are extinguished in the veins the blood is corrupted and becomes black CHAP. VI. Of the causes of an oyly Vrine and of other differences O Leaginous Urines either have only fat swimming in the superficies Of oyly Vrines or represent Oyl in substance and colour the first difference proceeds from a melting of the fat and is rather to be referred to the differences in the Contents but that Vrine which seems like Oyl in substance and colour and yet is nor truly fat hath its beginning from the mixture of excrementitious humours especially of pale and black Choller as also of Flegm from whence proceeds a crudity with a certain greenness like Oyl Black Vrine always thick but when the difference in substance and colour are joined a black Urine cannot be thin but if the black humor makes it black it is necessary that there is so great plenty thereof mixt with the Vrine that the Vrine must become thick A light red Vrine is thin from the small portion of blood mingled therewith A light red thin but if it be made of a pale red 't is by choller which cannot happen unless there be so great
ulcer lyeth hid in the Reins Bladder or otherwise through which the Vrine passeth or when from the superiour parts as the Brests or Lungs nature evacutates matter through the Vrinary passages Small pustles of flesh called Caruncles in the Vrine of exulcerated Reins are aprts of the substance Of Caruncles Of slimy Ecrements Slimy thick and tough flegm like the snot of the nose if it be made with the Urine and be voided with pain for the most part it is a token of the Stone in the Bladder but that which is made without pain Fernelius saith doth proceed from a crude ulcer of the Reins or parts thereabout or from an imposthume and truely for the most part such matter being present in the bladder as it is the beginning so it is a sign of the Stone of the Bladder and moreover being sent out it coagulates into a lapidious hardness but sometimes flegm which is cast forth in great plenty is the off-spring of crude matter and ill digestion in the parts beyond the Reins Worms if they appear in the Urine proceed from corrupt and sordid matter Of worms as in other parts Small strings and little bodies like hairs Of fibres and hairs and cobwebs if they are put forth with the Urine have their original from a thick humour either in the veins or in the reins or dryed in the ureters and reduced into this form by the longitude of the vessel Bubbles and froth are generated from wind included in viscous matter Of bubbles and froth which when it cannot exhale extends the matter into a tumor and those bubbles may be of divers colours according to the nature of the humour in which the inclosed wind stirs them up A Crown shews what kind of humors are contained in the greater vessels Of a crown and according to the diversity of humors hath divers colours and is seated in the upper part of the Urine and in that circle many things are obvious to our eyes which cannot be discerned in the rest of the humors because the light in the superficies of the liquor is otherwise divided and received then in the middle Lastly Of fat if fat swim upon the top of the Vrine it proceeds from melting of the grease but this proceeds from heat therefore if the fat continually swim in Urine like cobwebs it shews consumption and melting of the body yet Fernelius writes that he would advise you of Oyl taken inwardly least any small bodies of Oyl swim in the Urine by that means CHAP. X. Of the causes of changes in Vrines BUt Urines vary also in those that are sound Causes of changing of Vrines in regard of temperaments sex age time of the year sleep watching exercises passions of the mind and such like which are called the causes of variations of Urines As for the temperaments Vrine of those that are hot and cold hot temperaments have higher coloured Urines and thinner and less sediment or in stead of a sediment a cloud or Nubecula but colder have Urines paler coloured and few Contents also unless raw juice which proceeds from weaker concoction be mingled with the Urine In respect of age Of Boyes Youths Old men Of middle age Boyes have white Urines thicker with a plentiful sediment youths thinner with few Contents but higher coloured old men have white Urines but thin and without Contents unless many excrements meet together which if they are mingled with the Urines it happens that the Urine is made thick and full of Contents those that are of a middle age have indifferet Urines In regard of the Sex the Urines of men are far higher Of men or deeper coloured then the Urines of women thinner and have fewer Contents but the Urines of women are paler and by reason of crude humors thicker with more plentiful sediment yet nevertheless the Urines of men and women do not so vary that they can be known by certain signs whether it be a mans or womans water Of women great for reasons may be given also in men which produce such Urines as otherwise are familiar to women although as in such as are great with child there may be some change of Urine when the Menstruous blood is retained in them and from thence no small change is made in the body yet that change doth not afford a certain sign whether a woman be great when the same causes of change may be shewen in other women which are not great but in some which are more lively there is little change of Urine As for the time of the year Change of Vrine according to the time of the year the Urines of every kind in the middle of the spring are moderate as also in the middle of autumn but by how much the more the year goes on towards Summer by so much the more the colour of Vrine is encreased and the thickness and Contents are diminuished in the Summer also the Vrines are higher coloured thinner and have less sediments in autumn the colour of Vrines and tenuity are lessened the Urines in the Winter come neerest the best state In hot Regions According to the Region and degrees of Heaven To exercise and rest and under the hotter degrees of Heaven Urines are made deeper coloured thinner and of little sediment In colder Climates they are neerer to the best state Those which exercise and labour moderately make well concocted Urines and in colour substance and contents moderate but those that exercise and labour immoderately in those first the colour is encreased and the thickness and contents diminuished but if the exercise continue long the colour and tenuity is lessened when the streng this weakned but those that live idly make Vrines not much coloured and moreover thick and with many sediments In immoderate watchings first the colour is encreased According to sleeping and waking but if they continue long 't is abated sleep if it be moderate causeth Vrine to be good in all but if it be immoderate it encreaseth the colour of the Vrine but abateth the contents and substance but if it be protracted longer it becomes crude The passions of the mind since some encrease the heat Passions of the mind some diminish it according to the calidity and frigidity which they bring upon the body they alter the Vrines Lastly Meat Drink and Medicines Meats Drinks and Medicines change the Vrine and Meat taken moderately causeth a moderate sediment more plentifully a more plentiful thin causeth none Meats also Drinks and Medicines have a power of changing colour and smel lof Vrines CHAP. XI VVhat is to be observed in the Inspection of Vrines SInce all these things are spoken of Vrines for that end that from thence diseases the causes of diseases maybe known and the events foretold that this may be rightly done we are to admonish you what things are to be observed in the Inspection of Vrine First the time in
is hindred which is known by the leannesse of the body and flux of the belly fourthly a perception of gravity in the right Hypocondrie as also a tumour encompassing the liver When the stomach is ill disposed t is known by its Of the Stomach actions hindred such are the appetite hurt the concoction vitiated which is perceived because those that are sick either are sensible of paine after meate or the stomach is blown up with wind or are troubled with belching loathing vomiting also if the dejection be slower or swifter without any fault of the liver then is fit the stomach is to be suspected Of the brest The first signe that the brest is affected is difficulty of breathing the second a cough the third paine lastly those things which come out by coughing as blood quitture Lastly Of the windpipe the signes of the affects of the Windpipe are the same but principally they are taken from the change of the voice somtimes also a cough is joyned more may be read of these things in the practicall part CHAP V. How to know Symptomes ALthough Symptomes for the most part are obvious to the senses Signes of Symptomes Of the naturall faculty lying hid yet somtimes they lye hid and had need have signes which are taken from causes and effects nutrition if it be not rightly performed the body is extenuated and growes leane if augmentation be not rightly perfected the body is lesse nourished if the generative faculty be hurt either none or weake Children are generated attraction and retention being hurt are known from their effects especially digestion is known by the excrements of its concoction so that which is in the stomach by the dregs of the belly that which is in the liver and veines by the urine those excrements which are in the brest by the spittle lastly the expulsive faculty is known to be hurt if those things are retained which ought to be expelled The vitall faculty is known to be hurt by the changed pulse of the heart and Arteries Of the vitall Of the animall As for the animall faculty the Physitian knows the depravation of the principall faculties from the words and deeds which are different from comlinesse and congruity In the same manner also other animall actions may be known to be hurt from their effects THE THIRD BOOK PART THE THIRD Of the Prognostick SIGNS CHAP. I. Of the severall kinds of Prognostick Signes YEt there remains the Prognostick Signs by which we may know those things which are to come Of what things are to be foreknown in the sick which may happen to thesick For the Physitian ought especially to know before hand three things concerning the Patient First what the event or the end of the disease will be Secondly at or about what time the disease will have an end Thirdly how or by what means Of Prognostick signs Of each of these before we speak in particular we must speak in generall of the Prognostick Signs and we will premise some things of knowing the times of diseases Namely some signs are of crudity and concoction others of life and death others criticall or judicatory The signs of concoction and crudity are Urines Of concection of crudity of life and death Criticall Excrements of the Paunch spirtings and spaulings and catharrous matter The signs of life and death are those which are sent forth with Urine and Excrements of the Paunch also swears easie and difficult respiration easie or difficult induring of the disease the pulse the face and comly lying down like unto what they were wont and the contrary to these Moreover criticall signs are such as shew sudden mutation and perturbation and some of these are both signs and causes as Vomit Excrements of the Paunch much Urinc blood flowing from the Nose the Parotides or swelling of the Gumms or about the Chops setling of humours in one place and then in another which are called dissolving by Hippocrates because they put away the disease some are only signes of a Delirium watching stupidity paine of the head difficulty of perception out of quiet difficulty of breathing and darkness arising and appearing before the eyes a noise of the eares shinings before the eyes unvoluntary teares a troublesome night without any reason agitation of the lower lip great stifness the face and eyes looking red a retraction of the Hypocondries a loathing but there is not the same force and reason of all these signes the signes of concoction are never ill at what time soever they appeare nay the sooner they appear the betterr but judicatory Signes are not accounted good unless in the height or state of a Disease so neither are those good which are wont to indicate those in the beginning of a Disease Signes of concoction some are proper to one sort of diseases as spittle to the diseases of the breast others are common to many kind of diseases such as Hyppocrates 1. Aphor. 12. reckons the Urine excrements of the Paunch sweats The excrements of the belly are signes of that concoction which is perfected in the belly but the Urine of the concoction which is made in the Liver and arterious vein For when the Urines afford proper signes of the parts through which they pass as of the Reines Arteries Bladder Yard we must have a care least we are deceived in univerfall and acute diseases by those particular and proper signes of those parts and what is spoken of Urines may also be said of excrements of the Paunch CHAP. II. Of those kinds of Signes by which the times of Diseases may be known IT is exceeding profitable to know the times of diseases Signs of the times of diseases but especially the state but the signes of times are taken first from the form and Idea secondly from the time of the year and other such like things Thirdly from the comings or fits and circuits increasing and decreasing Fourthly from the Symptomes of diseases or from the Essence and Idea the causes and those things that precede the disease and by the Symptomes and those things that accompany a Disease As to the form of a Disease From the Idea of a disease by how much the motion of a Disease is swifter by so much it is nigher to its height and is a token that the Disease will be shorter but by how much the flower the Disease is moved by so much the more remote it is from the state Secondly Time of the year Region Temperant of bodies In respect of dyet that Disease which happens in the Summer is neerer to its height that which happens in the Winter is more remote In hot Regions Diseases are more acute and short but in cold longer those that are hotter by nature are subject to hotter Diseases and so shorter those that are colder to more cold and consequently more lasting hotter and dryer Victuals generate hot humours and thereby shorter Diseases colder and moister
three kinds some are those which are simply and according to preheminency called criticall wherein Judgments are made better and more frequently all which are bounded within the circuit of a septinary number and are these the 7.14.20.27.34.40 for daies are not taken whole but shorter Moreover there are some which are called indicant and contemplable from whence the Crisis to come is shewn and they are the middles or quarternaries of every seventh morning as 4.11.17.24 Others are such as come between Intervening which the Greeks call Parempiptontes others call them provocatory wherein from some accident contrary to nature or by the violence of a fit or by reason of some externall cause nature is provoked to hasten to untimely expulsion such are the 3.5.9.13.19 and according to some 15.18 Vacant or not criticall daies are those wherein no crisis happens Vacant or very seldome and unperfect and evill such are the 6.8.10.12.16.18 to which some add 22 23.25.29 30.32 33.35.38.39 which daies are also called medicinall because the Physitian on those daies may safely administer purging Medicines After the 40. day diseases languish and by a slow concoction and by Imposthumations rather then Crisis are terminated after these some diseases are judged by months others by years and especially in climactericall years when changes are made even of diseases which have been contracted from their Mothers Womb. From this doctrine neverthelesse of Hippocrates and Galen which Galen reduceth as it were in brief in the 1. of decretory diseases cap. 5. the ancients now long since have departed Asclepiades Archigenes Celsus and others which accounted the third criticall year not the twentieth but the one and twentieth the fourth not the twenty seventh but the twenty eighth The Astrologers also do not simply observe daies and numbers The opinion of Astrologers but referring all the reason of criticall daies to the motion of the Moon note those daies wherein the Moon comes to every quadrangle or fourth corner and comes to the diameter in respect of place wherein she was found when the disease began as now in the causes of criticall daies shall be shewn CHAP. XII Of the causes of Criticall daies THat we may omit the opinions of others The cause of criticall daies of the causes of criticall daies no offence to any other judgments we appoint criticall daies to depend on the Moon and the condition and disposition of peccant humours and the expulsive faculty for what mutations soever the Moon in her conjunctions oppositions and quadrangles makes in these inferior bodies is very well known and therefore that power which is attributed to quaternaries and septinaries do all depend on the motion of the Moon yet neverthelesse that this or that Crisis may be made betwixt those the motion of the Moon alone is not sufficient since not alwaies the seventh or fourteenth day is not alwaies criticall and somtimes a good and an ill Crisis is made on the same day and therfore the condition and disposition of peccant humours are to be joyned and lastly the expulsive faculty is to be added which being stimulated by the motion of the Moon and disposition of humours is the next and immediate cause of a Crisis First seeing the order of criticall daies cannot proceed only from the faculty of the body nor from morbifique matter The Moâ—n but a coelestiall cause is to be joyned therwith and the Moon in every quarternary and septinary and according as it takes up one and another place of the Zodiack in its motions and by reason of the light from the Sun varying shews to us various lights or representations it may make great alterations in sublunary things t is not therfore without a cause determined that great mutations arise in diseases in those places which have regard to the place wherin the Moon was in the beginning of the disease with a quadrate or opposite ray and when she is come so far as that she hath a new shape and manifest mutation of light for the motion of the Moon and her progresse to the quadrate and opposite signes and the changings of the shape of the Moon are to be joyned whatsoever they are yet the crises are stronger when the Septinaries exactly fall into the quadrates of the Moone But in the computing of the criticall dayes A periodicall month in criticall dayes to be observed the month of wandring or travelling is to be observed as being naturall and according to which many changes are made in this inferior orbe which for the most part is made in twenty seven dayes and eight hours which if they are divided into foure weekes the first will be ended in six dayes and twenty hours the second in thrirteen dayes and sixteen hours the third in twenty dayes and twelve hours Therefore on what day soever any one fall sick at the first onset of the disease a conjunction as it were is made of the Moone and the disease hence when the Moone hath measured three fignes or past over ninty degrees and comes to the first quadrate the first criticall day is made when she hath past through six signes or an 180. degrees she comes to the opposite signe and the second criticall day begins when from the opposite signeshe passeth to the second quadrate the third crisis begins if the disease be prolonged till then lastly when she returns again to the place where she was at the beginning of the disease the fourth crisis begins and she shews as she did at first Prognosticall diseases The same reason is of indicatory dayes for when the Moone hath passed over two signes or 60. degrees from the signe wherein she was when any one began to fall sick and is said to come to a sextile the first indicatory is begun when she hath past over foure signes or a 120 degrees and becomes triangular the second indicatory is made and when from the opposite signe againe she comes to be triangular then is the third indicatory lastly when she hath gone from the second quadrate to the second sextile the fourth indicatory is But here the dayes are not to be numbered according to the diurnall indifferent motion of the Moone Which motion of the Moone is to be observed in critiball dayes which is thirteen degrees ten minutes 35 sec but according to the true motion of the Moone for the Moone is sometimes swift sometimes slow in motion nor doth she passe through alike number of degrees each day whence it comes to passe that she arrives sometimes sooner sometimes later to the quadrate and opposite signe and hence without all doubt it comes to passe that most admirable Physitians vary in defining of criticall dayes and Hippocrates as also Galen account the twentieth and seven and twentieth Archâ—genes as also Diacles count the one and twentieth and eight and twentieth for criticall dayes neither are allwayes distinct aspects to be observed but often times plarick are sufficient Secondly besides the
motion of the Moon The disposition and motion of humours The nature of a body â—the disposition and motion of humours are to be considered and which is the cause that the crisis happens sometimes sooner sometimes later Lastly the nature of the body is to be adjoyned which being assisted by the motion of the Moone and stirred up by the humours begins a combate with the morbifique matter and expels the same and makes a crisis CHAP XIII Of the signes of crisis in generall BUt crises are made as it is also said before only in acute In what diseases crists are made and violent diseases arising from hot thin and acrid matter which may tire out nature but if sometimes in durable or chronick diseases also criticall evacuations as it were are made it is necessary that ther be certain periods of time before the disease become vehement and become of the same nature with acutes Moreover that the crisis may be made t is requisite that there be strength of nature according as ought to be thirdly to the foreknowledge of a crisis certain perturbations in the body conduce which use to arise before a crisis Signes of crisis and signes which Galen in the third of crisis Cep second at large describes and he breifly comprehends in the same book Cap. the tenth when he writes that when a crisis is to come there is some new alteration either about respiration or concerning the mind or the sight or hearing or about some of those which we call breifly by one name criticall accidents or signes CHAP. XIIII Of the signes of differences in Crisis A Good crisis is thus known The best signe of crisis First because critick signes have precedes Second because the signes of concoction have gon before especially in urins and other excrements Third because it is shewn on the judicatory day Fourth because it happens on the judicatory day Fifth because convenient excretion is made according to the nature of the disease Sixth because the sick after the Crisis is almost freed from the feaver the Symptomes abate and the face is of a better colour But these Crises that differ from the best are known thus Of the declining from the best because the signes of exquisite concoction have not gone before nor have they happened in the state nor a little before but in the augmentation they are not made on a criticall day the evacuation doth not plainly answer to the nature of the disease the sick doth not well endure that evacuation the Pulses are not better the sick is not eased of his disease and in the night which followeth the crisis he is not more lightsome yet amongst the other evacuations which are went to happen before an absolute concoction the best of them is the Hemerhodes An evill crisis is known by the signes which are contrary to the best crisis Evill namely because such a crisis first doth not expect the time of concoction secondly in the judicatory day it was judicated by ilâ— signes or it suddenly grew upon him without preceding signes thirdly it is not made on a decretorie day but for the most part on the sixth or eigth day fourthly the evacuation doth not answer to the nature of the disease and the excretion of it selfe is evill fifthly the sick is not eased the pulse is become worse the strength decayes and the sick doth totally fall into a worse condition CHAP. XV. The signes of a crisis to come by excretion and Imposthumation BUt whether a crisis be to be made by emission of morbifique matter Sgnes of a crisis to come by excretion or by transposition of it into another place or by imposthumation the kindes of diseases and the motion time of the yeare nature and age of the sick do shew for if the disease be very acute ariseing from thin and acrid matter and the crisis be to come after the first periods if nature be strong the pulse high the passages open and nature accustomed to sweate or some other evacuation if it be Summer time t is a signe that there will be a crisis by excrements By an vlcer or imposthumation But on the contrary if the disease be not so acute and the matter be thick nature weaker especially if the urines come forth thin and crude for a long space if their be debility of the externall parts and propensity of nature to thrust out humours to these places if the time of the year be cold t is a token that there will be a crisis occasioned by imposthumation And indeed excretions are good when they are evacuated as they ought and such as ought Signes of good or evill ex cretions and in such manner as they ought and when and as much as is expedient namely when the humour which offendeth is evacuated and concocted in due quantiry in a criticall day in a right manner together and through places sending them out together evill evacuations are contrary Good imposthumations are those which are made when the matter is concocted have laudable substance Imposthumations good or evill namely a figure swelling externally and sharpned do equally ripen and are not hard round about and are of a good colour red yellow or white indifferent bignesse when they continue and go not away untill they are suppurated and are soon ripened on the contrary ill imposthumations swell not enough without and are not pointed they suppurate not all alike they are hard about and cloven into two their colour inclining to red yellow or black they are greater then is convenient and they vanish before they are suppurated or are ripened very slowly CHAP XVI Through what places there will be excretion and where there will be impostumation THrough what place there will be excretion the inclination of the humour teacheth and about those parts to which the humour to be expelled is moved or through which it is moved a certain change is perceived When a Crifis is to come by the Hemerodes of the Nose Signes of Hemerodes of the nose the Hypocondries are wont first to be extended without pain then when the blood finds the way to the superior parts it causeth difficulty of respiration but not long continuing afterwards followes the paine of the head and neck and the pulse becomes more vehement and at times the Arteries are discerned to beat and pant and the face and eyes become redder and the eyes shed involuntary teares and shinings or glistrings are observed in them or dimnesse ariseth the imagination is also hurt and a Delirium happens and certain red apparitions seem to be before the eyes and moreover the Hemerodes being now nigh the sick begin to scratch their Nose with their fingers and these signes are the more certain if the age of the sick and nature and the time of the year and the present constitution of the aire consent If by reason of sweat which happens very often Of a critick sweat
dry Cabbage yet in the juice thereof a certain bitternesse and acrimony is perceived which hath a force to stir the paunch t is hard of concoction affords little nourishment and that thick and Melencholy from whence fuliginous Vapours fly into the head and produce turbulent sleep and weaken the sight its malignity is corrected if it be boyled with sat meates the staulks are worse then the broad leaves and are to be eaten only by those which are used to much labour Spinnage cools and moistens Spinage affords little nourishment yet not so evill as Orach or Blitum which is a kind of Beet it generates cold and serous humours in the stomach unlesse it be corrected with pepper and oyle or butter it is not laudable and it begets wind Beets Beets Blitum Orach and Mallowes can scareely be used with profit or benefit for aliment only but are more beneficially taken when there is need to loosen refrigerate and moisten the belly and Be et indeed is hot and dry and takes away obstructions of the Liver and Spleen and hath a different substance the juice is detergent wherefore it loosneth the belly but the substance stops the same Blitum Blitum Orach Mallows Orach and Mallowes loosen the belly only by humectation they nourish little they yeeld a watry juice and have of themselves no pleasing savour unlesse they are dressed with Butter or Oyle and other Sawces Asparagus Asparagus Young Hops to which the young branches or tender sprigs of Hops are next like unto neither heat nor manifestly cool they are gratefull to the tast and cause appetite yet afford little nourishment and therefore do afford not so good nourishment they have a detergent faculty and provoke Urine they cleanse the Reines and open obstructions of the Liver and of the other Intralls Garden Cresses Mustard-seed or Water Cresses and Mustard-seed may be used instead of Sawces but not as nourishment they are hot and dry and of a biting tast they attenuate crude meats as also crude and thick humours Onions afford little nourishment Onions they are acrid and have a heating cutting and extenuating faculty and inflame the blood and together with the discussed thinner parts they leave behind them a thick juice they irritate Venus they are all hurtfull to the head eyes teeth and gumms they cause turbulent Dreams In raw Garlick there is almost no nourishment Garlick in boyled very little and that bad but there is manifest heat and drinesse in it and a power of extenuating thick and viscide humours and of cutting them and taking away cold and t is the best remedy to convert the pravity of waters as also against the Plague Leeks and venemous aire Leeks have almost the same power Raddish The Roots called Raddishes which we use being dipped in Salt affords little nourishment but are rather instead of medicinall knacks they heat beyond the second degree and have a tart tast they cut phlegme attenuate provoke Urine and expell sand from the Veines Wild Raddishes have the same force Wild Radish but are more powerfull which are fit for sawce but not of aliment Turnips Rape-roots round are slowly concocted Rape and fill the belly with wind especially when they are raw but boyled they are easier digested and afford aliment enough and therfore not so hurtfull but are hot and moist Long Turnips are almost of the same nature Tuâ—nips but of a better tast and yeeld lesse thick and flatulent juice and afford strong nourishment they stimulate Venus Parsley is hot and dry provokes Urine and courses Parsley opens obstructions purges the Reines and bowels yet it afford little nourishment Garden Parsnips yeild little hot and dry Parsnips and not very good nourishment they cause lust provoke Urine and bring down courses Red Beets which are pickled with Vinegar Red Beets the seed of Carawayes and the roots of wild Raddishes are used rather instead of Sawces then as food since they nourish very little The fruit of Plants are various Melons Melons are pleasant to the tast and send forth an Aromatick smell but they are of a watry moist substance not without coldnesse whereby they quench thirst and causes Urine they cleanse the Reines but they are easily corrupted and being corrupted become as it were of a venemous nature and stir up choler or generate Feavers whereby many great men are killed and therfore they ought to be eaten at the first course that they may the easier descend through the Paunch and after the eating of them some food of good juice is to be taken and good Wine is to be drank that the corruption of them may be hindred Cucumbers are also cold but not so moist Cucumbers and the juice not so hurtfull nor are they so easily corrupted in the stomach they are most conveniently taken before they are ripe being pickled in Vinegar or Brine and Pepper and they are least offensive to those which have hot stomachs Artechocks Artechocks heat and dry to the second degree they are hard of concoction and afford not very good nourishment they are windy and stimulate Venus unlesse this be rather to be attributed to the seasoning or dressing of them Strawberies Strawberies are cold and moist they are profitable to those that are troubled with choler in the stomach they coole the liver they restraine the heate of the blood and cholerick humours they allay thirst and therefore are beneficiall in hot constitutions of bodyes they have thin juice purge the reines cause urine but are easily corrupted in the stomach and therefore ought to be eate the first Now followes the fruits of Trees Peares and frutices first of peares there are divers kinds nor are they all of the same faculty the austere and sharpe are astringent and cooling and hurtfull to the stomach and Guts sweete are more temperate yet almost all are of a cold and moist nature only some are hot and moist and moreover more apt to corruption they are not unpleasing to the stomach in the first place being taken they stop a loosenesse but being taken after other meate they loosen the belly and shut the mouth of the stomach they are better boyled then raw There are divers sorts of Apples which discover themselves by their taste Apples the sower are colder then the sweete and of a thinner and lesse flatulent substance the austere and sharpe are yet colder and of a thick substance and descend more slowly through the paunch and stay it yet their violence is corrected by boyling and sower austere and sharpe Apples are to be used rather instead of medicines then aliment they all afford ill juice but those are most hurtfull which are watry and for the most part have no taste the best are sweete ones with an aromatick taste and smell and such as afford an indifferent quantity of aliment and that not evill they strengthen the heart
exhilerate the minde and are very beneficiall to those which are troubled with Melancholy Quinces are cold and dry Quinees and have an astringent faculty they are harder of concoction afford little nourishment and that thick they strengthen the stomach and stop vomiting and if they are taken after meate they hinder Vapours so that they cannot easily ascend to the head and they loosen the belly but being taken before meales they stop a loosenesse being taken raw they hurt the nerves and often cause fits of the cholick Peaches are cold and moist and are easily corrupted Peaches and afford little nourishment and therefore are to be eaten sparingly and warily and indeed before meales not after other meates neither is water nor any cold drink to be drunke after them but wine being dryed they are lesse hurtfull and especially being boyled in Wine their pravity if they had any it is taken away Apricoks which are well known to the Persians Apricocks in goodness are beyond Peaches and more pleasing to the stomach and are not so easily corrupted Medlers are cold and dry Medlers and are not eaten till they are rotten they afford little nourishment and are slowly concocted they stop the belly and all fluxes they stay vomitting and agrece well with a cholerick stomach Sowre Sherryes have a chooling faculty Cherryes are easily concocted and descend through the belly they coole the stomack and liver they quench thirst and raise an appetite and are not so easily corrupted nor are they of so hurtfull a juice but the sweet ones are far inferior to the sharpe ones in goodnesse by reason of the moisture abounding and are easly corrupted and generated urred humours and Wormes in putred feavers There are divers kinds of Plumbs all of them cold Plumbs and moist the sweet ones are not so cold by nature yet they mitigate the acrimony of choler and therefore agree most with colerick persons they are easily concocted and passe through the belly those that are fresh alter most powerfully they mollify the paunch being taken before meate but with their moisture they scatter abroad many excrements and that crude neither do they generate so good juice yet some are softerthen others those which abound most with a crude and moist iuce they are the worst the white and waxen colour or yellow are the worst and afford ill juice but the best are Damask Prunes and those which are neerest to these are green but the dry are more fit for nourishment and afford better aliment for those which are weaker in stomach Plumbs are not convenient for they loosen itstone Mulburies moisten coole quench thirst Mulburies mitigare the heate of choler they nourish little they easily passe through the belly but if they are retained they easily are corrupted and become putred and acquire an ill nature wherefore they are to be eaten when the stomach is empty only and not overspred with peccant humours that they may on a sudden descend and passe through the paunch Figs are hot and moist Figs. by nature they nourish more then other fruits they easily descend and go through the belly they have a penetrating and abstergent faculty yet too much use of them begets wind dry Figs are hotter and dryer yet acquire a power of cleanseing opening and attenuating yet they also loosen the belly drive humours to the externall parts being often taken and plentifully they cause sweates and generate blood not very good but such as is apt to putrify Sweete grapes are hotter Grapes and for that reason cause thirst sharpe and austere are colder those that are fit to make Wine are betwixt these extreames those that are fresh gathered afford little nourishment and are flatulent and if they are detained long in the stomach they are corrupted and dilate the belly and stir up cholick fits they cause the spleen to swell and fill the stomach and liver with crude humours and allwayes the fresh gathered serve rather for pleasure then for health the austere and sower Grapes are colder and strengthen and bind the belly the sweete ones are hotter and afford more nourishment those which have a mixed taste obtaine mixt faculties but the sweet which participate something of sharpnesse are commended before the rest they are pleasing to the stomach gratefull to the liver as also they are said by a certain propriety to be advantagious to the whole substance they are helpfull to the brests and strengthen all the naturall members those which are without stones are called Corinthian they loosen the belly more but those which have seed strengthen the stomach Amongst Nuts Almonds the best are sweet Almonds they are temperately hot and moist and yeelds store of nourishment and of good juice and moderate they attenuate and cleanse for which reason they are the best food for immaciated bodies and they replenish the intrails and the whole body with convenient nourishment and such as is not apt to corruption they purge the brest open the passages of urin and cause sleep but they are not so convenient for a cholerick stomach nor to be given in cholerick Feavers Walnuts are hot and dry especially dryed Walnuts for your green ones are moister and are not so hot and therefore are eaten safer but the dry generate choler and offend the Orifice of the stomach and hurt the Gullet and Wind-pipe and cause a cough and generate pain in the head commonly the use of them is commended after Fish because with their heat and drinesse they prevent the corruption of Fish Hasle-nuts afford more nourishment then Walnuts Haslenuts but they are colder yet they are hot and dry they are hardly digested and afford a thick juice more earthly then Walnuts Chestnuts are hot and dry Chestnuts and Galen conceives they have no ill juice as all the rest of the fruits of Trees if they are well concocted in the stomach yet they are harder of digestion and are distributed more slowly yet they afford more durable nourishment they bind the belly and if they are eaten in too great plenty they cause wind Toadstools and Muskeroms for the most part are cold Musheroms they yeild a watry and thick nourishment Toadstools are preferred before Musheroms yet all of these are not to be taken without danger because they do not only generate ill juice but oftentimes there is poyson in them Lastly Oyle Oyle drawn out of ripe Olives affords nourishment temperate and for the most part agreeable to our nature and can correct the pravity of other aliments and amend the crudity of Herbes it also mollifies and loosens the belly is takes away all sharpnesse it helps Ruptures and such as are bursten and mitigates pain Meates from living Creatures IN the second place many living Creatures supplies us with convenient nourishment agreeable to our nature Aliments of living Creatures as being neerer and more familiar to our nature and lesse exceed in the
if a part be a principall one or performes a publick Office no Medicine is to be given which can much hurt it and disturbe its Office and Duty for then losse would redound to the whole body so to the mouth and chops poysons and things ungratefull to the taste and sordid are not to be exhibited nor stinking things to the Nostrills nor gnawing and biting things to the eyes nor those things to be applyed to nervous parts affected that cause paine The same rules which we have now even propounded in the right use of remedies Quantity of matter ate to be observed also in choice of matter the quantity of matter regards the measure waâ—ght thereof which was indicated by the Indicant and is propper for the performing of the Indication the quantity of the matter is found two wayes first in what quantity any medicine whatsoever is to be given and what are those bounds betwixt which if it be given it performes that which it ought and no way hurteth is manifest by experience only but in what dose whether in the highest lowest or middle the medicine be to be given to this or that sick person what the quantity is of the matter to be administred that is known from the magnitude or extent of the Indicant and if the quantity of the Indicant be great the quantity of the medicine ought to be great likewise in which matter the condition is to be weighed and the strength of the whole and of every part for if a part to be altered is more remote in place a greater quantity of the remedie altering is required namely that it may come with its full force to the part affected But the time of Administring of matter is taken not simply from the presence of the Indicant Time but is that when it can helpe but this time is known and the knowledge of the matter to be administred and the nature of the part to which it ought to be Administered for some things worke presently others after some space between the action of of some things continues long of others it ceaseth presently The part as it is open or placed deepe so it regards the action of the Agent presently the Administration of the matter is to be prohibited when it doth more hurt then good but it may doe hurt when it may preserve any thing contrary to nature which ought to be taken away or when it may take away that which ought to be preserved The place of Administration of matter is that place where the matter is to be given may helpe and performe that which t is required to do for since every action is performed by contact the Physitian ought allwayes to endeavour that the matter which he â—seth might penetrate to the place where the Indicant is and may touch the Indicant but some parts are Externall others Internall in Externall the matter is plaine for there the matter of the medicine is to be applyed where it is to worke or where the Indicant is since the Externall parts may be immediatly touched with the medicines but medicines cannot be so immediatly applyed to the Internall parts and therefore when we are willing to evacuate common wayes are to be chosen and the next through which the matter may be evacuated if we are to alter in the interior parts either manifest wayes are to be found â—ut or occult passages through which the matter that is given may penetrate and indeed as for manifest passages the widest and nearest are allwayes to be chosen But concerning the measure Manner or manner shall be shewn hereafter part the 3 d. Sect. 3 d. where various formes of medicines both simple and compound shall be proposed CHAP. V. What Morbifique causes indicate and peculiarly of purging of a juice in the body which causeth ill digestion FOrasmuch as hitherto we have explained the universall Method of healing now peculiarly we will propound the Method of taking away of Morbifique causes removing diseases and preserving strength and will begin from the causes What the differences of causes are is spoken before in the 2 d. Booke part the 1. Chap. the 3 d. for of what kind soever they are whether begotten in the body or externally or admitted into the body and become as it were internall or stirring up cherishing and increasing a disease without they all require removall But whereas causes offend either in the whole substance or quantity Causes what they shew or quality or motion or place first all things which put on the nature of a cause as in their whole kind they are contrary to nature they indicate an absolute ablation of them out of the body or as latter Physitians say an Eradication But that here we may treate only of humours What things shew in their whole nature preternatural severall wayes there are of rooting out and evacuating corrupt humours out of the body for sometimes they are purged through the paunch sometimes they are ejected by vomit sometimes discussed by sweates sometimes cast out by urine of which we will now speake in their order and first of purgation Purgation taken in the largest sense is indicated from a Cacochymie What shews when to purge or juice which causeth ill digestion and bad nourishment and a purging medicine taken in the largest signification is the matter of remedie indicated for a Cachochymie but that this doctrine of purgation may be more evident in the first place tis to be observed that Physitians in respect of purging medicines divide the body into three common Regions into the first which is without the liver and is extended from the stomach through the middle part home to the liver the second which is dilated from the middle of the liver through the greater veines to the outside of the body the third which comprehends the habit of the body with the lesser veines private parts also have their excrements and peculiat wayes to void them and hence one evacuation is called universall Vniversall evacuation another particular universall is that which evacuates humours from the common Regions of the body such is evacuation of blood after what manner soever purging by the paunch vomitting voiding of uâ—ine sweate Particular insensible transpiration particular is that which evacuates some private part as the braines lungs wombe As for universall purgation which evacuates the common Regions of the body Cacochymie consists of what Indicates it either on this side or beyond the liver Cacochymie which consists in the first Region of the body by its selfe and properly indicates those medicines which have power without any manifest agitation of evacuating superfluous humours through the paunch which stick in the first Region of the body although sometimes if the matter have an inclination upwards and the sick can easily endure a vomit by vomit also humours may be purged out of the first Region of the body so that those things which cause
meate is defiled and corrupted by the medicine and the humours which are drawn its concoction is hindred and being uncocted the medicine stimulating it is expeld and t is to be feared least some excrements mixt with the meate should be distributed into the Liver and veines or that the meate it selse being not enough concocted or rather corrupted should breed some inconveniency in them CHAP. XI Whether it be lawfull to sleepe having taken a purge WHether we may sleep having taken a purge Physitians disagree but there is need of a distinction for if the purging medicine be gentle and benigne having taken it we ought not to sleep least the medicine should be carried away and overcome by nature and its action hindred but if the purging medicine be stronger and requires greater heate that it may be brought into action sleepe may be granted to the sick yet moderate which may only further the activity of the medicine but not impead evacuation but afterwards to abstaire from sleep untill perfect and sufficient purgation be made moreover for the same reason after taking strong purges t is lawfull to sleepe a little while that the malignity of the medicine may be resisted by the more plentifull heat occasioned by sleepe and those troubles which the medicine occasioneth may lesse be discerned in sleepe and so the medicine retayned without trouble or molestation may rightly be reduced into action CHAP. XII Whether it is best after purging to use cleansing and abstergent medicines T Is the custome at this day some houres after taking purging medicines to exhibit cleansing broathes and such as wipe away and that is righly done for t is profitable before food be taken that the remainders of the medicine and the residue of its qualities and if any vitious humours are drawn by the medicine and remaine in the stomach they are to be washed away and drove downward and the loathing and disdaining of meate which is wont to be occasioned by purging may be freed and taken away CHAP XIII Of Evacuation by Vrine ALthough the watry humour is principally evacuated by Urine which remains of the drinke Evacuation by Urine and is mingled with the blood and the gibbous part of the Liver Reines Bladder and Vessells sub-servient to these are principally purged by it yet the other humours attenuated and principally the serous thinner phlegme the cholerick humour and all the nerves and veines may be purged by the same But seeing those things that cause Urine cleanse the body by degrees t is most profitable in those diseases wherein t is convenient to evacuate matter by degrees and sparingly but in those where there is need of sudden excretion and of evacuation to be made on a sudden in such evacuation of Urine is not so helpfull But what the difference is of medicines provoking Urine is spoken before Diureticks properly so called are usefull only as often as thick humours residing in the Reines bladder and parts sub-servient to them are to be evacuated or if thick humours stay or stick in the veines but those which move Urine only by affording aqueous matter are convenient in those diseases which are bred of thick and adust humours for by the mixture of aqueous substances these are rendred more fluid Permittenes and Prohibients Those things which permit and prohibit also are here to be considered the strength easily endures this evacuation so that it be so administred that more profit then dammage may redound to the sick for if either in the whole body or about the liver many ill humours stick there is danger least by their plenty and thicknesse whilst they get to the straight passages they should obstruct them and therefore first a purge for the belly is to be appointed Diureticks also are not so convenient for hot and dry diseases as feavers arising from hot humours nor for such as are leane and withered as also if the Reines bladder and passages and vessells appointed for this evacuation are ulcerated or inflamed or affected with some such like disease Time The time of drinking medicines causing Urine is not not convenient in the beginning of a disease since the matter is as yet more plentifull and thicker but in the declination when the matter is somewhat abated and thinner but they are most profitably given before meate and on an empty stomach CHAP. XIV Of evacuation by sweate LAstly vitious humours also may be expelled by sweate Sweate whence it evacuates for although sweate evacuate in the first place from the circumference and habit of the body yet it may evacuate humours also from the rest of the body and indeed first out of the greater veines and Arteries and afterwards out of all other parts namely from whence humours may be driven to the veines and from thence to the superficies of the body for they are not conveniently thrust out from the cavities of the stomach guts wombe and such like to the extremities of the body and there are other wayes by which they are far more easily evacuated What humours are evacuated by sweate but the watry humour is evacuated by sweate which also may be evacuated by Urine and so may every thin humour and cholerick as others also if they are attenuated but principally sweates are profitably provoked by art in inveterate and cold discases and diurnall distillations in the Palsie the Sciatica and other paines of the joynts Yet you must be carefull here what the strength can permit for this is a powerfull remedie Things permitting and requires great strength but principally hot and cholerick persons endure sweate lesse and not long nor doe very hot things agree with them much matter prohibits provocation to sweate for t is to be feared least being dilated to the skin it should shut its small breathing holes or pores and so either generate or increase putrifaction As for how much How much we must be carefull that we doe not over much provoke sweate for sweate if it be too much weakens the strength exceedingly resolves the body and makes it leane wherefore t is more commodious to cause moderate sweates often then to debilitate the strength with one that exceeds measure But the fit time for provoking sweates is the beginning of a disease but after universall purging of the body When. and in the declination of a disease but the particular time when the meate is concocted and in the declination of diseases in those which have paroxismes But medicines provoking sweate are especially to be exhibited with profit in pestilentiall diseases and in all malignant matter by which the malignant matter In what diseases the pestilent and venemous matter to the great benefit to the sick is driven from the internall parts and those that are next the heart to the extremities of the body and is evacuated by sweate But Sudorisiques which are given in such diseases ought to be of the number of those that resist poyson that
they may together infringe and debilitate the venome In Administring of which there is no need of all those rules or observations which are necessary to be observed in provoking sweates in other diseases but presently in the beginning of a disease those Sudorifique resisters of poyson are to be given neither is too much debilitating of strength to be feared CHAP. XV. Of particular Evacuations AS for particular Evacuations Particular evacuation of the braine Errhines if any vitious humours are collected in the braine it may be evacuated two wayes by the Nose and the Palate By the Nose first Errhines call out phlegme which is spread about the braine and filmes that cover it and stirs up its faculty that it may strive to cast out super fluous humours Moreover sternutatories Sneezing which are stronger and irritate the braine and by the force thereof humours which lye deeper may be cast forth of both of these this in generall is to be noted that such remedies are not to be used unlesse universalls have preceded and that the whole body be purged but or the matter and forme of Errhines and those things that cause sneezing see before part the 1. Sect. 1. Chap. 18. and hereafter part the 3 d. Sect. 3. Chap 30. But those things which evacuate by the Palate Apophlegmatismes are called Apophlegmatismes and purge the more inward cavities and ventricles of the braine they are not conveniently given to those the inward part of whose mouth throate gullet or Larynx is exulcerated and such as are obnoxious at other times to distillations to the Chops and breast Those which purge the Lungs are called expectorating things Purging the breast and because humours cannot cast out from the lungs through the Wind pipe without a cough they are called Becchica of which kind for the most part are Arteriacks i.e. medicines for Rhemes all of them especially those which cleanse cut or any way prepare the matter for expulsion but that humours may the more easily be evacuated by cough their consistence ought to be indifferent neither too thin nor too thick but only so thick that they may be carried upward by Aire not so viscide as to stick in the mouth of the Lungs and therefore if the humours are viscide they are to be moistned and cleansed with sowre things but if too thin to be somewhat thickned The stomach is evacuated by vomit or by the paunch Things purging stymach Liver Reines Wombe the guts with glisters and medicines purging the belly the cavities of the liver through the belly the gibbous parts by urine the reines and urinary passages by urine the wombe by the cources Of which t is now spoken in universall evacuation CHAP. XVI Of the abating abundance of blood with Leaches Cupping-glasses Scarrifications c. THe other fault amongst morbifique causes is quantity and the common Indication which is taken from hence that that which aboundeth may be deminuished What shews the fault concerning quantity What offends in quantity and that which is diminuished may be increased but since nothing can be said to abound unlesse that at other times it be naturally present but in the body blood only and such excrements are contained which proceed from nature blood and naturall excrements in this second manner may be the causes of diseases as also milke and seed and moreover the spirits and solid parts of the body all which if they are deficient in quantity ought to be increased but if they exceed are to be deminuished naturall excrements are seldome desicient in quantity but they often exceed but since the same reason is of evacuating naturall excrements which there is of the humours in their kind preternaturall here only we will speak of taking away of blood when it abounds Therefore if Plethory be present and the blood abound Plethory what it shews the blood is to be diminuished and that which aboundeth to be taken away and too great plenty of blood indicates diminution of the same But concerning the manner how we abate the blood The manner of abating blood some performe it more strongly others more weakly frications Sweates Bathes Exercise Fastings performe it more weakely Leaches opening of the Hemethodes provocation of courses Cupping-glasles and Scarrifications performe it more strongly but the most generous and powerfull remedie here is opening of a veine Frications sweates Bathes and Exercises they diminuish the blood one way because they stir up the heate in the body which dissolves and dissipates the substance of our bodyes But fasting doth not evacuate by its selfe Fasting but by reason that it takes away humours and diminuisheth the body because it puts nothing in the stead of that which is consumed by heate and denyes necessary aliment to the body but because fasting evacuates the whole body equally t is then requisite when the humour abounding doth abound not in one part but in the whole body yet shorter fasting first evacuates humours out of the stomach and about the stomach but because fasting evacuates by degrees it is not profitable nor sufficient for an indication when plenitude is suddenly to be abated But t is endured when the strength is powerfull to which all other things which prohibit fasting are to be referred as temperature of body hot and dry hot and moist a thin habit of body griping or biting in the Orifice of the stomach vomiting flux of the belly Leaches by opening the mouths of veines Leaches and sucking blood evacuate blood by themselves and sensibly yet by little and little in which respect they may diminuish the plenitude of the whole body and helpe diseases of many parts to which they are applyed and evacuate sometimes a greater sometimes a lesser quantity of blood as they are applyed to a greater or lesser veine in the application therefore of them you are to observe whether they are placed for the evacuation of the whole body or for a disease of some private part for if they are applyed for the evacuation of the whole they are to be put to the great and prominent veines in the Legs and Armes or Hemerhodes yet in women that are with child they must be applyed only to the Armes but in regard of peculiar diseases they are to be applyed to divers parts as this or that part is affected The Hemerhodes if they use to flow at other times Hemerhodes the opening of them may be instead of breathing a veine but otherwise the Physitian in opening of them shall labour with little profit unlesse happily they are opened by leaches putting to them but since the Hemerhodes are twofold externall and internall the externall are opened to abate a Plethory as also for diseases of the Reines Wombe Back Hips and other diseases arising from the hollow veine with profit as in diseases which proceed from the Hypocondries the Liver Spleen Mesentery the internall may be conveniently opened but the externall are opened with frications
the leaves of a Fig course rags Leaches applyed the juice of an Onion the juice of Century or Sow-bread the Gall of a Hog or Bullock or with rags wet in these but the internall with suppositers and sharpe Glisters The courses whilst they flow exacuate also and diminish perfluour blood Courses but nature appointed that flux which if it be supprest is to be opened in which businesse this is to be observed that in provoking them the Physitian should make use of that time when at other times they use to flow for if he should endeavour it at another time he looses his labour Cuppings which Scarrification also Cupping with scarrisying but by die evacuating blood by themselves and sensibly but by degrees for which reason they are something applyed for good reasons sometimes instead of opening a veine if they are applyed with good reason they are indicated from no great fault of the blood But when they are used instead of Phlebotomie they are applyed for some great fault in the blood which indeed requires the breathing of a veine which notwithstanding weak strength will not endure but Cupping-glasses properly evacuate cutaneous blood yet because some of the blood which comes out of the skin is powred into the capillary veines from the great veines in this respect also they are said to evacuate the whole body but if that evacuation be more sparing it doth not reach the whole And when Cupping-glasses evacuate by drawing the use of them is most profitable if any revulsion be required at the same time as for the place of applycation if they are applyed in respect of the whole they should be put to the inferior parts if in respect of any part then to that part which requires this remedie yet in those that are pregnant they are not to be exhibited to the inferior parts but rather to the Armes Lastly simple scarification also without cupping Scarrification may evacuate blood which truly is used sometimes instead of opening a veine and t is appointed in the Legs especially by which meanes it may not only evacuate but also re-vell from the head and superior parts yet sometimes in the Arme and back also but in its proper use t is exhibited when there is a purpose to evacuate only out of some one part but especially when we would evacuate some acrid malignant and venemous matter least being retained it should cast the sick into danger which is used also in a Gangrene and by the ancients in a callous Ulcer CHAP XVII Of opening a veine BUt the most efficacious remedie for evacuation of blood is the breathing of a veine which neverthelesse hath other uses What indicates a breathing of a veine whereof we will here speake together for t is a question of great moment when the breathing of a veine or evacuation of blood by opening of a veine is to be appointed where first this is to be noted that the opening oâ— a veine is not some one Indicate but the matter of remedie which is profitable in many Indicates There are two generall benefits in the opening of a veine The use of opening a veine to evacuate blood and by accident whilst it draws away the blood the vehicle of heate to coole againe in evacuating it performes two things for it both takes blood out of the body and allwayes the cource and violence of humours in the veines first the way it both takes away the ill blood and only diminuisheth it offending in quantity but the latter way it can revell and draw back and derive the blood flowne into a part and the blood which is flowne in whilst it is yet moveable can draw it to the parts neere thereunto so that the opening of a veine may wholy performe five things namely to evacuate corrupt blood to diminuish blood to revell derive and refrigerate For first the vitious and putrifying blood may be evacuated by opening of a veine Putred blood evacuated by the opening of a veine as that which is contained in veines and they being opened it flowes out and indeed t is most profitably appointed in beginning of diseases since nature for the most part in feavers use to drive no small portion of the peccant matter to the extreames and those greater veines under the skin Secondly breathing a veine is an excellent remedie to diminish the blood The cutting of a vtine devinuisheth blood and revels Thirdly the opening of a veine is used for revulsion for a veine being opened the violence of the blood is turned and drawne back to the contrary part and therefore t is a very efficacious remedie to stop flowings of humours contained in the veines Fourthly the opening of a veine may derive the blood which newly flowed into the part It derives and is not yet setled there but as yet fluid a veine being opened nigh at hand it may I say drive the blood to a neighbouring part Fifthly Cooles opening of a veine cooles by accident but if distemper only be present which may be corrected by other remedies and no other fault of the blood be joyned with it which requires breathing of a veine also cooling medicines are ordered to be used but if the blood be so exceeding hot that it requires sudden refrigeration which other medicines perchance cannot performe or some other fault of the blood be joyned which by the same means opening of a veine may helpe for this cause also you may open a veine From whence it is manifest For which Indicants cutting of a veine serves that the breathing fo a veine may be profitable whilst the blood either putrifyes and is corrupted or offends in quantity or flowes to any part with violence or oppresseth a part or burnes vehemently Yet it is not allwayes necessary to open a veine when these â—inconveniences are present since we can take them away by other meanes but then only breathing a veine is conveniâ—ent when there is a great corruption of the blood and it requires sudden releasing as being that which is the best and most efficacious remedy amongst the evacuations of blood then presently blood may be evacuated In short The adequate Indicant of cutting a veine the Indicant to which by mediation of the Indicate as being the matter of helpe opening of a veine agrees it is a vehement fault of the flowing blood which is corrupted either in its substance or it offends in quantity or rusheth into some part or oppresseth some part or growes exceeding hot yet besides these principle faults the blood also sometimes as a cause without which it cannot and as adjuvant it may offend and then also it requires opening of a veine Yet we may not allwayes open a veine when these Indicants are present Things permitting opening a veine for since the opening of a veine evacuates blood together and also exhausteth somewhat of the spirits and so debilitates the strength if the strength be great it
a remedie that stenches blood but it is stopt two wayes either by prohibiting that the blood cannot returne to the place out of which it came or if the vessells suffer it not to flow which will be done if they are shut or closed and sometimes one of them only sufficeth and sometimes when there is a great flux of blood both are necessary That the blood may not flow back to the place out of which it came is to be brought to passe if it be not drawn back by it if it be repelled if it be drawn to another place tâ—s not drawn back if the causes by reason of which t is drawn back be taken away as heat pain troublesome thirst t is repelled by the use of the Refrigeratives and astringents t is drawne into another part by Revelling or Deriving but that the blood may not flow back is prohibited when the end is shut which is done when the way is obstructed and stopped through which it flowed We cure a swooning by refreshing the Spirits Fainting or swooning although it cannot be done presently by removing the cause for this purpose the most fâ—â— things are pure Aire excellent and O doriferous Wine and spirits distilled of it But not only actions hurt but other Symptomes also sometimes trouble if the Arme pits stink and smell ranke that inconveniency is remided by the use of sweet things if the breath stinks that imperfection is hid by the chewing of sweet smelling things THE FIFTH BOOK PART II. SECT III. Of the vitall Indication CHAP. I. What doth Indicate Dyet in those that are sick SIth hence it is spoken by what means things preternaturall are to be taken away now it remains that we speake how that which remains in a sick man according to nature may be kept or preserved but those things which are according to nature commonly come under the name of strength or force and Indication which is taken from thence is called vitall and Conservatory because it preserves those things which are hitherto in the sick according to nature and those things which can preserve the strength of our body by themselves and are according to nature are called vitall and Preservatory Indicates But since as above in the 4. Booke part 2. Chap. 1. it is said there are three vitall or Preservatory Indicants health the cause of health and sound actions as we are to endeavour that in a sound condition all these may be preserved so it is to be aimed that as much as it is possible they may be kept in such as are sick and this is to preserve strength namely to preserve the native heat in the whole and in all the parts and the right use and observation of things called non-naturalls Namely the strength shews the Aliment The strength what it shews in this respect because 't is placed in spirituous solid and fleshy parts having a just quantity and doth use them as an Instrument and the vitall Indication is busied only about keeping the substance of the spirituous solld and fleshy parts But although the strength only Indicate Aliment Things prohibiting yet it may be prohibited from others for oftentimes the giving of meate increaseth the morbifique constitution and also to regard this that 't is not to Indicate Aliment but to prohibit it for when meate is given nature is called away from concoction and evacuation of morbifique matter and therefore when the powers Indicate their preservation which is performed by exhibiting nourishment in that quantity which the substance to be preserved wanteth but the morbifique cause indicates its Evacuation and therefore commands nature to be at leasure for it selfe alone and so prohibits Aliment whereby nature would be called away and hindred from its worke you must be carefull what urgeth more In breife strength only Indicates Aliment the morbifique cause permits or probibits the rest as age custome Time of the year the state of Heaven and such like are the signes of firme strength or of weaknesse or such as may shew the force and greatnesse of the morbifique cause CHAP. II. What things belongs to Dyet ALthough Dyet consists principally of meate and drink Things prohibiting to Dyet yet other things also called non-naturalls as Aire sleep and watchings exercise and rest and accidents of the mind belong thereunto but amongst these there are some things out of which primarily and by themselves Aliment is generated such is Aire meate and drink but others are accounted amongst the matter of food in this respect not because really out of those as the matter Aliment of the body is generated but as they are the causes of Aliment by accident and helpe that those things which are the true materialls of Aliments may be more commodiously turned into Aliment such are sleep and watchings exercises and rest Repletion and Inanition and passions of the mind of which is spoken above in the 4. Book CHAP III. How many sorts there are of Dyet and which agrees to which diseases BUt Dyet is threefold Dyet threefold Thick Indifferent Thin thick thin indifferent or betwixt both thick or full Dyet is that which can preserve not only the strength which is present but also can increase it indifferent is that which preserves the strength as it finds it the thin is that which preserves the strength yet somewhat abated Of thick and full Dyet again some is simple which agrees to those that are sick and is made by a ptisan with the Barley whole another is fuller and thicker which is made with fish and Eggs another which is the fullest of all which gives way to flesh of creatures that are gelded Simply thin is threefold simply such and is made by the juice of ptisan the thick juice or creame of ptisan or ptisan strained the thinner is that wherein water and Honey is mixt the thinnest Dyet was that of Hippo. wherein nothing was put the middle sort was made with bread dipt in broath or also with the flâ—sh of fowles But regard is to be had of custome places and Countries since in some Countries full Dyet is more in use in others more sparing and according to that the matter of thin Dyet is to be moderated But what kind of Dyet agrees to what diseases the comparing of the strength which Indicates food and the morbifique causes What food is fit for what diseases which hinder the same do shew for by how much the more nature is busied in opposing the morbifique cause by so much the more sparing Dyet is convenient but by how much the lesse it is busied by so much the more plentifull Dyet may be given but by so much the lesse it is oppressed by so much the state of a disease is nigher and therefore also by how much the disease is more acute by so much the Dyet is to be more sparing so that the strength can endure with it untill the state but t is known when the strength can endure
differences which consists of Pitch and Oyle melted together the other compound which besides Pitch and Oyle hath in it Pepper Castor Pellitory Bittony Galbanum Brimstone Nitre or the ashes of Vine-twiggs and other things which are needfull out of all which a Plaister is made with Oyle and Pitch which is put in a peice of Leather or linnen cloath and applied to the member being hot the haire shaved before hand and the part well rubbed and before t is quite cold is twitched off againe and put to the fire againe and applied to the part againe and that is so often repeated untill the part growes red and is somewhat swelled Synapismes are Cataplasmes A Synapisme or Plaisters principally consisting of Mustard-seed from whence they have their names or other things are compounded which are of the same nature with mustard-seed and they are two-fold the one more mild and gentle which the Greeks call Phoinigmon because it makes the skin look red and is to draw out the matter which lies so deep hid in the body to its superficies A Vesicatory The other is stronger which also raiseth blisters in the part to which it is applied which they properly call Vesi catories The Ancients made Synapismes of Mustard seed How to prepare Synapismes or sheere-grasse dry Figgs were macerated in warme water the next day after Mustard-seed pounded was mixt with that pulpe and if a stronger Synapisme were required they would mingle two parts of Mustard with one of Figgs but if weaker one part of Mustard-seed and two parts of Figgs If indifferent equall parts being mixed they were applied to the part affected and left there so long till the skin run down with moisture and looked red Other Medicines also both making red How to make Vesicatories and causing Blisters are mentioned before part the first Sect. the first Cap. 10. and are mingled with honey Oxymell with Squills Vinegar with Squills Melle Anarcardino Spirit of Wine Turpentine Soap the crum of bread and Gâ—mme with sharp things and Plaisters and Cataplasmes are made of them whether to cause the part to look red and burn onely or to raise blisters The principall thing to raise blisters is a medicine compounded of Cantharides and Leaven When a blister is raised by a medicine and is broken t is not forthwith to be dried but to be permitted to run that the humour which we desire to evacuate revell or derive may flow out and therefore some fat unguent or a Figg or the leaves of Coleworts are to â—e put to it CHAP XXXIX Of Epithems which are somewhat moister then Plaisters Medicines made of Vinegar and Roses and of Medicines applied to the Temples to stop fluxes of Rehume from falling to the eyes ALlthough all medicines which are externally adplied to the body may be called Epithems Epithems yet by custome those onely are called so at this day which consist of distilled waters decoctions or juices mingled with species and powders and are externally applied principally to the region of the Liver Spleen Heart Stomach fore-head and joynts As for the matter whereof they are made t is various according to their severall intentions of distilled waters Juices Decoctions Oyles either alone or mixt Epithemes are applyed for the mittigation of heate resisting of humours that flow strengthning the parts and Liquors or Powders that are appropriated to any part whatsoever are to be applyed Epithemes are prepared two wayes How prepared first of liquid things only distilled waters or juices are taken convenient for the disease and proper for the part to which sometimes some Vinegar or Wine for penetration sake is added afterwards Species or Powders beaten very fine a drachm and a halfe or two drachms to a Pint and sometimes more Powder is taken the matter of the Epitheme is prescribed according to the magnitude of the part from three Ounces to a pint the mixture in the first place hath a linnen or wollen cloath Cotten or Spunge dipt in it and stird about when t is to be used least the Powder should settle in the bottome and for the most part t is applyed warme and as often as t is taken off t is dipt into it againe and applyed Sometimes certaine Powders are put in but they are first macerated in fountaine water To Epithemes belong Oxyrhodes Epithemes for the fore-head as they are called which are Epithemes peculiar to the fore-head prepared of Oyle of Roses and Vinegar to coole and repell The Ancients tooke of Oyle of Roses three parts and of Vinegar one part and stird them well together wherein they dipt a peice of leather or skin and applyed it to the forehead At this day also other Oyles as of Violets Myrtles Nimphaea or water Lillies and sometimes distilled waters and Powders are added Santalls and other things To these are referred anacollemata Anacollemata which are wont to be applyed for diseases of the Eyes and Hemorhodes of the nose principally to the fore-head so called for this reason whether they consist of medicines that fill up glutinate and have an astringent quality because they stop the violence of humours that flow into them or because by their clamminesse they adhere and as it were stick like glue to the part to which they are applyed And they are prepared of Volatile or fine Flowre How prepared Bolearmoniack dragons-Dragons-blood Acacia mastick Manna Frankincense and such like mixt with the white of an Egg. 2. Yet they are often prepared without the white of an Egge to mittigate the paine of the head or cause sleepe which are applyed either with a Leather or a skin dipt therein or inclosed in a little bagg and they are more properly called Epithemes or Frontells CHAP. XL. Of Medicines applyed Plaister-wayes to mittigate paine and of little Bags LIke unto Epithemes are Fomentaes so called Fomentations because they doe by their heate as it were cherish the parts of the body to which they are applyed and they are exhibited either to heate the parts or to cleanse and discusse or to mittigate paine or soften that which is hard Differences of Fomentations Moist 1. And they are two-sold moist and dry the moist are made either of hot water Oyle Milke or wine or decoctions of Plants made with warer wine Vinegar Milke whither a spunge or linnen cloath answerable to the magnitude of the part affected is dipt whilst it is hot and applyed to the part and when they begin to be luke-warme or to coole they are changed for hot or the same are heat againe in the Liquor 2. Sometimes simples included in Linnen baggs are boyled in water wine or Milke and are applyed hot to the part affected for which purpose t is convenient to prepare two Baggs that when the one is cooled the other may be applyed 3. Sometimes a Hoggs Bladder or an Oxe his Bladder is halfe filled with the Liquor of the decoction and applyed hot to the
is a hot distemper of the whole depending on the heat of the Spirits inflamed Indicationâ— And seeing the heat of the Spirits and the distemper thence introduced indicate cooling yet if the cause exciting the same be still present that also ought to be taken away These Fevers are cured by good dyet The Cure so that there is seldome any need of strong medicines the food therefore ought to be cooling and moistning the meat of good juyce and easie of concoction principally cream of Baâ—ey the rest may be mixed with lettice sorrel juice of Citron or Lemmon Vinegar The drink should be barley-water small beer or small white-wine Yet if pain in the head be present or that the Fever be occasioned by anger or from a bubo then wine is to be refrained The Ancients most frequently used Baths of warm water but at present neither the same industry is used in preparation of them neither are men in our age so accustomed and disposed to bathe In the first place diligent care is to be had of that Fever Ephemeral which ariset hfrom the clovure of the skin Cure of an Ephemer a from closure of the skin or it's thickness or crudity of the stomack since they easily turn into putred Fevers And an Ephemera which is caused by stoppage of the pores of the skin since it comes to pass rather from plenty of blood then ill habit of body in that a vein is forthwith to be opened that the blood may be diminished and cooled but the thickness of the skin if occasioned by cold or astringent things is cured by those things that rarifie and open the same by a bath of fair water luke-warm soft rubbings temperate and luke-warm oils wherewith the body should be annointed But if the thickness of the skin be occasioned by drying things use moistening dyet and the body should be annointed with temperate and moistening oils Lastly if the Ephemera proceed from crudity From crudity of the stomack since that is twofold the one called Acid which proceeds from diminution of heat the other Nitrous which is caused by preter-natural heat If from Acid crudity which seldom happens the Ephemera proceed and that crudity be less so that meat may be reduced into a better state rest and sleep are to be occasioned and before sleep meat of easie concoction in a small quantity is to be taken and the stomack to be comforted with hot oyls But if the crudity be great then the meat is to be ejected by vomit or if the sick be not apt to vomit with a lenitive he should provoke a stool before it be distributed into the veins he must then abstain from meat and the stomack both with internal and external medicines is to be comforted But if the crudity be unsavoury or nitrous 't is to be conected with cold things wherewith if the concoction be not helped the corrupt meat is either to be emitted by vomit or to be purged by gentle medicines opening the first passages only such as are good against cholar and as corroborate the stomack CHAP. VII Of an Ephemera of more dayes and of a Synocha without putrefaction THere remains another kind of Fever An Ephemera of many days called Ephemera to which that appellation doth not belong because it is extended more dayes Yet it can be referr'd to no other sort of Fever then this more conveniently therefore although Ephemera should signifie the essence of the Fever Ephemera is so called though with the addition of more dayes Such Fevers are those which no wayes differ from Ephemeral Fevers newly described unless in durability the cause of which is obstruction of cutanious vessels which when they do continue stopped Synocha without putrefaction an inflamation of the Spirits so long endureth until that cause cease Moreover to these belong a Synocha without putrefaction commonly called a Fever inflative which is generated from the fervency of Spirits and thinner blood without putrefaction The cause of this Fever is the prohibition of the hot Effluvium Cause arising from obstructions or striction of the pores of the skin in a plethorick body This continues several dayes namely to the third or fourth day neither can the plenty of vapours kindled and exhaleing which proceed from the blood be discussed in one day nor can the obstruction or astriction of the pores of the skin be opened in one day The Signs of a Synocha without putrefaction are the same with those of other Ephemeraes Diagnostick signs only more evident For the heat is somewhat greater then in the others the skin is not dry but moist as it were the Urine somewhat thicker and redder the Pulse vehement swift frequent full great and equal the face and whole body red and fresh and as it were blown up the veins swell and strut with blood the head is heavy and respiration more difficult This Fever as the other Ephemerals is void of danger Prognosticks and is dissolved by sweat or Hemeroids of the nose within the fourth day or if it be protracted longer within the seventh day so it be rightly handled For unless it be rightly order'd 't will degenerate into a Synocha with putrefaction or into a Phrensie Squincy Plurisie or some other perillous inflamation But when this Fever ariseth by the inflaming of the thinner blood and Spirits in a plethorick body occasioned by the prohibition of transpiration Cure the blood offending in quantity is to be abated the heat to be cooled and the closed pores to be opened Therefore presently a Clyster being first given or a lenitive medicine a vein is to be opened that the blood may be abated fanned and cooled and better governed by nature And in that more plentifully then in any other Fever you may bleed yet so as that the strength may bear it As for things altering Galen to cool the blood drinks cold water and commands the sick to drink as much of it as they please which may be permitted in those which are accustomed to small drinks and in whom no danger is to be feared by drinking the same whether by reason of thick juices which the drinking of cold water may hinder the dividing of or by reason of some weakenness in the bowels by which they may be offended at the drinking of water which unless seeing in our bodies we seldom need we may rather use other coolers such as are Oxymel with water water of Chicory Endive decoct of barley juice of Lemmon or Citron Oxysauharum Spirit of Vitriol and Salt and the like cooling and opening things And that the appertion may the more happily be performed you must abstain from syrrups and conserves with much sugar in them unless they are much watered If obstruction of the pores of the skin be present 't is to be opened as I said before Their diet ought to be thin and little Dyet such as hath force to cool and moisten principally
a Ptisan the meat should be savoured with juyce of Lemmon Pomegranates Goose-berries Their drink should be barley-water or small beer Fernelius 5. cap. of Fevers Synoch Bilios Fernal makes mention of another sort of Synocha which is made by the kindling of the Spirits and cholerick humours without putrefaction and which ariseth from the same causes as an Ephemera if it happen in a cholerick body which opinion indeed may take place if it be meant of the thinner and subtiler part of the hotter blood which somtimes useth to be called choler but not if it be spoken of excrementitious cholar The end of the first Book BOOK II. Of Putred Fevers CHAP. I. Of Putred Fevers in General WHereas there is a two-fold sort of Fevers whose heat is inherent in the parts according to habitude whereof the one hath it's rise and is continued by the kindling of the Spirits and thinnest parts of the blood without putred humours the other hath it's original from vapours and putred humours of the former kind 't is already spoken The next business is that we handle the putred Fevers That there are putred Fevers many things shew Putred Fevers For neither is it dissonant from the nature of humours but that they may putrifie since that may happen to every mixt body and we see humours putrifie otherwise in mans body as it happens in inflamations wherein quitture is generated as Galen in the 1 of the differences of Fevers cap. 6. he compares the putridness whereby the humours putrifie in the brain with that by which Sanies is generated in the humours And that they do actually putrify sufficient reasons are given which hereafter we shall propound and the matter it self shews that humours do putrifie in the veins For both blood which cometh forth from breathed veins and those things which are evacuated by stooâ— Urine sweat sufficiently by their smell and otherwise argue putridity of humours And the way of cure proves the same for 't is not performed by things that alter but evacuate humours which is partly instituted by nature partly by the Physician For if humoral Fevers could be made without putrefaction they might also be cured by altering things only And indeed such Fevers are not only malignant as some think but the same signs appear and the same way of cure is exhibited to intermittent and continued What Putrefaction is which are void of all malignity and pestilency Aristotlc 4. Met. c. 1. defineth putrefaction to be the corruption of the proper and natural heat in every moist body by reason of external ambient heat but by Galen 11 Meth. med c. 8. without doubt not so much regarding the common and adequate subject of putrefaction as to mans body subject to medicinal consideration It is says he a change of the whole substance of the body putrifying to corruption by reason of extraneous heat the ultimate end of putrefaction is the dissolution of the parts whereof the mixt body consists and the corruption of the whole mixture That we may here pass by the tedious disputations which are extant amongst Philosophers and Physicians concerning putrefaction this is to be taken notice of How manifold it is that putrefaction in respect of the mixt body putrifying the one is according to the whole and perfect according to the whoâ— whereby mixt bodies are plainly dissolved into Elements out of which they are bred The other is in some part and imperfect whereby these which are full of moisture in some part putrify For seeing the moisture wherewith it aboundeth cannot wholly be drawn out only some parts thereof especially the thinner are And such putrefaction namely according to parts agrees to humors also namely when some particles of theirs are really corrupted and they loose their form Yet the whole humour must not necessarily loose it's form thence it continues it's name and those corrupted parts being evacuated it returns to its former nature unless the corruption have so far gone that mutation is made into another kind Which putrefaction is putrefaction indeed and not alteration only For although the whole be not corrupted yet some parts thereof are really corrupted Putrefaction in a body is caused by extraneous heat The cause of putrefaction and when the humours are no longer governed by the natural heat but are destitute thereof they are corrupted Therefore all things whatsoever which may be an occasion to hinder the innate heat so that it cannot in its due manner govern the humours may be said to be the cause of putrefaction of the humours Putrefaction of humours though oftentimes it be caused by obstruction and bowels and prohibiting of free transpiration since that as Galen 11. Meth. med c. â— writeth things hot and moist in a hot and moist place not being fanned and cooled by wine easily putrifie Yet putrefaction may be occasioned without this by the meeting with putred things and other causes which debilitate the native heat and bring in an extraneous heat First certain humours by reason of some internal defect Default of humours of heir own accord tend to putrefaction or at least are casily overcome come by small causes of putrefaction and having gotten the least occasion fall into putrefaction Such vice humours contract first from bad meats of the which they are generated whether they are such by nature or any other wayes corrupted Moreover by meats which are easily corrupted such are fruits rareripe Thirdly from the ill dressing of meats or ill concoction or when they are taken in excess or at unseasonable hours or after a preposterous manner Fourthly by the default of the parts appointed for concoction by reason whereof even the best aliment may be corrupted Lastly by reason of other causes which either impede concoction or retain execrements as also the preposterous use of the six Non-naturals Therefore by how much the more of such humours are cumulated in the body by so much the more easily they putrify For nature doth not defend excrementitious humours so carefully as those which are fit to nourish the body whence they are easily corrupted and putrify Blood also out of the veins being out of it's natural place and of a hot and moist nature easily is corrupted But although such humours turn to putrefaction of their own accord and being in a hot and moist place yet it happens sooner if any other cause be added Nay good humours also in a sound body if they are the cause in pâ—sse of putrefaction may become putted Amongst all these causes the first and chiefest is the hinderance of transpiration and ventilation Transpiration hindred whether it happen by straitnes of the pores of the skin or by obstruction of vessels passages in the more inward parts of the body For hot and moist things in a hot place unless they are ventilated easily putrify Narrowness of pores is occasioned either by constriction from cold or astringent things or driness as staying
under the Sun-beams or by Obstructions which either plenty or vicosity or thickness of humours brings forth Moreover the internal passages are stopped either through store of blood over-flowing in the body or plenty of it contracted up and down in many parts or by the thickness and viscousness of humours Secondly Causae califacientes those things cause putrefaction which can kindle preter-natural heat in humours and call out the native heat in which number is the Fever Ephemera which for this cause is often changed into a putred in hot and moist bodies Moreover the other causes heating as hot air a hot bath too much exercise of body and mind Meetings with putreâ— things Lastly the meeting with putred things seeing that which is touched by what is putred is defiled and putrifieth From all which it is manifest that a putred Fever is short having it's rise from hot vapours stirr'd up by putred humours and heating the heart and thence the whole body against nature CHAP. II. Of the differences of putred Fevers ALthough there are many differences of Fevers nevertheless those which are necessary to be known for the performance of their cure The difference of putred humors are taken either from the matter putrifying or the place putrified For first either solid parts putrify or humours or even the Spirits themselves concerning which it is controverted as in it's own place shall be shewn Humours that putrify are as well natural as preter-natural And those of every kind blood Phlegm choller melancholy which both the variety of those things which are evacuated by stool vomit and sweats and the difference of Symptomes which happen in Fevers doth shew moreover the diversity of causes which went before it whereof some generate this some that humour and moreover some afford matter for this other for that humour And the humours either simply putrify or a malignant venemous quality and contagion is joyned with it Furthermore the place wherein the humours putrefie is not alwayes the same For sometimes the humours putrefie within the veins and arteries sometimes without them And that putrefaction which is within the vessels is either equally in all the vessels or in the greatest or in certain parts of a vein Whence these differences of Fevers do arise First some Fevers are simply putred without any malignity or contagion others malignant postilent contagious Moreover some Fevers are continual others intermittent according as the putred vapour which is the cause containing of putred Fevers or heat stirred up by putred humours either continually heats the heart and from thence is diffused over all the body or by certain intervalls Of either of which kinds of Fevers there are again many differences For either the putrefaction is kindled in the common vessels and not in private passages whence arise continued Fovers called Primary Or the putredity comes by the inflammation of some peculiar part and from thence putred vapours are continually communicated to the heart which Fevers are called Symptomatical Primary continued again are two-fold for some have no augmentation nor remission which they call Fevers containing or fiery Synochaes Others are continued yet there is some increase of heat and sometimes remisness which are called Synochaes and by the general name of continual Fevers The continual for the time of their increase and decrease of heat some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan according as the heat is exasperated dayly each other day or the fourth day likewise Intermitting also according to the time of their invading some are called tertian others quotidian others quartan Nay it is observed that there are Fevers that have a longer distance between the Paroxismes CHAP. III. Of the signes of putred Fovers in general APutred Fever is known The Diagnosticks 1. From it's heat which is more gnawing and acrid then of any other Fever and that in the increase and state For in the beginning of fits the heat doth not at the first touch of the Pulse discover it's acrimony but if the hand be continued longer it may be perceived which proceeds from fuliginous vapours which exhale out of putred humours 2. Because it begins without any manifest cause Which indeed is a proper sign but not an inseparable one for as often as any Fever is kindled without any manifest cause you may well determine it to be a putred Fever Yet sometimes humours are so disposed to putrefaction that upon any light occasion they 'l become putred 3. Urines in putred Fevers either are crude or else at least afford but obscure notes of concoction unless an Ephemeral be degenerated into a putred Fever otherwise there is no putred Fever wherein the Urine in the beginning doth not appear crude or obscurely concocted 4. The pulse is more changed then in other Fevers 5. Putred Fevers begin with a cold shaking Which is a proper but not an inseparable sign 'T is a proper sign because neither Diaries nor Hecticks do ever begin with cold shaking yet it is not inseperable because all putred Fevers do not begin with a cold fit as a putred Synocha 6. It is the property of putred Fevers to return by fits and Paroxismes and no other Fever hath fits Yet this is not an inseperable sign because it doth not agree with all putred Fevers 7. Lastly if any sign be present which is proper to any sort of putred Fevers 't is a sign it may admit of the general appellation of a putred Fever Concerning the event of putred Fevers in general not much can be spoken The Prognostick since there is great variety and difference of putred Fevers and the event various Only this that the event is best to be known by comparing the magnitude of the disease with the strength of the Patient For if the patient be very strong there is much hope of a good end of it if the party be weak there is great danger CHAP. IV. Of the cure of putred Fevers in general NOw seeing a putred Fever is cherished by the cause containing Indications in putred Fevers Indications in putred Fevers are taken some from the Fever it self others from the cause thereof Nor indeed ought vital indications to be neglected First a Fever as it is a Fever indicates cooling things Moreover as that heat of the whole depends on a hot putred vapour as on the cause containing the removal of that is also indicated but because putred vapours depend on putred matter they cannot be removed unless the matter putrified be taken away putrefaction cannot be taken away except its cause be removed as we said before First all evident causes which are present are to be removed the antecedent causes and whatsoever is in the body either of superfluous blood or peccant humours they are to be prepared and if occasion require to be evacuated streightness of passages if it be external or interal in the bowels they are to be opened and free ventilation and respiration for the humours
sometimes peccant matter in the first passages collected in the first concoction which useth to go to some of the humours which at certain Periods are moved and hath not as yet received its limits for motion it useth then to corrupt the humours and communicate putrefaction to the vena cava which Fevers for the most part are malignant A putred Synocha hath its original for the most part from transpiration hindred and want of ventilation of the blood The cause and hot fuliginous retentions by reason of obstruction of veins as well in the skin as also in the internal parts And the blood appointed to nourish the body putrifies in these Synochaes and putrefying continually sends hot vapours to the heart For when preter-natural heat is so kindled in the veins that nature can no longer rule it it becomes putred and is corrupted Nor is there any need that the putred blood should be turned into another humour presently For blood of its own nature is apt to putrefaction and in inflamations we see it changed to quitture not into choller though nothing hinder it in the veins but that it might And especially the Ichor or thin waterish part of the blood is apt to turn to putrefaction and by reason of the Ichor the blood in the first place is corrupted which happens when the vapours which ought to transpire are retained in the veins Yet the whole blood doth not putrifie but some parts thereof which so long as they are not seperated from the good blood crudity is said to be present which afterwards by concoction are seperated from the good blood which being done Nature appoints evacuation by which the blood returns to its former purity again A Synocha is three-fold Acmastick i. e. when it remains alwayes in the same state namely Differences when so much of the humour daily putrifies as is discussed this is called also Homotonos Epacmastick or Anabaticos is when the heat continually increaseth and more of the matter is kindled then can be discussed Paraemastick is when there is more discussed then corrupted and thence the heat alwayes decresseth Furthermore it blood which putrifies be temperate absolute 't is called a sanguinious Synoch a in particular But if it be hotter which useth to be called cholerick the disease is then called Synocha bilosa The Fever is known first by this Diagnostick signs that it continues from the beginning to the end without any exasperation and mutation Moreover because the Pulse is great vehement swift frequent unequal and inordinate And in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood the signs of Plethory are present The blood to him that toucheth seems much and full of vapours and is not so troublesome and sharp as in other Fevers and other signes are present which are observed in a Synocha that is not putred A putred Synocha is distinguished from a non-putred by certain signs The heat in a putred is sharper then in a non-putred In a putred the urine is red thick and troubled without any sediment and crude or a little concocted in the beginning the Pulse affords signes of putrefaction and all the Symptomes are greater then in a Fever that is not putred A Synochabilosa happens to those that are troubled with cholerick blood and the heat is sharper then in a Synocha proceeding from temperate blood thirst is more troublesome the urine thinner and sharper and other signes which are usual in cholerick Fevers are discerned This Fever is the most simple amongst the putred Prognosticks and easiest to be cured And being pure seldom passeth seven dayes but the spurious is extended to the fourteenth day and is terminated sooner or later as the signes of concoction appear sooner or later A white urine in a Synocha is evil The least dangerous of all is that which is called Synochos Paracmasticos next to that Acmasticos But that is most dangerous which continually increaseth and is called Epacmasticos which easily degenerates into a disease called Causus And by how much the fewer the evil Symptomes are by so much the better hopes the more they are the more danger is shewn The whole cure consists in taking away the cause Indicatious and altering the fevourish heat Blood therefore as abounding in plenty is to be lessened the pores of the skin to be opened the causes of obstructions being taken away The fevourish heat is to be tempered and allayed if there be strength as for the most part there is thin diet is to be used Therefore a vein is forthwith to be opened in the right arm a Clyster or lenitive medicine being given first if occasion require and to take away as much blood as the strength will permit Breathing of a vein and you may more boldly take away blood in this then in any other sort of Fever Blood being evacuated Medicines that the concoction may be made more facile we are to use those things which allay the heat free from obstructions and resist putrefaction namely the juice of Sorrel Lemmons Citrons and Syrrups and Conserves prepared of them Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple Oxysauharum simple Spirit of Vitriol and the four cold seeds with cooling waters are to be administred Principally we ought to endeavour that the pores of the skin may be freed from obstruction which for the most part is the cause of this disease which thing Oxymel and wine mingled with honey and the honey dissolved will conveniently perform since they are easily carried to the outmost parts of the body and attenuate dull thick humours and simple Oxymel resists putrefaction Concoction being perfected the Ancients used to drink cold water and gave so much of it to drink as might not only extinguish the fevourish hear but that the matter concocted might be evacuated by stool vomit or sweats But in our countries sick people are not so accustomed to drink cold water and many inconveniences are to be feared by the use thereof So likewise swimming in cold water which was usual with the Ancients doth not agree with our bodies The concoction being perfected nature useth for the most part critically to evacuate the corrupted matter which if it be not done it ought to be performed by the Physician with purging medicines Dyet in this Fever ought to be thin Diet. because both that blood aboundeth and the disease is short It should be cooling and moistening and also to have power of attenuating thick humours and deterging viscid ones CHAP. XII Of a Causus or Burning Fever WHereas amongst continued Fevers there is often mention made of a Causus we are also here to say something of it But a Causus is not any difference of a Fever but rather a measure expressing the quality of fevourish heat The word Causus is sometimes taken generally and not so properly sometimes specialiter and more properly Generally for any sort of Fever whose heat is vehement in particular for a Fever which hath two Pathognomonicks great heat
extream and unextinguishable thirst A Causus properly and in specie so called is again twofold legitimate and spurious legitimate is that which hath alwayes and that evidently those two signes joyned with it an illegitimate is that wherein those two signes are not so evident Whence it is manifest that burning Fevers Burning Fevers and such as properly and in specie are so called are continued Fevers and arise from choller And so a Causus or burning Fever properly so called is a Fever continued Bilions and indeed either Synocha bilosa which we have newly handled or a continued tertian whereof we are to speak next The Pathognomonick signes as we said before are two vehement and burning heat and unquenchable thirst although the sick shall drink Diagnosticks and the more legitimate the Causus is by so much these signes are greater yet the thirst is sometimes resisted if a little cough happen which may draw humors from the neighbouring parts Concurrent signes there are many as a dry tongue rough black watching giddiness of the brain difficulty of breathing thick and great and the sick continually blow opening their mouth that the hot spirits may the easier exhale These Fevers if they are pure Prognosticks never continue long For nature cannot long endure such burning and vehement heat and the Symptomes which accompany it with their vehemency And for the most part they are terminated the seventh day sometimes the ninth eleventh fourteenth but the spurious are protracted longer and all of them are dangerous according to Hippocrates 4. Aphor. 43. Fevers of what kind soever that have no intermission by the third day are the stronger and fuller of danger Yet some are more dangerous then others according to the violence of the heat and of the Symptomes and force of the strength and by how much the greater digression is made from the natural state by so much the more dangerous is the Fever Hence if an old man be troubled with a burning Fever which seldom happens 't is deadly as Galen hath it 1. Aphor. 14. They lye down in no less danger who are exeedingly burnt in cold air Who if they have not great strength neither the signes of concoction appear it can not be that they should escape as the same Galen 11. Met. med cap. 9. writeth To whom if vehement Symptomes happen by so much the more dangerous the disease shall be whether they are Pathognomonick or supervenient yet if by the other signes it be manifest to be a burning Fever and that thirst be wanting this also is dangerous for it shews the sick either to be in a Delirium or that the desiring faculty of the stomack faileth Black urines are also evil as also thin crude and such as have other ill tokens in them But it is good if the sick can easily endure his sickness the Symptomes being not without vehemency if he can easily fetch breath if he complain of pain in no internal part if he sleep if he find benefit by his sleep if the body be equally hot and soft if the tongue be not too dry if the urine be good But if when the signes of concoction appear and that there is much strength in a critical day there happen large Hemorrhodes or bleeding at the nose without doubt the sick escapeth For it is proper if there be any other of the pure burning Fevers that they should be cured by bleeding Yet sometimes they are determined by Sweats looseness of the belly vomits and imposthums But there are many Prognosticks of burning Fevers in Hippocrates in Prognosticis Porrheticus and Choacis praenotionibus and there are many expounded in the Institutions lib. 3. part 3. But by what means burning Fevers are to be cured appears by what hath been spoken of a Synocha bilosa with putrefaction and those things that shall be said of the cure of the continued Tertian shall make manifest CHAP. XIII Of continued Periodick Fevers in general and of a continued Tertian ANother kind of continued putred Fevers which they call in particular continued comprehends those Fevers Continus periodick Fevers which indeed continually remain and have no remission before they are plainly dissolved yet at certain periods they are exasperated whence they are called continued periodick and proportionated Fevers But as Fevers containing have their original from the blood appointed for nourishing the body so continued Periodicks their causes as also intermittints proceed from an excrementitious humour and Cacochymie Therefore continued Periodicks agree in this with Fevers containing that both their causes are contained in the vena cava but with intermittents in this that both proceed from excrementitious humours But they differ from Fevers containing in that they proceed from alimentary blood these from an excrementitious humour From intermittent because the matter which is the cause of continued Periodicks is generated in the second concoction and contained in the vena cava But that matter which is the cause of intermitting Fevers is contained in the first concoction or certainly in those parts which are about the liver which are not appointed for perfect sanguification Namely the matter of continued Periodick Fevers is generated in the Organs of the second concoction if for any cause whatsoever it be not rightly performed For then the peccant humours generated in the second concoction are sent with the blood into the veins which there stirreth up these continued periodick Fevers Which matter since it is not only confused with the blood as in intermitting Fevers The reason of its continuity but from the very first original is mixed therewith throughly Nature also cannot expell it before concoction and therefore the Fever from the beginning continually lasteth Yet these Fevers have exasperations at set times because that from the instruments of the second concoction fresh matter which is the cause of these periods is afforded and indeed for the most part from the liver Whence also continued Tertians are most frequent These Fevers are generally known because they never come to apurexie Signs yet at certain periods they are increased and remitted Neither doth cold trembling nor shaking fits precede their exasperation neither doth sweat follow their remission There are three kinds of these Fevers For some are exasperated each other day Differences and proceed from Choller and are called Tertians continued Others every day which are caused by Phlegm and are called continued quotidians Others the fourth day which arise from Melancholy and are called Quartans continued First a tertian continued is a putred Fever A Tertian continued arising from blood with ill juyce and choller putrefying in the vena cava indeed continued but afflicting most the third day The causes of this Fever are all things which can increase store of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins The cause and being cumulated there of cholerick Cacochymy in the veins and being cumulated there can introduce putrefaction such as are before propounded This Fever is
thus known Signs in that it is continued and the third day it is exasperated Yet there are present other signes and Symptomes of continued and burning Fevers But what is to be hoped concerning their event Prognosticks is manifest from things which are spoken of the Prognosticks of burning Fevers Concerning the indications for cure Cure this Fever if it be pure since it is exceeding hot and burning and the cause thereof hot and dry it requires extraordinary cooling and moistening and indeed more then any other Fever The humour it self indicates evacuation but crudity for the most part forbids it but if the Fever be spurious regard is together to be had to the humour which is mixed with choller if the Symptomes need it they are to be resisted likewise Therefore a vein is to be opened so that the strength will permit it by which means both some part of the peccant humour may be evacuated Opening a vein and the blood cooled and revell'd from the more noble parts And nature her self sometimes useth to make evacuation by the nose in the beginning of these Fevers whereby the Fever is wont to be abated but the vein should be opened in the cubit forthwith in the beginning or certainly in the augmentation and blood is to be taken in such plenty as the strength of the patient requires But you are not to appoint purgation unless the matter be turged Lenitives Yet 't is very necessary that the belly and first passages be evacuated before a vein be opened but the medicines which perform that ought to be cold and moist not hot or if they are hot they should be tempered with the mingling of cold Afterwards altering namely Alteratives cooling and moistening medicines are to be exhibited both which prepare the humour appointed by nature for concoction such as are Syrrup of Sorrel simple Oxymel simple compound Oxysauharum simple Syrrup of Sorrel Wood-sorrel the juice of Lemmon Pomegranate the accidity of Endive Cichory Violets Gooseberries the four greater cold seeds Purcelane Lettice thâ— flowers of Water-lillies Santalum Water of barley Sorrele Endive Cichory Strawberries Water-lillies Purcelane spec Diamargariti frigidi and such like to which for the resisting of putrefaction and hindring inflamation may be added Spirit of Vitriol and Salt Nitre prepared is also commended If Phlegm be mixed opening and attenuating things are to be added such as the roots of Fennel Sparagus graminis and medicines prepared of them In leek colour'd aeruginous choller John Langius l. 3. epist 1. c. 4. commends Chrystal Topical medicines are also profitable to mitigate the heat as Epithems Oyles and Unguents made of cooling things Topicks which should be applied to the heart liver or back Yet you must be careful that you close not the pores of the skin thereby and hinder transpiration and therefore before the height they are seldom used unless it be when the heat is equally distributed through the whole body and it is more commodious if they are applied hot then cold The matter being concocted that nature might be strengthned and stimulated to expulsion and that the matter might be expelled either by stool or sweat the Ancients used great quantities of cold drinks as Galen teacheth 9. meth cap. 5. and 4. de rat vict in acut 12. But if so be that after concoction nature do not institute evacuation Purgation it is to be done by the Physician with Syrrup of Roses and Violets solutive the pulp of Tamarindes Manna Rubarb Trypheta Persica such as have Scamony in them are not to be admitted yet sometimes some of Electuarii rosati Mesua de psyllio and of juice of Roses may be given For causing Urine in these Fevers an emulsion is profitable prepared of the four great cold seeds Diureticks with the whey of Goats milk or barly and strawberry water or with a decoction of the roots of Parsley Sweats also ought to be provoked with medicines proper for that purpose Sydorificks which hereafter shall be mentioned amongst malignant Fevers Diet ought to be thin but according as the height of the disease is neerer or farther off Dyet it ought to be thicker or thinner The meat and drink ought to be cooling and moistening whence a Ptisan is profitable in these Fevers the rest should be seasoned with juice of Lemmon and Pomgranates The drink should bâ— barley water or water boiled with the juice of Lemmon or Pomegranates and suggar or small beer The air should be cold and if it be not so by nature it should be prepared by art If Phlegm be mingled with choller and the Fever be a continued Tertian or burning Notha blood is to be taken away more sparingly In the preparation of humours those things are to be added which attenuate Phlegm Agarick is to be mixed with the Purgers CHAP. XIV Of a continued Quotidian A Continued Quotidian vulgarly called Latica because it hath a certain hidden and obscure heat A continued Quotidian is indeed a Fever continually lasting yet having every day exasperations arising from indigested phlegmatick humours in the vena cava The cause of this Fever is Phlegm mixed with blood in the vena cava and there putrifying Cause and therefore those fall into these Fevers which are of such an age and nature as that their bodies are moister as children and infants as also old men and such as have grosser bodies and are given to their bellies and to idleness and dwell in moist places but not young men and such as are cholerick The signs of continued periodick Fevers are also manifest in this Fever only the violence is most about the evening Signs The heat first is gentle a little afterwards more sharp and sometimes seems to abate and sometimes to increase by reason of the thickness of the phlegm which purrisieth The pulses are not so thick and frequent the urine is not so fiery and red as in other Fevers but thicker nor are the other Symptomes so vehement as in other Fevers Concerning the event 1. Prognosticks This Fever by reason of the thickness of the humour is long and hard to be cured and therefore dangerous And by how much the thicker the phlegm is by so much the more violent and durable so that it is not ended before the swetieth or sixtieth day and the beginning is scarce past before the twentieth 2. It continueth lesser time where many evacuations happen That which is pure is also longer then that which is mixed with choller and by how much the worser Symptomes are present and the strength weaker by so much the greater danger there is which if they are not health is to be hoped for 3. By reason of the duration of the Fever and weakness of the Liver the sick for the most part fall into Cachexy and Dropsie As to the cure this Fever is more dangerous in respect of the cause then of its heat Cure and therefore since it
depends on phlegm that is to be heat attenuated cut and afterwards being concocted and prepared evacuated and regard is to be had of the strength principally of the stomack and Liver Therefore in the beginning the stomack and first ways are to be opened and evacuated by Clisters and lenitive medicines Lenitives or else the matter inherent in the stomack is to be ejected by vomit Opening a vein But although the cause of this Fever be cold yet because it is mixed with blood and putrifieth some blood may be taken away by opening of a vein in case that the urine be thick and red and that the strength will bear it and the age that nature may be eased of some part of her burthen Afterwards preparation concoction of the matter is to be endeavored with attenuating things which do not heat much Preparing and altering therefore in the beginning use Syrrup of Sorrel simple with honey of roses Oxymel simple Syrrup of Hysop Bittony with the water or decoction of Maiden-hair Sparagus Grass Fennel Hysop and medicines prepared of those plants also Spirit of Vitriol and Salt When any signs of concoction have appeared you may exhibite some gentle Purger of phlegm Purging of Agarick the leaves of Senna and such like Hence you must come to stronger preparing and purging things and so the matter which cannot be evacuated at once is to be prepared concocted and evacuated at several times And because a pure continued Quotidian seldom happens but that either choller or melancholy is intermixed we are to look to these humours also and to adde Cichory Burrage Provoke urine and Sweat Fumitory Rubarb and the leaves of Senna After the greatest part of the matter is evacuated the remainder is to be emitted by urine and sweat using such medicines as occasion the same But since that by reason of the duration of the disease the stomack and liver are especially offended Strengthening Medicines things that corroborate these parts are to be administred troches of Woâ—mwood of Rubarb of Roses with the powders of aromatici rosati and diaxyaloes The Diet ought to be attenuating Dyet cutting and clensing the meats therefore ought to be of good juice easie of concoction and affording little excrement Fish are not proper in this Fever the flesh should be seasoned with Parsley Fennel Time Hysop Savory Rosemary Cinamon In the beginning nourish somewhat more plentifully that the sick may endure to the height of the disease but when 't is neer the state abate aliment by degrees Yet if crudities be in the stomack and first passages by sparing dyet the three first days they may be abated and consumed afterwards such a dyet as we have mentioned may be observed In the beginning the sick should abstain from wine and in its stead use water and honey yet if by custom it be required give it small and mixed with water Small beer is also convenient when concoction appears wine is more safely administred whereby the concoction is assisted the stomack strengthened and the humours driven out by urine Of the Fever Epiala THe Fever called the Epiala is referred to continued putred Fevers The Fever Epiala which it self is indeed continued and quotidian yet differs from the other Quotidians in this that the sick at the same time endure heat and cold and the heat and cold together are dispersed through the smallest particles of the whole body as Galen teacheth de inaeq intemperie cap. 8. and 2. de diff Febr. c. 6. Galen in the place newly quoted draws this Fever from acid and vitrious phlegm puttrefying Cause yet in his book of an unequal distemper cap. 8. he addeth bitter choller whence he infers that since heat and cold are perceived together in one place it argues mixture of phlegm and choller in another place he determines it to arise from vitreous phlegm part whereof putrifying exciteth heat the other not putrifying causeth trembling and cold Yet Platerus refers them to intermitting Fevers and says that Epialaes are generated when intermitting Fevers happen together in one and the same day and the cold of the one beginneth before the heat of the other be ended or moreover when intermitting Fevers concur with continued and the heat of the continued always remains but the intermittent Fever coming a trembling and cold fit is occasioned The cure of this Fever differs not much from the cure of other Fevers arising from phlegm The Cure only that it requires stronger attenuating and cutting medicines because there is greater frigidity and crudity in this then in the rest also though the humour it self seem to require stronger Purgers yet the weak cannot bear them and therefore evacuation by degrees is to be appointed Of the Syncopal Fever MOreover to these Fevers belongs a Syncopal Fever commonly called a humorous Fever Syncopal Fever in which there is more of pituitous and crude humours then in other Fevers that are phlegmatick and moreover a debility of the orifice of the stomack is adjoyned whence the sick easily fall into a Syncope especially when the Fever begins This Fever is hard to be cured since the sick by reason of their extreme weakness and danger of continual soundings cannot endure necessary evacuations The Prognostick and especially if the pulse be weak small and unequal the Fever is exceeding dangerous But evacuations are most properly occasioned by frictions as Galen teacheth in his twelfth of the method of curing cap. 3. Cure Clysters and Lenitives also with medicines opening the first passages only and causing no commotion of the other humours The first passages being opened and cleansed we come to preparing and evacuating humours as in other Fevers petuitous and medicines to prevent the sounding fits are also to be administred The meats should be not much thin as to substance easie of concoction Diet. and generating as little phlegm as may be and they are to be taken often The drink should be wine which hath power to nourish heat and attenuate and doth not increase phlegm Hydromel is also good wherein Hysop hath been boiled CHAP. XV. Of a continued Quartane LAstly a continued Quartane is a Fever A continued quartan whose heat is indeed continued yet the fourth day 't is exasperated it proceeds from melancholy mixed with blood putrifying in the vena cava The cause is a melancholy humour putrefying in the vena cava The cause hence all things that can generate melancholy and crowd it into the vena cava and putresie are the causes of this Fever It is known by its continued heat the Diagnosticks raging the fourth day without trembling fear or shaking fits going before or sweats following afterwards the pulse in the beginning is small and slow afterwards great full and swifter then in an intermitting Fever wherein 't is most intended in the height This is the rarest of all Fevers â—â—ognosticks but dangerous and far more desperate then
vapours cannot be transmitted to the heart and so a Febris Lenta is stirred up which therefore is unequal and keeps no certain order This Fever is the gentlest of all and molesteth not the sick with any grievous Symptome so that the sick oftentimes thinks himself well In the mean while the strength decayes that the sick can scarce go forward and the body is no ways refreshed by aliment but wasteth by degrees whence sometimes this Fever is accounted with an Hectick and therefore when there is any suspition of this Fever in the first place we must diligently search the Hypocondries and Hypogastries to try whether any tumor be to be discerned in any of them some signs of putrefaction also will appear in the urine and discover themselves in the Pulse This Fever is more durable and goes beyond the terms of other Fevers and often endeth not in fourty days nor is it gone until the humour fastened to the interal be consumed The third sort of Symptomatical Fevers is Fevers from putrefaction of interals that which ariseth from the putrefaction of any interal from whence putred vapours through the veins inserted might be sent to the heart heat that and might stir up a continued Fever whereby the body by degrees might be extenuated and wither And this Fever is sometimes more violent sometimes more mild according as the putrefaction is more or less This often happens in putrefaction of the lungs in such as are Phthisical so 't is found that the Caul or Kell Mesentery Womb and other parts are corrupted and thence a Fever kindled In like manner from Fistulaes penetrating into the internal parts a Febris lenta being stirred up it is observed that some do consume and waste The fourth kind of Symptomatical Fevers is when either from corrupt milk From corrupt milk Putrified blood Worms which often happens in Infants or from blood putrifying somewhere without the vessels or from worms putred vapours are communicated to the heart that is heated and a Fever irritated To these may be referred that Fever which ariseth from crudity which is familiar amongst little children from their eating of sweet things which hath with it a tumor and inflammation of the Hypocondries which the Germans call Das Herngespam from the abundance of crude humours collected in the stomack and neighbouring parts which begin to putrefie and are turned into wind Diagnâ—stick signs Symptomatical Fevers properly so called are known by this that they come after diseases of private parts and the first sort of these Fevers is known from hence because it follows an inflammation of some certain part as on the contrary Fevers called Comitatae first appear and invade with rigor and trembling to which afterwards a Fever happens But those Lentae or slow Fevers are known by their slow heat wherewith notes of putrefaction in the urine and pulse appear the sick are weak scarce able to go the body wasteth by little and little and the Fever is lengthened for the most part beyond fourty days they are tormented by the use of purging But when the cause of these Fevers is hidden 't is very hardly to be distinguished and therefore the Hypocondries and other internal parts are to be observed with great diligence and we are to enquire whether any tumor or pain be to be found there But those which arise from the putrefaction of any part are more easily known nor indeed can the corruption of the part be hidden unless it be ignoble So that Fever which proceeds from corrupt milk or blood is easily known by its signs as also that which ariseth from crudity is manifest from their loathing things blowing up and swelling of the Hypocondries Although these Fevers in respect of themselves for the most part are not dangerous because they are mild The Prognostick yet in regard of their causes on which they depend we ought to doubt whether they are dangerous or not as also whether they are long or short for those which follow an inflammation of any part are short since that the inflammation it self cannot be long but the danger of them depends on the inflammation The Febres Lentae are for the most part long and often continue more then fourty days And although not by their violence yet by their duration they debilitate the strength they are cured also with difficulty because their cause pertinaciously inheres in some interal Those Fevers are very dangerous and seldom curable which come from the corruption and putrefaction of any part because the part can seldom be cured But those Fevers which proceed from corrupted mill and blood worms or crudity are often acute and dangerous and bring with them grievous Symptomes as Epilepsies Convulsions yet they last not long neither are they hard to be cured but the cause being taken away they cease The way of cure ought to be aimed at by striking at the cause whereon it depends The Cure If therefore a Symptomatical Fever depend on an inflammation of any part the cure is to be directed to the inflammation it self which being cured the Fever ceaseth And therefore most remedies which are convenient to asswage inflammations are here useful Yet in regard of the part affected the way of cure sometimes differs the part affected is diligently to be weighed Whereof it shall be spoken in the cure of particular affects The Febres Lentae since they proceed from extraordinary obstructions of the bowels require opening attenuating and deterging medicines And such are to be chosen as are appropriated to each part and such as strengthen the tone of the interals which for the most part is debilitated yet by intervalls gentle purgation may be used Neither are Diureticks to be omitted in their season Externally also if the part affected will bear it Emollients and Discutients are to be applied If the Symptomatical Fever proceed from the corruption and putrefaction of any part that cure is to be instituted which agreeth to Ulcers and Fistulaes of the internal parts If it be occasioned by corrupt milk or blood Worms or crude and corrupt meats we are to endeavour that those causes be taken away conveniently either by vomit or cleansing and evacuating medicines and together to resist putrefaction and fevourish heat In the cure of accompanied Fevers we are to look no less to the Fever then that conjunct disease or companion and the metion of nature is not to be impeded The cure of accompanied Fevers least the peccant humour retained in the body should cause more danger and therefore although it be not profitable to hinder an inflammation when 't is beginning Yet the humour that is the cause or that evil is also to be evacuated which is most conveniently done for the most part by breathing of a vein which together affords evacuation and revulsion Yet it shall be profitable also to empty the firft passages since that oftentimes the matter is gather'd together in them and since the matter for the
how the matter which is the cause of a new Paroxism is generated and so the cause of Paroxisms and the recourse of intermitting Fevers is explained But what the reason is why these Fevers return at set times some sooner some later is now another question and that most intricate which is easier to ask then answer But that we may here forbear to recite the opinions of others which are very many we will mention only that which seems most probable to us so far as in this humane dimness of our understanding in so obscure a business we are able to discover And first that Fevers keep such certain periods experience doth manifest whereby it appeareth that some Fevers return the third some the fourth day and that oftentimes it observes not only the same hour but minute of invasion although the fits may somtimes anticipate somtimes retard for certain reasons But the cause why paroxisms return at certain times we conceive is to be sought from the diversity of humours For those effects as Valleriola saith in any one sort of things which perpetually agree to the things and are made in the like manner into what body and at what time soever they happen to come these are to be referred to the proper substance of that of the which they are made but to make return through certain days and to irritate accessions both agrees perpetually to humors and the recourses in this manner alwaies at equal intervals unless a perverting of the order of periods happen from else-where are made Therefore it shall be from such or such a nature of humours that the recourse shall be made in the same sort namely the causes of periods and intermitting Fevers are excrementitious humours Choler Melancholy Flegme and those Fevers which return the third day proceed from a Cholerick humour those on the fourth from Melancholy those that come every day so that they are not double Tertians proceed from Flegme Yet the cause of periods cannot be drawn simply from humours but as they acquire a peculiar quality from putrefaction or corruption by reason whereof at a certain time they wax hot and begin to be moved For sithence this effect is definite and determinate which carries it self alike in all individuals 't is necessary that it have a certain definite and determinate cause in all individuals that are alike which since that neither disposition of parts nor quantity of humours for we see that although the store of matter decreaseth and the fits are become shorter nevertheless they do return at their usual time nor manifest quality of humour thickness viscidity tenuity or some such like which useth to vary can be a quality we must needs fly to a peculiar and proper quality and nature of a humour which also when it is changed the form of the Fever it self is changed for when Choler is turned into Melancholy the Fever which used to come the third day cometh on the fourth and this quality also may afterwards remain in the humour when the putrefaction ceaseth and the Fever depending thereon Whence as Fornelius in his to of Fevers witnesseth the torments of the Cholick Pains of the Joynts and such like diseases arising after long continued Tertians and Quartans do likewise keep certain periods by reason of that disposition which they have received from the corruption or putrefaction of the humours Yet if any one be willing to determine that the said occult propriety is derived Order of the fits not from corruption only but that celestial causes do also concur to its generation I will not much contend with him for we see that principally about the Solstices and Aequinoctials such Fevers especially the most durable of them do begin and end But although Fevers keep certain periods yet there is a certain difference in them also for somtimes the fit returns just at the expected time somtimes the following paroxisme returns sooner then the former which form is called proleptick somtimes the following fit comes later then the former and that form is called Hysterick and indeed somtimes through the whole course of the disease such a form is observed and oftentimes from the beginning of a Fever until the end of the same the paroxismes anticipate or come after the expected time but somtimes in some there is anticipation in some post pofition otherwise the fits comes at the same time For the most part they say The cause of anticipation and coming late that anticipation happens when the humours by some error in diet are augmented or are moved by medicines anger exercise and such like causes But the fits return flower when the matter is diminished or thickned Which indeed when the accustomary paroxisme is changed that it may be so as we do not deny so when the Fever keeps always some certain form either proleptick or hysterick the cause rather seems to be taken from the diversity of the humour for although Choler according to its manner being corrupted is the cause of a Tertian Melancholy of a Quartan yet Choler and Melancholy according to the diversity of Bodies and Temperaments do oftentimes vary somthing Hence also it happens that although that putred leaven or occult quality introduced by choler be the cause of the circuit of a Tertian Melancholy being brought in of a Quartan yet according to the difference of a humour it may happen so that the effervescence or fervency of humours may come sooner or later by some hours Concerning the longitude or brevity of some Paroxisms that depends on the paucity or plenty of matter The cause of the length of Fits disposition of the humours and body For a plentiful quantity of humours is the cause of a longer fit then a small so a thick humour causeth a longer then a thin since it cannot be so soon discussed as a thin If the strength of the body be great which can more easily discuss what is offensive then theirs who are weak the shorter fit followeth Also a thinner constitution of body as being more apt for the discussing of the matter is the cause of a shorter fit a thicker of a longer And when all the causes which occasion a short paroxism concur a very short fit is raised But when all those that produce a long are present the paroxism is extream long When certain causes are present which make a short fit and some are wanting of them an indifferent betwixt both happens And so much of the nature place and motion of the proximate cause which exciteth intermittent Fevers The more remote causes of intermitting Fevers But the more remote causes and those things which conduce to the generation and corruption of that matter in the Meseraick veins are meat and drink of evil juice but yeilding matter for peccant humours answering to their own nature and an ill disposition of stomack whereof meats turn into choler or become sour an intemperate constitution of Ayr for although divers humours are generated
in different bodies naturally yet if there be great vehemency of manifest causes even in bodies of different constitutions they may produce the same humours and diseases depending on them As for the difference of intermitting Fevers Difference they proceed from the diversity of humours for there are so many sorts of intermitting Fevers as there are of humours by which they are produced for there are according to the vulgar opinion three sorts of excrementitious humours Choler Flegme and Melancholy and so three kinds of intermitting Fevers Bilious Pituitous and Melancholy which differences we usually call a Tertian intermittent a quotidian intermittent and a quartane intermittent And in case those humours are sincere pure Fevers are generated if they are mixed spurious And that Fever which proceeds from pure Choler is called a pure Tertian but that which ariseth from yellow Choler mixt with some other humour is called a Bastard Tertian But concerning a quotidian intermittent Of a quotidian whether any be the matter is not so plain For Fernelius accounts this the rarest of all other and scarce one of them happens amongst six hundred and that those intermittent Fevers which daylie afflict for the most part he rather accounts them double Tertians But Platerus flatly denies a Quotidian Fever and wholly agreeth with Galen 8. Meth. med cap. 5. where he appoints only a twofold crudity the one nitrous the other acid and they only seem to afford matter for two sorts of Fevers Cholerick and Melancholy For although Flegme also according to preheminency and most principally be called a crude humour yet since it is exceeding cold it can scarcely putrifie and excite a Fever But whether there are more circuits of Fevers Whether there are Quintan Fevers and whether besides Tertians Quartans and if there be any such thing as Quotidians there are also other Fevers which are extended beyond the fifth circuit is doubtful Galen saw no such Nevertheless Hypocrates and other Physitians observed Fevers which returned the fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth day But what the cause of this course is is very obscure Some seek the cause of such fits out of the diverse constitution of Choler and Melancholy and Andreas Caesalpinus Art Med. lib. 2. cap. 15. refers Quintans to Choler Septanes to Melancholy and determines such flower returns of Fits to be a kind of renewing of one or more simple accessions and the Quintan to be a kind of Tertian wherein the third day is without a paroxism and a Septan to be a sort of Quartan renewing the accession of the fourth day But most derive the reason of these circuits from the various mixture of Melancholy humours with others But although it be probable that all these Fevers as keeping longer periods proceed from a Melancholy humour yet a mixture of that humour seems not necessary Because no humour can be appointed to be mixed with a Melancholy which can be a cause of a slower period then it self for those humours both Cholerick and Melancholy are not alwaies of the same sort and moreover the corruption also which they suffer is not alwaies the same so that it is no wonder that the effect also varies which proceeding from them is not alwaies the same And as in epidemical diseases somtimes rare and wonderful corruptions of humours happen so in Intermittents that some such thing may likewise happen is not altogether absurd Intermitting Fevers are easily known Diagnostick signs for they come to Apurexie and at certain times and indeed as Galen 1. ad Glaucan cap. 5.2 de crisib cap. 3. 2. de diff Febr. cap. 3. teacheth they return with shaking horror or cold For although that somtimes Fevers do occur which seem intermittent and invade without any rigour trembling or cold yet really they are not such but only slow and obscure continued ones or in case they are really intermittent they are not pure whose Idea Galen propounds but spurious But these Fevers are less dangerous then continued Prognosticks and seldome unless the strength be decayed or in regard of age or some other cause or some errour committed in diet are mortal sithence it may be convenient during the apurexie to gather strength and administer necessary medicines Concerning the cure of these Fevers in general Indications and Cure Since their cause is collected and generated in the meseraick veins there putrifies and thence is diffused over all the body and at length is discussed by insensible transpiration or sweats But the cause of the recourse of the Fever as Galen teacheth 2. de Febr. cap. the last is a twofold vitious disposition in a body the one a certain pollution or putrifaction left after the former paroxisme the other imbecility of the member or part generating excrementitious humours what therefore is to be done in each sort of Fever easily appears from hence For sithence the beginning of generation and corruption of humours producing a Fever is in the first passages Purging we are to endeavour to purge out that peccant humour before it corrupts the rest of the blood and brings weakness and a vitious disposition to the parts but we must proceed warily in those evacuations since there is not the same reason of all intermitting Fevers For when that vitious and excrementious humour the cause of a Fever in the meseraicks is mixed with blood crudity also and concoction according to their manner are necessary whereby the vitious humours may be separated from the good and rendred fit for evacuation and that often happens in a short time in Fevers full of Choler and the cholerick humour is otherwise apt enough to motion But in a Quartan the humour is more stubborn and moreover according to Galen 1. ad Glau. cap. 11. no strong medicine is easily to be admitted at the beginning And Sudorifiques are not at all or altogether to be used Sweats unless evacuations have preceded for if many vitious and excrementitious humours do hitherto abide in the first ways it may easily come to pass that by reason of hydroticks untimely exhibited they may be detruded thence to the more noble parts and may become the cause of various and grievous evils and such as may bring more danger then the Fever it self As for breathing of a vein Letting blood 't is not indicated from the primary cause of intermitting Fevers which is generated in the meseraick veins where the greatest part abideth Yet because that somtimes blood also abounds which may easily be corrupted and polluted by the vitious humours and so if it be too plentiful cannot be well governed by nature when it is weakned by a Fever and in the progress of the disease from thence some of the peccant matter passeth into the vena cava and is mixed with the blood it is somtimes needful to open a vein which nevertheless is not to be appointed presently in the beginning before the evacuation of the primary passages If the Fever be not cured by
nutrition is a coagulation of aliment but in augmentation there is a motion of Extension of the whole of every part therof it differs also in regard of the end which in Nutrition is only a restoration of that which is taken away but in Augmentation an acquiring or a getting of a greatet magnitude to exercise perfectly all the necessary actions of our life and lastly in time for Nutrition dureth the whole time of our lives Augmentation to a certain time in our life For man as other living creatures doth not alwayes grow but to the certain time of his age which comes not to passe by reason of the soul which alwayes reteins its force and strength but by reason of the body especially of the bones which in processe of tims are so hardned that they are not apt to any farther extension of growth CHAP. X. Of Generation BUT since man although he be nourished cannot live perpetually and in individuals as other living Creatures also cannot indure to perpetuity The generative power the generative power is granted and given by the Creator of all things that mankind might be preserved and the third kind of Natural actions is Generation which by ejaculation of seed begets his like For although this faculty and Action be common to plants yet in man and other more perfect Creatures it requires greater preparation and distinction of sex as male and semale concur in Generation and it is necessary that both of them do some way help and conduce to Generation and the male not in himself but in another The distinction of Sexes The instruments of generation but the foemale in her self doth generate For the male ejaculates his prolifique sperm into the female womb which mingled with hers is cherished by the same it is also nourished and reteined until it hath the shape of a perfect man For which purpose the Creator hath made necessary Instruments for both Sexes for the male Testicles Vessels preparing and conducting sperm and a yard necessaâ—y to ejaculate it into the part most fit to receive it for the Females Stones seminary vessels and the womb There are two principles which concur to the Generation of a Child the seed of the male and female and the menstruous blood The Principles of generation Seed The seed is a body hot and moist full of that divine Spirit of the first Principles or Elements and proportionable to the Quintessence or Element whereof Stars were made fit for the propagation of the Soul and generation of a living Creature like it self and is getherated in the Stones whither the purest part of the blood Spirits and heat is sent through the Veins Arteries and Nerves from the remote parts of the body and is changed into a white frothy or slimy matter The male and female seed both confer seeing the same Instruments are appointed by nature for generating and semitting of sperm and the same cause efficient and the same â—matter in each for the forms of each alike do manifest themselves in the off-spring Blood although the power and force be greater in the male then the female But the menstruous blood is only the material principle wherefore it is ordered by the Creator that at the time when semales are apt and fit for procreation which for the most part is from the fourteenth till the five and fortieth year of their age that blood which the other parts wants not each month is sent to the womb to supply what may be wanting for a little one or if the female be not great may be by it evacuated Menstruous blood This menstruous blood of it self is not offensive nor is it expelled because it is hurtful but because it aboundeth in quantity but when it becomes pernicious 't is by reason of its remaining too long in the body by its comixture with other humours The forming of the young is caused by the Soul The formation of the young which is in the seed and there shews it self in two actions in putting life into the conception and forming of all the parts and the Soul as Scaliger writeth out of Themistius is its own architect which builds a convenient domicill for its own habitation But it receiveth this power from the Creator whose Instruments and hands as it were the Souls are and he hath given this energy to them at the Creation of them then which nothing can be more wonderful to be thought on The Generative faculty hath two others whereby it performs its Office The Alterative and Formative The Alterative The Formative The Alterative is that which changeth the generative matter into the substance of the young and all its parts the formative is that which Forms all the members and gives them their quantity figure number place and the rest The Instrument which the Soul and formative power useth is the formative or plastick heat or that Spirit proportionable to the Element of the Stars for the seeds being received into the womb are mingled together reteined cherished and the power which lyes hidden in the seed is stirred up by the innate heat of the womb and then a Conception is said to be made Conception and then begins a sending forth of the instruments of the body to be made then is it called a Conception which commonly is said to continue til the seventh day But first of all The order of frameing Firs the membrances whereof are framed two Chorion Amnios The Secondine The Spermatick parts are described together Theumbilisall vessels The Veins belonging to the Navel Two Artcries Urachus The time of formation the membranes about the Child are formed by which the seed is shut in and the Spirit and heat thereof is covered and as it were intrenched They are two in number the first is called Chorion and covers the whole Child and is fastened to the vessels belonging to the Navel by their intervening the whole cleaveth to the womb the other coare doth immediately cover the Child and is called Amnios These two coats in the birth seem to be one as it were and come forth after the Child and are therefore called the Afferbirth But the solid and Spermatick parts shall be explained in the first place and afterwards according to their nobleness and as necessity requires the rest shall be perfectly shewn The Infant in the womb doth not take that nourishment which it receiveth by the mouth but from the Mother for the receiving whereof there are appointed by nature four vessels belonging to the Navel namely a Vein which is a branch which comes from the Gate-vein which is as it were the infants nurse two Arteries branches arisen from the Iliak Vein by which the Infant breaths although later Authors who teach us that the vital Spirits by which the Child breaths proceed not from the Mother but from the Child 's own heart do assign another use to the said Iliak branches to wit that
generation of flegme if they have preceded Flegme of which above Lib 2. part 2. ch 4. Moreover those which abound with flegme are dul flow lazy and unapt for motion more stupid in their senses dullet of apprehension propense to sleep and sleep more soundly they dream of waters and raine snow haile ice and of drowning their manners are unbeseeming they are not easily angry the pulse is little dul thin and soft they are not troubled with thirst their desire is weaker they are affected with cold diseases moist and durable they send forth many flegmatick excrements and abound with spittle their urine is white pale sometimes thin sometimes thick and troubled their dejected ordure is crude pituitous the whole body is thick white soft and more cold to the touch heating and drying things cutting and atenuating and evacuating flegme advantage them they easily indure fasting On the other side all cooling and moistning things and thickning and those which retaine and increase Flegme offend them if the Flegme be sour all those signes are the more vehement but salt Flegme is known from the preceding causes of which is spoken before thirst is present a salt taste those things which are cast out are crude but withall biting Moderate salt things delight them too much drying and heating things hurt them Choler is known to abound if the causes Of Choller and dispositions of the body have gone before which conduce to the generation of Choler proposed before lib 2. part 2. chap 9 as if a man be not drowsie but watchful if he dreame of fire thunder and lightning and contentions and is ful of activity in motion and rash or precipitate in consultation is easily angry the pulse vehement swift frequent hard if his concoction be depraved and turned into a nitrous crudity if the appetite of meat be less then the appetite of drink hot and dry diseases afflict him and those which have a swift motion and symptomes arising from choler if the urine be yellow and splendid the excrements coloured with cholour the habit of the body is dry and leane and carries with it lively heat the colour of the body is yellow cold and moist things and such as purge choller as also acid things delight them hot and dry things as also fasting hurts them Melancholy is known to abound from the causes and dispositions going before Melancholy propounded aboue lib 2. part 2. chap 6. For what belongs to the consequences those which abound with a melancholy humour are silent full of thoughts stable and pertinacious and slow to anger who nevertheless are not easily pacified their sleep is turbulent perplext with horrid and terrible dreams they are sad and fearful without any manifest cause they have a little pulse dul thin and indifferent hard their colour is yellow dun or duskie almost black they desire meat and Venery moderately they are void of thirst and abound with spittle they make much Urine and if none of the melancholy be evacuated therewith it is thin and white or if some of it flow with it it is thick and black and they sweat plentifully in their sleep the Hemorhoids either flow or are suppressed much wind is in the body and they are apt to four belchings the habit of the body is lean sharp and hard the colour yellow the spleen sometimes swels and grows hard within them tubercles appear in the veins and they are affected with other melancholy diseases Black choler is a signe of yellow choler and melancholy mixed together Black Choler and the indications of melancholy appear but joyned with manifest signes of heat whence madness a canker a Leaprosie and such like diseases arise Aboundance of serous Humours are collected Of the serous humor not only from the antecedent causes whereof we have spoken before but also from a somewhat moist and pale body and the Urine is crude and aqueous Moreover Winde winds discover themselves by those signes which are reckned above in the lib 2 part 2 chap 7 moreover fluctuations rumblings tumblings in the guts and Hypochondrias are perceived and switching pains without gravity wandring such as suddenly arise suddenly vanish also a humming and buzzing in the ears pantings of some parts of the body belching breaking wind backward or in the paunch are discovered and the Urines are frothy Malignant and pestilent humors Poysons how they may be known is spoken amongst fevers but the signes that poison is drank are if any biting happen in the stomack or guts to any sound man after eating and drinking and if the belly or stomack be moved to expel and their colour within six hours turn yellow and spottie if the extream parts of the body grow cold and swounding palpitation of the heart and swelling happens but if one be hurt by the biting of any living creature or with a prick or sting or froth and the offended part should mortifie become putred should be inflamed and swel and the paine be great and those symptomes before mentioned appear it is a token that the living creature was venemous CHAP. III. Of the Signes of Diseases SOme signes of diseases indicate the kind of diseases Causes what diseases they shew others the magnitude others the manner and they are taken from those three fountains the causes those things which necessarily inhere and the effects of the causes and what force each hath is spoken of in lib 2. part 2 Disposition of the body and therefore if any causes are present or hath gone before it is a signe of a disease which that cause is apt to produce but amongst the causes the dispositions or inclinations of the body are to be weighed which are apt to produce this or that kinde of disease for every body either fals into a disease like its own constitution sooner then contrary to it and that disposition depends on the age sex course of life and manner of dyet Neither are those things to be past over which help and hinder for if hot things are advantagious cold things are mischeivous and a cold disease is understood the contrary comes to pass if the disease be hot the same reason is of other tempers also Out of those things essentially inhering Essentially inhering or in the proper essence diseases are easily known in the external parts and are obvious to the senses but diseases of the internal parts although they may be known by those things which essentially inhere yet not immediatly but others coming between so a tumour of the bowels is known by the skin mediating which is lifted up by the subjacent parts and it self is become swolne As for what belongs to the effects and symptomes Effects and symptomes an action that is hurt if it be not by some external error it signifies that a disease is present in that part whence the action is hindred and indeed an action abolished and diminished signifies a cold distemper
these evacuations we are to endeavour that the causes of the returns of fits may be taken away and moreover two things remain to be done namely that that disposition and weakness of the part generating vitious humours may be taken away which is performed by altering medicines which together correct the fault of the humour and discuss that pollution and those seeds which were left out of the putrifaction of humours and indeed that paroxisms depend on that pollution and that when it is taken away the Fever ceaseth appeareth from hence That whilst that is driven by nature to the circumference of the body out of the veins and that Pustules are raised about the lips nose and other parts of the face the Fever ceaseth Wann der Mundt oder die Nase auss schiaget But 't is principally taken away by Sudorifiques yet there are also certain other medicines known both to Physitians and to the vulgar Febrifuga which take away feverish fits and therefore are called Febrilia Puretagoga and such as specifically cause and are called The flight of a Fever or Febrifuga which nevertheless cause no sweat but without doubt some other way take away that seed and by consequence the paroxism such as commonly are accounted the powder of burnt shells of Cockles or Snails or of the Pearl bearing shels or mother of pearl calcined of River Crabs and principally their eyes which are so called prepared and such like But how they perform this is not explained by Authors That I may speak my own opinion such like medicines seem by a certain precipitation to take away that force of heating and stirring up a paroxism which is in the humours to which Opiats seem to belong yet such like cannot be given safely unless the vitious humours and those things which may afford the reason of the antecedent cause be first taken away for otherwise those things which may be expell'd by nature when it is irritated in a paroxisme are left in the body and afterwards may become the cause of a Chachexie Dropsie Jaundies Cholick pains and of other griâ—vous evils Externally also are applied certain medicines to cure intermitting Fevers of Cobwebs oyl of Spiders and certain vesicatories Topical Medicines which without doubt that which they do is performed by drawing out and evacuating of that Feverish corruption and pollution CHAP. XVIII Of Intermitting Fevers in particular and first of an Intermitting Tertian AFter we have handled intermitting Fevers in general An intermitting Tertian we will now go through them in particular amongst them the most frequent is a Tertian intermitting which ariseth from Choler putrifying in the meseraick veins But there is a certain difference of these Fevers for first It s difference Choler it self out of which these Fevers are generated is not of the same kind for somtimes the choler is like to that natural choler which afterwards is collected in the Galls bladder somtimes it is preternatural green and aeruginous such as somtimes by those that are Feverish is evacuated by vomit or stool Moreover Choler either putrifies alone or else hath some other humour mixt with it Flegme or Melancholy that causeth a pure this a bastard Tertian They differ also in respect of duration for if the fits are not extended beyond twelve hours they are wont to be called pure tertians but in case the Fit be extended above twelve hours they are no more called exquisite and pure tertians but either simply tertians or spurious tertians and when the paroxism is extended above twenty four hours they are called extense tertians but this is occasioned either by the thinness or thickness plenty or paucity of the humour For by how much the Choler is thinner or lesser by so much the sooner 'tis discussed but by how much the thicker or more mixed with thick humours or the more plentiful by so much the longer the paroxism continueth The causes of this Fever are all those things which can generate excrementitious choler namely a hot and dry distemper The causes generating Choler signs of a true Tertian hot constitution of ayr cating of hot meats and drinking of hot drinks using of hot medicines watching fasting labour and too much exercise For although that in the Liver also yellow choler may be generated yet it is very often generated by the errour of the first concoction and fault of the meseraick vein therefore whether much choler be generated in the stomack by reason of meats or by default of the stomack and is carried to the meseraick veins with the chyle and there is heaped up and at length putrifieth a Fever is kindled If the causes generating Flegme and Melancholy be annexed to those that generate choler spurious tertians are bred This Fever presently invadeth A pure Tertian if it be pure with a shaking fit as it were pricking the flesh afterwards when the cold fit ceaseth presently much heat followeth sharp and biting and in its vigour is extended equally over the body whence the sick draw their breath much and are troubled with thirst The pulses in the beginning of a fit are little weak slow and thin but the fit increasing they become vehement swift frequent and in some measure hard and void of all inequalities besides Feverish When the fit comes to the height and the sick drinks many vapours are sent through the skin vomiting of choler followeth which oftentimes useth to happen after the cold fit also the belly is loosened choler is pissed out or somtimes more then these happen Afterwards a sweating out of hot vapours ensueth over the whole body and the pulse is swift great vehement such as theirs use to be who are over-heated by exercise The Urine is of a light red or deep yellow and afterwards hath a white cloud or suspension The fit lasteth not above twelve hours and the causes which generate melancholy have either gone before or are then present A bastard tertian is known from the causes which do not generate pure choler A spurious Tertian but to gather Flegm or Melancholy The heat is not so sharp as in a pure tertian but more mild neither is it presently diffused over the whole body Neither is this Fever dissolved by vomitting of yellow choler or by sweat but certain vapours go out in the declination and if any sweats come forth they either are not universal or if they are universal they cure not the Fever The Urine is not so fiery as in a pure tertian and the signs of concoction do not appear so soon in it The pulse in the beginning is hard and that hardness increaseth daylie until the seventh paroxism then by degrees it becomes softer and the Urines also appear more concocted The paroxism is often extended to eighteen hours and more yet somtimes to wit if the matter be less and Nature strong it is likewise terminated in twelve hours It endeth not in seven fits but often endureth till it comes to