have different blood in them the Vena Cava did spring from the Heart as the Vena Porta takes its rise from the Liver and that two sorts of blood were contained in those Veins though both of those sorts are labored and wrought in the Liver the one of these sorts of blood being sent into the Porta the other by a branch rooted in the Liver twice as smal as the Trunk of Vena Cava carried unto the Heart What kind of blood is circulated The blood which is contained in the Vena Porta is not circulated although it have a flux and reflux within its own Channels and communicate with the Caeliacal Arteries which are joyned one to another by mutual Anastomoses Within those Vessels the blood may pass to and fro reciprocally but it does not run out according to the longitude of the body neither is it in such a sense circulated In what Vessels And therefore the Circulation which is made in the Heart does borrow its matter from the Liver by the Vena Cava The Circulatory Vessels are the Aorta and Cava neither do their branches receive that Circulation because the blood being shed into al the parts of the second and third Region does remain there to nourish the said parts neither does it flow back unto the greater Vessels unless it be revelled by force when there is great want of blood in the larger Vessels or when it is stimulated into some violent motion and so flows unto the greater Circulatory Vessels After what manner And so the blood which is brought from the Liver unto the right Ventricle of the Heart does pass through the Partition wall of the two Ventricles into the left Ventricle I confess that in a violent Circulation the blood is carried through the Lungs unto How the circulation is performed the left ventricle of the Heart where it is forcibly ejected into the Aorta that it may afterwards be carried into the greater Veins of the Limbs which communicate by mutual Anastomoses with the Arteries and then from the Veins it flows up into the right Ventricle of the Heart and so there is made a perfect Circulation by the continual flux and reflux of the blood So that the blood in the Veins does naturally and perpetually ascend or return unto the Heart the blood of the Arteries naturally and continually descends or departs from the Heart Howbeit if the smaller Veins of the Arms aud Legs shal be emptied of blood the blood of the Veins may descend to succeed in the place of that which is taken away as I have cleerly demonstrated against Harvey and Walaeus No man can deny the mutual Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries seeing that Galen has said it and demonstrated the same by Experiments and our dayly Experience confirms the same Hippocrates himself in his third Book of the Joynts takes notice of this communion of the Veins and Arteries in a Discourse by it self How necessary the circulation of the blood is You see how necessary it is for the blood to circulate that the motion of the Heart may not cease and how this Circulation may be performed without confusion and perturbation of the Humors and without destroying the Ancient Art of Healing And therefore the Circular motion of the blood is necessary to continue the motion of the heart as in Mils the Water must perpetually fal upon the Wheel to make it turn about also to warm again and restore the strength of the blood The Vtility thereof which is decayed by the loss of Spirits dispersed up and down the body whereas in the Heart it is refurnished with new Spirits and that the Heart being the Fountain of Native Heat may be moistened with a perpetual Dew lest by little and little it should parch and wither away for want of that dewy moisture or Life-giving Nectar By the Circulation of the blood in the Heart the Causes of Life and Death are more easily declared than by the Humidum Primigenium or Original Moisture bred in the Heart when the Child is formed which is so little that it is soon consumed and the perpetual motion of the Heart continuing day and night without ceasing would at length wear away the Substance of the Heart unless by a perpetual flowing in of the circulated blood it were moistened and repaired Whether the Heart and Arteries are moved at the same time Howbeit we must hold that the Heart and Arteries do move by Course one after another not being moved at the same instant with the same kind of motion but taking their turns and performing their work interchangably for when the Heart sends out the blood the Arteries receive it and transmit it into the Veins not that which is expelled the same instant but that which is neerest the Veins This being granted these parts must of necessity be moved one after another and the swelling motion of the Artery when it rises under our Finger is dilatation or widening and not contraction although it seem very like the pulse which the Heart makes when it contracts it self Having explained the Circulation of the Blood we must now open the Heart The right Ventricle of the Heart which you shal see divided into two Ventricles by the Septum Medianum or a T. 11. f. ☉ D D. □ Middle Partition The one is termed the b f. ☉ C C. f. 3. D D. f. 4. C C. □ Right Ventricle being the wider and softer The other the c f. ☉ B. f. 5. C C. f. 6. D D. □ Left being harder narrower and compassed with a thicker wal reaching as far as the Cone or Point of the Heart which the Right does not The Right Ventricle receives the Vena d f. 1. C. f. ♃ E. □ Cava and the Vena e f. 2. E E G. f. 4. A. T. 12. f. 3. all □ Arteriosa The Its Vessels Cava pours blood into the Heart the Vena Arteriosa carries back all or a part thereof into the Lungs To the Orifices of the Cava are adjoyned certain three-pointed f T. 11. f. 3. C C C. □ Valves or Their Valves Shutters which hinder the going back of the blood The Orifice of the Vena Arteriosa is compassed with three Valves or Shutters shaped like an old fashioned g f. 4. B B B. □ Greek Sigma which hinder the reflux of the blood The Left Ventricle receives two Arterial Vessels the a T. 11. f. 1. M. f. 2. C. f. 5. A. □ Aorta and the Arteria b f. 2. H H. f. 6. A. T. 1. e. f. 6. all □ Venosa Which latter according to the Doctrine of some Anatomists carries The left Ventricle of the Heart Its Vessels blood from the Lungs into the left Ventricle of the Heart or carries Air prepared in the Lungs into the said Ventricle and likewise carries back fuliginous Vapors howbeit many do not allow the said use
the anterior Ventricles it slips into the fourth Ventricle and from thence into the Spinal Marrow and so Causes a Palsie If it be a Flegmatick Humor stopped in the fourth Ventricle or in the third it cannot be discussed and the brain is overwhelmed thereby If the blood be shed out of the vessels it suddainly suffocates In the Carus or other Sleepy Disease only the foremost Ventricles of the brain are overwhelmed with Serosities so that there is yet freedom for the spirits to pass into all Parts of the body But in an Apoplexy all the ventricles of the brain but especially the fourth are obstructed and unless the matter be discussed into the spinal Marrow Death fallows unavoidably Fernelius avouches that an Apoplexy is bred by an Obstructiou of that Rete Mirabile the afflux of Arterial blood out of the Heart into the brain being thereby intercepted Therefore they are termed Carotides because being obstructed they cause Carum or the Sleepy-Evil In the Apoplexy and Sleepy Diseases besides general Medicines as blood-letting Cure of the Apoplexy Carus and sucid like Diseases liberally twice or thrice repeted out of the Arm and foot strong Purgation of watry Humors Cupping-Glasses fixed unto the shoulders and the hinder Part of the Head Topical Remedies are not be neglected which draw and Evacuate near the Part affected such as is the opening of the Veins under the Tongue and of the external Jugular Vein and likewise of the Temporal Artery great Vesicatories applied towards the top of the shoulders to the Cephalick Vein strong Medicines to provoke Sneezing a Seton in the Neck the string being often drawn about and anointed with Oyl of Vitriol that it may bite the more and attract opening the Veins of the Nose after the manner used by the Ancients with a split Toothed Quil thrust up as far as the bottom of the Colander a sharp injection into the Nostrils Nostrils by a syring and within the furrows placed between the spaces of Os Vomeris drawing out of the Flegmatick clammy matter which sticks in the Throat and stops the Larynx but thrusting a feather far into the throat to which intent a strong vomit is good to cast forth any Humor that has flowed into the Wind-Pipe neither must we omit extream hard rubbings with salt and continual stirring of the body if it be possible All which remedies are to be applied with all possible speed one upon the Neck of another in an Apoplexy because there is danger in delay In Sleepy Diseases which proceed slowly and are caused by matter falling down from the Parts above they are more slowly administred and without Precipitation You shal observe also that a great Part of these Humors is gathered together in the turnings windings which are outmost in the upper substance of the brain which do either putrifie there or slip into the ventricles of the brain and yet these windings of the brain are not considered The Palsie is an Abolition of sence and motion not in the whol body as in the Apoplexy but only in the greatest Part of the body or in half The Palsie thereof which is termed Hemiplegia or in one Part which is called Paraplegia Fernelius observes that sence is taken away the motion remaining unhurt and somtimes motion is taken away and the sence remains because of the difference of the Nerves of the brain and the Spinal Marrow In the Palsie the Nerves of the Spinal Marrow are obstructed but those of the brain not and therefore many Parts remain unhurt especially the internal Somtimes the Palsie happens without obstruction of the Nerves because the sostning and Humectation of the Nerves brings a kind of Palsie In an imperfect Palsie when motion and sence are only dulled the Disease is Stupor termed Stupor or Nothrotis which arises from a moist distemper of the brain A Stupidity or dulness of sence and motion in a Feaver is wont to foretel a sleepy Disease to follow When it comes alone without Feaver it foretels a Palsie or an Apoplexy Vertigo is a depravation of sence and motion which makes the Patient think Vertigo that al things turn round it springs from a windy Humor which being agitated within the foremost Ventricles of the Brain causes the foresaid Apprehension of all things turning about If it Causes a darkness before the Patients Eyes it is called Vertigo Tenebricosa or Scotodinos It arises from the Brain or from vapours ascending from the inferior Parts That is worst which arises primarily from the brain and it is a fore-runner of the Falling Sickness The convulsion is a violent pulling back of the Muscles towards their Head or Convulsion beginning It is threefold Emprosthotonos when the body is bent foreward Opisthotonos when the body is drawn backward and Tetanos when both sides remain stif by reason of an equal bowing or stretching of the Muscles on both sides The Cause of a Convulsion is either an obstruction of the Nerves or their being pricked by a sharp Humor or a dry distemper which dries the Nerves and so makes them stif as a dried Lurstring this is incurable In one word all Convulsions are said to arise either from too much emptyness or over fulness An Epilepsie or Falling-sickness is a Convulsion of the whol body coming by Falling-Sickness fits and hurting the Mind and sences It is caused by an obstruction of the foremost Ventricles of the brain caused by an Abundance of sharp Humors either Cholerick or Flegmatick Either it comes from the brain Primarily affected or from some other Part sending Malignant Humors to the brain If it proceed from the brain Primarily affected it is the more dangerous if by fault of the Spleen or some other Bowel venemously infected the coming of the fits may be foreseen and prevented The former comes in a moment the latter by degrees Fernelius besides the Humor which is the common Cause accounts the peculiar Cause to be a venemous Air or vapour which is exceeding hurtful to the brain and therefore he conceives it must be cured with specificks and appropriate Remedies as wel as those vulgar ones Trembling is a depravation of Motion through weakness It is caused by the Trembling weakness of the motive faculty and the bodies heavyness So that look how much the motive faculty endeavours to lift up the Member so much does the heavyness of the said Member not sufficiently illustrated with spirits press it down again And therefore it arises from obstruction of the Nerves or from their being over-much softened or from some external Cause as by anointing with Quick-silver or other Application thereof There is a certain mixture of the Convulsion and tremblings which is called Spasmo-Tromois Shivering and shaking are motions of the body which happen in Feavers and Shivering and Shaking they are forerunners of the fits of Agues or of the Exacerbations of Feavers They happen also to such as have ripe Impostumes when the Impostum
Deafness whence it proceeds Page 193 Diabetes what it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Diaphragme its originall motion and use Page 231 see midrif Diastole what it is and wher Page 107 Digestion how it is caused Page 53 Dropsie how defined and whence it proceeds Page 59 Drum of the Ear what it is Page 193 Dugs of Women their substance scituatiod magnitude shape the teats and the circle about them their diseases Page 95 96 Dugs and Womb their consent how caused Page 97 E Ears the passage of them and the Bony Circle 21. Their parts windings Nervs and diseases Page 191 192 Ear external its Muscles common and proper Page 219 Inside thereof it s three Cavities and why the drum thereof is placed obliquely Page 272 273. It s Mallet anvil and stirrup Muscles Ligaments and drumstring ibid Ears Noises in them their cause and cure Page 193 The passages from them to the palate Page 269 Egyptians their operation in cutting out the stone not to be approved Page 72 Eyes their Scituation Parts Membrane Muscles Kernels c. Page 136. 137 Eyes their divers Diseases and their names Page 138 c. Eye the Orbitary bones thereof how many Page 12 Picolominus his error touching their number ibid Their Muscles are six Page 219 Eye-holes the bones thereof Page 22 Eye-lids their Muscles four Page 218 Elephantiasis of the Arabians what it is Page 213 Empyema what we are to understand thereby Page 96 Emphysema what dstemper of the eyè Page 139 Epididymis what it is Page 78 Epiglottis what is meant thereby Page 207 Its diseases Page 208 Excretion of Blood Choler Serum Quittor c. Page 194 Exostosis what it signifieth Page 266 Exostosis of the Skul what it is Page 270 F Face what it is And its Parts Page 11 Its description and diseases Page 194 195 Fallingsickness whence it proceeds Page 134 Falx a partition so termed Page 122 Fat its definition and division Page 27 Feavers continual and intermittent seated in the trunk of the Vena Cava Page 64 Feavers different either in respect of their Cause matter or manner c. Page 111 Fibre its definition and description Page 27 Fingers their Muscles Page 228 229 Their pappy ends Page 212 The best way of dissecting them Page 247 Flegm whether or no it may be collected within the Cavity of the Sphenoides Page 269 By what waies the flegm of the nose passeth Page 269 Flesh its definition and description Page 27 Proud Flesh in head-wounds whence it proceeds Page 267 Foot its division into Tarsus Metatarsus and Toes Page 18 c. Its Muscles and Motion Page 236 237 c. The Sesamoidean bones belonging thereto and its ligaments Page 285 Forehead Muscles should rather be they called the Eyebrow Muscles Page 218 Forinx what meant thereby Page 123 French Maidens why they have their right shoulder higher than the left Page 280 Frontal Muscles two of them Page 228 Fundament in what order to be dissected Its Name Muscles and their use Page 76 77 Its diseases sometimes closed up ibid G Gall The Bladder thereof its name substances scituation bottom neck sinews bigness shape communion vessels diseases Page 59 60 Gargareon Vvula or mouth-palat Its Muscles Page 223 Gelding How it may be made insensible Page 76 Genitalls Of a man and first of the yrad its parts skin foreskin bridle membrane vessels muscles the hollow ligaments their internal substance the Nut there of and its diseases Page 73. 74 see Yard Gongroni What kind of Tumor Page 201 Gonorrhea Virulent theseat thereof Page 79 What vein to be opened in the cure thereof Page 80 Greensickness What it is and the cause thereof Page 195 Groyns What to be observed therein Page 76 Gullet Its membrane kernels and obstruction Page 209 Gums Their natural and preternatural constitution Page 204 Their Vlcers or Aphthae Page 204 Guts Their substance scituation longitude general division and specialy their cavity and use Page 46 Their names â—…ments fat shutters connexion and Medicinal consideration Page 46 47 48 Gut Duodenum The Biliar pore thereof Page 46 Gut Ileum Its descent Page 76 H Ham Why the wounds therein are deadly Page 284 Hairs gray what kind of Symptom Page 120 Hallucination What meant thereby Page 142 Hand Its division into three parts Page 16 The two muscles thereof Page 227 228 The Void space therein Page 283 Head What it is and its division Page 8 The sutures thereof Page 21 The form thereof Page 30 Why placed in the highest Place its size shape division and the general diseases thereof Page 118 119 Its Muscles proper and common Page 218 223 Whether an issue may be made in the crown Page 268 Its moâ—â—â—n and ligaments Page 272 Head Dropsie What it is and whence it proceeds Page 121 Head Which Vertebra it is moved upon Page 272 Heart Whether it be the original of vena cava and whether it and the Arteries are moved at the same time Page 108 109 Heart The Nobility thereof its substance scituation bigness shape vessels Ears pulse and the cause thereof according to our Author Page 107 How necessary the circulation of the blood is to continue the motion of the heart Page 108 Whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs and what kind of blood is circulated Page 108 It s right and left ventricle their vessels and valves Page 109 110 Heart It s usual diseases Page 110 Heart the Septum medium of it what it is Page 110 Heartburning Whence it proceeds Page 55 Heart Eaten by worms bred in the blood Page 66 Heart The original of Vena Cava Page 108 Hemorrholds What they are and where Page 77 Hermaphrodites Who so to be termed Page 75 Hildanus His way of taking out the stone not to be approved of Page 72 Hip The consumption thereof Page 283 It s natural shape ibid Hippocrates Certain places in him expounded Page 92 Hoatsness Whence it proceeds Page 208 Hofmans Arguments touching the breeding of the Animal spirits answered Page 128 c. His tenent disturbs the practice of Physick Page 130 Huckle bone The Oval hole thereof Page 283 Hydrocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Hymen In Virgins what it is Page 81 I Jaws Two the bones thereof Page 11 12 22 The lower Jaw its Muscles on either side six Page 221 Iliacus Muscle its original Page 234 Ilium The bones thereof its parts Page 17 How its motion is performed Page 42 Ilium and os sacrum Joyned together their motion and by what Muscles they are moved forwards and backwards Page 232 282 Indigestion Ill digestion and Slow digestion from whence they al proceed Page 55 Infants What diseases are proper to them Page 90 Intercostals internal what they are Page 230 Interosseans what Muscles they are Page 29â— Joints Gallens doctrine concerning them Page 8 Ischuria What it is and whence it proceeds Page 68 Issues in what places they are commonly made Page
Spermatick Vessels which swel with Spermatick Humor which in their progress do send branches unto the Loines In Women the x T. 7. f 1. d f. 2. R T c. â–¡ Womb with its y f. 2. Q Q. S S. â–¡ Ligaments and z f. 2. o o. f. 4. A A. â–¡ Testicles may hurt the Loins but especialy in a Woman with Child by reason of the weight of the Womb and Child The Veins and Arteries of the Iliac α T. 12. f. 1. and 4. D D. â–¡ branches which are spread abroad through the Os Sacrum may vex the Loines The remote Parts which hurt the Loines are the a T. 4. f. 1. A B. â–¡ Liver by the Vena b f. 1. F F f. 6. the whol â–¡ Porta Remote Parts and c f. 1. G H. â–¡ Mesentery and the d T. 17. and 18. â–¡ Head whils it disburthens it self of its Superfluities into the e T. 18. f. 5. A. â–¡ Marrow of the Back according to Hippocrates in his Book de Glandulis The Humor descends through the Cavity of the Spinal Marrow as far as the Loines and it cannot easily go farther by reason that the Marrow of the Back is their divided into a f f. 5. o. â–¡ Million of Threds We must also observe the common Causes of the Pains which are frequently Common Causes of Pains found in Pains of the Loines as internal Rheumatismes or Fluxes of Humors and external by the Veins or an Humor between the Skin whith flowes from the Head betwixt the Muscles and Fleshy Membane Oftentimes the btanches of the Vena Cava and Aorta do carry a Patt of boiling and Superfluous Blood out of the greater Channels into the Loines which they Disease either in the Muscly Parts or in the Membranous Parts or in the marrow of the Back which is the Cause that a Palsie follows the Colick or an Arthritis degenerates into the Colick and the Colick is changed into the Sciatica Also outward Impostumes of the Kidneys and passions of the Gut Colon being either distended or exulcerated are Communicated to the Loines within and without in the Loines may arise Tumors Impostumes and Ulcers yea and the Loins are distorted by flux of Rheum or some swelling Their Fibres are distended by the Cramp Many times pains of the Loines are stirred up by external Causes as External Causes a fall on the Back or a Blow with a thick Stick or some other massie thing These things being premised and wel understood it is easie to explain very obscure Certain places in Hippocrates expounded places in Hippocrates touching pains of the Loines which you shal find in the Commentaries of Duretus upon the Coick Prognosticks of Hippocrates and others collected together in the Commentaries of Marinellus upon Hippocrates in the word Lumbi There are two kinds of Loine Symptomes for some are in the Loines and others spring from the Loines both of them are by Hippocrates judged to be very stubborn and hard to deal with In his Coicks he hath pronounced absolutly and without exception Such as have pains in their Loines are in a very bad condition And in the same Book Diseases which arise from pain of the Back are hard to cure And how wil you understand those places unles by a clear knowledg of the the Parts sending and Parts receiving as I declared before Certain it is if in the beginning of Diseases their be pain in the Loines with heavyness and a Feaver Blood very hot or in great plenty is contained within the greater Vessels which being more inflamed if not timely prevented may be carried into the Head or into the Lungs from whence greivous Diseases may follow In other places he does particularly explain the Causes of Lung pains If I should recite those places I should fil twenty Leaves and upwards wherefore I wil take in my Sailes and dispatch al in a word Pains of the Loines in acute Malignant Danger of these pains in Feavers Feavers or other Feavers in the beginning are dangerous for they signifie a great Tumult in the Blood and irritation of Humor within the greater Vessels which is much to be feared if a speedy course be not taken to prevent what may follow by a plentyful blood letting especially in the Feet to hinder the recourse of the blood to the upper Parts of the Chest or Head where it is wont to produce divers terrible and deadly Symptomes We ought therefore to be very fearful of pains in the Loines which persevere in Feavers although Blood have been often let because in the Region of the Belly Humors lie extreme deep which may take their course suddenly to some of the nobler Parts if they be not diligently Purged forth And therefore to cure such like pains of the Loins Hippocrates was went to Their Cure open the Veins of the Ham or Foot which is confirmed by him in his Coicks the pains of the Loins proceed from aboundance of blood there and blood-lettings that are caused by pains of the Loins are large and plentyful These things declare the necessity of blood-letting when the Loins are pained with a Feaver Purging must not be omitted that the Vault of the lower Belly being loaded with Excrements may be emptied and clensed out of Aphor. 20. Book 4. Though Hippocrates has written that such as complain of pains in their Loins are looâ—eâ— bellyed than ordinary that saying does not take away the necessity of Purging in these cases Bleeding at the Hemorrhoid Veins is good both for the Kidneis and for pains of the Loins and therefore the Hemorrhoids are to be provoked A lasting pain of the Loins without Heat or any Inflammatory disposition unless it can be discussed with Fomentations after purging blood-letting often repeated the Humor must be drawn out with Cupping-Glasses and Scarification and by Application of Vesicatories or making Issues on each side of the Back-bone also with a Bath of fresh water qualified with Herbs or by sitting in natural Baths or having their water Pumped from on high upon the Parts affected For the pains of the Loins are more vehement and stubborn if the serous matter be conteined within the Muscles as far as the Vertebras and they are yet worse and harder to be cured if they come to the Marrow of the Back But those Symptomes which are thought to arise from the Loins do not arise from the Parts which constitute or make up the Loins but from the neighbouring Parts which being spread upon the Loins do cause pain and transfer their Humors into other Parts by a quick or slow motion by the Veins and Arteries such as are Vena Cava and Aorta the Haemorrhoid Veins and the Mesaraicks Out of Galen The End of the Second Book THE THIRD BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK Chap. 1. Of the Chest LET us proceed unto the Parts of the Chest Now the Chest
between the Hammer and the Anvil as the Proverb is but between two Hammers wherewith they are beat upon and hurt on both sides whil the Head distils upon the Lungs and the Liver affords impure or over plentyful Blood unto the Heart whichthe Heart spues and casts back into the Lungs whereby they are infected and overwhelmed Which infection of the Lungs springs not from the Heart but from the distempered and ill disposed Bowels which suggest unto the Heart very impure blood whose vitiousness the Heart is not able to correct save after many Circulations In the mean whil the Lungs are greivously offended by the foresaid blood passing The chief Diseases of the Lungs through the substance thereof for they are subservient unto the Heart as it were in the Nature of an Emunctory Emissary or Common-shore whiles the filth of the Heart flowes unto the Lungs with the Blood whereupon the Lungs are subject to sundry Diseases For they are troubled with an hot or cold distemper with a Cholerick and Distemper Inflamation Consumtion Flegmatick Tumor and a frequent Inflammation called Peripneumonia or at least with an inflammatory disposition also with Impostumes and Ulcers which bring the Consumption for from spitting of Blood comes spitting of quitter and from thence the Consumption Also they are subject to a certain kind of Push or rising which in the end Push Vomica turnes into a secret mischievous Impostum termed Vomica of which few escape If the Quitter be derived from the Lungs into the Heart unless it pass readily into the Aorta it suddainly choakes or stifles the Patient If it be carried into the right ventricle it Causes the greater danger because it cannot be so easily Purged out Furthermore the Lungs are obstructed in the Asthma either perpetual or coming Asthma by fits which causes difficulty of breathing which as it is more or less is distinguished with different names The lesser is termed Dyspnea the greater It s Kinds when the Patien cannot breath save standing or sitting upright is termed Orthopnaea Oftentimes the Patient is vexed also with a cough which is somtimes moderate Cough and somtimes vehement with great wheezing and ready to choak the Patient which Springs from a cruel feirce Catarrh or sudden and plentyful Defluxion Whereupon by reason of the extreme troublesomness of the Cough which shakeâ— the Lungs there arises that disposition termed Spadon Vasorum or a dilatation of the Vessels being a dangerous and formidable â—ort of Aâ—eâ—risma In the Peripneumonia or Inflammation of the Lungs there is no smal dispute Whether Blood-letting is good in these Cases about Blood-letting for it is written that Blood must be drawn from the common Veins Now there is none of those Veins which are usually opened that communicates with the Veins of the Lungs neither are there any branches distributed from the Vena Cava into the Lungs which has by Galen in many places been disputed against Erasistratus The motion likewise of Nature shewes the same for whereas in Diseases of the Bowels and in burning Feavers the Crisis is wont to happen by bleeding at the Note in a Peripneumonia there is no such Crisis because the Veins of the Nose from whence blood is wont to Issue have no Communion with the Lungs If it be true that Blood naturally does pass from the right Ventricle of the Heart unto the Lungs that it may be brought into the left Ventricle and from thence into the Aorta and if the Circulation of the Blood be acknowledged who sees not that in Diseases of the Lungs the blood flowes thither in greater quantity than ordinary and oppresses the Lungs unless it be first liberally taken away and afterwards Affermed at several times a little at a time be let out to ease the said Lungs which was the advice of Hippocrates who when the Lungs were swelled did take blood from al Parts of the Body from the Head Nose Tongue Armes Feet that the quantity thereof might be diminished and the Course thereof drawn from the Lungs He himself in Diseases of the Lungs bids us draw blood til the Body were Blood-less and in one that had a Consumption when he saw that the corruption of the Blood infected and corrupted the Lungs he took away blood in so great a quantity that the Patients body remained quite empty of the same in a manner Supposing that the Blood circulates the Lungs are easily emptied by Phlebotomy If the Circulation be denied I cannot see how blood may be from thence drawn back for if it should flow back by the Vena a T. 11. f. 2. E E G. â–¡ Arteriosa into the b T. 11. f. 3. D D. â–¡ right Ventricle the c T. 11. f. 4. B B B. â–¡ Sigma shaped Valves do hinder it and the d T. 11. f. 3. C C C. three forked little Valves do hinder the recourse thereof from the right Ventricle of the Heart into the Vena Cava And therefore when the Veins of the Armes and Feet are opened blood is drawn from the Lungs by reason of the Circulation thereof and consequently the Opinion of Fernelius comes to nothing namely that in Diseases of the Lungs blood should be taken rather from the right Arm than the left because the blood cannot return into the Vena Cava save by breaking two doors and Bolts placed in the Heart Ulcers of the Lungs do often happen by reason of a fierce cough caused by very Some Causes of Consumption of the Lungs sharpe Serosities or by spitting of Blood which if it come from an opening of the mouthes of the Veines by reason of Aboundance of blood it is not so much to be feared as when it proceeds from eating asunder the Coats of the Veins by the acrimony of Humors Nature in this case out of Pitty that our life might be preserved haâ— distinguished Why the Lungs are distinguished into Lobes or Laps the Lungs into divers pipes and sundry Lobes Laps or Scollups that the infection might not spread over the whol Body of the Lungs which is usual in al continued or evenly united bodies And therefore we see many that have Ulcers in their Lungs do live long if they have but an indifferent Care of themselves If the Circulation of the blood be allowed so that it passes often through the A twofold Circulation of the Blood Lungs not through the Septum Medium or Partition-Wal of the Heart we must maintain a two fold Circulation of the blood the one is performed by the Heart and Lungs whiles the blood spirting from the right Ventricle of the Heart is carried through the Lungs that it may come unto the left Ventricle of the Heart for it is squirted out of the Heart and returnes thither again the other is a longer Circulation by which the blood flowing from the left Ventricle of the Heart compasses the whole body by the Arteries and Veins that it may
the cleerer you loose your labor as much as though you washed a Black-more The Scarf-Skin peels off in divers persons whilst it is dried or burnt and the Skin it self in Leprosies and diverse that have the french pocks The Skin it self comes off by fleakes in such as are Leprous and in some that are troubled with the Whoremasters Pox. Chap. 6. Of the Skin AFter the Scarf-Skin followes the Skin called in Greek Derma it hath a substance diverse from other Membranes the like of which you shal Its Names never find in the whole Body because it consists of Seed and Blood mixed together Substance yet so as that portion of Seed is predominant which may be bowed and distended from which the Skin is accounted Spermatical It s temperature is cold and dry or more properly exquisitly temperate yet so Temperature it may be the Judg of feeling It is extended over the whol body and on wraps it like a garment and therefore its dimention is as the dimention of the Body is Although it seem but one both to sight and touching yet some hold it to consist Number of two Skins but I could never find them to be seperable only it may be cut into many parts by reason of its thickness It hath the same Figure which the body hath that it cloatheth It s textur Figure is Slight and very ful of smal holes for insensible transpiration and the passing out of excrements and in diverse places it hath visible great holes as in the eares Eyes Nose mouth fundament and privities of Men and Women It takes its Color from the predominant humor for of what color the Humor Color predominant in the Body is of that color is the Skin unless it be such from their birth as in Ethiopia It is straightly knit to the Parts under it and therefore immovable excepting the Connexion Skin of the Forehead It hath communion with the principal Parts by innumerable veins Arteries Communion and Nerves the extremities of which it takes on every side for it hath neither of them all three peculiar to its self Whether by reason of its feeling it perform action a man may make a doubt Action for otherwise the membranes which are the instruments of inward feeling perform action also but what Author ever said that the Membranes performed action We grant that it hath an excellent and particular use to defend and adorn the use body to receive the excâ—ements of the third concoction to clense the Body of filâ—h fuliginous Vapors and Sweat The Medicinal Consideration Let us now reduce this same conformation of the Skin to a Physical use It s Actects in Substance Temper substance against Nature consists in iâ—s over thickness It s temperature is changed in diverse diâ—eases It 's number is viciated when the Cuticula is viciated or gnawn through or the Number Skin it self lost Often times its smoothness is turned into roughness or it is disfigured by Figure pustles Somtimes its passages are stopped or more open then they should be It s connexion is marred in wounds and Ulcers Connextion use Somtimes it 's use is hurt when it is insensible or when it receives not only the excrements of the third concoction but also of the whol Body Therefore the Skin seeing it is the breathing place of the whol body is subject to an infinite number of Diseases and if the pores be shut the Body suffers great discommodities by reason transpiration is hindered for the Body ought to ease it self that way according to Hippocrates Lib. de Alimento The motion of the Body to perspiration the wâ—der it is the healthfuller are men the less perspiration men have the more sickly are they they which have quick perspration are weaker though better in health and soonest recover when they are sick such whose perspiration is bad are strongest before they are sick but when they are sick their Cure is most difficult Diseases proceeding from disorder of the Skin are more dangerous in winter and in malâ—gnant Feavers by reason of the intercâ—ption of the transpiration the Native heat is choaked Breathing a Vein is a remedy for such From the substance and Color of the Skin Hippocrates propounded two prognosticks Lib. 5 Aph. 71. and Lib proegn Part. 7. and 8. Of the spots of the Skin read Soranus Chap. 38. The Skin is like in Color to the predominate humors in the Body Hippoc. de humoribus Of divination by the Moles of the Skin wrote Polemon a Greek Author and and amongst modern writers Ludovicus â—eptalius Mediolanensis Wrote most accurately Aristotle concluded the subtilty of a persons wit from the subtilty and thinness of the Skin rather than of the blood The thinneâ—s of the Skin is the cause why man alone is troubled with the Leprosie according to Aristotle Prol. 5. Sect. 10. It is certain that concagious Diseases may be drawn in through the pores of the Skin The Skin grows hard and dry through burning Feavers and somtimes it becomes Whether Skin lâ—st can be regained as thick as an Elephants Hide especially about the Back Limbs and Thighs as I have seen it in many like a tand Hide The Skin lost grows not again but degenerates into a Scarre For it is made by the first inâ—ention of Nature but repaired by the second Chap. 7. Of the Fatty Membrane THe Greeks cal it Stear and â—imele iâ— makes a common membrane by reason Its Names of its consistence in 〈◊〉 is called 〈◊〉 and why not so then in men â—â—substance although it be somthing 〈◊〉 yet is it soft and Oyly as you may Substance perceive if you handle it with your Fingers or lay it by the Fire It ariseth from the thinner portion of the Blood distilling through the Veins Original like dew and congealing about the Flesh this is the certain matter of the Fat of the efficient cause only is the question made Namely Whether it obtaine its consistence by heat or cold Al acknowledg a moderate heat about the membranes compelling and applying this same fatty and Oyly Liquor The Temperature then of the Fat is moderately hot and moist Temper Scituation It is contained uuder the Skin univerâ—ally over the whol body the Forehead Cods and yard where there is no Fat excepted Therefore the Fatty membâ—ane is large as the Skin is In Number it is only one unless you connex the Fleshy membrane internexed Number with it as Sylvius doth It hath no Proper Figure Figure Color In Color it is white if at any time it be red it is because blood by reason of some Laceration is mixed with it It sticks firmly to the Skin neither can it be divided from it without scraping and so it doth to the Fleshy Membrane The Fat cannot communicate with the principal Parts because it is not truly nourished nor yet lives unless by apposition as stones do
pass now to the Diseases and Symptomes of the Guts They suffer Diseases General Diseases of the Guts boch Similar Organical and Common For they are distempered by heat and cold either with or without Humor They are inflamed wounded Ulcerated dryed bound loosened made smooth the wrinckles being taken away as in fluxes and bloody fluxes Somtimes they are so stopped that the Excrements are Vomited up Besides these the common Diseases the Guts severally considered have their peculiar Peculiar Diseases Of the Duodenum Diseases The Duodenum may be stopped by compression of the Sweet-bread and then the food is Vomited up again two or three houres after it is eaten because the passage is stopped The Ilium is subject to the Iliack passion which is an Inflamation and not a Ilium twisting of that Gut Somtime it fals down into the groyn and somtimes into the Gods which causeth Ruptures in those places Somtimes the Peritoneum being loosed or broken neer the Navel the Disease called Jejunum Omphalocele commeth in which the Jejunum slipps down The Colon is subject to the Collick which ariseth either through sharp Humors Colon. or wind or extream cold Air. In it wormes are bred which somtimes creep up into the Stomach and are Vomited out This Gut alone is subject to Ulcerations which causeth Putrefaction which many think comes from the Mesenterium and most unfortunately use purging Medicines and Glysters which increase the evil and no way help it Because the extremity of the Colon which is joyned to the right Gut is more fleshy painful Impostums are bred there which suppurate and are sooner cured then they would be if they came from the Mesentery Somtimes Melancholy hard swellings are bred there which cause difficulty in going to the stool and hasten death The right Gut hath its peculiar Diseases Tenasmus Inflamation Impostumes Right Gutâ—… which end in Ulcers and fistulas which are difficult to be cured and require the help of the Chirurgion The Peristalcick motion of the Guts is Somtimes so perverted that the Dung flowes upward and Glysters are cast up at the Mouth And so are suppositaries also if you wil believe some Practitioners but then the shutter of the Colon must needs be broken Al the Symptomes of the Guts are to be referred to the Excrements when they are Symptomes excessive as in Fluxes or deficient as when men go not to stool unless they be provoked by Medicine both which Symptomes impair the health Fluxes are called Diarrhea which is either Chylous or humoral humoral is either Caeliacal or Mesenterical or Intestinal When it comes with Ulceration Paine and Blood it is called a Bloody Flux If it come without pain and be like the Water in which raw flesh has bin washt it comes from the Liver and is called Hepatica If it come through smoothness of the Guts It is called Lienteria if it come with Quitter it is called Mesenterical The causes of al these Diseases yea may find in al Practtioners and therefore we will make no longer stay upon them The internal Tunicle of the Guts Somtimes is severed lost which is thought to be turned into a long worm of two or three Cubits long caled Tania of which you may read in Spigelius Lib. de Lumbrico lato Chap. 18. Of the Mesenterium THe a T. 3. f. 1. A A. T. 4. f. 1. H H. â–¡ Mesenterium is the bond of the Guts which keeps them in there places â— What it is that they pass not into confusion and be thereby deprived of there action and use It is a double Membrane between which is Fat and many b T. 3. f. 1. a a a a. â–¡ Glandulae or It s Structure Kernels and a four-fold kind of c f. 1. B B. â–¡ Vessels This is the structure of it It is feared in the midst of the Belly because it sticks to the transverse processes Scituation of the Vertebrae by Lygaments thence is its original It sticks so firmely to the d T. 9. f. 1. M M. â–¡ Guts that no division at al appears between its two Vessels Membraines innumerable e T. 4. f. 1. a a a. T. 9. f. 1. c c c. â–¡ Veins pass which are called meseraick or Mesenterick Also an infinite number of f f. 1. b b b b. â–¡ Arteries from the Caeliacal Artery Also it hath f Nerves from the Lumbals or Nerves of the Loines The fourth kind of Vessels are called g f. 8. n n. â–¡ Venae lacteae by Aselbus the first finder Vena Lactcae of them out of which we need not doubt seeing it is now a common received truth This one thing troubles many Namely the diversity of their distribution For in a beast ful fed that is opened alive these milky Veins are noted scattered about the Mesenterium but some pass to the Sweet-bread others to the Liver others to the Trunck of the Vena Cava none of them to the Spleen neither like other veins are they gathered into one Head they seem rather to have their Root and Foundation in the Sweet-bread and from thence to be distributed this way and that way These Milky Veins being granted al difficulties which were formerly about the Vsâ— distribution of Chyle and blood by the same Channel cease For the Milky Veins carry the Chyle to the Liver and the Meseraick Veins carry back the Blood to the Nourishing of the Guts Therefore both these Channels may be stopped severally which is to be noted of a Physitian in curing of the Diseases of the Bowels The Mesenterium seeing it communicates with the Liver by the h t. 9. f. 1. a a a. b b b. â–¡ Vena Porta with the Spleen by the i T. 4. f. 1. F F. f. b. A A A. â–¡ Caeliacal Arteries and the Splenical k f. 5. K. c. I I. Vein with the Guts by their Connexions and hath a fatty Glandulous substance fit to receive Humors and to retain al the impurities of the first Region Physitians well cal it the Nurse of Diseases for from that as from a Fountain do al the Diseases of the Bowels proceed and al Physitians in prescribing Purges and Remedies have a special eye to that The Medicinal Consideration The Mesenterium labours under Diseases both Simple and Compound it is Diseases of the Mesenterium inflamed and oftentimes uffers impostumes It is Ulcerated and by reason of its Vessels often obstructed By reason of his fatty and Glandulous substance it often swels to a great hard swelling and is the Foundation of al Kings evil Swellings which seldom come in great Number but the Foundacion is here It is subject to bastard Collicks which proceed of sharp Choler and degenerate into Palsies in the inferior Limbs and somtimes in the superior and hence comes the Morbus Ructuosus mentioned by Hippocrates and Morbus Siccatorius Of the Diseases of the Mesenterium you may
out with the Blood and the Air is likewise by them received in to Cool the Body In Antient tâ—…nes and the daies of Yore it was a Part of Sooth saying to view the blood which flowed from their sacrifices which if it appeared pure and laudable it was a token of happy and joyful success iâ— bad and corrupted it was an ill sign according to Lucan Nec Cruor emicuit solitus sed Vulnere Largo Effluxit nigâ—um rutilo pro sanguine Virus That is No usual Blood did spring from the large Wound But black and Venemous for Red and found The Medicinal Consideration Seeing the Veins are the Cisterns of blood it comes here to be considered how The conditions of good Blood the blood ought to be qualified in sound bodies that so we may be able to judg of that which is corrupâ—… Now inbodies that are healthy the blood is Red Fibrous and has a smal quantity of Wheyâ—â—h Watermingled with it Whether the Eabres are made of an earthy and flegmatick matter which is drawn How the Fibres in the Blood are brâ—â—â— out into threds within the Channels or greater Veins and is made smaller in the lesser Veins many doubt supposing the four Humors to be conteined in the Mass of blood Some admit of blood but severed from the other Humors which in the first Region are separated from the blood Others distinguish the Alimentary Humors from the Excremenâ—â—tions the former are confused and mingled with the Blood the latter are to be seen collected in several Parts as Choler in the Gall-bladder Melancholy in the Spleen and Flegm is diffused through al the Parts of the Region of the belly notwithstanding Hippocrates acknowledged two fountains of Flegm the Head and the Stomach Now the Quality or temper of blood is hot and moist It s Quantity cannot be The natural Temper of the Blood Quantity of the Blood defined The Arabian Physicians especially Avicenna do write that in a Sanguine body wel constituted there are twenty four pounds of blood so that a Man may bleed twenty pounds and live but if he bleed more Death follows inevitably That which preserves our life is likewise the occasion of Death for as good Blood in a moderate quantity preserves our life so the same being vitiated or too much in quantity is the Cause of Sickness and Death it seâ—â— When blood offends in quality it is termed Cacochymia when in quantity Cacochymia Plethora what they are it 's called Plethora Somtime the blood is corrupted and not the Serum oâ— Wheyish Water Somtime the serum is corrupt and the blood remaines found Now the serum or Wheyish Water being corrupted is the worst Humor in the body grievously infecting weakening and destroying such parts as are therewith diseased Some Practitioners do make it a Question Whether in the Veins every Humor has its own proper Serum or not I beleeve that there is but one kind Corruption of the Serum of Serum which according to the several degrees of its Corruption and Tincture appears somtimes yellow and Cholerick somtimes green and livid or black and blue somtimes Melancholick and somtimes Milky Aristotle counts the Blood corrupted when it is changed into Serum Somtimes the Putrefaction of Blood is so great that the whol Mass is turned into a rotten putrefied Serum When the Corruption of blood is yet greater somtimes Worms are bred Worms breed in the blood therein which I have seen come away in the opening of a Vein Such a Worm being bred in the Veins may somtimes flow into the right Ear of the Heart and grow Heart eaten by worms bred in the blood great and at length gnaw and eat upon the Heart as has been often observed in the Dissection of dead Bodies The Veins have in them a Retentive Faculty whereby they hold fast the Blood Retentive faculty of the Veins being lost what follows within themselves which Faculty being perished they suffer the blood to leak out through al the parts of the Body yea even to sweat out as I have seen in some Patients But more often it flows out immediately by the Nostrils Mouth Lungs Guts Bladder by the Womb and by vomiting I have divers times seen in malignant burning Feavers that the blood has been Blood congealed congealed within the Veins like unto the pith of an Elder stick which has been noted by Fernelius in his Physiologia Aretaeus writes That the Vena Cava is somtimes inflamed and thereupon Vena Cava inflamed comes to break which I have seen my self to happen The Trunk of Vena Cava cannot be dilated so long as the blood circulates freely Neither is it subject to swellings termed Varices which are wont to happen only in the Veins of the Thighs and Legs Of the Diseases of this Vein and of the Blood contained therein there is a twofold Cure of the diseases of Vena Cava and the blood twofold Purgation Blood-letting Cure Purgation and Blood-letting but blood-letting is more necessary of the two in a Plethora either ad vasa or ad vires or in a Plethorick Cacochymia or in a very great and putrid Cacochymia that a portion of the extreamly corrupted blood may be taken away Blood-letting takes away such Obstructions as are caused by blood but not those that are caused by Humors congested in some part of the Body and therefore that same Euroâ—a so often mentioned that freeness of passage caused by blood-letting must be understood of the motion and free passage of the blood through the Veins and not of the removal of an Humor that is gathered together and wedged fast into any part of the body Iâ— blood-letting cannot be put in practice the Question is Whether Purgation If blood may be lessened by other waies beside bloodlessing alone may supply its place according to Galens Opinion in his Book de Sanitate tuenda or spare eating exercising the body frictions sweating I suppose where there is no Feaver the blood may be diminished by the means aforesaid and also by such Medicaments as draw the Serum out of the Veins for so the Veins being emptied the rest of the body may be extenuated and this is observed and put in practice in such Nations where the People are afraid of blood-letting Howbeit to open a Vein twice or thrice is a more speedy and safe Remedy Forasmuch as Sylvius and Carolus Stephanus have written that there is a Valve A Valve in Vena Cava within the Liver by the Trunk of the Vena Cava which hinders the blood from returning back Conringius saies that it is to be found in Oxen. This favors that Opinion of the bloods being carried from the Liver unto the Heart It seems to me that Nature has placed that Valve that the filth of the mass of blood should not It s use flow back into the Liver and obstruct the same which filth either she carries by some way
Depravation Infirmities of the Kidneys are Distemper Impostume Vlcer of their Temper and of their Substance A distemper either single or with matter causes a Laxity or loosness in the substance of the Kidneys whence springs Atonia or want of their wonted vigor to act by By means of an hot distemper they come to be inflamed whence follows an Imposthume and at last an Ulcer as wel in the internal as external parts for oftentimes a morbifick matter is collected within the Membrana adiposa which breeds Impostumes which compress the Kidneys Laxity proceeds from a cold and moist distemper or from an exceeding hot one Laxity how caused Diabetes Ischuria which corrupts the Natural temper of the part whence comes Atonia or an impotency to contract it self and from thence comes Diabetes which is the Pissing sickness or Ischuria which is a total suppression of Urine not only in one Kidney but in both by reason of Fraternity and Co-partnership by reason of an afflux of a malignant air from one to the other or by reason of a reflux of corrupt and filthy blood Somtimes want of Appetite to meat is a fore-runner of this disease by reason the Stomachs sympathizing with the Kidneys Observe diligently when the Stomach is ill if there be no Disease in the Kidney for if there be that 's the cause of the Stomachs disorder The Number of the Kidneys is seldom changed and if there be but one it cannot be known that there is more neither can that one perform as much as two and therefore those that have but one Kidney enjoy not their health so wel as they that have both Although the Kidneys seem fast fixed unto the Loyns by the fat as it were with Falling down of the Kidneys glue yet do they somtimes fal out of their place and lean forward somtime they slip into the belly not without detriment to the Patients life and health this is a truth not to be questioned Which comes to pass chiefly not only by melting the fat in which they are wrapped up but also by their weight when they are grown so great by reason of some tumor or stone contained in their Cavities that they can no longer be kept in their place by such staies as were wont to hold them Being fallen into the belly they stay there a while and at last they putrifie and impostumate Being in their natural Scituation if they prove greater or more weighty than ordinary Their swelling they cause a kind of numbness in the the thigh by compressing the Muscle Psoa and the Nerves which descend into the Thighs which are conveighed through the fleshy parts of the Muscle Psoa It the inner Passage of the Kidneys be stopped moderately either by an Humor stoppage or by a stone then the parties Urines are thin or if the Obstruction be total the Urine is wholly supprest If the inner Substance of the Kidney be exulcerated the Patient makes urine with Vlcer Matter or Quittor in it If a Vein be opened or broken bloody urines are made and because the Kidneys Vein opened or broke communicate with the Stomach by the Stomachical Nerves the Stomach does sympathize with them being sick and enclined to vomiting The Action of the Kidney is to attract Serum and to separate and expel the Action Hurt same these things it cannot do unless it be sound and perfect and therefore all the Diseases aforesaid may pervert the same Action The flesh of the Kidneys is dul of feeling but the inward Membrane is very sensible Stones are often bred in the Cavity of the Kidneys either in the pipes where they stones bred in the Kidneys grow like Coral or in the Basin where a round stone is formed If the Stone encrease so much as to cause a suppuration in the Kidney towards the Loyns by a when curable by Incision deep issue made in this part the Quittor may be purged forth and the stone extracted otherwise unless Nature do go before us and shew us the way it were a wicked thing to attempt an Incision of the Kidney by reason of the thickness and profundity of the flesh in those parts The Kidneys do somtimes consume away and cause an universal Consumption Consumptton of the kidneys of the whol body which comes either from putrefaction of the Kidneys or through overmuch ejection of Seed or Sperm In new married Couples and in such as are more wantonly disposed than ordinary who most subject thereunto this Consumption of the Kidneys happens which would make some man affirm that the matter of Seed comes from the Kidneys and that they carry a great stroak in the matter of Carnal Imbracements Observe That oftentimes through weakness of the Kidneys which cannot attract Dropsie from the kidneys weakness How to be cured the wheyish Excrement a dropsie is caused without any fault of the Liver Neither can the most effectual Diureticks open those passages And therefore our chief Care must be to purge those and the neighboring parts and by Fomentations to restore the lost Faculty of the Kidneys Whether or no may we force in a sharp pointed Iron to one of the Kidneys that a passage may be made for the Serum which is dammed up within the greater Veins in case we cannot purge the same away with Hydragogues or Water-Purgers Chap. 29. Of the Vreters THe Ureters are Channels or Conduit Pipes ordained to conveigh the Urine to Their Description Substance the bladder They consist of a single Membranous substance which being enclosed in a duplication of the Peritoneum therefore Anatomists have said that they borrow another Coate of the Peritoneum They are as long as the Space between the Kidnies and the bladder Length Scituation Resting upon the a T. 5. f. 1. F F. G G. â–¡ Muscle b T. 10. f. 1 o o. â–¡ Psoa they are obliquely carryed towards the Ossa Ilium and rising up unto the bladder in the bottom thereof they slip in between the two c f. 7. F F. â–¡ Coates almost as far as the d T. 10. f. 7. D. â–¡ Orifice where they peirce the e T. 6 f. 6. c c. â–¡ bladder They have no Valves placed in their Extremities to hinder the going back of the Urine but two Membranes meeting together do exactly shut the Passage Naturally they are as thick as Goos-quils but in such as have the Stone and use wideness to void little ones from the Kidney the hollowness of the Ureters is so widened that they have been seen as thick as a Mans Finger in the dissection of dead bodies The Original of the Ureters is rather from the bladder than from the Kidnies because Original they are of a Membranous substance Within the Cavity of the kidnies they are divided into nine Pipes which are fitted to the little fleshy Teates called Carunculae Papillares that they may distil the Serum into the Basin or
large Cavity of the Ureters within the Kidnies They are thought to have Nerves whereby they feel but being of a Membranous Nerves Nature their extream pain in the passage of a Stone proceeds from the stretching of the Membrane Seeing therefore they are ordained to pass the Urine unto the Bladder they are Obstruction offended with such things as pass through them whether it be sharp Urine or purulent matter or a little Stone or a thick and clammy Humor by which they are obstructed So that the most usual Disease of the Ureters is Obstruction And if within the duplicature of the Bladder either of them be obstructed there is Stone bred a Stone which grows by little and little which is not movable but remains fastned to the Bladder which when those that Cut out the Stone endeavour to pul away they tear the Bladder Neither do I think there was any other difference of the Bladder in these in whom a double Cavity was observed and a Stone lying close in the one of them Chap. 30. Of the Piss-Bladder THe Piss-Bladder is the Receptacle of Urine being framed of a Membranous It s Substance Coates substance consisting of two 2 Coates The b third which they attribute thereunto is a Duplication of the Peritoneum within which it lies hid hanging like a Bottel with its bottom upwards and with this Partition it is severed from the Guts and other Parts only in mankind least with the weight of the Guts bearing thereupon it should be forced out of its place It s natural size is smal when empty because it is widened and contracted according Magnitude to the quantity of the Urine The efficient Cause of its Contraction is the second and external Membrane which is altogether fleshy which Fabricius ab Aqua Pendente took to be Musculous and after him Spigelius who cals it Musculum Detrusorem Vesicae He might better have called it Expulsorem the Expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s shape represents a bottle with the bottom upwards whose bottom is in the Shape lower Part of the Hypogastrium and its Neck lies hid beneath under the Bones of the Pubis The Piss-bladder is but one in Number yet severed somtimes into two Cavities Number after the manner before expressed It is perforated with three holes near the Neck The first and greatest is that Holes out of which the Urine passes the other two being those by which the Urine comes into the Bladder are the Ends of the Ureters It s Orifice is shut by the Muscle Sphincter which is formed of the substance of Muscles the bladder contracted There is another Muscle called Externus Spleniatus as broad as two Fingers which is plaâ—ed about the Neck of the bladder and the Glandules or Kernels resting thereupon termed a Prostatae The power of shutting and opening the bladder depends upon this Muscle The Piss-bladder has Veins and Arteries from the b Hypogastrical Vessels it Vessels has Nerves in its Neck from the Os c Sacrum and in its body from a Nerve of the d six Pair Which is diligently to be considered in Diseases of the bladder causing stoppage of Urine which proceed from a fall caught upon the Loins or Os Sacrum The Medicinal Consideration THe Piss-bladder is subject to an infinite number of Diseases In its substance Diseases of the Bladder it is subject to al kind of Distempers especially hot and cold it suffers Inflammation Tumors Ulcers and Palsie both in the Neck and whol Body thereof Of which we shall Discourse particularly It s temper is perverted when the bladder naturally cold and dry comes to wax In its Temper hot and fils into an inflammation It s Scituation is changed when that Part of the Peritoneum in which it is included Saituation is relaxed whereby it slips a little downe which causes a difficulty in pissing unless the lower Part of the Belly be lifted up with the Hand Somtimes by the weight of many little Stones it comes to have an hollow nook by the side of the streight Gut near its Neck and then the Stones do nestle in that corner so that they cannot be perceived by putting in a Catheter but the best way to feel them is by putting ones Finger into the Fundament It s greatness or widness cannot certainly be defined unless it were empty howbeit wideness it is enlarged and widened according to the quantity of Urine But if it be so much enlarged as to exceed the natural measure then the Fibres of the Coates being broken or too much slacned the party cannot make Water because the fleshy Membrane is deprived of that motion by which the Urine ought to be expelled And in this Case the Water cannot be voided otherwise than by putting in of a Catheter which somtimes for a Month or two must be done twice a day until the Membrane have recovered its antient tone or contractive Vigour Somtimes the bladder is so contracted and straitned by reason of a painful exulceration in its inner Part and then grows thicker and as it were Cartilaginous which hinders its distention and in this Case the Patient must often make Water with pain The Neck of the bladder comprehending its Orifice or the Channel of Urine has Diseases of the Nick of the Bladder also its Diseases It is frequently inflamed swelled Ulcerated obstructed and is weakened by the Palsie when it can neither be contracted not relaxed seeing it is thicker and more fleshy than the bottom of the bladder It is easily inflamed and Fernelius was of Opinion that no other Part of the bladder is subject to inflammation from whence proceeds an Ulcer which is not so hard to Cure as that which happens within the body of the bladder because injections and convenient Candles may be conveighed thereunto It is frequently obstructed by the Stone lying hid in the bladder or by a How Obstructed fungous body which grows therein Yea and somtimes beyond the Neck within the bladder fungous or Spâ—â—gy carnosities do arise which do much trouble the bladder and fil the â—ame They arise often â—rom a flux of blood or a swelling Vein which being opened causes aâ— incuâ—able Issue of blood which â—oon causes a Gangrene by reaâ—on of Clotteâ—s of Blood remaining there Spungy Carnosities do grow without the Neck within the Ureter which are teâ—â—ed Hypeâ—saâ—â—â—ses which are easily Eaten away with Medicinal Wax Candles made and fitteâ— for that purpose Oftentimes they happen in the Passage of the Urine after a Venemous Gonorrbea not wel Cured Alâ—o â—he Neck of the bladder is obstructed by another external Cause Namely by swelling of the Kernels â—ermed Prostâ—â—â— which rest upon the bladder But the Urine is often stopped by a Palsie in the Neck of the bladder so that the Sphincter Muscles cannot contract noâ— dilaâ—e themselves To open the Bladder and to search out the Diseases which are bred within oâ— The
the beginning of the Sheath The Testicles in a T. 7. f. 2. o o. f. 4 A C. â–¡ Women are otherwise framed than in Men they have no Testicles Epididymis have but one Coat their substance is soft made up of little Bladders wherein is contained a Wheyish substance which is wont to spirt out upon the face of the dissector if he take not heed Such a structure of the Testices in women and such a conformation of their Spermatick Vessels made Aristotle to doubt and others of his followers whether the Female Sex were Prolisick and afforded Seed to the making of the infant as well as the Male as Galen after Hippocrates maintaines they do From the Body of the Testicle the same Spermatick b f. 2. d d. f. 4. b b. â–¡ Vessels preparatory are carryed to the bottom of the c f. 2. R. f. 4. E. f. 3. A. â–¡ womb and to the d f. 2. Q Q. f. 4. D D. â–¡ Hornes or Trumpets of the womb which Vessels are far different from those in Men. These things thus observed let us take a View of the Body of the womb with the Horns of the Womb. Its Ligaments external Parts thereof Out of it there arises in its upper Part the Hornes and four Ligaments two broad and e f. 2. P P. â–¡ Membranous which are productions of the Peritonaeum They are stretched out in Virgins and women that have not bore Children resembling the displaid wings of Bats or Flitter-Mice They hold the womb that it fal not down The other two Ligaments are round somwhat f f. 2. S S. f. 3. and 4. F F. â–¡ longish which arise from the bottome of the womb near the Hornes In their Rise they are hollow and in their progress as far as the Ossa Pubis we find them hollowed When they are come as far as the Clitoris they are cloven and spred forth in the shape of a Goose-foot through al the fore part of the Thigh I was the first that made discovery of that same Cavity and of the formerly unknown use of these Ligaments According to the Opinion of the Ancient and latter Anatomists they keep the womb from ascending upwards but without these Ligaments the womb cannot ascend unless it should pluck away the Sheath and the Privities which are contiuations of the body of the womb The Horn a T. 7. f. 2. Q Q. f. 4. D D. â–¡ of the womb being fistulous or hollowish is observed in the lower Part thereof to be torne and jagged as if the Rats had gnaw'd it it conteins within it a certain hard and round texture which resembles the substance of the Jaculatory Vessels in Men and white Seed is there preserved and found Having observed these things you shal proceed to the body of the womb The Wombs Substance Coat the Substance whereof is fleshy and Syungy and as thick as a mans Finger It is Cloathed with a Membranous Coat whether it be proper or received from the Peritonaeum The womb is of an hot and moist Complexion it is Scituated in the lower b T. 7. f. 1. d. â–¡ Part Temper Scituation of the Belly beneath the Navel just in the middle betwen the c T. 7. f. 1. e. â–¡ Intestinum Rectum or Arse-Gut and the d T. 7. f. 1. e â–¡ Piss-Bladder In Virgins until they have their Courses it is little and hard after they have had Greatness their Courses it grows softer in women which have had Children it is greater and thicker It is shaped like a smal Gourd a Pear or a Cupping-Glass Shape Number It is one in number and no more yet somtimes divided into two Cavities by a Partition in the middle which is the Cause that some women bring sorth two or three Children at a Birth The Cavity of the e T. 7. f 3. B B. â–¡ Womb in Virgins and in those which have never conceived Cavity is so smal as to contain only a pease or a very little bean In such as have born Children it is larger The Action of the womb is conception or attracting the Seed and reducing the Action same into Act by causing the same to ferment and proceed to formation And although this be that for which the Womb was ordained yet it is by accident the Sluce or Outlet of Superfluous Humors in the Body which do either continually flow unto this place as in the Whites or at certain seasons as the Menstruous Blood which being more than the woman needs for her Nourishment is ordained to nourish the Child in the womb and when it is born it drops out of the Dugs in the form of Milk The Medicinal Consideration By out knowledg of the Natural Constitution of the Genital Parts of women Disorders of the. we come more certainly to understand their departure from the said natural Constitution by several sorts of Infirmities The Spermatick Vessels are liable to obstructions whereby the usual Flux of Spermatick Vessels Stones Humors is stopped which is very hurtful to women They swel together with the Stones and become as big as a mans Fist by a collection of Humors resembling Tallow or suet This is known by a swelling in the bottom of the Belly at the sides The Trumpet or Horn of the Womb is widened and moved by Seed which being Trumpet there corrupted seekes its passage out But wonderful it is that the mans Seed should come thither and that as Histories report a Child should be conceived there 'T is very strang that a Child should be formed out of the Cavity of the womb and it favours the Opinion of Paracelsus and Amatus Lusitanus that a Child may be made in a Glass of a Mans Seed and menstrual blood placed in Horses Dung unless both of them the one being an Athiest the other a Jew were known to be Impostors The womb is the Root Seed plot and foundation of very near al womens Diseases Womb it self being either bred in the womb or occasioned thereby It it be troubled with an hot distemper and inflamed it causes intollerable burnings Distemper the Feaver Synochos and the burning Feaver very troublesome Itchings and finally it brings exulcerations the Cancer and Gangraena If it be stung with servent Lust it becomes enraged causes Uterine fury and Madness wil not let the Patients rest but invites them to shake and agitate their Loins that they may be disburthened of their Seed and at last they become shameles and ask men to lie with them Somtime it is drawn out of its place towards the sides and is carryed this way and Motion depraved that way as far as the Ligaments and Connexions of the Womb wil give leave and it wil rise directly to the Liver Stomach and Midrif that it may be moistened and fanned it Causes Choaking and Stranglings and raises terrible and violent motions and Convulsions in the Body
In a word the Womb is a furious Live-wight in a Live-wight punnishing Poor women with many Sorrows Although Hippocrates hath written and Fernelius confirmd the same that the womb like a Globe does rowle it self in the Cavity of the Belly yet are they rather the Horns of the womb which are receptacles of Seed Spirituous and hot or putrified which being swelled do move themselves this way that way til they have shed their Seed into the Cavity of the Belly which Seed being dispersed brings very cruel pains and stretches the Belly until the force of the Spirits be Evaporated hence comes that same swelling of the Belly and stifling about the Midrif Somtimes malignant Vapors ascending from the Womb by the Veins a T. 7. f. 2. V V X X. â–¡ and Arteries Suffocation unto the Lungs and Kernels of the Throat may cause choaking and stifling and the malignant vapor of the Seed being so pernicious is violently darted into the Brain and al parts of the Body from the VVomb as from a Beast that spits poyson The VVomb is but little when empty but when it is silled with evil Humors it swels above measure and it has been seen to equal the Head of a new-born Child Cancerous Scirrhus which is an incurable Infirmity because it is a Cancerous Scirrhus which is the worse for being tampered with by Medicines Somtimes the Orifice of the Womb being closed and firmly sealed up Water Dropsie flows out of the Belly into the Cavity thereof and coming to a quantity it brings the Dropsie of the Womb. Somtimes evil Humors are collected there and by the force of Nature do afterwards break forth This often happens to Virgins and others from the suppression of their Courses the internal Orifice being stopped as I said before The Womb is watered with a two-fold Humor Seed and Menstrual Blood the Whether seed suppressed hurteth women suppression of both which does many waies afflict Woman-kind and the evacuation thereof does them much good in many respects Howbeit we do not read in Hippocrates any where that the retention of their Seed is hurtful unto Women he writes indeed that the Womb being dry does ascend to the superior parts to receive moisture which Galen laughs at and that it desires to receive the Mans Seed to moisten it self and that therefore marriagable Virgins that are troubled with fits of the Mother should be married and have the carnal society of Men. And therefore he makes the retention or over-great flux of the Courses the only general cause of Womens Diseases and saies that Women cannot be in Health unless they play the Women that is void their Menstrual Blood In case therefore that a What must be observed in letting blood to move the courses Woman or a Virgin have her Courses stopt whether or no may we hope by blood-letting three or four times repeated from the Arm or Foot to draw the blood unto the Womb I remember the Story of a Woman in a Consumption because of the stoppage of her Courses from whom Galen drew blood in a large quantity That we may know to resolve this Question three things are to be noted The Matter the Place and the Expulsive Faculty The Matter is Blood which remains 1 The sufficiency of matter over and above what was necessary to nourish a woman for a months time which was ordained to conceive Child and to nourish it being born wherefore we must consider whether the woman abound with blood so that she has what to spare and void forth for if she want blood by reason of some fore-going disease or because she eats little we are not to expect that she should have her Courses The place through which it ought to flow is the womb with the Hypogastrick 2 Fitness of the place and Spermatick Veins for these Vessels do contain the superfluous blood until the due time appointed for this Purgation and they send it forth either by the Cavity of the womb or by the Spermatick Vessels into the neck thereof But if so be the Womb shal be dry or hard and the Spermatick Vessels and Veins obstructed we cannot hope to procure the Courses to flow by often blood-letting And the Expulsive Faculty is not seated in the Genital Parts which receive this blood 3 Strength of the faculty but depends upon the general strength of Nature which thrusts this superfluous blood out of doors These three things ought therefore to concur that a woman may have her Courses Matter Place and the Expulsive Faculty and Medicaments ought to have a Medicaments other means to accomplish the Cure respect thereunto A Vein is to be opened in the Foot rather than in the Arm Cupping-glasses must be applied without Scarrification to the inner part of the Thighs above the Vessels Convenient Purges must be given with Apozemes that move Urine attenuate and open the mouths of the Veins Pils of Steel Mirrh and Aloes must somtimes be given and Baths made to sit in or a Vaporary must be used somtimes of blood-warm Water alone and somtimes boyled with Hysterical and opening Herbs the steam whereof the Patient must receive into her Womb. Also Fomentations must be applied to the Os Sacrum and the lower part of the Belly and good Diet appointed not heating but attenuating and opening The Action of the Womb is Conception if it be abolished the Patient is barren Symptoms in the Actions hurt Sterilitie Which barrenness depends either upon the distemper of the womb or upon the il shape thereof or the hardness of the inner Orifice or the distortion thereof or from fault of the Stones and Spermatick Vessels in which somwhat is wanting either in point of structure or of matter and if a woman be sickly she cannot make good Seed fitting to cause a Conception til she recover the soundness of her health and til the faults of her womb if not incurable shal be amended But forasmuch as the Womb is ordained not only for Conception but to evacuate Suppression of blood or seed the Superfluicy of Natural Humors in the Body such as are superfluous Seed and Menstrual blood if they be totally or in part suppressed the woman cannot be in Health nor if they flow too much Hence comes the Gonorrhoea Over-great flux thereof simplex simple running of the Reins or the Feminine Flux either of blood or Humoral when only Humors come away which last if it be malignant and the Humor be sharp exulcerating and of evil color it is dangerous and comes somtimes from an outward venemous and contagious cause and therfore women ought discreetly to be questioned touching that matter that they may be brought to acknowledg their Disease and not deceive the Physitian under a pretence that they have the ordinary whites to their own hurt unless they acknowledg themselves faulty or lay it upon their Husbands whom it is better to accuse if they be
2. D D. â–¡ Navel it breaths a little its Heart h T. 9. f. 3. B. T. 11. f. ♃ â–¡ moves and exercises its vital Faculty it feels and is moved and has been heard also to cry At last when it finds it self perfect whether in the seventh or in the ninth The Natural Birth month which is the ordinary time for a Child to be born being impatient to be any longer there imprisoned it breaks its bands and prison doors and seeking to come out makes its own way with the Head i T. 8. f. 1 D. â–¡ foremost and such an Egress is termed a Natural and right fashion'd Birth Before that Nature begins to work she moistens the waies before the Birth with a What precedes the same Clammy and gluish Humor The internal Orifice of the womb and the whol Sheath which in the last months do by little and little grow thick are moistened with the same clammy glutinous Humor that they may easily be enlarged to such a widness as shal be necessary for the going out of the Infant That the Child be rightly born it ought to come out with its Head first and its Face towards the Mothers Breech the Membranes being first broken and the water run out After the Child the Secondine or After-birth must come forth viz. What follows the Placenta Carnea or Womb-Liver whol and untorn VVhen the Child is come forth the Navel is tied a T. 9. f. 2. P. â–¡ a Thumbs breadth from the Skin and after it is tied it is cut of leaving only another Thumbs breadth The Infant being wiped and clensed with its Head gently pressed together and closed is delivered unto the Nurse The Midwife takes care of the Mother who is careful of her privy parts being pained and to recover her languishing strength If the Birth prove hard and painful a Feaver is raised and the privy Parts are swelled by laboring and endeavoring in vain to bring forth the Child Somtimes Helps to further hard labor her strength falls her and other whiles Convulsions do arise Then is blood drawn from the Arm and the Foor and the Genital Parts are fomented with Emollient and laxative Fomentations and are anointed within with opening Oyls and fresh Butter The Patient is put into a bath of luke-warm water and sharp Clysters are given to provoke the womb to excretion and the inferior parts are provoked by Aperitive and provoking Potions to open themselves Finally when all wil not do and the woman has passed over two or three daies in these Torments if she appear like to die and ready to faint away if tokens of a Gangrene in the Privities do appear although we are not sure that the Infant is dead it is drawn out with an Hook that the Mothers life may be saved it is better that Drawing the Infant out by an Hook one die than two and the life of the Mother is to be preferred before the life of the Child The Mother ought not to die to save the Child and therefore the Caesarean Section ripping the Child out of the Mothers Belly ought not to be practised 'T was elegantly said by Tertullian in his Book de Anima cap. 25. Necessaria crudelitate trucidatur Infans maâ—ricida ni moriturus that is It is a necessary kind of Cruelty to kill that Child which otherwise would kill its own Mother VVhen the Infant has broke prison and escaped if the Placenta or After-birth do not follow the Midwife must thrust her hand into the Cavity of the womb and pul it â—way gently lest the bottom of the womb be drawn down If in a woman dead presently after her Delivery you view the privy Parts you shal observe the Caruncles obliterated and defaced the Nymphes much diminished so that only some Rudiments of them are to be seen and the inmost Orifice so wide that it wil receive a mans four fingers bended together The widening of those Parts to let out the Infant and the straitening of them again Admirable power of Nature Child-bed Purgations what they are a while after is an admirable work of Nature The widness and thickness of the womb are diminished by little and little by the coming away of the Loches or Child-bed Purgations which is nothing but that blood squeezed out which had been shut up between the Spongy sides of the womb But if the largeness of the womb be not diminished nor the blood evacuated it putreâ—ies and causes an Inflamation and the womb continues stretched and bard as is the Child were yet within it and at length a Gangrene arises which brings unavoidable death after it But if the whol Placenta be not drawn forth it is no necessary cause of Death and the place from whence it was pulled by force for a while appears rough and uneven til the whol womb be dried and reduced unto its natural Figure al which ought diligently to be observed especially in Child-bed women that are sick The largeness and hardness of the Body of the womb continuing with a Feaver is Child-bed Purgations retained how to be evacuated a very dangerous and doubtful Disease and a great Question it is towards the Cure whether we should open a Vein in the Arm or in the Foot Fernelius confidently lets blood in the Arm Pereda a Spaniard tels us That we should not regard from whence the blood comes but into what part it is collected and bids us open the Vein which is next that part Cortesius in his Miscellanies has sifted this Question and favors the Opinion of Fernelius howbeit more profitable it is and more secure to take blood out of the Foot liberally respect being had to the Patients strength not neglecting cooling Clysters Epithems Fomentations and Pessaries made to provoke the womb to cast forth that putrified and death-causing blood and the rather to avoid the Calumny and prating of il-tongu'd Gossips by whom Remedies are defamed which have been the means to save many peoples lives The Infant has no Diseases proper to it self saving Teeth-breeding Smal Pox Diseases proper to Infants and Meazles Hippocrates under the name of Tooth-breeding comprehends al Childrens Diseases because chiefly when they breed their Teeth Infants are so sick that many times they are taken away by death Many Diseases are raised by the pain of the Childrens Tooth-breeding There Teeth-sickness are two times in which the Tooth-sickness does vex and endanger the lives of Children viz. When the Teeth first sprout and when they break out of the Gums The Meazles and smal Pox are new Diseases unknown to the Antient Physitians Meazles Smal pox which are thought to be contracted and bred in the Mothers womb by the Mothers corrupt and Menstrual blood the fault whereof Nature is wont to purge out and scum away by those Eruptions I say no more lest I should seem to go beyond the bounds of an Anatomical Discourse Neither is it my Design to
for the Vena c f. 1. Dâ—t 12. f. 1. a a a â–¡ Azygos or Vein without a fellow which Azygos Its Valves nourishes the Ribs In it you shal observe two or four valves or shutters not feigned and imaginary but true interchangably disposed which resist the blood flowing in abundantly I have many times shewed those valves and an inferior branch of this Vein ending into the Trunk of the Vena Cava below the Kidneys For which cause it cannot drink up nor transmit purulent matter into the Kidneys This branch serves to disburthen the Vena Cava above the Heart if blood do any time there abound or be contained in any great quantity within the little branches or twigs of the Azygos or solitary Vein Furthermore you shal search out the mutual Anastomoses of the twigs of the Anastomoses Azygos oâ— solitary Vein with the twigs of the Chest Vein under the lesser saw-fashioned Muscle near the Arm-Piâ—ts Hence it comes that in the Pleurisie the pained side is better disburâ—hened and the pain sooner eased by opening the Vena Basilica than any other Vein After the Azygos or solitary Vein out of the Trunk of the Cava ascending the Intercostals arise on a T. 12. f. 2. b b. â–¡ each side one if the branches of Vena Azygos do not reach Intercostals unto the upper Ribs When the Trunk is come as far as the Claves it produces the Mammaria or Dug-Vein which is twofold b T. 12. f. 1. c c. â–¡ internal and external they are both carried through Mammaria the Longitude of the breast-bone unto the Dugs But the internal being the greater having transmitted a branch through an hole in the Breast-bone into the Dugs Runs along unto the Right or streight Muscle that it may Joyn it self to the Epigastrica Hippocrates was wont to open the external in Inflamation and pains of Parts belonging to the Chest But now because of the Obscurity of those Veins that operation is not of use instead whereof Hors-leeches may be applied or Cupping-Glasses with Scarrification In the parting of the Vena Cava you shal under it observe a great Kernel placed Thymus a Kernel so called in the Throat under the Claves like a Pillow that it may gently bear up and enfold the Subclavian branches It is called Thymus In yong Animals it is sost as in Calves and together with the great Kernel of the Pancreas or Sweet-bread it is eaten as a dainty Dish By the swelling of this Kernel Strangulations or a sence of Choaking may happen even to Men but in Women subject to the Mother it is more frequently swelled and Choaks them if they be not releived by Blood-letting Some do recken up three smal Veins which are termed Thymica Capsularis and a T. 12. f. 4. C. c. â–¡ Mediastina whereas notwithstanding the Capsularis and Mediastina are one and the same Mediastina Vein From the b T. 12. f. 5. â–¡ Ramus Subclavius four notable branches do arise The first is cal-Anterior Cervicalis c T. 12. f. 4. A. â–¡ Cervicalis the foremost Neck-Vein which being drawn out upon the Musculi Mastoides ascends unto the Chin and Waters the fore Parts of the Neck After this follows the d T. 12. f. 4. C. â–¡ Internal Jugular being larger than the external which Internal Jugular ascends unto the Neck under the Musculus Mastoides and about the middle thereof it is divided into three Branches one of which being greatest and thickest creeping along the Vertebra's goes under the Scul making its entrance at the hole which is near the Apophysis Styloidea so as being applied to the lateral Channels of the Meninx dura or Dura Mater is poures out its Blood and goes no farther The Second branch creeps through the sides of the Neck and is distributed under the Jaw The third goes into the Tongue and produces the Ranulae or Veins under the Tongue the opening of which does wonderfully help in Diseases of the Brain A Finger-breadth distant from this Vein you have the Externa e Jugulatis External Jugular which creeping asâ—ant or sloaping under the Clavicula it sends forth two twigs whereof the one passes Obliquely unto the Delta-shaped Muscle under the Shoulder-point and is united unto the Vena Cephalica the other arises to the lateral Parts of the Head where at the corners of the Jaw-bone it is divided into two and is distributed into the Jaws and al the Parts which are subjected unto the Jaw-bone The Other Portion being carryed behind the Eares is distributed into the Fore-Head and hinder Part of the Head and upon the Temples with manifold branches and in these Parts by reason of the Veins Fernelius did conceive that a serous Humor was heaped together which flowing down upon the Parts beneath does breed Fluxions in the Habit of the Body he conceived likwise that an Issue made or a caustick applied to the Cavity behind the Eare did more good than if it had been made in the hinder part of the Head because of a branch of the Jugular Vein reaâ—hing unto the Eye This external Jugular Vein being opened by a skilsul Surgeon in sleepy Diseases Whether and in what Case it may profitably be opened is very good as many Histories do testifie but many wil not allow of it who prefer two or three Hors-Leeches fastened according to the Longitude of the Vein as far as the corner of the lower Jaw where it sticks out and is visible Howbeit you must observe that the internal Jugular does in the Neck communicate with the external and there this external Vein being opened although it reach not unto the Brain yet â—ay it disburthen this Part seeing the internal Jugular is hid under the Muscu us Mastoâ—dâ—us and cannot safely be opened And therefore that saâ—e opening of the Jugulars which is so much spoken of is to be understood of the external Jugulaâ— and not of the internal And because the Arteries and Veins are alwaies conâ—guous and coupled together Aâ—…ries Corâ—… in the same â—…e you shal loâ—k for the srâ—…k of the a Aâ—rta ascending Sprâ—…ging out of the left Ventricle of the Heart it does presently even in its Rise produce the two b Coronaâ—y or Crown Arteries which do compaâ—s the Heart like a Crown These you wil not see exactly unless you cut the Aorta and look into it through the left Ventricle of the heart if there be only one you shal â—ind a little Valve placâ—d at the Oâ—â—fice thereof as in the Coronary Vein The Tâ—unk of the Aorta after a little progress is without the Pericaâ—dium divided into Two Branches the one whereof is termed c Ascendenâ— the other d Descendent The ascendent is triparted three Arteries being brought from the same place that on the right side ascending to the Claves makes the a T. 12. f. 4. B. â–¡ Subolavia dexira the Subclaviae other two
being of its own Nature cold and moist is nourished only with the What Blooâ— the Brain nourishâ— with purer and more spiritous arterial blood which ascends by the Carotides and passes speedily forth And though the Spirits are tempered they loose none of their subtility because they are not mingled with the Air. From the Plexus Mirabilis blood ascends by the Arteries which spring from the said Plexus unto the Crown of the Head where the blood Channels of the brain are Scituate From whence it distils into the lower and side Parts of the brain and also by that same great Vein mentioned by Galen which makes the Plexus Choroides it is distributed into the inferior Parts And therefore in bleedings of the Nose the most pure blood does alwaies come What Blood comes away in the Nose bleeding away whereas that which is taken away by opening the Veins of the Arms or feet seems alwaies most impure Whereby you may know that it is only the Arterial blood which nourishes the brain and which comes away by the bleeding at Nose and it was not without Cause that Fernelius would have it stopped after it had bleed a pound to coole the body and extinguish the Feaver And therefore refrigerating and astringent Medicaments are to be applied not only to the hinder Part of the Neck but also before upon th Carotick or sleepy Arteries You shal observe that the Air drawn in by the Nostrils does not pass under nor Whether the Air goes which is drawa in at the Nostrils Whether it is mingled with the Spirits enter into the foremost Ventricles of the brain because they are void of any Insets but being shed externally round about the Crassa Meninx it cools the Surface of the brain Nor is it mingled with the Spirits because they ought to be most subtile otherwise by permistion or mingling of the Air they would become more thick and would not run so swistly by the Nerves al the body over The same I conceive touching the Air received into the Lungs that it is not mixed with the vital Spirit but only cools the Lungs Now that the brain may be demonstrated after that manner which Varolius describes The Manner of Dissecting the brain and the History of its Parts in a particular Book You shal saw in sunder the Scul of a body newly dead round about near the Eyes and the hollow of the hinder part of the Head and with a pair of Pinsers you shal take of the upper portion of the Socket of the Eyes that you may draw out the Eyes hanging at their Optick Nerves Afterwards having pulled the Dura a T. 16. f. 1. A A. f. 2. D D. c. T. 17. f. 1. A A. â–¡ Meninx from the Scul round about with help of a Spatula leave it at the Basis of the Scul where it sticks exceeding fast to the Bones Then you shal take out the Brain and as much of the Spinal Marrow as you can both at once and let some body hold the Brain turned upside down in both his hands whiles you shal dissect it But you shal first search within the Dura Mater for those four bendings or c T. 16. f. 5. a b c e. â–¡ Hollownesses for the place of the d f. 5. F. â–¡ Press the great Vein described by Galen which makes the Plexus e f. 5. f f. â–¡ Choroides and that division of the brain which resembles a f f. 2. A A. f. 5. E E. â–¡ Sickle Afterwards returning to the Basis of the Brain you shal observe the Tenuis Meninx to be more easily plucked and separated in the lower than in the upper Part because the Petty-Brain in its Basis or Bottom is not so ful of turnings away and windings as on the top And therefore the thick Meninx being first taken we meet with that same Rete Mirabite or Miraculous g T. 18. f. 3. P P P P. â–¡ Net made of Multitudes of smal Arteries springing from the h f. 3. C C. â–¡ Carotick Arteries and two other i f. 3. O O. â–¡ ascending through the holes of the Vertebraes of the Neck but it will be torn which cannot be prevented Now each of the Carotick or Sleepy-Arteries enters within the Scul divided into two to Weave that same wonderful Net and creeping upwards through the windings of the brain it is disseminated up and down every way even as far as the Longitudinal Cavity of the Dura Meninx The Carotis is drawn obliquated and as it were crook backt within that same winding hole at the Basis of the Scul and within its Cavity containes certain very smal Bones like those which are called Sesamoidea Neither has Nature placed these little bones only in these Arteries but she has likewise inserted them into other Arteries where it was requisite that they should be kept open b T. 17. f. 2. I I. â–¡ Then you shal observe that the Processus a T. 18. f 3. a a. â–¡ Mammillares or Teat-like Productions do not run out so far as Varolius has described them Then you shal see the growing together of the b T. 17. f. 1. T. â–¡ Optick c f. 1. S S. V V. â–¡ Nerves near the Choana or Funnel And therefore Masticatories may do good in the Diseases thereof Also you shal observe that the Veins of the Plexus d f. 1. O O R R. â–¡ Choroides descending to the Basis of the e f. 1. P P. â–¡ Brain are interwoven with exceeding smal Kernels In that place the Plexus Choroides is more easily discerned than upon the foremost Ventricles Afterward you shal contemplate four tuberous Eminencies two f T. 16 f. 4. c c. â–¡ before scituate in the middle of the brain and the other two g f. 4. b b. â–¡ behind which constitute the Cerebellum or petty Brain Those Eminencies or Risings do receive four white and hard Roots of the Spinal Marrow whereof the foremost longest and hardest are drawn along between the greater Eminences of the Brain The other two short ones are carried within the petty brain which a thickened Portion of the Marrow of the said petry-brain placed athwart as broad as a mans Thumb does fasten together like a Swath-band and is by Varolius termed h T. 18. f. 4. by C C C. â–¡ Ponticulus or rather it is the pavement of the Channel from the third into the fourth Ventricle And the said Channel lies above those foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow and is stretched out according to their longitude Between the growing together of the Optick Nerves and the foremost Roots of the Spinal Marrow there appears a foursquate hole which is taken for the i f. 3. E. â–¡ Choana or Funnel serving to discharge the Excrements of the Ventricles of the Brain When you have viewed al these things you shal pass over unto the a T. 16. f. 6. D D. T. 17. f. 2. A A. T.
his absurd Opinion provided that he be the Bel-weather Let him no more triumph before the Victory nor let him be so secure and undaunted as not to fear Hercules himself That same new Tenent of Hofman disturbs the whol Doctrine of Diseases of the Hofmans Tenent disturbs the â—â—actice of Physick Brain and that I may declare so much I wil chuse out only two Diseases which have their Seat in the Ventricles viz. The Epilepsie and Apoplexy The Apoplexy he makes to be in the whol Substance of the brain not in the Ventricles The Epilepsie he wil have to be caused only by vapors ascending into the Head and diâ—â—â—â—ed through the whol substance of the brain He allows of no Epilepsie from a primary affection of the Head but only by Sympathy from other parts He assigns the Seat of the Apoplexy to be in the whol substance of the brain obstructed and avers that it is caused only by blood shed forth of the Veins and makes the Cause thereof to be the obstruction of the Press introduced by Nymmanus But if the Torcular or Press is obstructed which is the fourth Channel carrying blood into the Plexus Choroides the passage of the blood and Spirits is intercepted But according to Hofman in an Apoplexy only blood is found shed out of the veins within the Ventricles and therefore the Toâ—cular was not obstructed It is a certain and undoubted thing confirmed by many Experiments that in the Apoplexy the Ventricles of the brain are obstructed or there is an obstruction in the Choana or Funnel But especially the hole of the fourth ventricle which is shut with the Apophysis Scolicoides is stopped by thick and clammy Flegm sticking there which if it be not discussed or removed being evacuated through the Funnel it causeâ— death If the Matter be serous and pass into the Spinal Marrow it causes the Palsie instead of the Apoplexy and so a greater Diâ—ease is cured by a lesser the matter being translated from one place to another But if blood happen to be shed into the ventricles present death follows But if â—o be the Apoplexy should be produced by blood alone as Hofman will have it how could blood which was shed into the ventricles pass into the Nerves without putreâ—action and how could it enter into the Cavities of the Nerves In these two Diseases he hath beâ—rayed his own Ignorance although he could find no such difficulty in the falling sickness as Craâ—o acknowledged whose Wish was this Would to God I could see before I die the Essence of this Disease together with the Cure thereof rightly explained The Medicinal Consideration The brain is exercised with many kinds of Diseases with an hot cold moist Distemper Principal disâ—â—ses of the Brain Distemper with divers Humors Flegmatick Cholerick Melanchollick Sanguine and Wheyish which either do moâ—est the Membranes of the brain especially the Crassa Meninx or are diffused into the Channels thereof and being there stopped of their course they cause most acuâ—e pains or they slide into the exterior windings of the â—rain and by little and little they distil into the substance of the brain and the ventricles thereof or into the hinder part of the Head or the Petty-brain or they descend into the lowest parts of the brain If the Humor ascend by the Carotick Arteries unto the brain it may produce the same Diseases now al Diseases that are caused by consent or sympathy withouâ— matter only by evaporation are not so dangerous as if they were bred within the brain so as that the morbiâ—ick Matter should be therein contained The brain besides similar Diseases in Distemper and Laxity suffers also Diseases Obstruction of thâ— Cavities in Conformation when as according to the motion of the Moon its bulk is encreased or diminished in the Disorder of its Passages when the Channels of the Dura Meninx are obstructed especially the fourth which is called Torâ—ular or the Press which being obstructed is thought to cause the Apoplexy the passage of the Spirits to and â—ro being intercepted Which I do not beleeve because the Spirits are shed abroad into the inferior Vessels from that admiâ—able Net of Aâ—â—eâ—â—es called Rete mirabile and that same Cavity being stopped only the Plexus Choroides being defrauded of its blood is hurt The Ventricles are also obstructed especially the fourth which being sâ—opped Of the Ventricles present death follows by reason of the stoppage of that continual influx of Spirits which ought to be into the inferior parts and the Marrow of the back The Choana may likewise be obstructed which intercepts the Efflux of serous Of the Choana â—â—â—uâ—â—â—â— and Flegmaâ—ick Humors whereby flowing back into the brain they may cause the Episepâ—â—e or Apoplexy and induce divers deadly Diseases If the anterior or foremost ventricles are perforated into the Nostrils the obstructions of those passages wil be very â—uâ—â—ful to the brain A fault of evil Conformation cannot be amended exactly by strengthening and drying the brain both the fore-mentioned may be helped The brain is Inflamed not only the Meninges or Coats but somtimes also in the Siriasis proper substance thereof whence comes the Phrenzy and Siriasis or Dog day madness but not any Paraphrenitis Siriasis is termed from the Dog-Star for in the Dog-Daies chiefly it afflicts Frenzy both Boys and elder persons and therfore it comes rather from an exâ—ernal Cause as long abiding in the Sun c. than from any internal Cause as a Phrenzy comes only from an internal Cause whether it be Primary or Secondary by consent of other parts in a burning Feaver The brain may likewise swel by reason of a Commotion thereof from some internal Tumors Cause it is called Ecplexis Stupidity of the Head after a blow is a bad sign according to Hippocrates At length these Diseases bring a Sphacelism in the brain causing putrefaction corruption and mortisication Again it is subject to a waâ—ry Tumor either in its Circumference or within the Ventricles If in its Circumference it is termed Hydrocephalos or the Water-Head and at length the wheyish Humor slipping by little and little within the Ventricles causes the sleepy Disease and after it the Apoplexy And these I take to be Diseases of the brain however Fernelius has written that al the Disorders of the Head which have been observed by Experience are sympâ—omes and not Diseases But he elegantly according to his wonted fashion does divide the Symptomes Symptomes of the braâ—n Or Membranes into three Ranks with reference to the parts affected Some possess the Membranes some the Substance of the Brain and some the hollow Passages In the Pericranium and Meninges Pains are caused In the Substance of the Brain which is the Seat of the Animal chief Faculties are contained the Symptomes of Fancy and Reason depraved such as are Dotage Melancholly Ecstasies Lyncanthropy Madness Also the Symptomes of Memory abolished such as are Forgetfulness Foolishness Doltishness
is ready to break And therefore Hippocrates observes a threefold Shaking-fit the one feaverish the other Ulcerous and the last Symptomatical Unquietness Anxiety tumbling and tossing of the body this way and that way Tumbling and Tossing called by the Greekes Asse is a depravation of motion which proceeds from a misaffection of the Stomach by reason of a sharp Humor Nettling and Stinging the Nerves of the body or the Membranes of the Back-bones Marrow Which makes that the Sick cannot rest in one place or posture but are forced every foot to change place and tumble here and there and to change the posture of their Bodies Night-walking ought to be reckoned among the Symptomes of motion depraved Walking in ones Sleep because it is not preformed by Judgment and Reason but by force of a Disease namely of sharp Fumes which compel the Sick person or the healthy to rise up and walk in their Sleep I proceed to the Irregularity of the Excrements The proper excretion of the Symptomes of things voided forth brain is either an Exhalation of a thin Vapour by the seames of the Scul or the pores of the Skin or it is an Efflux of a thick Humor by the Nostrils and Palate of the Mouth The Disproportion of this Excretion consists either in excess ot defect That in defect has no Name but it degenerates into a Cause of Diseases of the brain of which we have already spoken The disproportion in Excess is various either when blood does immoderatly Nose bleeding flow from the Nose or by drops Both which Symptomes are Malignant The former decaies the bodies strength by reason of the loss of blood and Spirits the latter betokens a repletion of the Head and a Vain endeavour of oppressed Nature And therefore drops of Blood coming from the Nose is bad in a Vaporous Feaver both as a Cause and as a Sign The disproportion in Excretion of a serous and Phlegmatick Humor is manyfold Catarrhs Their general Name is a Catarrh which is a distillation of Humor from the Head into the Inferior Parts from which Parts it receives divers Appellations If it fal into the Nostrils it is called Coryza or Gravedo if into the Throat Branchos Hoarsness if into the Mouth and Palate Ptyelismos or the Spawle And these three sorts of Catarrhs are vulgarly comprehended under the Name of Rheum A Catarrh falling upon the outward Parts of the body is named Rheumatismus Rheumatismus or Rheumaticus affectus the Rheumatick Pains If it fal upon the Joynts it resembles the Gout save that it comes not by fits wherefore an Eunuch may suffer upon the Rheumatick pains but not the true Gout See Galens Comment upon that Aphorisme Boys and Eunuchs are not troubled with the Gout Galen makes frequent mention of the Rheumatick Disease which was common at Rome as it is with us in Paris in his Second Book to Glauco in his Book of Blood-letting against Erasistratus c. This Disease he cured by liberal Bloodletting It is described by Hippocrates in his Book of the internal Diseases under the Name of a Joynt-pain which is wont to trouble young People more than Aged The other differences of Catarhs with Reference to the diversity of Parts on which they fal are Vain It suffices to know that al Fluxions upon internal Parts are called likewise Rheums The Cause of a Catarrh or Flux of Rheum is a cold and moist distemper or an hot distemper with an abundance of Humors working in the Vessels or without Galen acknowledges both these Causes in his Comment upon the 24. Aphor. Of the third Book The latter Physitians following the Doctrin of the Arabians wil have the Humor which Causes the Catarrh to be bred in the Head only without the Vessels by reason of Vapours ascending Fernelius contends that the Conjunct Cause of a Catarrh is a serous matter collected under the Skin of the Head without the Vessels and that the Antecedent Cause is an Humor shut up in the Veins If you desire to know more of this subject Read Fernelius who wil give you abundant satisfaction Chap. 3. Of the Eyes BEcause the Eye and the Ear may be demonstrated without meddling to The Eyes dissect the Face I wil dispatch these Parts before I proceed unto the Countenance The Eye the Instrument of the Sight is the principal Part of the face placed Scituations in the Fore-Part of the Head to direct the Actions of the body because al actions are directed forwards by reason of the Scituation of the Hands Seeing it is an Parts Organical Part made up of many Similar Parts some of those Parts are external and some internal The external are the a T. 19. f. 1. â–¡ Eye-lids which are the Coverings of the The Eye-lids Eyes wherewith they are covered shut and opened And therefore each Eye-lid is movable howbeit the motion is more evident in the upper Eye-lids and is performed by help of Muscles of which we shal treat in our fift Book containing the History of Muscles From whence the Reader may fetch what does appertain to the present occasion The Eye-lid is made up of the Skin a Membrane and muscles The Membrane It s Membrane stretched out under the Skin it produced from the Pericranium which descending by the length of the Forehead unto the Eyes is an underwofe for the Eye-brows withal makes the conjunctive Coat of the Eye which being fixed to the Brain of the Socket detaines and binds the Eye in its Hole or Cavity The Extremities of al the Eye-lids are terminated with a Cartilaginous or Tarsus Gristle edging which is called b f. 1. C C. â–¡ Tarsus whereupon one by one in a row are fastened the c f. 1. beneath B. â–¡ Hairs of the Eye-lids which are born with us and look how long they are at our Birth the same length they keep during our whol life They seldom falt of by reason of Sickness unless in a Malignant Whores-Pocks Cilia which mows down and makes wast of al the Hairs of the Body These Hairs of the Eye-lids are termed Cilia The angular Extremities of the Eye-lids meeting together are termed Anguli Corners the corners of the Eyes The one is d f. 1. by D. â–¡ greater towards the Nose the other is e f. 1. E. â–¡ lesser towards the Temples In the Eye-lids by the greater Corners are observed two little f f. 1. d d. holes which are Tear-Spouts termed Puncta Lachry malia or the Tear-Spouts because the superfluous Humidities of the Eyes or tears do flow thither and Issue out of those Holes which Humidites to receive the Glandula Lachrymalis or a T. 19. f. 1. D. â–¡ Tear-Kernel is ordained being thrust into the little perforated bone that the Humor might rather distil through this Hole into the Nostrils than fal out upon the external Parts The upper Eye-lid has a Muscle that lifts
unto the Eye are Their Vessels more easily observed within the Brain than in the Eye after it is pulled out Neither is the motive Nerve so easily detected being dispersed among the Muscles as it is within the Brain while you observe its progress even to the very Eye-hole d f. 7. B B. f. 9. B B. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration Although the Eye be but a smal Part of the body yet is there no Part aflicted There are diuers Diseases â—…e Eyes and destroyed with more Diseases And therefore the ancient Physitians when they had diligently examined the structure thereof they observed so many and so divers disorders in its Parts as did amount to about one hundred and twenty partly Diseases and partly Symptomes and distinguished them by their Proper Names which in other Parts they did not do And Rome and Alexandria had Physitians that attended only the Cure of the Eyes In imitation of them I shall Of which some are general of the whol Eye aâ— declare the disposition against Nature happening to the Eyes And because most of the Names are Greek few of them Latin and our Chyrurgeons use them after the example of Leonardus Fuchsius in his Medicinal Institutions I wil retain and use them as Latin Names An Arabian Physition Haly by Name has writ a Book by it self of Diseases of the Eyes and there is a considerable French Book of the same Argument written by Jacobus Guillemeau the Kings Chyrurgeon unto which you may add if you please the Author of Medicinal Definitions the Book of Galen touching the differences and Causes of Symptomes and a bastard Book de Oculis attributed to him The Eye therefore is afflicted either by being encreased or diminished in its Diseases of Magnitude Quantity The Eye is diminished when it consumes for want of nourishment its Magnitude is augmented when it swels without the Eye-hole or Socket It s Scituation is changed when it fals without the Eye-hole which Disease is Of Scituation termed Ecpiesmos or if it turn to one side or another as in Squint-Eyed People and in him that saw through his nostrils and was therefore called Rhinoptis There ought to be two Eyes and therefore he that wants one is diseased in Number Number and is called Monoculus Furthermore the Eye is troubled by an hot and a cold Distemper and by inflamation Distemper c. of the whol body which by putrefaction of the Humors is turned into an Impostume It is somtimes Ulcerated whence the Eye becomes spoiled and the sight diminished And in case an Inflamation of the whol Eye turn to Suppuration which is called Hypopyon and transparent matter be collected under the Cornea Tunica shewing that the other Humors are not putrified there is hopes the Patient may recover sight the quittor being let out by pricking the Cornea which is happily practised at Paris and so with the Quittor a watery Humor is let out as in the couching of a Cataract Besides these general Diseases al the Parts whereof the Eye is made up have â— Special Diseases of other Parts their Diseases and Symptomes which I will particularly and briefly explain beginning at the Eye-Lids Eye-Lids Diseases as Emphysema Hydatis A moist distemper of the Eye-Lids with wind or a flatulent Spirit is called Emphysema With much Wheyish Humors it s termed Hydatis and by Celsus Vesica and Aquula which does so load and depress the upper Eye-Lid that it cannot be lifted up An hot distemper of the Eye-Lid Joyned with a thick Humor is cald Sclerophthalmia Sclerophthalmia Xerophthalmia Psorophthalima Hard-eyedness A dry distemper without Humors is Xerophthalmia if it cause Itching Psorophthalmia Unto which may be referred the Phthiriasis or Lowsie-Evil of the Eye lid If the said said hot and dry distemper Joyned with a sharp Humor do cause Redness pain and falling of the Hairs it is called Ptilosis Milphosis or Madarrhosis Ptilosis If it make the Inside of the Eye-Lid rough its called Tracoma which if it be Tracoma Sycosis Tulosis Crithe Chalasionâ— great so as to resemble the smal Seeds that are in Figs it s cald Sycosis if it be hard and of long Continuance its Name is Tulosis A little Tumor upon the upper Eye-Lid springing from a thick Homor is called Crithe the Barly-Corn If it be greater and movable because of its likeness to hail it called Chalasion the Hail-Stone A Disease of the Eye-Lids in Contiguity is when the Eye-Lids stick unto the Anchiloblepharon Coat of the Eye or to one another which Disease is called Anchiloblepharon the cause whereof is an exulceration of the Coat or the Eyes or the Eye Lids the exulceration being caused by an hot and dry distemper with a sharp Humor Lagophthalmia is a Convulsion of the upper Eye-Lid or a drawing back thereof Lagophthalmia Ippos by reason of a Cicatrice or some seam Ippos is the trembling of the said Eye-Lid both these Symptomes come by Consent of the Brain affected and therefore they are dangerous Ectropion Inversion is a Disease of the lower Eye-lid in Scituation of Figure Ectropion it is caused by a Scar without or by an excrescence of internal Flesh Chalasis or the loolness of the Eye-Lid is caused either by a Palsie through Chalasis consent with the Nerves of the Brain or by a moist distemper of the Eye-Lid in both cases the Hairs are turned inwards The generation of the Hairs of the Eye-Lids being depraved is called Trichiasis Trichiasis Dystichiasis it is twofold when more are bredthan ordinary it s called Dystichiasis when there is a row of Hairs more than usual But when the natural Hairs are only longer and inverted t is caled Phalangosis in both these the Hairs prick the Eyes t is caused Phalangosis by a moist distemper of the EyeLids with much Humor which is not sharp Tear-Kernels Diseases The Caruncle or little bit of Flesh in the greater corner of the Eye makes a Tumor Euchantis against Nature which is called Euchantis the Diminution of the said Caruncle is termed Rhyas which causes a dropping of moisture from the Rhyas Eye Near the said Caruncle and the Nose there breeds an Impostum through Inflamation which is called Anchylops which being broken and turned into a Fistula is Anchylops Aegylops termed Aegylops The Diseases of the Muscles of the Eyes as distempers Laxity and solution of Continuity are distinguished by the Names of the Respective Symptomes Diseases of the Tunica Conjunctiva The hot distemper of the Conjunctive Coat with Humor as blood or Choler if it be light and proceeding from an external cause as the wind or dust or a blow is Taraxis called Taraxis But if it spring from an internal cause as a Plethora or Cacochymia it is termed Opththalmia When it is but beginning it is called Epiphora which is a Name Ophthalmia Epiphora common to an
somtimes Amaurosis Amaurosis Diseases and Symptomes of the Sight Sight abolished is called Caecitas Blindness when it is diminished only t is Caecitas Amblyopia Myopsis Nyctalops termed Amblyopia thick sightedness and it is accounted twofold Myopsis and Nyctalops In the former the Patient is Pore-blind and is fain to look close to what he would discern and to hold his Eye-Lids almost shut together In the latter the Patient can see only by day but very little or nothing at al by night or very obscurly the other differences of sight diminished are comprehended under the general name of Amblyopia Sight depraved is a fals perception of things before the Eyes its termed Parorasis Hallucination or Hallucination The Causes of these Symptomes are no other than those Diseases of the Eyes Causes of blindness of Anchylo-Blepharon which we have before recounted For the Cause of blindness is the Obstruction of the Optick Nerve Glaucoma Leucoma Hypopion Hypochyma Proptosis the larger Mydriasis a Pterygium or Film covering the whol sight of the Eye Anchylo-Blepharon or Gluing together of the Eye-Lids Imminution or Impairing of the sight is caused by the other Diseases of the Eye-Lids As by a thin Scar of the Cornea called Nephelion and Achlys and by a Leucoma and a smal Mydriasis which touches but Part of the Sight Myopsis Nyctâ—uopsis Dry distemper of the Humors of the Eyes cause Myopsis the over Humidity and thickness of the said Humors makes a Man that he cannot see in the Night The Causes of sight depraved is an Hypopion beginning or an Hypochyma Namely when the Humor is not yet united and grown together so that the visive Spirit can pass too and fro between the Parts of the Humor through the empty spaces whence it is that some see flies as it were and certain dark bodies move before their Eyes When true objects presented to the Eyes have a fals Appearance the sight is Hallucination Amalops depraved and termed Amalops so al things appear Yellow to such as have the Jaundice But that kind of Symptome happens when the Cornea which is spred out before the sight of the Eye is infected with Blood or Choler The Animal action of the Eye is hurt somtimes as Feeling and Motion the Eyes pain Feeling of the Eye is hurt by extream Pain thereof which notwithstanding according to the Judgment of Celsus remains within the Eyes and draws not the Brain into consent as Pain of the Eares is wont to do The Causes of al Pains in the Eyes is a distemper or Solution of Unity The hurting of the Eyes Motion is either a Palsie Convulsion or Trembling Palsie Convulsion Trembling In the Palsie and Convulsion the Eyes become stif and fixed in that sort of Convulsion called Tetanus they are unstable as in the Trembling The Natural Action of the Eyes is likewise hurt as Nutrition To the Jrregularity of the Excrements of the Eyes does belong the Involuntary shedding of Tears It s caused by a moist or cold distemper of the Eyes or from Flowing out of tears pricking by a sharp Humor or some external Cause or from the Erosion of that same Caruncle which is in the greater corner of the Eye Hereunto likewise belongs the filth of the Eyes which is by the Greeks called Laeimai Laeimai they are caused by an extream distemper of the Eye which makes a dissolution or melting down of matter The simple insirmities of the Eyes are the spotts and Scars of the Conjunctive Spots and Horny Coates which are both Diseases and Symptomes The Duskynes and obscurity of the Eyes is when the Bal of the Eye does not Obscurity represent any outward object to him that looks upon it which is a token of Death in an Acute Feaver Chap. 4. Of the Ear. THe Ear being the Instrument of hearing is divided into the a T. 20. f. 1. and 2. â–¡ External The Ears Parts Part broad and gristly and the b f. 3 4. c. â–¡ Internal which lies hid in the Os petrosum The external Part is termed c f. 1. and 2. â–¡ Auricula made up of a d f. 2. B B. â–¡ Gristle which is covered with a Skin ful of e f. 2. A A. â–¡ Folds and made hollow with divers f f. 1. A A. B B. â–¡ windings with an hole g f. 1. G G. â–¡ through the same placed upon the side of the Head just against the hole of Windings h f. 3. A. â–¡ Os Petrosum It is more beautyful when smal for a great pair of Asses Ears are uncomly The Ear was placed as it is for the Conveniency of hearing and if the Scituation of the Ear inverted would not have been deformed it had been more commodious for hearing then placed as it is upright and Joyned to the Temporal Bone For we see such as are thick of hearing put the hollow of their hand behind their Ear that they may hear the better In the Ear you shal observe two Parts one is called i f. 1. G. â–¡ Tragus and Tragus Antitragus the other k f. 1. D. â–¡ Antitragus the Names of the other Particles of the Ear are useless In the Auricula is conteined the first passage or Hole of the Ear and reaches Hole of the Ear as far as the m f. 4. B B. â–¡ Tympanum or Drum its entrance is fenced with Hairs to keep out dust and crawling Bugs that might otherwise enter in There is a T. 20. f. 3. C. â–¡ collected the Ear-Wax Cholerick Excrement of the Ear called Ear-Wax which Bird-Limes and intangles any Dust or creeping thing that would pass that way It s termed Marmoratum The internal Ear Concluded in the Os Petrosum is altogether boney and divided Concha into three Cavities The first Cavity is the b f. 6. B. C. f. 7. within A. B. â–¡ Concha In the extremity of the first c f. 4. B B. f. 5. B. â–¡ hole is the Membrane streched out which terminates upon the d f. 3 B. f. 4. A A. c. Drum it has a string that runs cross it as we see the Military Drums have The Drum l f. 3. B. f. 4. A. c. â–¡ Furthermore we observe three littel Bones the e f. 4. G. f. 5. E. f. 7. A. â–¡ Maller the f f. 7. B. â–¡ Anvil and the g f. 7. C. â–¡ Stirrup Four little Bones others ad a h f. 7. D. â–¡ fourth which is a little Scal of a bone such as is found in the Carotick Artery near the Os Sphenoides But this is vain and unuseful Fortunatus Plempius places another Membrane at the other extremity of the Concha but how or where it is extended he does not explain whether at the two petty windores whereof the one is the entrance of the labyrinth and the other of the Cochlea or
that same boney a T. 15. f. 6. â— â–¡ partition placed between the bones of the Nose being a continuation of Os Vomeris The Nose is cloathed externally with the Cuticula and Cutis under which lie the Membrane Muscles b T. 15. f. 1. G H. c. â–¡ Muscles The inner Parts of the Nose are invested with a Membrane sprinkled with fleshy Fibres by the help of which the Pinnacles of the Nose are contracted when the breath is strongly drawn in as the said Pinnacles are widened by other external Muscles the description whereof you shal find in my History of the Muscles Book the 5. To the Nose do belong the Seive like plate of the Colander bone and the Mamillary or Teat-like Productions ending at these bones and given out to be the Organs or Instruments of Smelling Some would doubt whither those Caruncles or little bits of Flesh which are thrust into the Spungy bones are the proper Instruments of smelling or only some way subservient thereunto because when they are overmoistened or by any Diseases impaired the smelling is depraved or wholly lost c T. 15. f. 5. C C. â–¡ d T. 18. f. 3. a a. â–¡ The Medicinal Consideration The Gristly Parts of the Nose are Inflamed Bruised and Vlcerated the Diseases of the whole Nose hony Parts are broken al of them are troubled with distempers but especially with organick Diseases springing from a bad Conformation as when the Nose is crooked inwards like a saddle which is oftimes caused by external Causes but if a Child be born with a Saddle-Nose it may be then raised and rectified For as Plato reports in his Alcibiades if the King of Persia had a Daughter so born they did thrust Pipes into the Childs Nose and reduce it by little and little to its right shape by widening the bones and Gristles whiles they were yet Waxy and pliable An over great and high Nose cannot be cut shorter without making the party more deformed If in persons grown up the Nose be Swelled with Tuberous Excrescencies of Flesh that fault may be mended by cutting of the said luxuriating Flesh The inside of the Nose is apt to Swel and is infested with Inflamatory bunches Of the inside Tubercula Ozena which come to suppuration but far within in the Spungy bones and their Caruncles there is bred a filthy stinking Ulcer called Ozaena which is offensive both to the Patients and al that come near them and is very hard to cure Somtimes the little bones are corrupted and come out at the Nostrils The Caruncles being swelled with or without an Ulcer cause the Polypus which fals into the Nostrils or it fils Polypus the hollow places above the Palate reaching as far as the Throat The Polipus is neatly discribed by Celsus in his sixt Book Chapter the eight Unless it be of a Malignant Color and painful it may safely be cut away by the Roots if possible which is the true Cure for otherwise it wil grow again if any Part be left remaining after section A Malignant Cancerous Polypus must not be medled withaleither by cutting burning or caustick Medicaments for if it be exasperated it eates and devours the whol Face Symptomes of the Nose are either its action hurt or simple affections thereof Symptomes of the Nostrils Smelling lost or the Irregulary of what is voided forth The action of the Nose is Smelling which is abolished diminished or depraved The Causes of the smel diminished or abolished are the same to wit the obstruction of the inward passages of the Colander-bones and the Mammillary productions in which the â—melling is exercised Diminished If the foremost Ventricles be stopped other parts of the Nose remaining intire it is known by the perfection of speech which shews that the Colander and Spungy bones with the Mammillary Productions are free The Smelling is depraved when al things seem to stink and when the Patient depraved perceives a stink in his Nose which is likewise discerned by the standers by The true Cause of this Symptome is a putrified Humor congealed in those Cavities If the Putrefaction be within the Scul the stink is not perceived by the Patient but is discerned by those which converse with him as Fernelius judiciously observes Simple affections of the external Nose are spors which are black and blew or red Spots and deforme the same They must be taken away or corrected with some Fucus if there be no other Remedy The Irregularity of Excretions consists in Bleeding at the Nose and in a Nose-bleeding Coryza Flux of Serosities therefrom which causes the Coryza or Grauedo or a continual Nose-dropping Hippocrates in his sixt Book of Aphorismes saies Such as have running Noses are unhealthy In bleeding at the Nose the blood either comes from the Nostrils opened by Cause of Nose-bleeding picking or from that same long Cavity of the Dura Mater which reaches unto the Nostrils if the Veins be opened by the sharpness of the blood or the abudance thereof after it has flowed a while it must be stopped by opening a Vein in the Arm unless the blood flow critically Fernelius would have al bleedings at the Nose to be stopped be they what they wil and would have a Vein opened to that end contrary to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Blood coming from the inner Parts of the Nose may be stopped but it is very hard to stop the same when it comes from the Menings or Coates of the Brain Dropping of blood from the Nose in burning and Malignant Feavers is bad both It s Cure as a Cause and a signe because it does not ease the Patient and it shews a Plenitude in the brain and that nature being weak is not able to disburthen herself In such a case great care is to be taken of the head by Revulsion and Derivation of the blood and by cooling of the Head for fear of Inflamation or some Sleepy Disease If bleeding at the Nose be stopped in young people accustomed thereunto and their brains Ake through fullness they must be let blood The Ancients did open the inward Veins of the Nose which Practice is left off because the way they did it is to us unknown Fernelius writes that Wormes as long as ones Finger have been found in Saddle-Noses being there bred which at last made the Patients mad and killed them those Wormes were thought to have been cast out of the brain where as indeed they were born and bred in the Cavities of the Nose For Wormes bred in the Ventricles of the brain cannot come out unless they should eat a sunder or break the Sieve-like table of the Colander-bone That which Fernelius has written is worthy of consideration in reference to Diseases of the Head That in Nose-bleedings the blood comes out not from the brain but out of the Veins of the Nostrils The Veins saith he do run into the Nose not from the inner
and worn away In Scituation when they stand not close together or when the lower Teeth are not just against the upper or when the upper Teeth fal within the lower or when Teeth grow in the Palate of the Mouth Diseases common are when the Teeth Scale and moulder away with rotteness Symptomes of the Teeth are Setting on edge Tooth-ach or when they are broken Symptomes of the Teeth are the hurting of the proper and peculiar feeling of the Teeth which is called Haemodia Setting of the Teeth on Edge or the hurting of the common feeling of the Teeth which causes the Tooth Ach which is termed Odontalgia or Odontagra for the likness it has to pains of the Gout Pain of the Teeth is reckoned among the greatest torments which are in the world although a Tooth be so smal a Part. Celsus Book the sixt Chap. 9. Simple Affections of the Teeth are Blackness Rustyness and a clammy gluishness which Hippocrates counts the sign of a strong Feaver also a stony Crust which grows upon them Symptomes in the Irregularity of things voided are A Stinking of the Teeth Stinking Excrescence Worms Bleeding an excrescence and Worms which are bred within the Cavities of the Teeth or a flux of blood immoderately flowing after the drawing of a Tooth which is somtimes a cause of Death See Duretus in his Comments upon the Coicks of Hippocrates where he explains what is the grinding of the Teeth in Diseases Dryness of the Teeth in Sick people foretels a Convulsion or Madness It is worth the enquiry Whether into the plaee of a Tooth drawn out another Whether a Tooth may be fastened in the place of one drawn out may be thrust in at the same moment and fixed in the Room thereof so as to stick fast and be cloathed with the Gums flesh and to abide and serve to chew the Meat with the other Teeth He that shal consider that the Teeth have Life do receive Veins Arteries and Nerves do feel are pained and firmly tied and fastened with certain bands into the Gums wil never say that a strang Tooth thrust into the place of one pluckt out can be made so like to the other Teeth as to perform the same Office with them and stick there as long as they shal do Yet some Physitians in favour of a Norman Tooth-drawer would perswade Men that it is possible to substitute such a Tooth and they have upbraided me with Incredulity and Ignorance because I am not of their mind You are to consider the holes in the upper and lower Jaw-bone through which are drawn the Nerves Veins and Arteries which are inserted into the Roots of the Teeth In the upper Jaw there creeps an Artery which running towards the Eare is there burnt or seared up and to that place and upon the Temples an astringent plaster is laid to stop the Veins by which the Flux of Rheum does come There creeps an Artery in the Lower Jaw near the Corner which is to be seared where it beates or topicks are to be laid thereupon to ease the Tooth-Ach of the lower Jaw Somtimes a bony Fungus or Spungy substance grows out of the hole of a Tooth How the Spungy excrescence is taken out of the Tooth-hole and comes to be so big as to fil the Patients Mouth and at length to choak him if prevention be not used by cutting off the said excrescence and burning the Root thereof You shal observe that the brain hurts the Teeth by Distillation of Rheum the Stomach hurts them by Fumigation or raising fumes and steems which annoy them and that the Lungs likewise do in some Measure dammage the Teeth That there is a Regeneration of the Teeth and that Teeth grow out in every Age Whether Teeth do breed in al Ages of Man is most certain yet must we not rely upon this Regeneration of Teeth so as certainly to make account thereof and expect it after seven years are over To Clense the Teeth you shal find an Admirable Water in the 96. Counsel of ☞ Fernelius Chap. 9. Of the Gums THe Gums are certain parcels of Flesh folded about the Teeth which cover the The natural Constitution of the Gums Preternatural holes of the Teeth within and without but without they are wider and more swelling When this Flesh of the Gums grows Proud and covers the Teeth more than it should it causes pain and hinders Chewing also the Loosness of the said Flesh is troublesome because it makes the Teeth to become loose Inflamation of the Gums is called Parulis if the Flesh grow from an Ulcer it s Parulis Epulis Cancer termed Epulis Somtimes the Gums are Cancerated and somtimes they bleed immoderately The Gums are Eaten up by Ulcers called Aphthae in the Scurvy which the Old Physitians called Stomachache and Oscedo the Ulcers of the Gums are Malignant Somtimes these Aphthae or Ulcers of the Gums are so Malignant that they eate Apthae into the Tongue Vvula and Tonsillae without suspition of the Venereal Pox. such are described by Aretaeus and such appear in that strangling Spanish Disease which the Spanjards cal Garotillo and which is common to the inhabitants of Naples who cal it Vlcus Syrianum Faucium perhaps by reason of their Commerce with the Spanjards who are much subject to the Kings-Evil and therefore the Malignant Humor of the Kings-Evil does Produce such Symptomes in the Mouth and Jaws Chap. 10. Of the Palate THe Palate is the a T. 15. f. 5. L L. c. □ Vaulted Roofe of the Mouth which is a very thin bone The structure of the Palate cloathed with a b T. 13. f. 15. D. □ Nervous Skin which is wrinkled by reason of the Crevesses which are ingraven in the bone and therefore it sticks very hard to the bone which has no Periostium This most tender bone does many times become rotten in the Whores-Pocks It s Rottenness the Palate being boared through if care be not taken in time whether the infection be lodged in the Mouth or within the Nose which Hole so boared does much hinder the Patient in chewing of Meat and in speaking unless it be stopped with a plate Cotton or Spunge Chap. 11. Of the Uvula and Isthmus AT the inner part or further part of the c T. 13. f. 15. D. □ Palate hangs the d T. 13. f. 15. A. □ Gargareon or The Vse of the Vvula Vvula a Fleshy Particle which is given to mankind to help his speech and to some birds which imitate the speech of Man it hangs therefore at the farthest end of the Palate to help our speech being that to the voyce which the Quil is to the Musical Instrument whose strings are struck therewith It is therefore called the striker bp Paulus Aegineta in the 51. Chapter of his sixt Book It hinders liquid things from running back into the Nostrils and it purifies the Air which enters into
Cubiteus Internus Arm and being fastened unto the Cubit and to the fourth Wrist bone of the first Rank it is drawn out aloft The Radieus b T. 22. f. 1. M. â–¡ Internus having its original in the same place and being stretched Radieus Internus out upon the Radius is inserted into that bone of the Metacarpium which sustaines the fore Finger The Wrist is extended by two external Muscles which hold the same way with Wrist extenders the internal and are therefore called by the same names The Radieus c T. 22. f. 3. H. â–¡ externus or Bicornis takes its rise from that bony point which is Radieus Externus in the Arm above the Knob thereof and resting upon the Radius it sends forth a double Tendon the one of which is inserted into the Wrist bone lying under the Radius the other into that bone of the Metacarpium which is seated under the fore Finger Some wil have this Muscle to be a double one because it appears wholly distinct in its original and insertion For that which is carryed to the Wrist grows out of the bony point of the Arm the other arises out of the external Knob of the Arm and extends the Metacarpium with the Wrist It has its Tendons separated and inclosed in peculiar cases and sheaths which are of a sinewy Gristly substance without the Ring faâ—…iond Ligament of the Wrist The Cubiteus d T. 22. f. 3. G. â–¡ externus arising from the outward Apophysis of the Arm and Cubiteus externus being carryed along the Cubit it inserts its Tendon into the fourth bone of the Metacarpium Scituate beneath the little Finger Chap. 27. Muscles of the Palme of the Hand IN the Palm or Hollow of the Hand are found two notable Muscles which are termed the Palmar Muscles the one of which is short the other long The long Palmar Muscle growing out of the a T. 22. f. 1. K. â–¡ inner side of the knob of the Long Palmar Muscle Arm is spred into the hollow of the Hand as far as the first Articulation of the Fingers In its original it is Fleshy and presently after lessens it self into a smal Tendon which passing above the Ring-shap'd Ligament of the Wrist and not included with the rest of the Tendons it is widened into a sinewy Membrane which is so firmly fastened unto the Skin to make the sence of feeling the more quick and that the Hand may hold things the faster that it is a very hard thing to sever it from the Skin Besides the Palmar Muscle in the hollow of the Hand a Certain peice of Flesh Short Palmar Muscle four Square of a Thumbs breadth is found upon the Ring-shaped Ligament which is redder then the Flesh between the Thumb and the middle Finger and is somtimes single and somtimes double looking like two Muscles and being carryed under and implicated with the Palmar Muscle it seems to take its rise from the Root of the Fleshy part of the Hand called Thenar and to be inserted into that same eigth bone of the Wrist which is placed out of order It s Office is to hollow the Hand and so to make Diogeness his Dish to drink on of together with the Muscles of the Thumb and the Hypothenar This Muscle shal be named Palmaris brevis the short Palm Muscle Chap. 28. Muscles of the Fingers THe Fingers are bended stretched out and moved sidewaies Four Finger benders There are two Muscles which bend the four Fingers viz. The Musculus Subâ—imis and the Musculus Profundus The Sublimis arises from the inner b T. 22. f. 1. O. f. 5. A. â–¡ part of the inner knob of the Arm and produces Sublimis foure a T. 22. f. 5. a a a a. â–¡ Tendons about the Wrist which are terminated at the second Articulation of the Fingers and have holes bored in them to give passage to the Tendons of the Musculus Profundus The Profundus springs out of the b T. 22. f. 1. P. f. 5. B. â–¡ upper parts of the Cubitus and Radius and Profundus being c T. 22. f. 5. b b b b. â–¡ divided into four it is carryed through the holes of the Tendons of the Sublimis unto the third Articulation of the Fingers Do but observe the Industry of Nature who to the end the Fingers might be rightly bended on the inside according to their length she has framed a Channel of most hard Membranes resembling Ligaments which Channel does straitly infold the Tendons of the Musculus Profundus and Sublimis least in the bending of the Fingets the Tendons being bowed should be drawn out of their place and like ropes rise up and lift up the Skin And although the Tendons be closely comprehended within the said Channel yet have they their freâ— course and passage because the Channel is smeared with a fat aâ—d Oyly Humor Out of the very Tendons of Musculus profundus by the Wrist do arise the Lumbricales four d T. 22 f. 5. C C C C. â–¡ Lumbricales being firmly fastened thereunto and carried to the first Articulation of every Finger where they unite themselves to the Interosseans The Muscles which extend the Fingers are Common and proper Extenders Extensor Magnus â— I cal them common which serve the four Fingers such as the Extensor magnus Digitorum the great extender of the Fingers or which beside extension do cause other motions as the Lumbracales and Interossei joyned together The proper are they which belong and are attributed only to certain Fingers as the Extensor Indicis stretcher out of the fore Finger and the Extensor Auricularis stretcher out of the little Finger Magnus Extensor Digitorum the great a T. 22. f. 3. K. â–¡ Finger stretcher arises out of the outward Knob of the Arm and by the b f. 3. e. â–¡ Wrist is cloven into four c f. 3. f f f f. â–¡ Tendons which end into the two lower Joynts of each Finger The Fingers are moved sidewaies which motion is commonly termed adduction Side way movers and Abduction The Adduction or drawing to is when they are drawn towards the Thumb Abduction or drawing from is when they are moved sidewaies from the Thumb And this motion is performed by the Interossean Muscles of which there are Interosseans three d f. 4. I I I I. â–¡ External and as many e f. 2. f f f f. â–¡ Internal spred in the spaces between the Bones of the Metacarpium They arise from the upper Parts of the said bones near the Wrist and in the first Internodeum or space between the Joynts with a very smal Tendon they creep side longs over the three bones of the Fingers until they come unto the Roots of the Nailes in the former and upper Part whereof the Tendons being first united are terminated And therefore the Interossean Muscles acting together
the c T 21. f 7. a a. â–¡ Leg and the d T 21. f 8. a â–¡ Thigh and that which unites the e T 21. f 5. A. â–¡ Astragalus with the f T 21. f 5. B. â–¡ Pterna and that of the Astragalus with the three Bones of the Tarsus which are termed g T 21. f 5. E E E. â–¡ Aeneiformia For these bloody or bloodyish Ligaments are alwaies interposed between the bones and are very hard but those which are drawn about the Articulations do alwaies appear white So the Nerve-Gristly Ligaments which are interposed between the Os Sacrum and Os Ilium are observed to be bloody in a Woman newly delivered of her Child Now every Conjunction of the Bones is made by Nature either for Motions Why the bones are articulated sake or for Perspiration or for the Passage of some certain Substance or for the differencing of Parts or for Security and to preserve from violence Conjunctions of the bones for Motions sake are seen in the Fingers Wrists Elbows Shoulders Hips Shanks Ankles Ribs Spondyls in a word in al movable Articulations For Perspirations sake we see bones joyned together in the Sutures of the Skul For to give passage to some substance or other we see the like conjunction at the production of the Pericranium and at the through-fare of some certain Vessels which go partly out and partly in to which intent the Sutures of the Skull were contrived For Securities sake and to avoid the violence of breaking c. we see the said Conjunction in al such bones as are compounded of divers smaller ones For the differing of parts certain conjunctions of bones seem to have been contrived in the Bones of the upper Jaw Having laid this Foundation out of Galens 11. Book de Vsu Partium chap. 18. it is an easie matter to prove the sorts and differences of Articulations out of the Doctrine of Galen himself The Bones are joyned one with another some by Articulation or joynting others Two-fold conjunction of bones What a joyne is Sorts of joynts by Symphysis or cleaving together A Joynt termed Articulus is a Connexion of Bones ordained either for motion or for some other Cause In respect of motion there are two sorts of Joynts The one is contrived for manifest and strong motion which is called Diarthrosis The other is ordained for an obscure and difficult motion or for none at all and it is called Synarthrosis Of the former kind of conjunction of bones viz. Diarthrosis there are three Particulars of eaâ—â— sort sorts Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Gynglymos Of the second kind of Articulation viz. Synarthrosis there are in like manner three sorts Enarthrosis Arthrodia and Gynglymos because Synarthrosis and diarthrosis do differ only in the quantity of the motion as Galen does teach in his Book de Ossibus which also he manisestly declares in his Book de Dissect Muscul Chap. 22. neare the end and in the 13. Book de Ossibus But because a Synathrosis is ordained not only for motion but for some other cause as namely for perspiration the transmission of some substance the differencing of Parts and to save from harm by stress and violence it comprehends three other sorts under it viz. Sutura Harmonia and Gomphosis These six differences of Synarthrosis or joynting may be proved by sense and by Examples of the sorts Example The a T. 10. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. c. â–¡ Ribs are joyned to the b f. 2. A A. â–¡ Brest-bone by an Arthrodia which in regard of motion may be referred to a synarthrosis The c T. 21. f. 1. 2. F. â–¡ Bones of the wrist are coarticulate with the bones of the d f. 1. H H. f. 2. G. â–¡ Metacarpum Galen de usu partium Lib 2 Chap. 8. but that synarthrosis is made by the way of Arthrodia The e f. 5. A. â–¡ Astragalus is joyned to the f f. 5. C. â–¡ Scaphoides with an obscure motion which is Enarthrosis Lib. de Ossibus Chap. 24. Gynglymos is found in the Vertebras of the g T. 10. f. 3. â–¡ Back which is to be counted as a kind of Synarthrosis the Gynglimos of the other Vertebras is a kind of Diarthrosis Galen in his 26. Book de Compos Med. secundum locos and in his 12. Book de usu Partium calls the sutures h T. 15. f. 1. a a. c. â–¡ of the Head synarthroses Also he cals the harmonia of the i T. 8. f. 4. D. â–¡ inferior Jaw-bone synarthrosis in his Comment upon the Ninth part of the second book de Fracturis The bones of the Steâ—â—â—n or Brest-blade k T. 10. f. 2. A A. â–¡ being immovable are joined together by a synarthrosis From Galen in his book de Ossibus and other places of his Writings I could prove that the Jaw-bone and the bones of the Brest-blade are Joined together by symphysis because they grow together as the Person comes to yeares so that no markes are remaining of their former distinction So Galen in his Book de Ossibus calls the Conjunction of the inferior Jaw-bone with the Chin Symphysis Symphysis is an immovable union of the Bones which is performed either with Symphysis what it is Its Differences somwhat intermediate or without In regard of the threefold Medium some Symphysis is called Synchondrodis from the Cartilage Gristle which is the Medium of the Union a second is termed syneurodis from the nerve which is the medium a third is called Syssarcodiâ— from the fleshy Medium To which we may ad a fourth termed Neurochondrodis because the Union is made by a Medium which is of a mixt nature being partly nervy and partly gristly But more may be seen of this in Galen his Doctrine of Bones The differences of symphysis do appeare in the bones of the a lower Jaw in the Its differences exempliâ—ied Bodies of the b Vertebras in the bones of the c share one with another and in the conjunctions of the d â—lâ—an bones with the e Os sacrum in the growing together of the vertebras of Os sacrum one to another and of the epiphysis and in the conjunction of the Os â— Sphenoides with the Occiputs bones and in the conjunction of other bones which in children were divided but in persons come to years they are found growing together by Symphysis sine Medio such as are described by Galen in his Book de Ossibus The Ligaments which knit the bones together and that flegmatick humor wherewith the bones are smeared and the Gristles both such as are common to divers bones articulated together and likewise such as are proper to the particular bones to crust the ends of each of them al these shal be treated of in our particular Muster and Surveigh of the Bones The Medicinal Consideration General diseases of the Bones-Caries The General Diseases of the Bones are Caries or Rottenness
and putrefaction which proceeds from a common or extraordinary Cause such as is the Venereal Pox. Exostosis or a swelled knot upon a bone which arises from the foresaid Causes Exostosis Kedmata mentioned by Hippocrates which are Chronical Diseases proceeding Kedmata from defluxions common to al Joynts but especially infesting the Hip-bone Of these kind of Diseases â—ead the Medicinal Definitions of Gorraeus and Foesius in his Oeconomia Hippocratis Of kin to this is Paracelsus his Synovia or Hydarthrosis which is a continual Hydarthrosis Flux of wheyish or blood-watry Humor out of exulcerated Joynts especially if the Nerves or Ligaments be Diseased Hildanus in a peculiar Book on this Subject proves that this Disease Synovia which was first so called by Paracelsus is the same with that Disease which is termed Meliceria by Cornelius Celsus Lib. 5. Cap. 26. A sure thing it is that the bones being diseased do drop blood and Galen observed as much The bones are likewise subject to Fracture or breaking and Luxation Dislocation Fracture or disjoynting Now a Fracture of a bone is a Division made in a bone by some external Cause cutting or bruising the same There are two sorts of Fractures a straight one and an oblique or crooked Its kinds one The former is according to the length of the bone or overthwart The latter or oblique is if we beleeve Galen too curiously differenced by the latter Physicians which have succeeded Hippocrates for it is said to be Nailfashioned when the Fracture is partly straight and partly circular another sort is called Alphiâ—â—edon when the bone is broken all to shivers Another sort there is which is called Apotrausis or Detractio whereby a Fragment of the bone is so taken away that there remains a mark in the surface of the Bone Another sort of Fracture Hippocrates mentions which he cals Apoclasma and Galen terms Hapagma when a bone is broken there where it is joyned with another bone Luxation or Disjoynting is a Disease of the bone in Scituation when it is removed Luxation out of its place There is a two fold Luxation or disjoynting of a bone the one compleat when the Head of the bone is slipt out of its socket and this is called Exarthrema a being out of Joynt The other is Incompleat and termed Pararthrema when the bone is in some Its sorts measure only removed and lengthened as it were which is mostly seen in the subluxation of the Thigh In an Exarthrema the Leg seems shorter than it was wont to be in a Pararthrema it seems longer than usual The Causes of Luxation and Subluxation that is to say of perfect and imperfect Causes disjoynting of any Member are external or internal The External are a blow a violent distorsion or wrenching a fall and extension of a Member The Internal causes are a thin Humor which does relax the Ligaments or a thick Humor which by little and little fils the Cavity of the Joynt and at last thrusts out the bone by reason of an Anchylosis which is bred Now Anchylosis is a fault in the Articulation of bones whereby the Cavity of Anchylosis a bone which ought to receive the Head of another bone is filled up be it what kind of Articulation it may be either Enarthrosis Arthrodia or Gynglymos Hereupon the bone thus diseased either is held bowed in or remains stretched out and stiff And in case without the foresaid Anchylosis the Tendons of the one side shal in the Limbs be cut in sunder the straight or crooked bones do no longer serve to bend or stretch out the said Limbs Chap. 6. Of the Bones of the Skull HAving diligently considered the Articulations or joyntings of the Bones one Things to be observed principally unto another let us now take notice what is observable in every particular bone being fresh which is not to be seen in the Skeleton or in dried bones I will proceed from Head to Foot according as I am wont to do in my Dissection and Demonstration of these parts Now my Demonstration of the bones is two-fold the one I call Osteotome or Bone-Dissection in which the bones are separated each from other the other I term Ossifragium in which the bones are broken that their inner structure may be discerned And in the first place let us contemplate the two-fold Table of the Skull or Two-fold plate the double Skul-board which is thinner in Women than it is in Men. The uppermore is thicker and harder and more smoothly polished than the neather but the lower is rough and furrowed as it were that it might afford place for those Vessels which creep along the Dura Mater from which some notable Vessels arise which by the Ears do insinuate themselves between those two plates or boards of the Skull for to irrigate the intermediate space Now that same intermediate space is a certain spongy Substance which receives Intermediate space and contains a Marrowy Juyce serving for the nutriment of those bones The which Marrowy Juyce is reddish by reason of blood flowing out of the smal Veins scituate in those parts which is wont â—hen to flow out when the Skul of a living man is boared through with a Wimble or other boaring Instrument Now the Skull according to Hippocrates in his Book de Vulneribus Capitis is double in the Why the Skull is double middle of the Head that is to say hollow between two plates and boards that it might contain a Marrowy Juyce to nourish the bones Hippocrates adds The whol Head a smal part excepted resembles a spunge ful of smal Caruncles or little bits of flesh which if you press and squeeze with your finger you shal perceive blood to drop out of them also you shal see smal Veins running up and down which abound with blood Out of the foresaid Caruncles being bruised with a vehement blow the blood is squeezed which putrifying does corrupt the bone which in the mean while appears sound on the out side but the Sanies sweating out from the inner plate or Skul-board does corrupt and putreâ—â—e the very â—rain it self And if so he when the Skul is razed you see blood come forth do not therefore conclude that the Fracture penetrates the inner plate because that blood flows out of the space which is between the two plates or boards of the Skul That same spungy Hypersarcosis or breeding of proud flesh which grows up in Proud flesh in Head-wounds whence it proceeds wounds of the Head is bred out of the foresaid Duplicature of the Skul-bone as Hippocrates has observed Touching the Fungous Excrescences of the brain whether they are bred from the broken bone or from the Dura Mater see Sennertus in the first Book of his Practice But Hippocrates his Caruncles are vainly sought for in this intermediate space whatever Fallopius pleads to the contrary in his Book of the Wounds of the Head unless a man would
Pomgranate as resembling the flower of that Apple Galen conceives that it is placed there to defend the stomach and the Septum It s Vse Transversum But because the stomach is far distant there from it seemes to be framed only for the midtifs sake or rather to hold up the Liver fastened thereto by a ligament Amatus Lusitanus in the 95. Cure of his fift Centure observes that the Cartilago It s Hole Xiphoides is bored through for perspirations sake that the filthy vapors of the the stomach might by that hole breath out which is a simple Conceit For unless the Cartilage is bipartiâ—e it is perforated to give passage for the vena mammaria interna and in wounds if there be no hole in the Brest-bone it is found in the Cartilago Xyphoides This Cartilage being preâ—sed down and crooked in does so hurt the Liver being It s crooking seated beneath it that infants are by that means killed with an Atrophy or Consumption and in growen persons it â—auâ—es perpetual vomiting until it is reduced to a natural posture Chap. 15. Of the Ribbs Every Rib does consist of a twofold substance the one of which is a T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. c. â–¡ boâ—y which Twofold substance of the Ribbs makes up the greatest part â—â— of the Rib the other is b T. 8. f. 2. C C. â–¡ gristlâ—e of unequal length which is joined to the Brest-bone by that sort oâ— Articulation which is called Arthrodia that in the â—â—seing and falling of the Chest it may yeild more easily But they have another aâ—â—â—culation with the vertebras of the Back-bone which is twofold in every Rib. Now there are seven which are called true and perfect Ribs because they are The true Ribs joyned to the Brest-bone by way of Arthrodâ—a unto which sometimes an eighth is added which has been found more than once in the dissection of some bodies being fastened to the Rooâ—e of the Cartilago mucroâ—ata And â—his is the Cause why Aristotle whom Plinie thought it no disparagement to imitate has reckoned up sixteen true Ribs The five lower are called d T. 8. f. 2. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Bastard and Imperfect Ribs because they do not The Bastard Ribs reach unto the Brest-bone but are terminated in a long Cartilage which is reversed upwards and so grov one unto another c T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. â–¡ Chap. 16. Of the Back-Bone The Musculous flesh wherewith the Back-bone is covered being removed its admirable The shape of the Back-bone figure is eâ—silâ— discerned which is partly streight and partly oblique somtimes bending inward and sometimes outward which Hippocrates first discovered and Duretus Hippocrates his Ghost has described in Coacis Every where between two vertebras a thick cartilage is placed in the middle The Gristles of the Vertebrasâ— like glue Galen â—â— his Booke de Ossibus writes that it is an hard and in some sort Gristlie Ligament All the vertebrae oâ— turning Joynts of the Back are covered on the outside with Their Membranes an hard membrane and within they have a strong membranous ligament drawen a long from the higâ—est vertebra as low as to the Os sacrum which is there placed and wrapped about besides two other membranes to defend and preserve the spinal Marrow I have often found in bodies that were hanged and burnt and have been informed A fable of the Cabalists touching a bone which they cal Luz by the Executioner that it is a ridiculous fable which the Cabalists relate of a certaine Vertebra viz. that in the Back is found a certaine Vertebra which they have termed Luz out of which as from a seed the Bones shal be regenerated and spring up at the General Resurrection This Bone Luz â—o called Cornelius Agrippa and Vesalius wil have to be in the foote Howbeit Hieronymus Magius in his sift Book de Exustione Mundi relates that Adrianus learned experimentally of Rabbi Joshua Ben Anime that the foresaid Bone is one of the Vertebra's of the Back For he found in the Back bone one bone that a milstoneturning upon it would not breake the fire could not burne it the water would not dissolve it and at last being layed upon an Anvil and smitten with a sledge or smiths-hammer it was so far from being broken in the least that the Anvil was crackt and the sledge broken the Bone receiveing in the meane while no detriment Which is as false as false can be For all the Vertebrae may be broken in peices burnt and reduced to ashes Whence we may judge what credit is to be given to the Cabalists who in things manifest do so impudently mock and abuse us If Aristotle had observed the structure of the eleventh or twelfth vertebras he The structure of the Loines would not have written in his third Book de part Anima That the Back is fleshy but the Loines without flesh because the Bending-places of al parts are voide of flesh But the Loines are more fleshy than the Back But the Articulation of the twelfth vertebra is different from al the rest being the Cause of all Motion which is performed thereupon for both above and beneath it receives and is not received as is observed in other Articulations of the Vertebrae From the Loines you shal descend to the Coccyx or Crupper-Bone and you shal observe its structure consisting of three bones its spungy reddish substance and Crupper bone triangular shape Which Part we read does in some Nations sprout out like a taile Pliny records in the 22. the Chapter of his seventh Book that in India there is a race of Men that have hairie tailes and are incredible swift And Paulus venetus in the 28 Chap. of the fift Book of his Travells does avouch that in the Kingdom of Lambri there are men that have tailes like doggs a span long who dwel not in Cities but in the Mountaines The Nubiensian Arabick Geographie mentions a tailed Nation in an Island of the Eastern seas which is called Namaneg Page 70. I suppose that it is but a fable which Historians relate touching the Kentish-long-tailes in England how that God to revenge the Injury done to Tho. Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury caused Tailes to sprout out of the Kentish Crupperbones When the Crupper-bone suffers a Luxation inwards a man cannot according to Avicen draw his Ankles towards his buttocks neither can he bend his Hams which is confirmed by the Experience of Ambrosius Pareus This Impediment is caused by compression of a very thick nerve seated on the hind-side of the Leg which creeps along neare the Crupper-bone The said bone is easily reduced by a mans finger put into the fundament In the next place you shal fal to dissect the Vertebras of the back that you may contemplate the admirable fabrick of the spinal Marrow wiz how in the extreem The way to dissect the verâ—â—a's
the wrist and to this bone the Muscle Cubiteus flex or carpi does adhere The three wristbones of the first order being joyned together do make a cavity Their Articulation which receives two Bones of the second order which being joyned one with another do make the joints Head whence you may know that the first order is obscurely moved with the second and that c the articulation is by way of Arthrodia and in a dead body having taken away the tendons you may discover this motion The rest of the wrist bones being articulated with the Metacarpium do cause no motion at al or a very obscure one It is very rare to find nine bones in the wrist howbeit some have found so many Chap. 19. Of the Metacarpium Fingers and Sesamoidean Bones After the wrist followes the b T. 21. f. 1. H H. f. 2. G. Metacarpium which is framed of five bones if we beleive â—elsus and Rufftus whom Plinie does favour when he attributes only two joints unto the thumb Lib. 11. Cap. 43. Galen does better who separates the first bone of the a T. 21. f. 1. G G. f. 2. H. â–¡ Thumbe from the Metacarpium Of how many Bones the Metacarpium consists because it is joined to the wrist by an Arthrodial diarthrosis with evident motion But the bones of the metacarpium are articulated to the wrist by way of synarthrosis without motion Ad hereunto that this bone is shorter than the bones of Metacarpium is not conterminous to them has a contrary situation and a different motion For the Thumb is termed pollex a pollendo because it alone is equivalent to the The Bones of the Thumb other four fingers That it might be strong and substantial it was requisite that it should have three bones that it might performe manifest and strong motions it has peculiar muscles and they are affixed unto the first Bone When the Athenians would render the Aeginetae their emulators wholy unfit for warfare and Navigation they cut their Thumbs of And we cal such as are casheired for their cowardize Polletrunci thumb-les companions They were by the antients in way of merriment termed Murci The Metacarpium therefore is compounded only of four bones two of which are immoveable the other two which are under the ring finger are manifestly moved In that same space where the Thumb is joyned to the Brachialis there is a certaine cavity in which the Arabian Cautery was usually celebrated which is largely and elegantly described by Gesnerus in his Appendix to the Art of Chirurgery And it is no wonder if some at this day undertake to cure the venereal pox by applying mercurial water to this part which eaâ—es through the skin and peâ—ces so deep as to flux the patient In the hollw of the hand a transverse ligament is observed which connects the The Ligaments of the Hand The Sesamoidean Bones row of fingers to the bones of the Metacarpium Within the palme of the Hand you shal find divers Sinewy-Ligaments There are a few sesamoidean bones found in the Inside of the Hand There are none in the outside They are found hidden among the first jointings of the fingers The Thumb in its second and third joint has some sesamoidean bones in the first joint it has none Now to find the sesamoidean Bones either in the hand or foot you shal this do The way to find those Bones You shal so cut out the tendons that stretch out the fingers that you be careful not to take away the cartilages of the joints which are under them which may seeme to be the sesamoidean bones Under these tendons most frequently in the hand especially in hard bodies you shal perceive a certaine hardness sometimes gristlie sometimes bony Then you shal cut crosswise the Ligaments of al the joints until you make them appeare their inside in the hand their outside in the foote in which side you shal find the sesamoidean bones haveing first cut asunder the ligaments wherewith they are infolded or drawing them a little back upwards towards the roots of the fingers Chap. 20. Of the Os a T. 2. f. 3. 4. A. c. T. 21. f. 2. A. â–¡ Ilium and b T. 21. f. 1. K. f. 2. C. â–¡ Thigh-bone From the Armes you shal proceed unto the Inferior Limbs Their Ligaments Between the Os sacrum and the Tuberous bunching out of the Ischium there intercedes a Great and strong Ligament Beneath the seame or growing together of the share-bone there is another Ligament stretched out And a c T. 21. f. 7. a a. â–¡ T. 21. f. 7. b. â–¡ circular Ligament comprehends the Articulation of the Thigh with the socket of Os Ischij which being cut away another d Ligament somwhat long and bloody appeares The said bloodyness is caused by reason of Certaine little veines which creepe through the Acetabulum of the Huckle-bone That same Ligament which is brought out of the top of the thigh-bone is fastened and strongly driven into a cleft which is in the foreside of the Acetabulum which being relaxed and drawn from its place there fals out such an halting as is incurable in which the Thigh though perfectly put in Joint will still stip out again That same tabes Coxaria Pâ—â—isis ischiadica mentioned by Hippocrates in his Consumption of the Hip. Book De morbo Sacro and elswhere it is worth youre observation when by reason of an Impostume or a fluxion into the Hip-bones Cavity of Acetabulum the Ligaments cotrupt and putrify and the Hip grows lank and leane It was an ingenious observation of Hippocrates all Bones vitiated cease to grow if the part containing be corrupted it infects the part contained wherefore if the Huckle-bone be corrupted the Thigh-bone cannot remain untainted which disease I have often observed The oval hole of the a T 2. f 3. 4. B. â–¡ Huckle-bone called thuroides from its resemblance of a The ovall hole of the Huckle-bone door is ascribed unto the share It was contrived for lightnes sake and is exactly covered with an hard membrane which does sever the Musculos obturatores which rest on either side thereupon That is false which Aristotle has written in his fourth Book of the Live-wights Chap. 10. that no four footed Beast has Huckle-Bones The natural shape of the hip In the Thigh-bone you shall observe the b T 21. f 1. K. f 3. G. shape thereof bunching out on the foreside and saddle-fashiond behind for the convenience of sitting and firme walking Which figure Hippocrates observs in his Book of fractures and advises when this bone is broken that care be taken to preserve the same For such whose Thigh-bone is streighter than it ought to be are crook-legd and are same in their knee and they cannot stand nor goe with-out trembling But they whose thigh-bones are very crooked they stand more firmly either on one Leg or on both than they who
Arteries Carotides Or sleepy Arteries whether or no the obstruction of them do cause deep sleep Communion of them and the spinal Marrow Page 115 116 Articulation Of the bones what concurs thereto Page 263 c. Asthma What it is its kinds Page 103 Atrophy What it is and whence it proceds Page 59 Auditory Passages of the Ear Page 193 Axillary Kernells their diseases Page 211 B Back and Breastbones Their Vertebrae Fallopius his observation touching them Page 23 Back Properly is not moved Page 231 How it is bowed by the Quadratus ibid It s various Muscles Page 231 232 Back-bone Its shape gristles Membranes and the way to dissect the Vertebras thereof Page 275 276 Baldness Whence it proceeds Page 120 Belchings and Hiccupings Whence they proceed Page 55 Belly The Muscles thereof their number figure largness original the white-line connexion action use c. Page 40 41 their medicinal consideration Page 42 Belly The division of its parts Page 44 the two notable veins thereof and what is to be considered in them Page 50 51 52 the Caeliacal Artery thereof Page 52 the Nerves thereof and what diseases rise therefrom Page 67 Its Muscles ten Page 232 Benedictus His experiment before the Arteries of the head may be opened Page 218 Blackmoors Whether they have any sutuers in thir Sculls Page 268 Blindness Whence it proceeds and the causes thereof Page 142 Bladder Its Muscles and the office thereof Page 232 251 Blood Where and how made and how distributed from the liver a double circulation thereof Page 57 58 105 how necessary the circulation of it is to continue the motion of the hart and whether the blood do pass from the right ventricle of the heart unto the Lungs Page 108 Blood what kind of it is circulated in what vessels after what manner and how necessary the circulation is Page 109 difference of blood in Vena Cava and Porta Page 108 whether the blood pass through the Septum Medium of the heart or no Page 110 the circulation thereof intercepted by obstruction of the ventricles or of the veins Page 111 The conditions of that which is good and how the Fibres are bred therein the natural temper thereof the quantity sometimes congealled Page 66 Whether it may be lessend otherwise than by blood-letting Page 66 Body Of man how to be considered by Anatomists its Parts its solid parts how manyfold its similar parts what and how many Page 26 It s natural and legitimate conformation and the necessariness of it Page 29 Body Of man its division Page 31 Bone its definition Page 27 Bones the history of them otherwise termed Ostology Page 4 Four consider ations of them ibid Bones Doctrine of them double Page 5 Why there are many of them in man Page 6 Bones Of men in what particulars they differ from those of Women Page 18 The number of them in a Mans Body Page 19 Bones Of Infants the history of them ibid Which is both Ancient and profitable Page 20 The number of them in Insants Page 25 Bones A new history of them Page 260 c Why they are last treated of Page 261. The Doctrine of them demenstrated in a dead body very necessay for the perfect knowledg of Mans body for the practice of Physick ibid Bones Their general diseases Page 265 c. Bone Called Luz the fable of the Cabalists concerning it Page 275 A threefold cavity in them and a threefould marrow Page 286 Bones The remote matter that nourisheth them Page 263 The immediate matter of them and whether they have Veins Arteries and Nerves ibid Bones the collection and ordering of them for a Sceleton Page 287 The manner of fastening them to make a Sceleton Page 288 Brains Their substance division their Coats Pipes and principal diseases Page 121 130 Brain Ful of windings and turnings Page 122 Brain Whether it hath any motion and whether it cooleth the heart Page 124 Whether or no and how the blood is circulated therein and what blood it is nourished with Page 124 125 Brain The manner of dessecting of it and history of it's parts ibid Breast or Chest What it is fourfold Page 14 Its form what it ought to be Page 30 Breasts What to be chosen in Nurses ibid Breast-bone Of how many particular bones it is made up the hole thereof and the Natural shap thereof Page 274 Bronchocele what it is Page 201 Buboes where they arise Page 76 Buccinator what muscle so called Page 220 C Cabalists their fable touching the Bone Luz Page 275 Cachexy what it is and whence it proceeds Page 59 Cacochimie what it is and whence it proceeds Page 65 Call what it is its scituation original diseases thereof similar organical and common Page 45 46 Cancer in the gums what it is and whence Page 204 Caries of the Skul what it is Page 270 Cartilage its definition Page 27 Cartilage xiphoides its figure Page 274 Its use and hole ibid It s crooking Page 275 Carunculae Myrtiformes what and where they are Page 81 Catalepsis and Carus what diseases they are Page 133 Catarrhs what they are and whence Page 135 Cheeks their description Page 195 Cheeks whence that sympathy between them and the knees proceeds Page 284 Chest its bounds shape parts and medicinal consideration and diseases Page 94 95 96 97 Its Muscles proper and common Page 230 Child its conception Page 87 its posture and accommodation in the Womb its natural birth Somtimes drawn out with a hook Page 88 89 Child-bed purgations what they are retained how to be evacuated Page 89 90 Chin described Page 194 Choler what it is the passages thereof two sorts thereof in the Liver Page 59 60 Choler diversity of it proved by the different sorts of Jaundice Page 60 Chorda of Hippocrates what it is Page 237 Choroides plexus tâ—…ause thereof Page 122 Circocelâ— what kind of tumor and where bred Page 78 Clavicula what it is its gristle and Ligament Page 273 Clitoris in women what meant thereby Page 82 The Muscles thereof Page 233 Coccix or crupper bone what it is and the Muscles peculiar thereunto in a Woman Page 250 Cods their coats cavities vessels Page 77 Columella or Uvula inflamed Page 205 Coma or dead sleep whence it proceeds Page 132 Concha what it is and its parts Page 273 Conorium what it is Page 123 Convulsion what it is and whence Page 134 Corus their original Page 213 Cough whence it proceeds Page 104 Courses in letting blood to move them what to be observed Page 86 Cremaster Muscle what it is Page 76 How it is known Page 249 Crupperbone what it is and the Muscle peculiar thereunto in man and woman Page 250 Its structure c. Page 276 Cubitus what it is and why the Radius is joyned thereunto Page 280 Cubit the Muscles thereof Page 225 Cuphosis a disease and where Cynicus spasmus what and whence Page 196 D Dandrif what it is and whence it proceeds Page 120
214 Isthmus defined its diseases Page 205 K Kibes where bred and whence they arise Page 213 Kidneyes The substance of them their temper Scituation greatness number shape colour and vessels Page 67 68 Kidneyes How shaped in children Page 68 Their internal structure admirable its Basin teats sieve and infirmities ibid The falling down of them their swelling stoppage alter vein opened action hurt c. Page 69 Stones bred therein when cureable by incision ibid Kidneyes Their consumption and who most subject thereunto c ibid Kidnies Weakness when a dropsie proceeds therefrom how it is to be cured ibid Kings-Evil What it is and how its swellings differ from Bronchocele Page 201 Knees Whence that sympathy between them and the Cheeks proceeds Page 284 Its ligaments Page 283 L Labor hard in Child-bearing helps to further it Page 89 Larynx Or head of the Wind-pipe its scituation Gristiles motion muscles and diseases Page 207 208 222 Leg The two bones thereof Page 17 It s several Muscles and motion Page 235 c. Lethargy What it is and whence Page 133 Ligament its definition Page 27 Ligament Why it is interposed between the Radius and the Cubitus Page 280 Limbs being the third part of the Sceleton how to be considered Page 15 their division ibid c. and 211 Limbs upper and inferior Page 24 Method of handling them and parts of which they are compounded and their several diseases Page 212 c. Veins Arteries and Nerves belonging to them Page 254 c. Linea Candida which is the true one Page 249 Lips Their description Page 194 Lips Their Muscles are two common to both Page 220 Their use and diseases Page 196 197 Liver Its substance colour scituation bigness lobes or laps regions vessells and diseases Page 57 58 Its communion with other parts Page 58 Its action and symptoms Page 58 59 Liver whether the roots of Cava and Porta are united therein Page 58 Liver Not the original of Vena Cava Page 64 It is the original of Vena Porta Page 108 Lordosis A disease and where Page 278 Lousie Evil what kind of Symptom it is Page 121 Loynes The parts thereof name with its etymology parts bordering upon them Page 90 91 Loyns Their pains the speciall causes thereof the Authors method in treating thereof Page 91 92 Loynes their structure c. Page 276 Lungs or Lights Their Substance Vessels Scituation Motion Division â—…shape Membrane Peculiar manner of nourishment and diseases Page 102 103 Lungs their excellency and why they are so subject to fluxions in the diseases thereof whether blood-letting be approveable Page 104 Lungs their consumption and some causes thereof ibid Lungs why distinguished into lobes or laps Page 105 Luxation or Disjoynting what kind of disease it is Page 266 Luz a bone so called and a fable of the Cabalists touching the same Page 275 M Maidens French why they have their right shoulder higher then the left Page 280 Maleoli what they are Page 285 Man wel formed how many things to be consideerd in him Page 29 30 Massa carnea what it is and its use Page 239 Masseter or Chaw Muscles what they are Page 221 241 Men broad shouldered whether they begen large children Page 279 Men why so few that can use both hands alike Page 280 Marrow of the Bones threefold and whether it be compast with a membrane Page 263 Marrow spinal its natural constitution original progress and dignity c. Page 276 277 Meatus Hepaticus and Cysticus what they are Page 59 60 Meazles and smal Pox whence they proceed Page 90 Mediastinum what it is its Cavity and diseases Page 98 100 Melancholy its definition Page 132 Membrane what it is its Names Substance Original Temper Scituation Number Figure Colour Connexion Communion Action Vse Page 27 36 37 Membrane its Medicinal consideration Page 37 38 Membrane common of the Muscles Page 38 Meninges what they are Page 121 Mesenterium what it is its scituation Structure Vessels Vse Diseases Page 48 49 How the milkie Veins thereof are affected Page 49 50 Metacarpium what it is and of how many Bones it consists Page 281 Midrif or Diaphragme its Scituation Substance Shape Vessels Motion how it moves in resptration and its diseases Page 101 192 Its Original from the Circumference of the bastard Ribs and its Vse Page 231 The Muscles thereof Page 231 Mouth-palate the Muscles thereof Page 223 Muscle in the general what it is its definition Substance Temperature Original and insertion Quantity Number Figure Belly Head Tendon Color Connexion Communion Action Diversity how it is known Page 38 39 Muscles particular of several parts Page 218 219 c. Muscular dissection an Introduction thereunto shewing an accurate Method to cut up the Muscles of the whole Body Page 239 240 c. Muscles of the Radius Wrists Fingers and Thumb the best way to dissect them Page 248 N Nailes their diseases Page 212 Navil what it is Its vessells use and Medicinal consideration Page 44 45 Neck Its use length parts vessels kernels and medicinal consideration Page 200 201 The Muscles thereof eight Page 224 Nerve its definition Page 27 Nerves or sinews contained within the Chest eight remarkable ones their names Page 116 117 Nerves how many of them proceed from the spinal marrow Page 277 Night-mare what Affect so called Page 132 Nose Its scituation magnitude shape cavities bones gristles membrane Muscles and diseases Page 197 198 Its muscles common and proper Page 220 Its diseases Page 198 Nose-bleeding the causes thereof and cure Page 198 199 Nostrills The passages from them to the palate Page 269 Nympha in young women what it is Page 81 O Oesophagus or Gullet its membrane kernells and obstruction Page 289 Omentum what it is it 's scituation original diseases 45 46 see Cal. Ophiasis what kind of disease it is Page 120 Osteologia nova or a new history of the bones Page 260 c. Os Hyoides Its scituation structure fastening and why it hath many ligaments Page 271 Os Hyois What it is its parts Basis and Horn Error of Anatomists concerning it and its Muscles Page 12 13 221 Os Sacrum and Os Coccyx what they are Page 23 How the motion of the Os Sacrum is performed Page 42 Oscheocele What kind of rupture Page 78 P Palate Its structure and rottenness Page 204 Its Muscles two Page 223 Palsy what it is and whence it proceeds Page 134 Pancreas What it is its substance scituation vessels new channel use 50 see Sweet-bread Parotis what it is Page 192 Its constitution Page 241 Parts of the Body sollid how many fold similar what and how many Page 26 c. Parts Organical what how many what to be observed in each of them Page 28 Patella What its connection use Vesalius his opinion touching the same Page 284 Pectorall Muscle described Page 245 Pelvis and glandula pituitaria what they be Page 124 Pericardium What it is how inflamed ful of humor deficient of
humor worms bred therein Page 100 Pericranium and Periostium What they be Page 119 Perineum opened and in what manner Page 72 Peritoneum what it is its temperature substance original scituation quantity figure color connexion communion use and Medicinal consideration Page 42 43 The process thereof Page 76 Peripneumonia Whether there may be any or no how it is caused according to our Author it 's difference from a Pleurisy Page 99 100 Pharinx What it is and its Muscles Page 209 222 Phymosis and Paraphymosis what diseases Page 74 75 Piss-bladder Its substance coates magnitude shape holes Muscles vessels diseases Page 70 71 Its key an instrument so called Page 72 Piss-bladder perforated its ulcers cleansed ibid Plethory What it is and whence it proceeds Page 65 Pleura What it is Its thickness Page 97 98 Pleurisy How the pains of the sides are knowen from it and how they differ in their scituation and matter Page 98 99 Differnce of it from a Peripneamunia Page 100 On which side the blood is to be-taken away in a plerisie ibid And out of what vein ibid Pneumatocele What kind of rupture it is Page 78 Polypus in the Nose the cause thereof Page 198 Priapismus What disease it is Page 74 Processus vermiformis Where it is placed Page 123 Psoas Muscls what and where it is Page 234 R Radius what it is and its Muscles Page 226 The best way of dissecting its Muscles Page 247 Why it is joyned to the Cubitus Page 280 Respiration or fetching of breath the necessity thereof it is either free or forced its Organs wherein natural respiration consists whether perspiration may supply its use Page 105 106 Respiration unnatural the differences thereof it is somtimes needful in healthy persons Page 107 Rete Mirabile what it is Page 124 Rhagosis what kind of laxity it is Page 78 Rheumatism an experiment of Alexander Benedictus for it Page 218 Rheumatismus what Catarrh so called Page 135 Ribs the true and bastard ones their two fold substance Page 275 Rhomboides what kind of Muscle it is Page 244 Rumination what kind of disease it is and from whence it proceeds Page 56 S Saphena vein what and where it is Page 257 Sarcocele what it is and why so termed Page 78 Scapula or shoulder blade its articulation with the Arm its Muscles Cavity Ligament c. Page 278,279 The parts of it how named by Galen and how by Celsus ibid Sciatica the bastard one what it is Page 258 Sciatica gout where it is bred Page 213 Seed the matter of it threefold how it is voided Page 79 Seed suppressed whether hurtful to Women Page 86 Seed vessels and Seed bladders why wrinkled from whence the texture of veins among them they are the seat of a virulent Gonorrhea Page 79 Scoliosis what it is and the cause thereof Page 278 Sceleton what it is and its division Page 8 Septum or Speculum Lucidum what so called and why Page 122 Sesamoidean Bones which they are Page 282 The way to find them ibid 285 Shoulder blades The Muscles thereof four Page 224 Shoulder the extremities thereof Page 15 Shoulder why the french Maidens have the right higher then the left Page 280 Siriasis or dog day madness what it is Page 131 Smelling Lost Diminished depraved the Causes thereof Page 198 Sneezing whence it is Page 199 Sphenoides Sinus its use Page 269 Sphincter of the mouth what Muscle it is Page 220 Skin its division Searf skin its substance Original Figure Color Connexion Vse and how beautified Page 34 35 Its diseases Page 211 Skin called Derma or the true skin its Substance Temperature c. whether lost can be regained Page 35 36 Skul what it is its natural Figure Page 8 The number of the Bones thereof Page 9 The holes and pits thereof Page 10 11 What is principally to be observed therein and why it is double Page 267 The Primary diseases thereof Page 270 Spawling or Salivation whence it proceeds Page 56 Spinal Marrow the natural constitution thereof its Original and Progress and how many Nerves proceed from it together with its dignity Page 276 277 Speech abolished the cause thereof Page 206 Spirits Animal how they are carried through the Nerves Page 277 Squinsie what kind of tumor it is Page 201 Squinzie an horrid Symptome somtimes killing a man within fifteen or twenty hours Page 208 Spleen described its Substance Color greatness Parts Scituation Temper Shape Connexion Page 61 and 62 Its Actions controverted and divers opinions thereof Page 61 62 Sternum what it is Fallopius his observations concerning it Page 23 Sterility whence it proceeds Page 87 Stammering whence it proceeds Page 286 Stisis what disease it is where Page 278 Stomach the Membranes thereof its Scituation Size Figure Orifices its Bottom inner Surface Action digestion Communion with other Parts great sympathy with the Kidneys communion with the whol body and medicinal consideration Page 52 53 54 55 56 57 Stone ease for old men that have it Page 72 Stone suckt out and cut out of the bladder ibid The french and Italion way the best Page 73 Stones their Coats Substance Scituation Figure Action Diseases Page 77 78 Their several Muscles Page 232 Suffusion what we are to understand thereby Page 141 Sutures what they are and how manifold Page 9 Whether Blackmoors have any in their Skuls Page 268 Sweetbread or Pancreas what it is its Substance Scituation Vessels Vse Page 50 Systole what to be understood thereby Page 107 Sweats bloody whence they proceed Page 259 Symphysis what it is and its differrences Page 265 T Tast Vitiated and depraved the cause thereof Page 206 207 Temples the bones thereof Page 21 Teeth and Gums their Nature Parts Basis and root Page 13 Their Number and Order Page 13 202 At what time they appear Page 22 Where the hinder Teeth lie when they first break out their generation ibid Teeth-sickness Page 90 Whether they breed in all ages and whether they may be fastened in the place of those drawn out Page 203 Teeth the way to shew the Vessel appert aining unto them what must be observed in a Tooth that is drawn out Page 271 Tooth-ach the cause thereof Page 203 How the spungy Excrescence is taken out of the Tooth-hole Tendon what it is and its Original Page 40 Tenesmus what disease so called Page 77 Testicles or Stones their Muscles Page 232 Thigh and the bone thereof Knee Ham Knee-pan c. Page 17 282 Its motion and various Muscles Page 233 c. Thigh-bone the Neck thereof why long fashioned Page 283 Thumb its Muscles Page 229 The best way of dissecting its Muscles Page 247 The bones thereof Page 282 Tibia and Fibula the reason of their names Page 285 Tonsils their diseases Page 205 Tongue its Substance Scituation Magnitude Vessels Kernels Muscles and diseases Page 205 206 Whether its Substance wil grow again Page 206 Tongue-tyed who they are Page 206 Toes their proper Muscles Page
and blockishness Symptomes consisting Or in the Cavities and passages in the Cavities and passages are very many appertaining to Sence and Motion and to sleeping and waking as dead sleep sleeping Trance Sympâ—omes of Motion are Walking in ones sleep to be taken stiff as it were blasted or Planet-struck the Night-Mare Convulsion Falling-sickness Unquietness and tumbling Sâ—ivering Shaking Trembling Palsies Feebleness of the Limbs and Apoplexy Symptomes in the undue proportion of what should be voided forth do belong Symptomes of the Membranes Pain to the passages and Cavities as a Caâ—arrh Rbeumatismus Bleeding at Nose All these Symptomes â—foresaid I wil now declare particularly The Head-ach either occupies the Pericranium or the Meninges if the Pericranium the pain is outwards if the Meninges the pain is inward Each of these pains reaches unto the Eyes because the internal Membranes do produce the Coats of the Eye called Cornea and Vvea and the Pericranium produces the Coat Conjunctiva The kind of the Pain shews the Nature of the Disease A sharp and biting pain does argue a Cholerick Distemper of the Head a heavy pressing pain shews a Flegmatick Distemper a panting or pulsing pain argues somwhat of an Inflamation A pricking pain shews an Erosion or gnawing caused by a sharp Humor or a Worm which is rare A stretching pain argues abundance of Humor or of windy Spirits which distend the Membranes Now the Pain is either in the whol Head or in the half or in some one particle thereof If it infest the whol Head it is called Cephalalgia if half the Head Hemicrania because the brain is divided into two parts If the pain possess one part as if a Nail were driven in there the Arabians call it Clavus and Ovum the Nail or Egg. If the pain of the Head be of long Continuance it is termed Cephalaea which together with the Hemicrania is periodical but the Cephalalgia is a continual universal Head-ach A continual Pain of the Head joyned with a continual Feaver and signs of malignity is exceeding dangerous according to Hippocrates in the Second of his Prognosticks Pains of the Head are Primary and Proper or Secundary and by Sympathy from other parts These are not so dangerous as the former The Principal Actions of the Brain Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Symptomes of the Substance of the brain are diminished depraved and abolished Depravation of the Fantasie and Reason is Raving the Imminution thereof is Foolishness There is a three-fold Hurt of the Memory but the Abolition thereof has only found a name being called Oblivion The Cause of Foolishness is every great distemper of the brain which is known Foolishness by its Causes as by signs or some ill shaping of the Head which is easily discerned Dotage or Raving consists in absurd Thoughts Words or Deeds The Sayings Dotage of such as rave are estranged from Truth and Reason or not to the point in hand their Deeds are either unusual or undecent their Thoughts are absurd ridiculous and Chymerical The manner of Raving ought to be distinguished to know the differences of the Melancholy Melancholly which causes the same for a Delirium or raving with depravation of the Fansie is termed Melancholly which consists in a false Opinion touching things past present and to come which being manifold it is defined by vain fear anxiety or sorrow Again Melancholly is either Primary or Secondary The Primary has its Original in the brain the Secondary springs from the Hypochondriacal parts whence it is termed Hypochondriaca Melancholia which is either Humoral or Flatulent the former is the worse of the two and brings at last Madness and Out-ragiousness The Melancholy Ecstasie is an excess of Melancholy which is three-fold An Ecstasie Ecstasie simply so called an Ecstasie with silence an Ecstasie with a Frenzy they are caused by black Choler according to the divers degrees of its Adustion Foolishness with laughter is better and safer than with seriousness and fierceness Raving without a Feaver is so much the better by how much the Parts under the short Ribs or the Brain are less heated The Resting and binding up of the Sences is Natural Sleep The breaking off or hindrance of sleep is Watching Either of which being out of measure is hurtful Coma or Dead sleep If Sleep be profound 't is called Coma or Carus Dead-sleep If this Symptome be mixed of Sleep and Watching so that the Patient seems to incline to sleep with his Eyes shut but is not able to sleep it is termed Coma-Vigilans the Drowzy Watch. But if one that has a sleeping Disease upon him every time he is awakened does rave and talk idlely the Disease is called Typhomania And if a man lie stiff with his Eyes open and when he comes to himself remembers The Night-Mare what was done about him it is termed Incubus the Mare which is wont to happen in the right to such as lie upon their backs or have glutted themselves with feasting and it seems that they are choaked by some Devil lying upon them or by some Theif that has laid hold upon them to Rob and Murther them The abolition of al sence and motion saving Respiration is called Catalepsis or Catalepsis Catoche whereby a Man is Frozen as it were in that posture he was in when the fit seazed upon him It springs from a Cold distemper of the Brain with Flegm Carus is a deep Sleep which comes upon Feavers and wounds of the temporal Carus Muscles or from an hot and moist distemper or from much evaporation with serosities moistening the substance of the brain A Lethargy is an Imminution of sence and Motion and also of the Memory of A Lethargy necessary things It Springs from a Primary hot and moist distemper of the brain joyned with a putrid Humor which provoks a Feaver and cherishes and keepes it up a long time There is also Dotage adjoyned Touching this Disease there is a saying of Hyppocrates in his Coicks Page 75. Which explaines all the Symptomes thereof The existence or particular Nature of the Lethargy and Coma consists in a loosness as that of the Catalepsis in a Tension or bending Those that are in a Lethargick Sleep at last become Apoplectick An Apoplexy does oft times primarily and unexpectedly invade a Man and somtimes An Apoplexy it followes some other Sleepy disease It is an Abolition of sence and motion with respiration hurt which at last brings snoring and suffocation by reason thick Flegm flowing out of the Funnel and obstructing the Larynx or Wesand It is Caused by a Repletion of the Ventricles of the brain either with a pituitous or Wheyish Humor or with blood some smal Artery of the Rete Mirabile being broken in the Basis of the Brain or blood being carried aloft in a Plethorick body by the fourth Channel rushes into the Ventricles If it be Simple and meer Whey by strength of Nature out of