be the â—eat of his Archeus and the immediate Organ of the Sensitive Soul and to determinate the Actions of the Vital Soul resident in the Stomach and so the Seat of the Intellect in which Conceptions are formed of Sleep and Dreams of Venery and of divers Diseases which to others are evident to be the effect of the Brain and the Thorax as an Astma a Plurisie an Apoplexy an Epilepsie a Vertigo and an Incubus But the true Opinion of its use is that of Waleus Waleus the the Inventer of its true Function grounded on Autopsy and certain Reasons which is that it doth receive the more Acid part of the Blood no otherwise than we see an Acid Spirit seperated from Things by a Chymic Distillation This Acid Liquor which you may if you please call Melancholy is mingled with the Blood in its Vessels and with the Chyle to attenuate and make them more dilute whence the Spleen being once obstructed there doth presently ensue a coacervation of gross Humours in the Body not because these Crass Humours are not drawn from the Blood by the Spleen but because the Spleen cannot communicate that attenuating Acid Liquor to the Blood and Chyle what of this Acid Liquor is unprofitable for Nutrition is excerned by Urine We come now to the Reins or Kidneys The Reins They have their Situation under the Liver and Spleen near the Spine upon the Muscles of the Loins they have two Caruncles like Glandules thro which the Serum of the Blood is cribrated and two Venters one at the end of the Emulgent Veins and another at the Origin of the Ureters its use is to seperate the serosâ— part of the Blood and evacuate it thro the Ureters into the Bladder and thence thro the Meatus Vrinarius To the exterior Membranes of the Reins do adhere two small Vessels called Capsulae Atrabilariae The use of the Capsulae Atrabilariae these receive a crass excrementitious and bilose Humour seperated from the Blood either by the Liver Heart or Spleen but more especially that which is elaborated in the Spleen and is here reconded being not able to penetrate the angust Passages of the Reins Hence Urines do look black when these Vessels are too replete where often is the Seat of some Morbific Cause especially in Melancholy Effects The Ureters The Ureters are long Vessels or Channels arising from the Reins implanted into the Bladder they are commonly two in number Riolan relates he saw two on each side of a Woman that had the Venereal Distemper Solomon Albertus takes notice of one that had three on one side and but one on the other I my self saw a Woman opened at St. Thomas's Hospital who had two Ureters on one Side having two distinct Originations in the Kidneys and were also in two distinct places inserted into the Bladder one in the Neck of it and the other in the Fundus these are often obstructed by Stones and Gravel and very acute Pains are hereby created The Bladder The Bladder or Vesica Vrinaria is situated in the Hypogastrium between the two Tunics of the Peritoneum in that Cavity that is made by the Os Sacrum Coxendicis and Pubis as in a proper Venter and seperate Abdomen it hath a Constrictive orbicular Muscle in the Neck of it called Sphincter An experiment touching the Coction of a Humane Bladder with some Liquors which hinders the involuntary emission of Urine Borrichius observed of the Bladder this curiosity That if it be boiled in Acid Things it presently turns to a Mucilage or Jelly if in Salt Things it is incrassated in Oleaginous Things as also in Liquors that have an Alkali in them aâ— Salt of Tartar or incinerated Herbs it is neither incrassated nor turned to a Mucilage but is burnt up as if it were laid upon live Coals and quikly is worn to Power from which it is apparent with how much peril to the Bladder either Acid Salt or Oleaginous Things are injected to dissolve or break the Stone The Vessels and Organs of Generation why we omit insisting on them We should now come to the Spermatic Vessels and the Organs of Generation but modesty will not permit me to expose them to the captious and ignorant Vulgar in their Native Language thinking it no way convenient that those empty Heads that have not arrived to that small degree of Literature as to read a Latine or Greek Author should in their Mother Tongue have a prospect of those Things which both Nature and Reason endeavour to conceal from such shallow brain'd Medicastors I mean those Pretenders who stile themselves the Sons of Art and make their brags that they have ascended to the very top and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of this Noble Faculty when alas no Name becomes them so well as Quacks and Emperics who have pickt a few blind Recipe's out of some silly pedantic Translation such forsooth as Culpepper that Stargazing Astrologic Coxe-comb who laughs at Learning derides the Works of all the Grave and Learned Men and Nick-names our ablest Physicians or * The Author of Little Venus Unmasked or the Pocky Doctor See his Reflections on several of the worthy Members of the Colledge of Physicians in the Lord Moons Case Gideon Harvey that conceited Emperic or that illiterate Pseudochymist the Author of Medela Medicina But I shall refer the intelligent Reader to the Learned Treatise of De Graaf de Organis Virorum Mulierum We come then now to the Middle Region of this Microcosm the middle Venter or Cavity which is called the Thorax or Breast The middle Venter or the Thorax this is all that Cavity that is circumscrib'd above by the Clavicles below by the Diaphragm before by the Sternum and on both Sides by the Ribs as the lower Venter contains the Natural Parts so this contains the Vital The Parts of this are either the Containing or the Contained and these are either Common or Proper the Common are the same with those of the Lower Venter the Proper Parts are the Mammae Papps or Breasts the Diaphragm the Pleura and the Mediastinum The Contained are the Viscera and Vasa the Viscera are the Heart with the Pericardium the Lungs and part of the Aspera Arteria This Venter hath 44 Muscles to guard and defend it and to dilate and contract the Breast 22 on each side of which 11 are external 11 internal The Mammae or Breasts The Breasts and their Parts are placed in the middle of the Thorax under the Pectoral Muscle both for their vicinity and nearness to the Heart that Fountain of Heat for the convenience of giving Suck and for the adding to the Beauty and Pulchritude of the Body I speak of the Mammae of the Female Sex they are scarce perceptible in those that are young but when the Natural Heat of the Body hath obtained a due augmentation and begins to invigorate the Parts of the Body then these begin to
whole Body it is of every side encompassed by the Lungs yet its Motion is perceived most on the left Side 1st Because the great Artery is on that Side The reason why it beats more on the left side than on the right and the Cavity of the left Ventricle far exceeds that of the right and in this the Vital Spirit is contained Hence it is vulgarly reputed altho erroneously That the Heart hath its residence on the left Side and some Practitioners apply Cordial Epithems only to the left Side 2dly The Vena Cava being on the right Side and there ascending thro the Thorax the Heart cannot conveniently decline that way It is of a Conic Figure the upper part is called the Basis or Radix of it the lower Muâ—ro Vertex Apex or the Cone of the Heart its primary Action is to be the Fountain of Heat this is manifest by that Disease called a Syncope and other defects of the Heart where its Heat is intercepted for then the Members of the Body destitute do faint and lose their brisk Activity wherewith they were before actuated Hence Cordials profit in such Affects How Cordials help the Heart in Syncope's by exciting the almost extinguisht Heat and stirring up the drooping Spirits this Heat is not caused only by the Motion of the Heart as the Carâ—eâ—ians say it is for there is implanted Heat in the Heart before its Motion and Motion is only the Preserver and not the Producer of Heat in the Heart but this Heat is excited by an Ebullition whereby the Blood dilating it self requires a more ample space and so breaks forth just as the mixture of Lime and Water produces an Ebullition and Flower of Brimstone mingled with Spirit of Turpetine and Salt of Tartar with Aqua fortis causes a great Fervescency 3dly Another great use of the Heart is to turn Chyle into Blood to be the Organ of Sanguification and to perfect and renew the depauperated Blood that returns in the Veins in its Circulation Another use of it is to move continually Hence it keeps the Blood from Putrefaction makes it more elaborate kindles that Vital Flame that 's in it and disperses it as a Nutriment adapted to every part This Motion is called the Pulse The Pulse which is continual and never ceasing stirred up by the Blood flowing into it and the Pulsive Faculty resident therein this consists of Systole Diastole It s Systole Diastole and Perisystole and Perisystole Systole the proper and natural motion of the Heart is a Contraction of it into a narrow compass that so the contained Blood might be forc'd from the right Ventricle thro the Arterial Vein into the Lungs and from the left thro the Arteria Aorta into the whole Body The Diastole which is Accidentary and not so properly called a Motion as the Systole because it is a Passion rather than an Action is a Dilatation of the Heart that it might draw in the Blood thro the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle and thro the Arteriae Venosa into the left Perisystole is the space of rest between the two preceding Motions In every Systole the Heart doth plentifully receive the Blood and in every Diastole it plentifully expels it After Dr. Harvey had found out the Circulation of the Blood laying down such evident and infallible Demonstrations as compell'd all to believe it yet many ignorant of the Fabric and Motion of the Heart thought that a few Drops a Scruple or a Dram at the most of Blood was thrown out of the Heart at every Pulse and so imagined that the Mass of Blood in the Body is many hours yea some days circulating thro the Body Yet I must acknowledg my Self to be a Proselyte of that Learned and Famous Physician Dr. Lower Dr. Lower De Corde who hath wrote an Excellent Book of the Heart and also of Exquisite Dr. Charleton The Circulation of the Blood the Author of Oeconomia Animalis That the whole Mass of Blood doth not only once or twice but very often pass thro the Heart in the space of an hour For if we compute how much Blood flows into the Ventricles of the Heart when it is dilated how much emptied out of it when it is contracted how many Pulses there are in an hour how much Blood there is contained in the whole Body we shall easily evince this Assertion for by Autopsy it appears and by the experience and testimony of Renowned Harvey that in a Healthful Man the left Ventricle of the Heart will at once contain two Ounces and so much is thrown out at every Systole and that there are Two thousand Pulses in the space of an hour which is the least Computation of all for Waeleus and Regius have numbred Three thousand and in some Four thousand Plempius 4450 Slegelius 4876 Rolfincius 4420 and Bartholine on his own Wrist 4400. tho these differ according to the Age Temperament and Diet c. And suppose that in a Man there are Twenty five Pounds of Blood which is a greater quantity than is granted either by Nature or Anatomists for the quantity of Blood contained in a Humane Body seldom exceeds Twenty five pound and is seldom under Fifteen If we suppose two Ounces of Blood received and thrown out at every Pulse and Two thousand Pulses in an hour How often the Blood circulates thro the Body in an hour the number of Ounces that pass thro the Heart in that space make up Three hundred thirty two pound Hence it necessarily follows that the whole Mass of Blood circulates thro the Body thirteen times every hour but seeing so great a quantity of Blood is seldom found in the Body of a sound Man and so few pulses in the space of an hour Vid. Dr. Lower de Corde it is very congruous to reason that the Blood passes thro the Heart more than Thirteen Times in an hour At the Basis of the Heart there are two Processes called Anricula their use is to receive the Blood and Air least it suddenly rush into the Heart and cause a Suffocation there are also on both sides two large Cavities which are called the Ventricles of the Heart of which the right receives the Blood from the Vena Cava to supply the Lungs and sends it into the left Ventricle to make the Vital Spirit and Arterial Blood of that Blood prepared in the right Ventricle and transmitted thro the Septum and the Lungs and of the Air drawn in thro the Mouth and Nostrils prepared in the Lungs and sent thro the Arteria Venosa with the Blood into the left Ventricle of the Heart The use of both these Ventricles is to generate and perfect the Arterial Blood to receive the Venal Blood make it more perfect and expel it thro the Arteries into the extreme parts of the Body and that they may thereby be nourish'd Between these two Ventricles there is an Interstitium or Partition called
the following Discourse to thy Candid Perusal hoping it may be of some Benefit and Advantage to thee Vale G. W. On the AVTHOR BEgon faint Limners with your vain pretence Of Plainly Representing Man to Sense Your Art 's defective you cannot Pourtray This Lively Image vain is your Essay By Lines and Lineaments his Shape t' Express That makes not Man which is his Garb and Dress The Soul 's the Man your Colours are too Dark To give the Features of that Heavenly Spark Learn then of th' Author for he it is that knows To Draw the Man as well as Paint his Cloaths W. B. THE CONTENTS The Introduction Pag. 1 THE Creation of the World Ib. Of Light Pag. 2 Of the Firmament Pag. 5 Of Water Pag. 6 The Cause of the Saltness of the Sea Ibid. How it is made Fresh Ibid. Of the Motion of the Sea Ibid. Of the Generation of Plants Pag. 7 Of the Heavens and Coelestial Luminaries Pag. 8 Of the Suns Motion with the Motion of the Earth Pag. 9 Of Living Creatures Ib. Of the Creation of Man Ib. Mans Analogy with the Great World Pag. 10. CHAP. I. THe two Parts of Man and the Division of this Discourse into its Two Parts Pneumatology and Somatology Pag. 12 CAHP. II. Of the Nature and Definition of the Soul Pag. 14. AN Introduction to this Chapter Ibid. That the Soul is not the Form of Man Pag. 15 But that Vnion is the Form of Man Ibid. Reasons to prove the Soul not to be a Form Pag. 16 17 18 Aristotle's Definition of the Soul ridiculous and pedantic Pag. 19 20 The true Definition of the Soul Its Essence consists in Cogitancy Pag. 21 Cogitancy hath no dependance upon the Body Pag. 23 CHAP. III. Of the Origin of the Soul Ibid. THat the Soul doth not prae-exist Pag. 24 Neither is it propagated ex tracude Pag. 25 Several Arguments against the Souls propagation Ibid. The true Origin of the Soul That it is immediately Created by God Pag. 27 CHAP. IV. Of the Union of the Soul to the Body Pag. 28 THat Spirits stand in need of Bodies to Act in Ibid. c. That the Soul is not united by the Mediation of the Corporeal Soul evinced by several Quaeries Pag. 32 Neither is it only united to the Glandula Pinealis and thence influenced by the Body Ib. But by its extention thro the Body it actuates all its parts Pag. 33 CHPP. V. Of the Immateriality of the Soul Pag. 34 THe Souls Immateriality proved from its Activity Pag. 35 From its Largeness and Discursive Faculty Ib. From Cogitation Pag. 36 Mr. Hobbs his Objection and Evasion Ib. It s Solution Pag. 37 A Digression concerning the Souls of Brutes Pag. 38 39 That Brutes have not Material Souls Pag. 40 Neither are they insensible Mâ—â—â—â—ns Pag. 42 But that Brutes also have Immaterial Souls Pag. 44 An Objection Pag. 45 The Answer Pag. 46 47 CHAP. VI. Of the Immortality of the Soul Pag. 48 THe Immortality of the Soul proved Ibid. From its Nature Ibid. From its Origin Pag. 50 From its Vnion Ibid. From its Immateriality Pag. 51 More Mediums to evince the same Pag. 52 The State of the Soul after Death Pag. 53 That it doth not Sleep Ibid. That Souls assume Vehicles after their Dissolulution from their Bodies Ib. Three Arguments to prove the same Pag. 54 The same evinced by the Testimony of the Ancient Fathers Ibid. The same implicitely evidenced from Scripture and from Moses and Elias appearing upon the Mount and from all other Apparitions Pag. 55 56 Of the Resurrection and new Modification of the Body Pag. 57 CHAP. VII Of the Extension of the Soul Pag. 58 AN Objection aganst the Souls Extension Pag. 59 The same answered Ibid. Arguments to prove a Vacuum Pag. Ibid. A Vacuum demonstrated by experience Pag. 60 The true Nature of Space Pag. 61 Another Objection against the Souls Extension Pag. 62 An Answer to it Ibid. Wherein the Nature of Extension doth consist Pag. 63 A Distinction between Divisible and Discerpible and that the Soul is mentally Divisible the actually indiscerpible Ibid. That the Soul is not Totum in toto totum in qualibet partae Corporis as the Peripatetics assert Pag. 64 Neither is the Soul in an Indivisible point Pag. 65 It s Extension hence undeniably demonstrated Pag. 66 CHAP. VIII Of the Faculties of the Soul Ibid. WHat the Faculties of the Soul are Ibid. How the Vnderstanding and Will differ Pag. 67 The Number of the Faculties Ibid. The Vnderstanding its Formal Object Truth Pag. 68 The Nine Intellectual Habits Ibid. The Will its Object Good Ibid. The Conscience no distinct Faculty Ibid. The Affections not distinct from the Will Pag. 69 How Love is caused Pag. 71 Love the Chief Affection of the Soul Pag. 72 The Memory Pag. 73 CHAP. IX Of the Parts of the Body Pag. 74 ANatomy It s Subject Pag. 75 The Division of the Parts of Mans Body Pag. 76 The Principal Parts Ib. The less Principal Parts Pag. 77 The Simular Parts Ib. The Dissimular Parts Ib. The Division of the Body into its Three Venter and Four Artus Pag. 78 The Lower Venter its Parts Ib. and Pag. 79 The Cuticula Pag. 80 The Cutis Pag. 81 The Pinguedo or Fat Ib. The Muscles of the Belly Pag. 82 The Peritoneum Pag. 83 The Omentum Ib. The Stomach Ib. The Intestines Pag. 84 The Pancreas Ib. The Cause of Agues according to Sylvius Ib. The Liver its Figure and Connection Pag. 85 Its use to secern the Bile Pag. 86 To concoct the Lympha and impregnate it with a Volatile Salt Pag. 87 Its Ducts and Meatus Ib. The Spleen Pag. 88 Its Vse Ib. Helmont's Opinion false Pag. 89 Walaeus the Inventer of its true Function Ib. The Reins Pag. 90 The use of the Capsulae Atrabilariae Ib. The Vreters Pag. 91 The Bladder Pag. 92 An Experiment touching the Coction of a humane Bladder with some Liquors Ib. The Vessels and Organs of Generation why we omit insisting on them Pag. 93 The Middle Venter or the Thorax Pag. 94 The Breasts and their Parts Pag. 95 Some Conjectures how Milk is generated Pag. 97 The Diaphragm Pag. 98 The Cause of Sardonian Laughter Pag. 99 The Ribbs Pag. 100 The Pleura the Seat of the Pleurisie Ib. The Mediastinum Pag. 101 The Pericardium Ib. Whence proceeded that Water that issued out of our Saviour's Side Pag. 102 The Heart Ib. That is not situated on the left side as some imagine Ib. The reason why it beats more on the left side then on the right Ib. How Cordials help the Heart in Syncope's Pag. 103 The use of the Heart Ib. The Pulse Pag. 104 Its Systole and Diastole Ib. and Pag. 105 The Circulation of the Blood Pag. 106 How often the Blood circulates thro the Body in an hour Pag. 107 The Vessels belonging to the Heart Pag. 109 The Lungs Pag. 110 Their use Ib. The Aspera Arteria Pag. 111 The Larynx its Muscles Pag.
a quite different Nature 4 Whether Rarefaction or Subtilization make a Body to be less a Body or more a Spirit than it was before 5 Whether a Red-hot Iron have any nearer Approximation to Life than it had before or the Flame of a Candle than the Extinguisht Snuff or Tallow of it 6 Whether this Corporeal Spirit be Semicorporeal and Semi-spiritual As for the Second Opinion let me Query Neither is it only United to the Glandula pinealis and thence Influences the Body First why the Soul should sit upon the Glandula pinealis more than upon any other part of the Body and whence it appears that it doth 2 Whether or no it be extended thro every part of the Conarion or is only one point of it If extended thro every part then why not as well thro the whole Body If in a point how it Acts and Insluenceth the Body 3 Whether this Virtue which the Soul doth Exert and Communicate in its Operations be the Essence of the Soul or no Now these Two Opinions seeming to disagree with the Canons of Reason and True Philosophy it will not I hope be unkindly resented if I exhibit another to the deliberate perusal of the unprejudiced which altho at the first it may seem a little Uncouth yet I am perswaded after some Consideration it will appear to be attended with lesser Inducements to make any Wise Man Incredulous of its verity than either of the former But by its Extension thro the the Body it Actuates all its parts and that is this that the Soul is United to the Body by its Extension thro every one of its parts that the Soul is Extended is not my busienss here to Demonstrate having designed a particular Chapter for it to which I shall refer the Reader and where I shall endeavour to remove the difficulties wherewith this Truth may seem to be burthened If this then be proved how easily may we Imagine an Union of the Soul with the Body to result from its Extension and Diffusion thro the parts thereof CHAP. V. Of the Immateriality of the Soul THe Immateriality of the Soul is a Truth so Undubitably certain and so generally believed that those who have arrived to that height of Audacity as to deny it are justly looked upon to be no better than Atheists for whoever is become so grosly erroneous as to believe his own Soul to be material is consequently reduced may I say Blasphemously to Averr the Nullity of A Deity O Incredulity not to be parallelled O Atheisme absurd and abominable the Immateriality of the Soul may be evinced First from its Activity In-activity is a property pertinent to Matter for Matter can exert no action of it self no not so much as Local Motion unless it be agitated by some External Cause there being no such thing as Natural Motion Matter being a Thing Naturally Inert and Passive but a Spirit which is of a Nature far transcending Matter is always Active and therefore Plato called it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 self-moving it is an imprevaricable Law with all Bodies that nothing whatsoever can move unless it be moved by another and hence it followeth that the Soul that moveth without being excited by any thing else Acting and Operating from its own Intrinsic Power and Faculty is of a higher Race than they From its large Capacity and Discursive Faculty and consequently Incorporeal 2 The large Capacity and Discoursive Faculty of the Soul Demonstrates its Spirituality when we consider the multitude of things that are at once contained in the Soul as likewise its Power of Exerting those Notions and Apprehensions which it had Imbibed in Discourse how can we Conceive any otherwise than that she is Spiritual in her Essence 3 Its Simplicity Uniformity Immortality Self-reflection and Perfection are Infallible Manifesto's of its Incorporeity we may also add Cogitation a Property only Essential to a Spiritual Being From Cogitation for as we said before Matter cannot move it self how much less then is it able to perform that excellent Operation of deeming and thinking I am not Insensible how some do endeavour to evade this Argument for a Late Author doth pretend to Solve the manner of Cogitation Mr. Hobbs his Evasion without recourse to an Incorporeal Principle for faith he the very Motion of Reaction of one part of Matter on another or at least the Continuation of this Reaction can easily effect this for we find by experience when we are Occupied in serious Meditations or diligently incumbent upon our Studies a great Commotion in our Heads and a kind of Confusion in the Parts of the Brain which would not happen except Perception and Cogitation did depend on Matter and were made by the Motion and Agitation of the Particles of the Brain There might be some probability in this It s Solution if the Author could drive us to believe that there was nothing else but Matter in the whole Universe but seeing this is altogether impossible we shall condemn the other as false and ridiculous for if this were true why may not also the Bodies of Men when defunct be endued with the same Power of Cogitation For they are then no less capable of Reaction or Susceptive of Corporeal Impressions besides if we divide Matter into Monads or Minute Physic Particles I Query whether these Monads being seperated one from another may be capable of Perception and Cogitation or only the Compositum resulting there-from Now I think there is no one so a Friend to Atoms that he should think them to have Intelligence for who can believe that the smallest Particle of Matter is indued with Sense and Perception But if it be the whole Compositum what can be the Reason that out of Insensible Things should Emerge Things capable of Sense and Apprehension How is it possible that from the various Coition of Atoms which are Senseless and Incogitant should be produced a Cogitant Animal Having thus proved the Immateriality of the Soul A Digression concerning the Soul of Brutes I must crave leave here to make a little Digression concerning the Souls of Brutes whether their Souls be Immaterial or no Concerning which I shall Nominate Three Opinions all which have been very plausibly received by many First The Opinion of the Lord Bacon Dr. Willis and Gassendus who who do thus Philosophize viz. That Brutes have a Corporeal Soul which being of an Ignite and Fiery Nature doth move the Organized Bodies of these Animals For this See Willis de Anima Brutorum Du. Hamel de Corpore Animato Bacon's Natural History and Learned Mr. Gales Philosophia Generalis Secondly The Hypothesis of Renowned Des Cartes viz. That Brutes are nothing else but Machins curiously Fabricated by the chief Opifex of Nature being Acted and Moved by no other than a Mechanic Motion having neither Sense nor Perception in them and this Opinion saith Monsieur Fernelius seems to be taken from the Philosophy of Moses
Venters we come now to the Artus which are the Hands and Feet The Hand and its parts A Hand in the signification of Galen and Hypocrates is that part from the top of the Shoulders to the extremities of the Fingers and is divided into the Arm and the Hands strictly so called or the extream Hand The Arm is again divided into the Humerus or Shoulder and the Cabitus The Humerus is that part from the top of the Shoulder to the Elbow and the Cubit is from the flexure or bending of the Elbow to the Wrist the extream Hand is divided into the Carpus or Wrist which is that part between the Cubit and the Palm of the Hand the Metacarpus which is that part between the Wrist and the beginning of the Fingers and the Fingers the intern part of the Metacarpus is called Vola or the Palm of the Hand the extern Dorsum or the Back of the Hand the Fingers are five the first is called Pollex or the Thumb the second Index the third Digitus Medius the fourth Annularis the fifth Anricularis The Foot with its Parts The Foot is that part which reaches from the Nates to the extremities of the Toes and just as the Hand it is divided into the Femur the Tibia and Pes Parva the Pes Parva is also divided into Pedius Metapedius and the Toes As for the Muscles of the Artus I shall refer the Reader to those that treat of them as Bartholine Riolan and Spigelius Having ended the Divisions of the whole Body there yet remain some other things that do respond both the Venters and the Artus already treated on and they are the Veins which arise from the Liver and so answer to the lower Venter the Arteries from the Heart which answer to the middle Venter the Nerves from the Head which serve the upper Venter and the Bones which respond to the Artus But I doubt I have been already too tedious in this Chapter and therefore I shall at present omit them and so altho something abruptly end this Chapter CHAP. X. Of the Humours Temperaments and Complexions HAving thus far done our endeavour in delineating in their proper Colours those things we promised in the Front of Title Page of this Discourse now those that remain do offer themselves in their proposed Order to our Consideration and Explication and they are the Humours Temperaments Complexions Sexes and Ages of Mankind to begin with the first we shall joyn three of them together being terms almost of a Synonimous Signification or at least their Explications very much depending one upon another onely first in a prefatory way let me advertize or re-mind both my self and the ingenious Reader of the great usefulness and benefit of the knowledge of them that so I may be more diligent in performing my part and the Reader hereby instigated to give greater attention to what is here exposed to his candid perusal The great use and benefit of the knowledge of the Temperamentâ—s It is not enough to have an Idea in our Head of the solid parts of the Body in order to a compleat knowledge of that Microcosm but also it is very requisite to note the fluid parts and truly the Anatomy of that which some call the Sanguine Liquor I mean that fluid Substance continually circulating thro the Veins and Arteries and purging it self thro its proper Emunctories those Vessels destin'd for Secretion is no less conducing to the defence of Humane Sanity and the restoration of it when it s lost which is the only end aspired after by the generous Sons of Aesculapius those standing Pillars and Columns of the Medicinal Faculty those absolutely necessary Ministers of Nature and under God preservers of Mankind in their daily Practice and Labours both in their Acts of Charity and Deeds of Mercy in those things for which they only expect a recompence from God and in those for which they are sufficiently gratified by Men I say this is no less conducing to the Health of Man than the dissection of Bodies What particular part of Learning can contain in it more both of profit and pleasure than to know the Principles or ingredients that compose this Balsom of Life and to see what a close coherence there is between the Actions both Natural Vital and Animal and Passions Gestures Habits the Qualities of the Body as Heat Cold Moisture and Dryness Colour of the Skin and Hair and the Temperaments of the Body and what an intimate dependance they have one upon another how the Health of Man consists in the regularity and order of the Humours and Sickness in their ataxy and irregularity and how by a prospect into the Complexion of a Body Sickness impending may be fore-seen and effectual preservations being in time applied the fatal end of such surprizing enemies may easily be prevented and certainly the best method a Physician can use to restore a Person almost overcome by the assaulting violence of morbific tyranny either when the Particles of his Blood are violently agitated in a continual Fever that vehement Conflagration and boiling Ebullition of the Crimson Juice or when the more solid parts especially the Vital and Intestine are almost drowned when immersed in the deluge of a Dropsie that flood and inundation of watery Humours in the Body or when by the Obstruction of the Pores the Gall a feculent and excrementitious part of the Blood doth regurgitate and mingle it self with the pure Blood and hereby contuminate it and give it that unhandsome tincture of the Yellow Jaundice I say what can be more effectual to rout and profligate these direful Symptoms than to reduce the Blood from the vitiation of which Liquor these and a thousand more sad and dangerous effects have their first rise to its pristine eucrasie and also the Humours of the Body to their wonted eutaxie for Sublata causa tollitur effectus Take but the Cause away and the Effect soon ceaseth so that hereby the state of those Bodies so afflicted with these tormenting Maladies is soon meliorated a good Crisis first appearing and afterwards Nature having received due and proper Auxilaries from some of her skilful Ministers I mean those Physicians tho no other deserve the Name of Physicians that are well skilled in the Complexions and Temperaments of Bodies and accordingly Methodically not Emperically apply their Remedies doth throw off that morbific Matter whereby she had so long been burthened and molested upon which all those Malidies do like Spectrums vanish and disappear The Temperaments The number of the Temperaments according to Galen according to the Opinion of Galen and the Ancients are Nine four of which are simple as the Hot the Cold the Moist and the Dry Temperament four compound Hot and Moist Hot and Dry Cold and Moist Cold and Dry and one Moderate which they call Temperamentum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 But our thoughts concerning Heat and Cold and the other Qualities cannot but be
Memory they are dull and blockish of a very slow and obtuse Ingeny they are very placable and soon reconciled extreamly devoted to sleep they dream of Cold Waters Floods Ponds Seas Rain Snow Drownings and white Things their Pulse is little and slow they have a small Appetite little or no Thirst they grow Old very slowly and have very little Inclination to Venery but in the moderate use find much benefit because by stirring up in them the Natural Heat which is almost Dormant the Phelgm is concocted and the Body made more temperate They are better in fair Weather and always worse in cold and rainy Weather the Distempers â—â—at they are most addicted to are Catarrhs Coughs Dropsies Cachexies Lethargies Palsies Appoplexies c. They excern a crass white and insipid Excrement thro the Mouth and Nostrils their Urine is white and thin and Women of this Complexion are often troubled with that which they call the Whites which is an efflux of a thin white Humour thro the Vterus either continually or at least in no Order or certain Period The last of the Four Complexions which yet remains is the Melancholic How to distinguish when the Melancholic Humour iâ— predominant Those of this Constitution are cold and dry their Colour is brown or somewhat black they are of a lean habit of Body their Veins are very streight and narrow their Hair is black hard rough or crass slowly encreasing and soon hastening to the Canities of Old Age they are very obnoxious to â—ear and sadness and that sometimes without any known or manifest cause yet they are prudent cautious wary constant and ingenous but where this atrabilous Humour is adust they are treacherous and unfaithful they are very difficult to be moved to Anger but when they are they are almost implacable they have a very strong Memory by reason of Siccity they are very wakeful and sleep very interruptedly and disquietly they dream of black Things Murthers dead Bodies Graves and the Devils c. They have a very uncertain Aspect and sad Countenance their Pulse is tardy and hard they have for the most part a good Appetite because of the Acidity of this Humour which is prepared for the concoction of Food in the Ventricles and stirring up of Cold yet sometimes thro the Vitiation of this Humour the Appetite is very much dejected they have but little Thrist because of the Serum and Spittle which abounds in this Constitution they have often sower Belchings which arise from those Crudities wherewith Melancholy Persons do abound they are very tardy in the performance of Venereal Acts and receive very much injury from the frequent use of them yet those are more prone to them that abound with Flatulencies and are hereby often excited to Venereal Actions they are very subject to Tumours and hardnesses of the Spleen and Hypochondriac Affects to Tertian Agues Leprosies Warts and Haemorrhoids c. They often vomit and spit frequently Hence Melancholy Persons are often called Sputatores they are commonly Costive and their Excrements are blackish they also avoid black Blood thro the Haemorrhoids their Urine is thin and white sometimes crass and livid Thus we have given a brief Specimen of the Four Constitutions let me now subjoyn that I would not have the Reader think me so much devoted to the trite old Galenic way as to think that the Blood is a Composition of these Four Humours blended together or that I am so strict a Chymist as to explode and utterly reject the Notion of the Four Humours as a useless and unprofitable Fiction and only adhere to their Doctrine tho very ingenuous of the Five Principles But our Apprehensions are that tho it be utterly untrue that there are in the Vessels Four distinct Humours Dr. Castle 's Chymical Galenist for whatsoever is contained in the Arteries and Veins is either the stale deflragrated Blood or the Alimentary Juice fresh come into the Vessels or else the Serum or Whey returned by the Lymphaducts or else some particles of Nitre and other Bodies received in by the Lungs and Mouths of the Veins from the Ambient and tho the Blood differ in several Bodies only as to the abundance or defect of Natural Heat yet Men are not improperly said to be of a Melancholic Choleric or some other Temperament insomuch as by how much the more vigorous or remiss the Bowels and Entrails are by so much the more weakly or powerfully Concoctions are performed Willis de Fermentatione Febribus and consequently the Blood apt to be overcharged with stale and adust or else crude and phlegmatic Excrements in which the Person either way disposed is not improperly said to be of a Phlegmatic or Choleric Temper and if the adust or raw Excrement be not rightly and duly seperated out of the Mass by the effervescency of the Blood I see no reason why I may not say A Man abounds with a Melancholic Phlegmatic or Choleric Humour and it so than the Notions about Pharmacy aiming at an evacuation or else alteration of the Humours are not framed amiss nor without good reason for I suppose it alters not much the case as to practice whether we suppose there is too great a redundancy of one of the Humours in the Blood or whether which is the right Notion we apprehend the Blood depraved with a phlegmatic or raw Juice or a bilose Excrement consisting of Salt and Sulphur or the Melancholic in which the Caput Mortuum or earthy part is predominant for either of these Notions will direct us when the Blood is unable to fine it self to assist it with those Alteratives which time and experience hath recommended to us as proper in those cases and those Purgers which have been long observed more particularily to make separation either of the Pituitous Choleric or Melancholic Parts of the Blood for tho it be irrational to think that Purgers do with a certain knowledge or choice lay hold of one Humour rather than another yet is that distinction of Purgers into Cholagoga Phlegmagoga Melanagoga and Hydragoga of very good use and founded upon Observation and Experience insomuch as the several Purgers by causing very different Fermentations and variously agitating the particles of the Blood may with good reason cause different Seperations and so one Purger to evacuate that sort of Excrement Barm or Lee which another cannot The Doctrine of the Four Humours reconciled with that of the Five Chymic Principles Thus our Doctrine of the Four Humours doth not destroy that of the Five Principles for altho it is apparent that in the Blood there are five Principles as Spirit which is the Subtile and Volatle part of it whose Particles being always expanded endeavouring to take their flight do agitate the gross Corpuscles of the other Principles wherein they are ininvolved and so keep them in that continual Motion of Fermentation Sulphur which is a Principle of a Consistence somewhat more crass than Spirit
Seed being emitted from both and treasured up in the Magazine of the Females Womb that the first Rudiments of a tender Foetus do emerge There being abundance of Natures Curiosity under this Head I shall take occasion a little to amplifie hereupon and shall treat of 1. The Nature and Origin of the Seed 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception 3. The Formation of the Child in the Womb and its Position 4. The Manner of its Exit or Coming forth The Nature and Origin of Seed The Seed is a Humid and Spirituous Substance elaborated in the Testicles from the residue of the third Concoction or from the Arterial Blood having a prolific Vertue and concurring to the procreating of the Foetus not only Virtually but also Materially The Efficient cause of Spermification is the Parenchyma of the Testicles these by their hot and moist Temperature and also an Intrinsic Specific Propriety doth convert the Arterial Blood into Sperm which after it is here prepared is reconded in the Seminary Vessels and if there be a redundancy that which abounds is either carried back thro the Spermatic Veins to the Heart or goes to the Nutrition of the Testicles or else is excern'd thro the Lymphaducts for without the Testicles Seed is not unless extraordinarily generated for it is from them that the Seed receives both its Form and Colour and if a Conception happen from one that is castrated it is by reason of some Seed before the Amputation of them prepared and reconded Women also do emit Seed and have likewise for that purpose Testicles given them by Nature In the Seed there are two parts The Spirituous part and the Colliquament The Spirituous Part is that which causeth in the Seed a Turgency and Frothiness by reason of the extream Mobility and Volability of the Spirits The Crass Colliquament is that moist and watery Substance which manifestly appears when the Spirits vanish and evaporate for it then lays down its Whiteness and Spumosity This fruitful Liquor by its prolific Vertue after the Spermatic Contact in Coition doth so affect the Vterus of the Female as to impregnate it with Fecundity and make it also become Prolific which having received this Plastic Generative Power communicated to it from the Male doth put this Power into exercise and so procreateth its own like and truly the Vertue proceeding from the Male doth so largely fructifie the whole Female that it produceth a thoro Change and Alteration as well in the Frame of their Minds as Constitution of their Bodies 2. The Manner and Signs of Conception Conception the Manner of it The Vterus of the Female by the previous Converse she hath had with the Male and his Incitements which he useth to entice her as also by Natures own Inclination and Tendency is adapted for Conception which preparaion of the Vterus consists in this First The Vterus appears thicker and more fleshy and afterwards in the interior Superfice which is the place where the future Conception is to be received groweth more tender answering in Lubricity and tenderness the intern Ventricles of the Brain in some places it hath little Knobs which do swell inward and become exceeding soft the Vterus thus reduced to a state of Maturity and Coition immediately succeeding the Seeds of both Sexes being effused at the same time the Males into the Neck of the Vterus and thâ— Females into the Cavity of her own Matrix the Womb being endued with the property of attracting and drawing to it self the Virile Seed it greedily sucks it in and there the Seed of both Sexes being exactly mixt together and strictly contained within the Confines of the Vterus the whole Body of the Womb doth contract it self and the intern Orifice of it becomes so closely shut that the Point of the sharpest Needle cannot be admitted the two sorts of Seed there reconded are cherished by the Heat of the Vterus and thereby their Heat and Spirit stirred up and the Plastic Vertue which before lay Dormant there is now reduced into Act and hence immediately Conception ensues The Signs of which are these Seven Manifest Signs of Conception 1. A kind of horror and trembling after Coition which is caused by the Contraction and drawing together the Womb. 2. Retention of the Seed If the Seed fall not out again we may Conjecture there is Conception 3. A close Occlusion of the Orifice of the Vterus 4. A Suppression of the Natural Courses 5. A Swelling Hardness and Pain in the Breast 6. A Languid Appetite and Desire of Venery 7. A Nauseating and Loathing of Meat 3. The Manner of the Formation of the Foetus and its Position in the Womb. The Efformative Vertue being now excited by the Heat of the Womb doth wrap up the whole Seminal Matter into two Membranes or Tunics the one is called Chorion and the other Amnios and in seven days time after the Conception the Lineaments of the Spermatic Parts begin to appear for if a Geniture after the seventh day suffer an untimely Exit and be cast into Water there will appear in it three little Bubbles which are the Rudiments of the three Principal Parts and abundance of little Filaments which are the Threds of the other Spermatic Parts All the Spermatic Parts are perfected in Males in the space of Thirty Days in Females in Forty the fleshy Parts in Males are perfect in Three Months in Females in Four and then the Foetus begins to be quick The Spermatic Parts are generated of the Seed of both Sexes but the Fleshy Parts of Menstruous Blood which hath an Influx thither till the whole Structure of the Foetus is compleated The Position and Situation of the Infant in the Womb. The Situation or Position of the Infant in the Womb is commonly found to be thus His Knees drawn up to his Belly his Thighs bent backward his Feet hanging down his Hands elevated to his Head whereof one is placed about his Temples or Ears the other upon his Cheeks in which Parts there are white spots discovered in his Skin as Signs of Confrication his Spine or Back-bone bent-round and his Neck being inflected his Head hangs near his Knees the Embryo is situated with that Position of Parts wherewith we commonly apply our selves to rest with his Head uppermost and his Face directed towards his Mothers Spine but a little before his Birth his Head being bent downwards he dives towards the Bottom and Orifice of the Matrix as if he were seeking his way out Lastly The Manner of its Birth The Manner of its Exit or Birth After the Foetus hath acquired its due Conformation Nutrition and Augmentation not finding a sufficient Aliment and wanting Air to Ventilate the abounding Heat begins to seek a larger Space and being irritated distends the Membranes of the Vterus and endeavours to extricate himself out of that Prison wherein he is so confined and incarcerated and hence results a double Motion one
Autumn of his Middle-Age bids Adieu to the pleasures of them all and now hath nothing else to enjoy but the hardship of a sharp and troublesome Winter now Baldness with a Caâ—ities of some still adhering locks is his Heads best Ornament and while he walks leaning on his Staffe he sensibly experiences the latter part of Sphynx's Riddle An universal lassitude now seizes the Members of his Body and a thousand maladies accompany him to his Grave Old-Age it self is a compound disease attended with numerous direful Symptomes as Cachexies Imbecillities of the Stomach dejected Appetite Obstructions undue Concoctions of the Blood both as to its Serum Bile and Melancholy Constriction of the pores Costiveness and a very tardy deposition and exclusion of the foeces Anxieties of the Mind Nocturnal Inquietudes Pains in the Head Now the Nerves are contracted by painful Convulsions or on the contrary loosened by Paralytic Affects now the whole tone of the Parts is vitiated Respiration impeded and the flesh made arid He is now perplexed with a continual Catarrh and the perpetual distillation of Phlegm upon his Lungs causeth a difficulty of breathing also by reason of the exsiccation of the Aspera Arteria and induration of the Cartilages of the Larynx there is caused either a total abolition or at least a depravation or diminution of the voice in fine all manner of loathsom Diseases are here accumulated and the whole Gang of cruciating dolors are here in concatinated For Febre caret Sola circumsilit agmine facto Morborum omne genus There is scarce any Infirmity incident to Man except a Feaver that is not predominant in Old-Age he is beset and surrounded with a troop of Diseases when he is altogether unable to resist a single one The Conclusion Thus Man having lived out this Age also at last dies and becomes a victime to his last but Fatal Enemy Now his Pulse is stopt and that which Physicians call Facies Hypocratica is Excellenty Delineated in his Countenance he now resigns himself up a Captive to Death and acknowledgeth him the Conquest Thus we have in a very short Discourse concluded the whole Description of Man both as to his Spiritual and Corporeal Part as to his Constitutions and Sexes and likewise from Head to Foot and from his first Conception to his last Dissolution FINIS ADVERTISEMENT WHEREAS part of the Noble Faculty of Physic consisteth in preserving the Health of Man when present as well as restoring it when it is lost and wanting the Author of the fore-going Discourse hath thought fit to advertise those into whose hand this small Treatise may accidentally fall that to prevent those Maladies that oft times insesinbly accost the Body he hath prepared most excellent and effectual Tablets of a very pleasant and grateful Taste two or three of which being dissolv'd in the Mouth in a Morning after the manner of Lozenges and fasting an hour or two after is an excellent Preservative of Health expelling from the Body the cause of those Distempers which for want of due and timely care in using such Preservatives do at last so triumph over the Body that the Force and Vertue of more Herculean and powerful Medicines can hardly suppress them They resist all manner of Putrifaction and are an effectual Antidote against whatsoever Contagion they preserve the Lungs and free the Stomach and Intestines from those Crudities that so often precipitate the whole Mass of Blood into such violent Ebullitions and undue Fermentations as either and in Agues Feavers or some Acute Paroxisms or else either extinguish the Native Heat and Vital Spirit or cause to be exhaled the Natural Primogenial Moisture and so bring upon the whole Body a Combination of such Chronic Distempers as are very difficult to be cured which before by such a safe Medicament as this might have easily been prevented They keep the Body soluble and purge very gently and prevent several Indipositions that proceed from Costiveness neither are they altogether Preservative but likewise Restorative for they are very good against the Scurvey Dropsie Jaundies Griping of the Guts Cachexy or an ill Habit of Body proceeding from undue Concoctions they open all Obstructions of the Liver Spleen and Bowels and remove Pains of the Heart Head and Stomach in short they so rectifie alter and qualifie the whole Mass of Blood that they exceedingly help Nature in throwing off almost whatsoever Morbific Matter oppresseth her and may safely be used in whatsoever Maladies of the like Nature one or two of them may also be dissolved in a Dish of Coffee or Tea and have the like Effects He hath also invented an approved Tincture of a curious purple Colour grateful both to the Taste and Smell which hath almost the same Operation with the fore-mentioned Tablets especially it is very successfully used both to prevent and remove that grand Enemy of Mankind the SCURVEY with all its direful Symptoms by preserving the Oeconomy of Nature in the Humane Body in its due Order and Eutaxy viz. Causing in the Blood a proportionate Fermentation and reducing it to its regular Circulation opening Obstructions in those Parts which Nature hath destin'd and appointed to secern and throw off the Excrements of the Blood and so expelling those useless and unprofitable Parts which Nature hath no longer deemed fit to remain Ingredients of that wholesome Liquor and Balsom of Life Hereby it takes away Pains and Aches in the Limbs Pustle and Breakings-out in any part of the Body Pimples and Flushings in the Face Rheum in the Head and Eyes c. Three or four Spoonful of it being taken Night and Morning for a few days together and for the more speedy expedite and effectual profligating the insulting force of the fore-mentioned Maladies the Tablets may be taken with it at the same time The Tablets are seal'd up in little Boxes the whole Box at Two Shillings the hall Box at one Shilling The Tincture is also seal'd up in half pint square Glasses at 2 s 6 d and are both to be sold at the places hereafter mentioned viz. Mr. Fosters at the Bible and Sun on London Bridge Bookseller Mr. Flagets at the Atlas in Cornhil Stationer Mr. Bates at the Three Black Birds in Red-cross-street Tinman Mr. Whites at the Three Cups next door to the Horn-Tavern in Fleet-street Cutler Mr. Landers at the Corner of the Old Bailey near New-gate Tinman And at the Authors Lodgings next door to the Dolphin in Sighs-lane near Budge-row