cover'd with both membranes and by them divided It takes up the whole region of the Occipitium and for a little space it's joyned spinali medullae and gives some part to his constitution unto which on both sides it is continued by 2 round pieces and in the middest by the Pia Mater that the fourth ventricle gape not and so stretched up ad nates it 's separated from the brain by Dura Mater that the vessels may be safely carried in profundum Cerebrum Forma Forma is broader then long or deep the lower back part hath the figure of a globe in whose middle there is a sharp impression made by the extuberancy occipitis ossis Before towards the nates it's sharp and hath his figure from the place It seems to be made of three pieces Dividitur in dextram sinistr mediam Proces vermifor the right left and middle which are not divided but continued The sides put together make as it were two globes The third part makes the vermiformes processus Substantia is the same with the brain if you consider it freed from Pia Mater Substan eadem cum Cerebro sed durior except in the Busis whence comes spinalis medulla which is harder then other parts and more hard then the brain So that spinalis medulla becomes harder and answers neither in colour nor hardnesse to the brain For Cerebellum is of an ashy-colour and white only in the superficies of the sinus but the medulla spinalis is most white as likewise the Basis of the brain which gives him his beginning In some it's four times lesser then the brain Quadruplo minus Cerebro in others ten times It hath a broad sinus in the middle but not deep which makes the seat of the fourth ventricle to be higher It hath no cavities within as the brain nor so many excrements and those which it makes are easily sent forth It hath two processus which are called vermiformes Proces Vermiformes tenuis meningis duplicaturae The first looks upon the fore-part of the ventricle and the other upon the hinder which is common to Cerebellum and spinalis medulla Piccolhominy would have them to be tenuis meninx folded together which in dilatation of the brain is extended in contraction folded Vsus ad Spirituum ductum Vsus Cerebelli ad spirituum retentionem The use of both is to keep a passage open continually for the spirits to flow into the Spinalem medullam Use is the same that the brain and to hold here the animall spirits Galen that from hence the harder nerves may come forth but Vesalius denies it De Spinali Medulla MEdulla properly is a simple moist fat white substance without sense contained in the cavity of the bones and hath his originall from bloud which is slipped out of the veins into the cavities It 's white as it were spermaticall but it receives that change from the bones It 's within the bones for their nourishment and that it might refresh them in great motions and in other violent causes which might heat and dry them Improperly it 's spoken of the brain and of his marrow which differs much from it for it can never be molten and consumed as that of the bones can which is covered with a double coat and therefore for difference sake it 's called spinalis donsalis the pith of the back because through the neck back and loins it descends It hath a double signification sometimes for all that marrow of the brain which is called oblongata of which part is within the scull but in a more strict signification it signifies that part which is in the hollow of the vertebrae without the scull That in the scull Bauhinus divides and he hath it out of Piccolhominy into corticem medullam The cortex compasseth the medulla is of an ash-colour is the aliment of the medulla as the vitreous humour is crystalliui The Medulla is a white so lid firm and more compacted substance and is distinguished by certain oblique lines Medulla is double either globosa or oblonga Globosa is of the figure of the Cranium Medulla oblongata is either within the scull or without and this last is properly Spinalis Medulla This in a large signification takes his beginning from the hinder ventricle of the brain and is a production of Cerebrum Cerebellum And this agrees with the doctrine of Hippocrates in lib. de Carnib and with Galen Vesalius says à Cerebri basi and so Platerus Columbus calls it Cerebrum oblongum with a double rise the greater from the brain the lesser from Cerebellum That which is à Cerebro is unicum that which is à Cerebello is bifidum and so is divided into the right and left side Varolus will have quatuor radices à Cerebro Cerebello Piccolhominy à medulla globosa Cerebri and so agrees with Hippocrates Ecclesiastes Sinus argenteus Situs takes up the sinus Calvariae about the great hole of the hinder part of the head under Cerebellum The part within the Cranium is four fingers long The roundnesse of the middle finger The rest which is properly spinalis comes out of the Cranium at the great hole and so by the hollow of the vertebrae unto the extremity ossis sacri per ossa that it may be a guard that it be not hurt ab incidentibus The Greeks called this perforated place 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sacram fistulam Membranae which are by Hippocrates called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are three and so many by Galen Vesalius Piccolhominy two Theophilus four Bauhinus three The first from a ligament which ties the fore-part of the vertebrae which backwards ends in a nervous and strong coat which keeps in extension and bending the Medulla from breaking or from being hurt by the bones About this there is a thick and viscous humour as to the rest of the articules and parts which are for motion to defend them from drought and pain There is a second coat from Dura Mater and a third from Pia which are not separated as in the brain The hard covers the Medullam and the Pia divides it into two parts and ties his vessels and soft substance together for through this they run for the nourishment Substantia is common with that in Basi Cerebri or Medulla globosa yet so as it is harder and fitter for motion as the softer part for sense and the lower the harder and it 's different in colour as being the whiter and free from all anfractus Bauhinus will have it principium nervorum and to have almost the same use as to hold animall spirits and to perfect them And therefore his dignity is equall with that of the brain since it respects life whose consumption brings death as 7. Epidem is plain or wound as in Bauhinus wench of 17. years old It hath the same motions that the brain hath of Systole Diastole
second of the small Guts and is so called for his vacuity Iejunum sic dictum 1. ob Hepar vicinu◠2. ob Suctum Mesar 3. ob fluxum Chyli 4. ob acrimon Bilis There are divers causes allotted by our authours for his emptinesse The first is the vicinity of the Liver sucking the chylus The second the plenty and greatnesse of the Mesaraick veins 3. The fluxibility of the chylus 4. The acrimony of Choler which suffers nothing to lodge there But this cause I cannot assent to for that I perswade my self that the Porus Cholidochus runs along the sides of the small Guts between two coats and is not mingled with the chylus untill it comes to Ileon and Colon where it 's mingled and colours the excrements and helps their expulsion Mirum Riolani But Riolanus never found it empty His Ortus is where the gyri are first observed under the Colon Ortus and above the Navell Riolanus would have it ruddy ob viciniam Hepatis It 's of a blewish colour according to Bauhinus It 's 12. Longit 12. palm handfulls and 3. fingers long when it is free from wind it is of the bignesse of a small finger It ends in Ileon and in his beginning hath Porus Cholidochus The third and last of the small Guts is the Ileon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 absolute dictum Ileon propter membranorum tenuitatem as Bauhinus hath it and not quia longissimum as Laurentius 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Volvulus à circumvolvendo quasi intestinum circumvolutum dicas Volvulus ob plures circumvolutiones for the more profitable stay of the Chylus His Ortus is beneath the Navell downwards Ortus it 's lesse then Iejunum but neither is it so empty nor hath it so many mesaraick veins His beginning is narrower then the rest about a fingers breadth Nay it is narrower then either Iejunum or Duodenum so that I wonder at Vesalius's modesty that he should not dare to determine his beginning Yet Riolanus where more livid Bauhinus where more ruddy but that is not perpetuae veritatis and fewer veins and lesse empty So then he begins under the right kidney and runs up towards the left side and making his bout ends in Caecum It is the longest of all the Guts 21. handfulls and a half Long. 21. palm sec Ruf. 15. Cub Rufus Ephesius 15. cubits Bauhinus just as long as all the rest This falls many times into Scrotum which begets Herniam Intestinalem where they so harden that they cannot be reduced Hence it is most apparent that the Excrements are made in Ileo for as Picolhominy observes they cannot goe back from Caecum no not wind from the great into the small as likewise vomitings in Iliaca passione ab obstructo vel inflammato Ileo The cure of this by a Caustick is a daring and never to purpose full of hazard if you remember the prediction Crassae have thicker coats Cacum and the thicker part of Chylus Their beginning is from the right side where the great extuberances are from whence a Labell or Appendix which is called Caecum Intestinum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab obscuro usu nomen habet Monoculus Soccus Aliis Monoculus quod unum tantum foramen habet Yet Bauhinus saith it hath two with so thin a division that it may seem but one so as if one were the end of Ileon and the other the beginning of the Cacum Galen took the thicker part of Colon to be Cacum Error Galen and therefore he saies Cacum to arise on the right side and Colon on the left Carpus Silvius Massa Carpi Silvii Massae and the first Anatomists of the last 100. years reputed it to be an Appendix Ad Cbylum for his use is different in foetu to receive the liquid excrements in homine to hold chylus ne quid humidi alimenti disperdatur saith Picolhominy I have found it full of liquid excrements As for Galen Ad excrementa he stands reprehended by Vesalius because he cut only Monkeys who want this Appendix Fish and birds have many Appendices for reservation of their Aliment and so have hogs and other ravenous Creatures have either a large or a double one I will tell no tale I have seen within this two years 5. hang along the Colon I did dissever their Coats I know the difference between the adipous fibres and it He was a brave Glutton His Substance is thick Substantia 4. fingers long his breadth a thumb like a little sack sharp at the bottome like a worm Nay Aquapendente saith that he hath found in this a live worm and Laurentius a Cherry-stone After four months its narrower then any of the rest of the Guts It 's fixed to the right Kidney by the Peritonaeum Nexus Reni Mesent not alwaies free from the Mesentery By what passage then doth the Liver suck the juyce Certainly it must remeare into the Colon and so be drawn from thence Colon is the second of the great Guts Colon à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Some will have it à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 retardo because the faeces are here stayed others à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 à torquendo for the great paine that is here His Ortus is larger then any part else Ortus Situs Connexus Reni dextro quandoque vesi cae bilariae and this large part the ancients called Caecum as we now told you Situs In the right side and sticks to the right Kidney and so runs up under the hollow of the Liver touching the Gall unto which oftentimes it is tied with nervous fibres Hence many times we see a yellow tincture which comes from the transudation of the thinner part of Choler and so bending upwards under the bottome of the stomack by the intervention of the Omentum Omento traverseth the body over the small Guts 〈◊〉 as tied to the Diaphragma immediately as Riolanus would have it Lieni but to the spleen by thin membranes and so bending backwards it 's strongly tied to the left Kidney Repi sinistro No wonder therefore if pains of the Kidneys be confounded with those of the Cholick It 's lesser towards the spleen with Cells It offends not the spleen and Kidney and so runs leftwise as unto the seat of the Navell making about towards a beginning of Os Sacrum and so to Os Pubis in a streight line But his first beginning is at Os Ileon streight and narrow in Rectum from which by a band or ligament it is severed Vesalius gives us counsell to examine this narrow place well Vesalii consitium for that it is so capable of pain and the whole Gut is nothing but the shop of crude flegme easily digested in the thin Guts by the narrownesse of the place and the multitude of veins It 's likewise by his bignesse made the receptacle of wind which is
receive examination when we shall have time or when it please my Reader in Pathologicall Anatomy Cur duo But we say that nature hath made two Kidneys for more strong and more equall attraction from the liver Ob aequalem attractionem as two eyes for equall aspect So then she hath made two for one little one had been too little for so great a businesse and one great one had not poysed the body and therefore two Historiae Vesalii Eustachii Vesalius saw one in habente ventrem impense prominentem So Botallus observed one great one and Eustaâ—hius two on the left side and one on the right Situs Situs Behind the guts and stomach under the liver and spleen close to the Ridge-bone and the sides of Cava and Aortae but not equally distant the better to draw water 〈◊〉 Cava which was of necessary use whilest it was in the small veins bepatis mesenterii but now come into larger passages and thickened by the heat of the liver and heart there is no use of it Non aequâ—lis Their seat is not one against the other that they hinder not traction They are lodged upon the muscles which bend the thigh a little beneath the edges of the short ribs in the hollow between the Ribs and the huckle-bone wrapped between two Coats of the Peritonâ—um Inter duplicaturam Peritonaei and therefore the Kidney may be wounded the Cavity of the belly untoucht and wherefore in the stone not out Hence stupor craris by the compression of the muscles and nerves descending Concerning Bauhinus's Question de Nephrotomia Avicen in 3. Can. 18. Nephrotomia Avicen sen doth discommend the Practice Est enim operaetio ejus qui rationem non habet Iâ—â— de part follows this text Serap Serap tract 4. cap. 22. sayes that some of the ancients command to cut the back super latus duoram Iliorum in loco Renum But his judgement concurres with Avicen that Audacia est diffiâ—ilis vehementer This is the judgement of the Arabians The right is lower then the left Ren dexter inferior sinistro Conâ—rar secundum Rufum Piccolhom because it gives place to the liver it reacheth to the third vertebrae of the loynes Rafas sayes the right is higher and greater Piccolhominy sayes it 's commonly higher quia all parts of the right are higher then the left And both Rufus and Piccolhominy have this opinion from Aristotle 3. Piccolh de Part. An. cap. 9. Quia motus ex parte dextra provenit natura dextra validior est supercilium dextrum majus arcuatum magis quam sinistrum habetur And Averroes puts to it Averroes Quia officium ejus validius est habetque suum situm modo quo melius attrahat But we find the contrary for it 's only then equall or lower then the lest when that part of the liver comes shorter and hollower They are seldome even in regard of the position of the liver and spleen Yet Riolanus hath seen them equall The left is under the thinner piece of the spleen Sinister higher then the right that sometimes it reacheth to the second vertebra of the Chest The right for the Emulgent veins shortnesse is seated close to the Trunk of vena Cava the left for double length of his Emulgent is not so near the Cava they are four or five fingers distant one from the other and seldome nearer Yet neither is half higher then the other In beasts the left is higher Some have observed certain Rami or vessels which run from the left Kidney into the right Testicle but in women to the right part of the uterus Conneâ—us Lumbis Connexus is by the benefit of the externall Coat of the Peritonaeum to the loyns Riolanus sayes better inter duplicaturam Peritonaei which is membrana adiposa Membrana adiposa ab Aristotele 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is subject to be dislocated and thrust out of place even to Os sacrum and hath been taken pro schirroso mesenteriâ— Well they are tyed to the loyns the Diaphragma Diaphragma Dexter Caeco Hepati Sinister Colo Lieni venae Cave Aorta vesica the right to Caecum and sometimes to the Liver the left to Colon whereby many times the Collick and Nephritick pains are not distinguished yet both eased by Clysters To the spleen to vena Cava and Aorta by the Emulgent vessels to the Bladder by the ureters to the liver heart and Brain by the veins Arteries and Nerves hence that diversity of passions Figure is long and broad broader upwards Figurae eminent flat backwards to the Ilia long bossy answerable to the bent of the HypochoÌ„dria forwards like a bean so that their faces to the Vena Cava are hollow for the more fit receit of the vessels Their Magnitude is answerable to the Quantity of the serum which is avoided Magnitudo But the left is lesser and shorter then the right Yet they are of the length of 4. vertebrae and the breadth of 3. fingers at most Their bignesse is much different in men Before we come to the substance of the Kidney it is fit that we take view of the two membranes with which each Kidney is invested The externall membrane hath Externa membrana as the inner his beginning from Peâ—itonaeo But the externall shuts it in as in a purse and therefore it 's called Renum Fascia Renum Fascia This sticks not close to it but is easily separated it receiveth into it venaâ— adiposam and sometimes a branch from the Emulgent It is wrapped about with a great deal of fat Adepâ— which is made of the surplusage of the nourishment of the vessels but the right is not so fat as the left says Aristotle which Eustachius denies Aristotle lib. 3. de part Animal cap. 9. because the right side is dryer and subject to more motion now all motion doth consume fat which Eustachius denies and brings the example of the motion of the heart and the eyes Yet Averroes Quia membrorum dextrum validius calidius motus autem pinguedinem liquet in sicco it's true in hunâ—â—dâ— false Adeps of the Kidney Adeps Piccolhominy would have their matter to be oyly aeriall and lentoris cususdam particeps vapours of the bloud Their efficient cause not being the frigidity of the membranes but their thicknesse so that the vapours arising and struck into these thick membranes quasi suo lentore viscati membranis adhaerescuntâ— and there concocted and made thicker tandem in adipem concrescunt so that a great part of oyly and excellently elaborated bloud runs with the water into the Kidneys by whose heat it 's turned to vapour and so breathing forth per Caeca Renumspiracula strike into the thick membrane of the Kidneys where sticking and there further concocted is thickened and comes to be