the more temperate part of the whole masse inclining to heat and moisture and painted with red THE more temperate part of the Chyle and indifferent in substance is converted into blood properly so called which is of affinity to the nature and temper of the Liver which being hot and moist communicates its temper to a substance like to it self and it not only tempers but dyes it red in so deep a grain that it outvies the colour of other humors partaking of the same masse so that the whole masse of humors is vested in red and in an absolute term embraces the name of blood Which that it might be plentiful these accessaries are requisite viz. temperate aliment and of a good juice the flower of Age spring time an hot and moist temper of the Liver Though blood proceeds from all aliment yet some are more others less copious in the production of it When therefore all these causes convene from this concurrence will result a Sanguin Temperament because blood is very predominant It is usefull for the nutrition of carnous parts as of the muscles and bowels which are nourished by blood properly so called The effect of it is to raise in men hilarity and mirth a propensity to sports and love and flourishes them with a lovely colour because they are well fraught with temperate heat which is the original of these merry frolicks As we may take notice that all creatures in the cradle of their Age are much addicted to hilarity because that is the furnace of natural heat But whatever blood confines it self to the veines is stockt with many fibres by the benefit of which it acquireth concretion and assimulation with the parts These Fibres a great number of which the blood harbours are manifestly evident when the blood is tempered with much water or stirred with the hand as may be specified in Swines blood all the fibres following this agitation that may be an hindrance to concretion for such is the vertue of these fibres that they presently rally to an unition with the blood which flowes out of the veins as is manifest in the proposed examples And by the help of these the blood being conveyed to divers parts for the better nutrition is condesed and solidated so that it may easily be assimilated to the parts otherwise if destitute of fibres it would remain liquid For it is out of the reach of credit that Aristotle's opinion should hold true that Harts Does and Camels want them but we must apprehend that they have but few which are sufficient to cause an indifferent concretion But these fibres are of colour wholly white representing a nervous substance from whence we may fetch an opinion that they derive themselves not from the Liver but from the ventricle which is wholly nervous and doth in some manner impart the nature of its substance to the Chyle But Blood is two-fold the one lodged in the Veins the other in the Arteries The venal is more crasse cold and ruddy and designed for the nourishment of parts of a solid substance Arterial is thinner hotter and inclining to yellow and officious in the nutrition of parts of a spiritous substance The blood in the veins is derived immediately from the Liver which it signifies by a tincture of the nature and temper thereof and so is colder then the arterial whose forge is the heart where it is elaborated to tenuity and acquires a yellowish colour by reason of aire confused with it in the left ventricle of the heart which washes away that rich dye therefore it is so much hotter then the heart according to the proportion of that heat which causeth an excesse in the temper of the heart in relation to that of the Liver A COROLLARY Some have impudence enough to deny that there is such a thing as blood properly so called but will needs argue the whole masse of humors to be constituted only of choler flegme and melancholy and that the mixtion of these three humors is termed blood of which assertion they indeavour to make demonstration by the example of milke which is immediately produced from blood for in it there are only three homogeneous substances to be found viz. butyrous serous and caseous which are correspondent to these three humors But this opinion is weaken'd by this that nothing but true blood can paint in red the masse of humors For choler is yellow flegme white and melancholy black Besides the carnous parts which in our body are many bearing Analogy in colour and temper to blood do peculiarly instance that this is the humor which they prey upon But to the example of milke I reply that it is not necessary that all things should have the same parts as those to whom they owe their generation for the seed generated by the blood hath only two parts viz. spirit and incrassation To this may be added that that example argues rather against the choler than the blood for butter is Analogous to blood as hot and moist as cheese to melancholy but the serum admits of no such comparison to flegme but rather to ichors which are evacuated by Urine and sweat and obtain the very name of serum But especially notice is to be taken of that axiome upon which we ground that the resolution of things is into the same masse from which they took their composition by this is understood only their ultimate resolution into the Elements For things by a kind of gratitude surrender themselves into the bosome of their first causes But the Elements are the first bodies ingredient to the composition of all mixt bodies which fall back again into them but owe no such duty to their second causes viz. the flesh and bones after the decease of the creature are resolved into the Elements but not into bread and other aliment which supplies nutrition to them or into seed and blood out of which they were framed in conception CHAP. IV. Of Alimentary Flegme Alimentary Flegme is the more unconcoct part of the blood Cold and Moist almost destitute of tast or sweetish THE more cold and moist part of the masse of blood is called flegme generated out of the cruder part of the Chyle hence Galen terms it crude and parboil'd blood who asserts also that in a famine of blood this being brought to maturation by a farther coction converts to blood and that in the very veins by a Sanguifying vertue sent to them as Auxiliary from the Liver Cold and moist aliments produce a great fertility of it so Age winter and a cold and moist temper of the Liver From the winter ariseth cause of doubt for that our bellies according to Hippocrates are hotter in winter by reason they are the randezvouz of the native heat which in this season concentring there must necessarily be commodious for concoction and so there will be no plenty of crude humors generated To this I oppose that flegme is abundantly generated in winter not in respect of the
then they are not produced from a fixt cause and they shew that the morbifick matter hath removed from the stock of the veins into the bulk of the body by the concussion and violent commotion of the body evident in a Convulsion So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 11. In Thasus a woman being froward with grief occasionally caused could not sleep and abhorred meats was thirsty and anxious in the beginning of the night she talked much was sick in mind troubled with a small Feaver in the morning with many Convulsions talked obscenely disturbed with many great continual pains on the second day she was in the same condition slept not had a more acute Feaver On the third day her Convulsions left her she fell into drowsiness and sound sleep and again waking she leapt up being unable to contain her self she talked much was taken with an acute Feaver and the same night she sweated much in a heat all over without a Feaver she slept understood every thing and was judged About which time her months issued copiously We may gather by this story that her Convulsion appearing in the beginning was caused by repletion not from the authority of Galen onely in his commentary on this place where heaffirmes that this womans months were surppressed but also by those evacuations by which she was freed viz. by copious and universal sweats and by the plentiful effluxion of her months according to the common axiome diseases caused by repletion are cured by inanition But if a convulsion appear in the state of a disease it is more dangerous for it is either generated by siccity introduced by a feaverish adustion or by the transition of the morbisick humor to the nervous parts Those which are caused by driness are wholly pernicious and deadly but those which are produced by permutation are sometimes curable as those which proceed from the bitings of the orifice of the ventricle and in hysterical women and those which happen critically Yet they are usually difficult and very dangerous as appears by the stories proposed by Hipp. in Epid. For in 1 Epid. Sect. 1. aegr 4. In Thasus the wife of Philinus being taken with an acute fcaver after divers symptomes was on the eighth day extreme cold much convulst with pain on the ninth convulst on the eleventh she in her convulsions expelled urine very copiously But about the seventeenth day she was speechless on the twentieth she dyed So Aegr 8. of the same Section Erasinus died on the fifth day about sun-set of a pernicious disease And to him saith Hippocrates about his death happened many convulsions with sweat So Aegr 11. of the same Section the Wife of Dromeada after divers symptomes on the sixth day in the morning she was stiffe cold but speedily again heated she sweated all over was cold in her extreme parts was fond respiration big and rare soon after convulsions began from her head and she died suddenly Lastly 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 4. In Thasus Philestes being taken with a very acute feaver was convulst on the fourth day on the fifth in the morning he died In acute feavers convulsions and strong pains about the bowels are bad Aph. 66. Sect. 4. It is before noted in the exposition of Aph. 26. Sect. 2. that a convulsion in an acute feaver is bad But if strong pains of the bowels come in company with it it is without doubt very dangerous for these pains are caused either by great inflammations in those parts or by an hot and dry distemper produced by a burning feaver which must be very great that it may be able to cause such pains and so it threatens death to the sick person as is evident by the stories of the wife of Philius Erasinus and the wife of Dromeada before proposed for they did not onely suffer convulsions but also hypochondriacal pains and so died Convulsions in phrenitical persons signifie that death is near Galen 12. Meth. last chap. affirms that his experience could never inform him of any one so convulst that was recovered nor ever heard he such a thing by the report of any other For this convulsion proceeds from the siccity of the nerves occasioned by the inflammation of the brain which is therefore incurable Convulsions in children are less dangerous then in those that have arrived to a full age Because as Galen relates in his comm on 3. Aphor. children do more abound with crude humors which cause a convulsion by repletion which is less dangerous then that which proceeds from inanition with which those that are full grown are more frequently molested and likewise the nervous parts in children are infirm and so convulst by a smaller cause Those who are taken with a Tetanus die within four days in which if they escape they may be cured Aph. 6. Sect. 5. A Tetanus is caused by an emprosthotonos that is a tension to the interiors and an opisthotonos that is a tension to the posteriors for in it the convulsion of the opposite muscles is equal which do therefore so vehemently afflict nature that she cannot long endure those pains cheifly when the whole body and especially the neck is stiffe with cold for then besides those horrid pains which quickly dissolve the strength the diaphragma is also affected by sympathy whereas the nerves produced to the diaphragma make out from the fourth vertebra of the neck and so the neck being convulst respiration is hardened and the persons so affected die by suffocation within four daies But if they escape them upon the mitigation and dissolution of the disease by judication which happens in extremely acute diseases on the fourth day they are freed from this dangerous disease Convulsion upon a wound is deadly Aph. 2. Sect. 5. The succession of a convulsion to a wound proceeds from four causes First when the wound happens to fall upon the great veins and arteries upon which a large flux of bloud followes which causeth a convulsion and swouning but death is not alwaies the effect of this convulsion and Syncope Secondly when the wound is inflicted upon the stock of nerves by reason of which that convulsion of the nervous parts followes which is called Spasmus Thirdly when there is an inflammation in the wound which being extended to the nerves becomes a convulsion Fourthly when the ulcer is not well purged or closed before its time or when the orifice of the wound is too narrow as in the pricking of a nerve for then the sharp putrefaction being retained vellicates the nerves and excites a convulsion But this convulsion is deadly because it insinuates by sympathy into the brain the nerves being vehemently affected and because putrid feculency retained in the wound is sometimes transmitted into the noble parts And this Convulsion saith Galen in his comm on this Aph. is deadly not as implying a necessary consequence of death but as very often introducing it Which Hippocrates himself seemed to acknowledge who in his Coac progn proposing the
pencil by him described 2 Coac and 1 prog in these words His countenance was of this nature his eyes hollow his nose sharp his temples fallen his ears cold and contracted the skin of his forehead hard stretched and dryed the colour thereof pale or black blew or leaden all which things proceed from most pernicious causes for the parts of the face are either truly lean the substance thereof being consumed or else it hath a seeming leanness caused by a withdrawing of the spirits and blood For they give a lively and fresh colour to every part and a moderate moisture which falls away when these are withdrawn then also there is an external cold that presses down the several parts causing a greater extenuation The heat which is most intense and malignant causes a consumption of the flesh But the withdrawing the spirits and blood from the several parts is caused by the great weakness of the natural heat that it cannot recruit it self again or by reason of the great fire within which draws the bloud and spirits to it like a cupping-glass And therefore all those great causes of extenuation which appear in the face are very bad and those particles which Hipp. hath reckoned up are most capable of extenuation For the eyes are very fat and full of spirits which causes them to swell and hang out if therefore that fat be consumed and the spirits be exhausted the eyes fall down leaving the places which they did possess for the most part empty which makes the eyes hollow In the nose the end or point onely somewhat thick for the other parts are bones gristles and skin without flesh In the tip thereof onely are certain thin and fleshy fibers produced from the muscles that move the cheeks and therefore in that part of the nose doth chiefly appear the extenuation caused by the disease the hollowness of the temples are full of very moist muscles which is the cause that greyness begins usually at the temples which moisture is quickly diminished by the above mentioned causes The cars are not without reason cooled though the weakness or retreat of the natural heat both because they are extreme parts remote from the fountain of heat and also because they are without flesh being onely composed of gristle and skin the tips of them also are contracted and the skin of the forehead stretched drie and hard by reason of the drought caused by consumption of the moist parts as skins which being dryed are contracted and shriveled up together The pale colour black or blew proceeds from the withdrawing or exolution of natural heat and spirits whence these refrigerated parts receive that colour In the last place take notice that this death resembling face that shews it self by the abovementioned signes is most pernicious if it be produced by the internal causes before described for if it pro ceed from procatarctical causes it is less dangerous as Hipp. notes in this theorem where he reckons only watching and loosness of the belly but we may adde to that other procatarctical causes as the effect of nourishment sadness and fears And it may be easily discerned whether it depend on these outward causes for then the symptome lasts but one day presently the patient returns to his former state In the eyes You must well consider how the eye is affected when the patient sleeps for if there do appear any thing white under the eyelids being half shut if it proceed neither from physick nor any loosness of the belly t is an evil signe and very mortal Aph. 52. Sect. 6. When the sick person sleeps with his eyes half shut so that you may perceive underneath a certain whiteness it shews a very great weakness of the animal faculty for if the eyes the closing of which is the easiest work of the faculty be shut in sleeping it sign fies a very great impoverishment of the animal spirits Therefore it is a deadly signe if such a resolution be produced by the strength of the disease but if it proceed from any evacuation either natural or procured by art or any outward cause by reason that that may be repaired again this half shutting of the eyes is not so dangerous Hipp. also adds another caution in 1. prog That is if the sick person were not wont to sleep in that manner for it is usual with some to sleep with their eyes half open This symptome is of great use in acute diseases of the head whether with or without a feaver because the eyes are next the brain and as it were joyned to them and so consequently most certainly declare the affections thereof but in other diseases they denounce not danger so surely For children that are troubled with the worms do frequently sleep with their eyes open and are easily recovered This affection proceeds not alwayes from an impairing of the strength but sometimes from a convulsion of the muscles moving the eyes as Galen teaches in his Comm. on this Aphorisme If in an acute disease one eye groweth less then the other t is mortal Hipp. 1. progn For it is caused by a weakness of the faculty governing the eye which now begins to desert its office but it would be much worse to see both the eyes extenuated by reason of the weakness of the same faculty But this extenuation begins to appear in one of the eyes for seldome it is that both eyes are in the same condition For so a consumption that is about to afflict the whole body uses to begin to take its rise from one or two members and thence to creep to the rest and thence to the rest as they are more or less prone to receive it Yet you must observe whether this extenuation proceed from any particular disease in the eye and not from a weakness of the faculty then it speaks no danger at all If in acute diseases the white of the eye appear red t is evil Hipp. 1. progn For it shews either blood or choler translated to the brain whence an inflammation and phrensie the product thereof is to be expected which threaten much danger to life For the tunicle that constitutes the white of the eye arising from the membranes of the brain the inflammation of them is easily communicated to the tunicle If in an acute disease the veines of the eyes appear black or blew it is a mortal signe 1. prog For either it signifies that adust and atrabilary humors abound in the brain or else an extinction of the natural heat which hath caused the blood to lose its native colour and to acquire concretion If the eyes are perverted in an acute disease it is evil 1. prog The eyes are said to be perverted when they move out of order and decorum that is either more upward then they ought or more downward or more to one side then the other as also if one move upward and the other downward or if one be drawn to one corner and the other
not and is without pain so is difficulty of breathing for should they continue obstinately and long they would rather portend an inflammation of the Liver CHAP. X. Of the signes of future Crisis by the moneths and hemorrhoids AFuture flux of the months and Hemorrhoids is known by the same signes yet here lyes the difference for if they appear in a woman wont to have monthly purgations the flux comes through the womb But if in a man accustomed to the Hemorrhoids then we may imagin that the Crisis will be by the Hemorrhoids But the signes common to either evacuation are these A pain and heaviness in the loyns and heat thereof A pain and distention in the hypogastrion A distemper at the mouth of the stomach When the blood descends to the lower parts filling and stretching vena cava it causes a pain heaviness and heat in them because the vena cava descending rests upon the loyns from which place very great branches thereof are carried to the hypogastrium which cause a pain and stretching in those parts Whence also proceeds a disturbance at the mouth of the stomach because of the great sympathy and agreement of the parts above the loyns and hypogastrium with the stomach CHAP. XI Of the signes of an ulcer THe following aphorismes do briefly declare when an ulcer will break out in any disease Such as are detained with long Feavers have long swellings and pains do arise in their joynts Aph. 44. Sect. 4. Those feavers are said to be long which last above forty dayes and are caused by a thick cold and contumacious matter and therefore because that matter cannot easily be evacuated by excretory cause nature often expels it to the weaker parts and there begets an ulcer Those who void crude and thin urine for a long time if other symptomes promise life an abscession is to be expected in the parts below the midrif Hipp. 2. prog It hath been said before that the signes of crudity remaining for a long time if the strength be impaired portend death because it is to be feared that the patient cannot hold out till the matter be concocted But if the strength of the body is in a good condition and other signes do promise a recovery it is to be hoped that the patient may be cured not by a perfect solution but by permutation or abscession When the urine stops with a coldness in such as are very sleepy it is a hopeful signe of ulcers near the ears Hipp. Coac For that sleepiness shews a great oppression of the brain at which time coldness coming on produces either an ulcer or a great convulsion Those who are sick of a Feaver having a weariness and faintness upon them may expect an ulcer in their joynts or about their jaws For a voluntary faintness in feavers proceeds from an abundance of thick and crude humors and those feavers are most difficultly judged and their judication is commonly by the breaking forth of an ulcer If on the patients recovery any part be distempered t is a signe that some ulcer will break out there Not onely the pain which afflicts any part at the declining of the disease but also all the symptomes that shew a weakness in the part are signes of an ulcer thereabout Note from Hipp. Aph. 74. Sect. 4. that while the signes of an approching ulcer appear if the urine be copious thick and white it takes away all fear of an abscession and that more certainly and speedily if there happen a bleeding together with this kind of urine CHAP. XII Of the signes of those things which will happen to one already sick or falling into a disease and first of the signes of approching madness MAny things usually fall out in diseases besides the Crisis as vehement symptomes the changing of one disease into another all which things if they can be foreseen by the Physician gain him a very honourable esteem and are of a special utility to the patient Therefore we shall endeavour to lay down their symptomes according to the foresaid method beginning from the signes of approching madness which are known by these rules Animal actions Principal Forgetfulness presently happening in acute diseases foretels a phrensie For it shews that the brain is affected and that the matter causing the discase is hurried up thither from the lower parts Less principal Sleep and waking Troubled and tumultuous sleeps foretel deliration This Hipp. taught in Coac in these words Turbulent and furious wakings out of sleep bring madness For they shew the brain to be very much affected and unsetled from its natural condition Continual watching brings madness Hipp. 2. prog For both of these affections are produced from the same cause viz. from a hot and dry distemper of the brain as Galen teaches in 4 of presage by pulse A more remiss distemper causeth watchfulness and a more intense one madness The hearing A thingling and sound in the ears or deafness often precedes madness especially if it appear with urine that hath matter lifted up and hanging in it Hipp. 1. prorrhet For these things do shew that the noxious matter is carried up to the brain which excites madness The sence of smelling too exquisite denounces madness For it shews an unwonted driness of the brain and an attenuation of the spirits which disposeth the brain to madness Feeling vehement and continual pain of the head in acute feavers portends madness especially when it is observed most in the ears or which is joyned with revulsions of the midrif for it signifies that the humors are copiously carried up to the brain and do vehemently distemper it Pain of the side which with cholerick spittle vanisheth away without any manifest cause is a signe of madness For it shews a translation of the cholerick humor from the side to the brain Pains in the leggs hasten madness and that as well at other times as especially if there is a bad enaeorema in the urine Hipp. in Coac There is so great a sympathy of the legs with the principal parts that as in a rupture of the heel there do happen peracute trembling sobbing feavers which last but little hot and mortal so in the pain of the legs which is caused by a malignant humor there is a feaver stirred up in the heart and madness in the brain the pestilent humors easily invading the brain Now although these pains not onely of the legs but also of the thighs back and other ignoble parts do portend madness yet they performe it more certainly if soon after appearance they withdraw again for they signifie a translation of the morbifick matter to the brain as you may see in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Aegr 5. where Calvus on a sudden had a pain in his right thigh and no remedies prevailed The first day he had a burning and acute feaver and the pain increased the third day the pain ceased and a madness with much tumbling and tossing ensued the fourth day about noon be dyed
a Plethora of bloud when another humour exceeds the bloud in quantity and exceeds also all the other humours they also abounding above their just measure it is called a Plethora of that humour Lastly when one humour exceeds all the rest they being equally poys'd it is called a Cacochymia Cacochymia is a vice in the quality as the other is in the quantity for bloud may be increased without a vice in the quality though not other humours Plethora as to the Strength is that which though it do not fill the vessels extraordinarily yet it oppresses the faculties of the body especially the natural so that when it cannot be rul'd by them it degenerates into corruption Again of Plethora's some are light some heavie some present some future same common some proper Bloud-letting is also convenient for Revulsion Derivation and to cool the whole body not of it self but by accident Bloud-letting of it self drawes out a multitude of humours contained in the veins but by accident it makes a revulsion and derivation of the humours flowing to some part It refrigerates also the body by accident by drawing forth part of the hot humour and giving a free transpiration to that which is left From the foresaid Theorems may be easily gathered the solutions of all arguments which are brought by many to prove that bloud-letting is not indicated by a Plethora For in those who have fallen from a high place though there be no manifest Plethora present yet they breath a vein because there is a Plethora as to the strength for they being weakned by the fall cannot rule the humours which before nature kept well in order while the party was in health therefore is that bloud-letting for revulsion of the humours that began to flow to the bruised parts So in an immoderate flux of the bloud breathing a vein is commended not as it is an evacuation but as it is a revulsory medicine So in putrid Feavers a vein is opened to cool the body or because there is a Plethora as to the strength For nature being delivered from part of the burthen by which she was oppressed the more easily sustains and tames with lesse difficulty that which is behinde Lastly a light Plethora which may be cured by exercise wants not bloud-letting but that only which is more heavy and produces or shortly will produce some great disease Among those things which vindicate bloud-letting the strength of the body obtains the first place which if it be firm and lusty doth well permit it but if it be faint and languid will not allow thereof The Strength is comprehended under a threefold number of the faculties but especially in the vital faculty for if from a big and equal pulse and free breathing it appear undiminished and lusty it permits bloud-letting but if on the contrary it appear weak and faint by the pulse and manner of breathing it disswades bloud-letting Though the morbifick cause or the disease it self do require this kinde of remedy or at most perswades it to be done sparingly and at at several intervals But the faint strength is diligently to be distinguished from the oppressed strength The strength is oppressed by internal causes as obstruction and abundance of humour and then they are relieved by evacuation They are dissolved and dissipated by most evident causes as by the heat and malignant corruption of the air by labour watching famine or any immoderate vacuation fiercenesse of pain violence of the disease and diuturnity likewise and other such like and then refreshing and renewing is rather to be used then evacuation When the strength is faint and oppressed the pulse is equall but with this difference for at the beginning of a disease when the strength is oppressed the pulse is perceived to be little and almost buried but when they are faint and languishing in the increase and vigor of the disease with which the formentioned causes concur A vigorous age coindicates also bloud-letting Which is in the middle between youth and old age but childhood and old age allow not of it but in cases of urgent necessity and that with extreme caution used Age neither coindicates nor is correpugnant unlesse in respect of the strength which in a childe and old man are so weak that they can hardly sustain bloud letting For children have a soft tender and open body which of it self is continually wasted and dissolved And as for old men they want spirits and heat and therefore Hip. 4. de vict rat in morb acut teaches that a vigorous age where the disease is great and the strength not impaired requires bloud-letting whhom Galen following 21. Meth. c. 14. â— de cur rat per vew sect forbids to let bloud before the 14. year and after the 70. which is to be understood of that more full evacuation used by the ancients for a moderate bloud-letting which is but equall or inferior to the strength and fulnesse of humour overy age can beat if it be vigorous and lusty for age is not to be measured by number of years but by the constitution of the strength and habit of body Which Celsus elegantly confirms l. 2. s. 10. The Ancients saith he judged that the first and last age could not brook this kinde of remedy and did perswade themselves that a woman with childe cured this way would prove abortive But experience afterward shew'd that there was no certainty in these things and that there are other better observations by which the Physitian may inform his judgement For it matters not what the age be nor what is born in the body but what the strength is and therefore a strong childe a lusty old man and a healthy woman with childe are safely cured So Rhasis in a decrepit old age oppressed with a violent Pleuresie let bloud and Avenzour opened a vein in his childe not above three years old and that with successe And daily we see that children of four or five years of age are recovered from dangerous diseases by bloud-letting The quantity of bloud to be let is judged by the greatnesse of the vice in the bloud and so a great disease indicates the letting of much bloud a moderate disease moderate bleeding a little one little The quantity the strength of the patient coindicates which if they are lusty then he may safely bleed as much as the disease requires if weak lesse if very weak not at all In a great distemper of the bloud the ancients were wont to let the patient bleed to swouning which is not to be understood of those who are afraid of bleeding or if it happen through some other cause beside that extraordinary bleeding but when it happens only by reason of the evacuation such a kinde of bloud-letting as this they used in great inflamations burning Feavers and extreme pains And Galen affirms that he hath found by experience that if in burning Feavers the patient bleed to swouning that presently the whole habit of the body
a concurrence of the Elements that one quality may be broken when the other is in excesse viz. if Aire and Fire exceed the humidity of the one will temper the Siccity of the other but when both are hot they will cause an excess of heat so it fares with humors for the Siccity of Choler tempers the humidity of the blood but when both are hot they inflame to an intemperancy of heat These Temperaments are said to be such either absolutely or comparatively Absolutely such are those in which one or two qualities are predominant which afford them a denomination So Fire is absolutely hot water cold so all perfect animals are absolutely hot because of the predominancy of Heat in them for Heat is the vigour of life Comparatively such are those in which these qualities do more or lesse exceed then in those with which they are compared So a man in relation to a Fish is hot to a Lion cold the brain cold in respect of the heart from whence it appears that one and the same thing is comparatively cold which notwithstanding is absolutely hot And this comparison may be triple either according to the genus or the species or Individuum Comparison according to the genus is that which is between things of a diverse genus As when we compare the temper of an animal with a plant or mineral Comparison according to the species is between things differing in species As when we compare the temper of a Man with the temper of a Lion or a Dog Comparison according to the Individuum is when individuals of the same species are conferred As when we compare the Temperament of Socrates with that of Plato and thereupon passe judgement that one is hotter or colder then the other There arise also many comparisons of Temperament in an individual by a comparison reflected upon it self and that either in the whole individual as when Socrates now decrepit casts a comparative glance upon the time of his youth or when he is dismembred to a comparison as when the Temperament of his Liver is compared to that of his Stomach and other such like of which knowledge is easily attained CHAP. III. Of a well mixt Temperament A well mixt or moderate Temperament is twofold one ballanced by Weight the other by Justice Moderate according to Weight is that in which the first qualities of the Elements are reduced to such an accurate proportion that one is not counterpoised by another SOme term that a body tempered according to Weight in which there is not onely found an equal proportion of Qualities but of Elements also which is an impossibility in Nature and not comprehensible by Fancy for Immobility is the necessary attendant thereof every mixt body steering by the motion of its predominant Element nor would any find its proper place for every thing naturally hath a station which is proper to such predominant Element We must therefore understand it onely of qualities equally mixed which whether there be any such thing in Nature is with some disputable who are of opinion that it was by Authors constituted onely to represent as an Idea a perfect Temperament and to be the rule and square of the rest that by comparison we might pass the better judgement of their excess As Plato hath modelled such a perfect Common-wealth Cicero such a perfect Orator and the Stoicks such a perfect Sage as never were in being And Galen himself in his first Book of the Preservation of Health Chap. 5. affirms that such a Mediocrity is not easily found And if any one should accidentally meet with it it will escape the quickest stroke of the understanding subsisting not the least divisibility of time without variety of change It is therefore rather imaginable then truely subsisting especially being not so conducible to the exercise of various acts as that which is called Temperament according to Justice as it shall after appear It is called Temperament according to Weight because it consists of the just measure and at it were ballance of Elements which is not ground enough to make this denomination proper Philosophers call it Temperament according to Arithmetical proportion because as in Arithmetical proportion there is a parity in numbers or in the distances of the numbers so that there is no larger interstitium from 2 to 3 then from 3 to 4 So in this Temperament there is a kind of parity in the qualities so that one is equal to another That Temperament is called Moderate according to Justice in which the first qualities of the Elements are so apportioned that every thing according to its species is fitted for the execution of its proper actions Things different in species differ in Functions and all the Functions of every thing depend upon the Temperament therefore it is necessary that their Temperaments be various whereby that may incline to such variety of action so that in one body Heat masters Cold in another Humidity reigns over Siccity for differing tempers are required to execute the operations of a Man a Lion and an Horse and so forth And this is called a Temper according to Justice for as Justice scatters not her favours nor inflicts her penalties equally on all but according to the dictates of Reason proportions to some more to some less by which disparity of distribution there appears much equality in Justice So the justice of Nature lends divers Temperaments to things distinct in species by the help of which they may be enabled to a compleat and perfect execution of those duties to which they are by Nature designed This is called by the Philosophers a Temperament according to a Geometrical proportion for as in Geometrical proportion we examine not the equality of Difference but of Reason so in this Temperament we weigh not the proportion of these qualities by the ballance but by their apt congruity and acommodateness to the nature of every species CHAP. IV. Of the Judging of Temperaments All the differences of Temperaments are perceptible by the Touch. ALL those differences rely upon the excess of the first qualities which are the object of the sense of touching as Colours of Seeing Sapors of Tasting and Odors of Smelling The organ of Touch is the Skin which chiefly we have at our fingers ends An organ adapt for the disquisition of the excess of all qualities must have an inherent mediocrity of them all and not lean to a partiality This is the Skin of a well-tempered Man in which resides an equal portion of seed and blood which cause a moderate Temperament parts wholly Carnous being hot and moyst Spermatick cold and dry But that the excess of qualities may be perceptible by the Skin it must enjoy its natural temper free from the overballancings of any one quality for instance if it be almost congealed with cold it is uncapable of this office The skin of the Hand is better qualified for it then of any other part not that extended over the palm because
conservation of it will be the conservation of life hence this faculty is significantly termed Vital or the preservative of life And so life is an action depending upon this faculty as an effect upon its cause The Vital faculty is attended by two servants Pulse and Respiration It is ignorantly asserted by some that the Pulse is the chief of Vital actions and immediately to depend upon the Vital faculty for life as we before affirmed immediately depends upon that but the pulse is only a subservient action to it caused by a pulsifick faculty whose vertue is only to cause systole and diastole in the heart by which means it performs its duty to the Vital faculty Pulse is a function of the heart and Arteries composed of Systole and Diastole with some interposition of rest caused by the pulsifick faculty of the heart to further the generation of the Vital spirits and effect the distribution of them thorough the whole body The Pulse of the heart and Arteries is composed of three parts viz. diastole systole and the intercession of a pause By Diastole the heart and Arteries are impregnate When the heart dilates it selfe it attracts the Aire from the Lungs by the help of the Arteria Venosa and the blood from the Vena Cava that from the commistion of them in the left closet of the heart the spirits may be generated but the Arteries being strtech'd to a dilatation attract the spirits from the heart and are tumid with them as also the external Aire entertained by those orifices which are terminated in the skin and in this manner is transpiration caused which by this intromission of external aire fixes the internal heat to a due temperament and cherishes it for all heat is preserved by a moderate compliance of cold according to Hippocrates By Systole or contraction the heart by the assistance of the Arteria venosa purges out at the Lungs all the fuliginous excrements left in the generation of spirits For the Arteries by an insensible transpiration drive out the fuliginous vapors contained in them and send the spirits more copiously to the parts Lastly there mediate between the systole and diastole and intercessive quiet because a transition from one contrary to another cannot be effected but by a medium A doubt may be moved whether the spirit and blood contained in the heart moves upon its coarctation I Answer that there are two doores in the heart one in the right corner another in the left which are dilated when the heart is contracted and are so filled viz. the right with blood contained in the right cavity but the left with spirits contained in the left Three things are requisite to cause pulsation Faculty Instrument and Use The first necessary is a pulsifick faculty which is the primary and principal agent Secondly instruments disposed to pulsation viz. the Heart and Arteries moved by that faculty Thirdly use and necessity forcing the faculty to action viz. the generation of spirits and conservation of native heat Respiration is an action partly Animal partly Natural by which the Aire is ushered in thorough the mouth to the Lungs by the distention of the breast and by the contraction of the same the smoaky vapors are excluded for the conservation of Native heat and the generation of Vital spirit The parts of Respiration and of Pulsation are three Inspiration expiration and immediate quiet By inspiration the breast is dilated by the muscles destin'd to this office and in compliance with the dilatation of the breast the lungs are also dilated lest there should happen a vacuity in that cavity and the lungs are filled with air as bellowes the inspiration of which aire tempers the violent heat of the heart and thence the vital spirits are generated as is before urged But by expiration the breast and lungs are contracted which by their contraction turn out of doores the hot aire and fuliginous vapors issuing from the heart The concurrence of three things is necessary for expiration Faculty Instrument Use First Animal faculty concurs moving the muscles of the breast as also the natural implanted faculty causing motion in the lungs that they might be helpful to the heart Secondly There is a concurrence of instruments as all the parts designed for Respiration And Lastly use or necessity of Respiration for the ventilation of the heat in the heart A COROLLARY It is much disputed whether Respiration be purely Animal or mixt viz. partly Natural partly Animal Which being ingeniously disputed by Laurentius question 20. book the ninth I referre the Reader to him CHAP. VII Of the Animal faculty and function and first of the Principal faculties The Animal faculty is that vertue of the soul which moveth a man to the exercise of sense Auction and other principal functions of the mind The principal are three Imagination Ratiocination and Memory Imagination is that action of the Soul by which the species of every object offered to the external senses is made perceptible and distinctly discerned EVery sense enjoyeth its proper and peculiar object as shall after appear whose species it entertains in its proper organ without passing judgment of it for this is the prerogative of the Imagination only to which the spirits presents the species conveyed by the nerves from the brain to the instruments of the senses The brain therefore being the Court of the principal faculties while the objects of divers senses promiscuously resort to it they are first represented and distinguished in the imagination which the peculiar senses are not able to perform for instance the whiteness of milk is only represented to the sight but not the sweetness of it on the contrary the sweetness is represented to the taste not the whiteness But they are both together perceptible to imagination which rightly distinguisheth to what sense they be related Besides imagination apprehends not only things present as the senses but things absent also and represents them to the mind composing many things never existent yet in Analogy to those which are apparent to the senses The Philosophers divide those operations of the mind which we consenting to Galen include under the notion of imagination into two species viz. into the common sense and into fantasy or imagination commanding as it were the common sense to welcome only the species of present objects but the imagination to propose to it self things absent as if they were really present as also things not in being and impossibilities But seeing that they differ only in the method of their operation it is not necessary that they should depend upon faculties differing in species Ratiocination is that action of the soul by which a man discourses understands and reasons This is appropriate to man the others being enjoyed also by brutes But this receives the species of things from the imagination dividing and compounding them and unravelling their nature by the help of discourse distinguishing good from bad truth from falsity drawing out of them many things
of intemperateness are taken from the cause or from the subject Though we have omitted the Treatise of the accidental differences of diseases till we put an end to this Section yet because they do properly belong to intemperateness alone therefore it will not be inconvenient to bring them upon this stage In respect of the cause one intemperateness is called Material the other Immaterial The Material intemperateness is that which comes in the company of an internal cause viz. Humor Vapor or Wind as it happens in humoural Feavers inflammations of the parts and infinite others and that Galen is termed intemperateness with the affluxion of humors but the immaterial which is also called a naked intemperateness is that which is produced by an exterior cause with the concurring help of the interior This is not so frequent as the other and very seldome happens yet it may be found in a Marasmus a great refrigeration of the parts being contracted in cold water or by a very cold Northwind or in the Head-Ach contracted by violent heat and the like In respect of the subject one intemperateness is in the Habit another in the Habitude Intemperateness which is in Habit or which hath contracted habit and is thereby confirmed is also called Hectick which doth so firmly inhere that it is indeleble it is also said to be wholly consummate of this kind are the Hectick Feaver and the leprosy but that which is in habitude or disposition is onely inchoate and still in its primordiums or at least part produced part unproduced and easily deleble as vulgar Feavers and other diseases without difficulty curable In respect also of the subject one intemperateness is Equal the other Unequal Equal intemperateness is that which is equally diffused into all the parts of our body so an hectick Feaver is an equal intemperateness because all the parts are over-heated in the same degree But Unequal intemperateness is that which is not equally distributed to the parts of our body so we call putrid Feavers unequal diseases because in them the solid parts are not plainly heated as the humors which heat hath wholly penetrated so the feavers termed Epiala and Lypiria are called unequal intemperatures because in the Epiala heat and cold are together felt all the body over but in the Lypiria the exteriors are stiffe with cold the interiors parched with heat A COROLLARY Concerning Similar Diseases It is in the front objected that there is no possibility of a simple intemperateness because it would be either joyned with the matter or stand apart from the matter it is not with the matter because such intemperateness depends upon some humor but every humor is doubly qualified but the immaterial proceeds from external causes and they are the elements every of which hath two qualities or mixt bodies which have also two qualities by the predominant element I answer That upon a due contemperation of qualities the excess must be in one onely when there are two causes internal and external joyned which agree in one quality are contrary in another as when a disease is generated from blood and choler the drynesse of the choler is tempered by the moistness of the blood and there is no excesse but both joyning the forces of their heat effect an hot intemperatenesse the same is plain in external causes for if the air be temperate to an hot and moist temper and the aliments be cold and moist the coldnesse of them with the heat of the other will cause contemperation but the moistness of both will produce a moist intemperatenesse It is again objected that there is no such thing as a hot and moist intemperatenesse because heat and moisture are the principles of our life and so they cannot be in conjunction diseased Again that heat must be very intense that it arrive to morbosity but intense heat doth powerfully prey upon moisture and soon summons in its mate siccity and so a hot and moist intemperatenesse cannot together subsist so we may say of cold intemperatenesse which generating great crudities brings humidity plentifully into the body hence it seems inconsistent with siccity To these I answer That heat and moisture are convenient for the principles of our life yet if they do so far transgresse that the humors shaking off their allegiance to nature and not admitting ventilation do necessarily putrifie which ushers in preternatural heat and that meeting with plenty of moisture causeth a hot and moist intemperatenesse Besides excesse of heat consumes indeed humidity but not so nimbly and therefore that space of time is sufficient for the generation of most violent diseases as appears in bloody feavers in which at the beginning there is plenty of moisture but upon their permanence they call in the auxiliaries of a dry intemperature In the same manner a cold and dry intemperatenesse spends time before the acquisition of a moist by crudities And though the effluxions of the excrements be copious yet the solid parts retain their dry intemperatenesse as is seen in old men The proposed differences of diseases and those alone Antiquity with a general consent imbraced which have also found entertainment with almost all Neotericks excepting Fernelius and some siders with him For Fernelius hath brought to light two new kinds of diseases one related to the matter the other to the form or the whole substance For saith he three things being considered in the similar parts matter form and temperament the natural constitution of them being health so the immoderatenesse of every of them will be disease And hence result three differences of diseases viz. intemperatures by the excesse of the first qualities the immoderatenesse of the matter is when a part becomes softer or harder looser or closer thinner or more crasse rarer or denser and the vitiating of the form is when either by manifest diseases as by putrefaction or by occult as poysonous contagious and pestilent the whole symmetry of the body is disturbed Fernelius in his 1. Book of his Pathology chap. 7. hath onely proposed this his opinion yet hath strengthened it by a long disputation in his 2. of the hidden causes of things chap. 9. which because it is famous being born up by the authority of so learned a man and hath wrack'd the wits of many we will therefore enter the lists in a short dispute with him The reasons then by Fernelius alleaged to confirm his opinion may be comprehended in the following discourse First Diseases usually possesse those by which the actions are performed But there are three things in a similar part which execute the actions thereof viz. matter forme and temperament therefore this will be the place of Disease Secondly The same is confirmed by the various detriment of actions in one and the same part for the ventricle as a similar part is often infirm by which the concoction is weakened but this infirmity is sometimes caused by immoderate refrigerations as by over much drinking of water eating of
charge of the organical part though it injure the actions thereof because it is accidental as an house falls when the wood or stones are rotten or corrupted though they are not formally related to the house This answer may again be thus opposed That there is as much reason those second qualities hardness softness and the rest should be referred to the diseases of the organical parts as asperity and laevity which are also in the number of the second qualities and were by us reckoned amongst the diseases of conformation I answer That the reason holds not the same because hardness softness and the rest are not changed but upon the change of the temper it self but asperity and laevity which are affections of the superficies only do so depend upon the formative faculty that without any diversity of temper it produceth some smooth and equal some rough and unequal as appears in bones which are most dry and yet of a very even superficies and in the ventricle whose external superficies is even the internal rough and rugged and so of the rest CHAP. V. Of the Differences of the Common Disease or solution of the continuum The Differences of the common Disease or solution of the continuum are taken from the cause or the subject The causes from which the solution of the continuum happens are four to the first things thin and convenient for section are referred to the second things sharp and fit for Erosion to the third things heavy hard and dull to the fourth things fit for ruption and divulsion The solution of the continuum which is caused by cutting things is called Section UNder this are comprehended all solutions of the continuum produced by the incision of external causes either with point or edge in any part of the body The solution of the continuum proceeding from things sharp and eroding is termed Erosion Erosion is most usually produced in the parts of the body by internal causes as by sharp and biting juyces causing ulcers it is produced also sometimes by external application or things actually burning as by fire hot iron or potentially as caustick medicines and the like The solution of the continuum caused by things heavy hard and dull is called contusion This solution of the continuum is not usually manifest but hidden for in it the parts are dashed together and violently pressed which compression causeth an occult solution of the continuum The solution of the continuum proceeding from things breaking and divulsive is called ruption or divulsion This is often seen in torture in which the toes and the fingers are so distracted that they are quite separated from the other parts so by over-reaching the peritonaeum is usually burst which is the cause of a rupture Sometimes also by an over-repletion of blood the tunicles of the veins are divuls'd whence flows an immoderate flux of blood In respect of the subject or the parts of our body divers differences of the solution of the continuum are constituted and divers names are imposed on them For incision made in the flesh is called a wound but crosion an ulcer A transverse incision made in the bone is a fracture a direct a fissure but erosion is called putrefaction A transverse incision made in the veins arteries nerves and gristles retains the same name of incision and a direct of a fissure The species of peculiar solution is puncture chiefly attributed to the nerves but rupture to the membranes In all Chirurgical authors those differences of solution are contained under the term of Wounds Ulcers and Luxations CHAP. VI. Of the Accidental differences of diseases The Accidental differences of diseases are those which constitute not the genus and species of diseases but only clear the way to the understanding of some of their proprieties THE Accidental differences proposed by Authors are almost infinite of all which it would be too tedious to institute a Discourse and perhaps in our judgement of small use We shall therefore serve those to you here which are more requisite to the use of Art and more frequently occurre in the Treatise of Diseases But they are derived either from the essence of diseases or proprieties attending it or from the causes of them The essential differences of a disease flow from the very essence thereof as was before declared but the accidental differences spring from some proprieties associating with the essence of the disease as also from the causes and effects But we will here offer those onely which proceed from the essence and causes omitting the rest as in themselves common to vulgar capacities and of little use The proprieties which are companions of the essence of diseases are first Magnitude secondly Motion thirdly the manner fourthly the event 1. In respect of magnitude a disease is said to be great or little That disease is great which is very intense and is very prevalent in the perturbation of our body But that is termed little which deviates but a little from the natural constitution and induces but a small infirmity on us Galen affirms that a disease is called great for three reasons First in respect of the part if it affects a principal part or one necessary to the conservation of life Secondly in respect of the causes viz. if they be very violent and furious Thirdly in respect of the symptomes viz. if the body being stormed by this fierceness and violence be much oppressed 2. In respect of motion there are foure times of diseases considerable the beginning increase state and declination The beginning of a disease is when it is constant to the same distemper with which it was at first produced without any notable access of augmentation Increase is when the disease is sensibly seen to increase State is when the disease is beyond augmentation and reserves the same violence which was left at the highest pitch of augmentation Lastly declination is when the violence of a disease is evidently broken The division of the times of diseases is by Galen not drawn onely from the essence of the disease it self but also from the causes and symptomes viz. when from the beginning they increase to higher inflammations till they arrive to a state and in declination are mitigated and chiefly from the excrements which are at first a very crudity in increase present a kind of a rudiment of coction in their state give strong evidences of coction and in their declination shew absolute concoction and a change of excrements into better But the times of diseases are universal or particular The universal times are parts of the whole disease considered from the beginning to the end But the particular times are the parts of paroxismes apparent in intermissive diseases So the paroxismes of every disease have beginning augmentation and declination as the whole disease considered in its whole flux of time Observe that all diseases have not foure times but onely healthy ones for deadly alwayes kill before declination In motion
either by vomit flux of the belly sweats urines flux of the blood moneths hemorrhoids or abscession which were all explained by us Sect. 3. Semiot chap. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. Signes concomitating the Crisis are those which appear in company with the very species of the Crisis demonstrating whether the Crisis it self now being be good or bad perfect or imperfect And they are the very causes and critical species which are onely two excretion and abscession That excretion ought to be called healthy and good which is made conveniently but that it may be so foure things are requisite a laudable quality a moderate quantity an opportune time and the manner of excretion familiar to nature The quality of the excreted humor is laudable if both the peccant and cocted humor be evacuated The quantity is moderate which is neither defective but sufficient nor immoderate for the exiguity of it is condemned and suspected such as dropping of blood inconsiderable transpirations by sweat smal vomits the immoderate wants not its danger The opportunity of time is the Critical day excretions happening on other days give cause of suspicion The manner of excretion is familiar to nature if they be at first copious and flow not out slowly and by little next if they be thrust out through places conducible and agreeable to the laws of nature But that evacuation may be made by convenient places three things are necessary First That the place be not more worthy than that in which the disease resides Next That it be direct Lastly That it have open passages That the abscession may be legitimate three things are to be noted whither from whence and for what cause Whither signifies the part in which it dwels which must be an inferior one ignoble and remote from the affected part and capable of the whole morbifick matter otherwise there will be danger of a reflux From whence denotes the part from which the right or left for the decumbency must be direct For what cause shews us the cause by reason of which this abscession is made that is whether from Nature the disease being concocted or from the matter collecting it and the crude humor yet troubling it for if there happen an abscession while the disease is crude it will be small and not perfectly demonstrate the disease All these are particularly by us explained Sect. 3. Semiot chap. 2. when we make an inspection into the signs drawn from the excrements flowing by divers parts of the body The consequent signs of a Crisis shew whether it be perfect and whether our expectation will not be deluded if we look for perfect health thereupon or whether it be imperfect to a danger of recidivation And these are taken from the actions excrements and qualities of the body in which if there be but a small recess from a a natural state the excretion was healthy but if there be a wide recoil the crisis is imperfect and there will be danger of recidivation These also will require explication in the last ch of the Prognostick part in which are propounded the signes of imminent relapse in those who are in way of recovery CHAP. V. Of the Critical dayes Those are called Critical dayes in which Crise's usually happen Their differences are three some are truely and perfectly Critical some indicative some casually intervening The perfectly Critical are called principal or radical because the Crise's contingent on these dayes bear all the marks of a perfect Crisis those are the three Septenaries viz. the seventh the fourteenth and the twentieth THese dayes more frequently produce frequent and healthy Crise's because Nature in them chiefly when she operates to purpose and gets the day absolutely against the power of the disease she like a stout virago challenges the morbifick cause to a single duel which she routs out of the field by convenient passages But these are the three Septenaries because Nature delights in a Septenary number For in the seventh moneth it quickens the Embryo to life in the seventh yeer of our age we shew our teeth at the fourteenth the moneths flow and every Septenary causeth notable mutations in Men The first of these is the seventh not onely by a prerogative of order but also by a superiority of power and strength as Galen witnesseth 1 Of Decret dayes chap. 4. Comparing it with a King admirable for clemency who pardons many and secures them from punishment who mitigates the punishment of persons condemned for most usually the Crise's happening on these dayes are good and healthy But if some be casually bad they are not so pernicious as another day would make them The second is the fourteenth in which those diseases are judged on which by reason of the matter not yet well concocted judgement could not be passed on the seventh but if an hasty Crisis happen before the fourteenth it is not perfect but is caused by the irritation of Nature or the plenty or quality of the matter For Critical dayes being numbred by weeks the fourteenth is the end of the second week which caused Hippocrates to term it uneven as not being considered from the first day of the disease but from the first day of the second week By it also acute diseases are terminated according to Hippocrates Aph. 23. Sect. 2 Acute diseases are judged in fourteen dayes Which he also confirms in Coac Fourteen dayes judge of burning feavers sentencing either to death or to health Yet many Histories delivered in his Epidemicks seem to enervate the truth of this affertion which stories are of those who having acute feavers were produced beyond the fourteenth day Herophon judged on the seventeenth Philinius his Wife dyed on the twentieth Chaerion judged on the twentieth but all these were troubled with acute feavers To which objection it must be answered that Diseases truely acute according to the vote of Galen and Hippocrates are those which are swiftly continently and vehemently rooted nor do they attain to the title of acute till they begin to be vehement though then some diseases he judged the seventeenth and the twentieth day as to the beginning of the disease yet they are alwayes judged on the fourteenth as to the vehemency thereof For such diseases as are judged the seventeenth or twentieth day do not presume to be violent and impetuous so soon as they drop from their causes but after a little pause So those which began to be violent on the end of the fourth day though they were consummate on the seventeenth yet doubtless they were judged on the fourteenth after their violence and those which appeared violent on the seventh judged on the twentieth have a solution on the fourteenth of their violence Whence Galen in his Commentary on the mentioned Aphorisme saith That no one was ever found which was so swiftly moved from the beginning that it passed this boundary which did not receive some mutation by the dayes aforesaid For though an acute disease end sometimes on the seventeenth
third fifth ninth thirteenth and nineteenth dayes They are called Provocatory because they sometimes tempt nature to excretion whence a Crisis happens some times in them but an imperfect one because it proceeds from the unseasonable and inconvenient irritation of nature Every week hath its intercident dayes For the first hath two the third and the fifth the second hath also two the ninth and the thirteenth But the third hath but one viz. the nineteenth But these dayes are in some manner Critical because odde And acute diseases are heightened to an exacerbation in odde dayes and in those exacerbations Crises usually happen because then nature is provoked to excretion Yet these Crises which are caused by irritation are imperfect as is before shewn But the other dayes which are neither principal nor indicative nor intercident are called vacant and Medicinal dayes and they are the sixth the eighth the tenth the twelfth the sixteenth and the eighteenth They are termed Vacant because they neither judge nor discover nor provoke nor any are in manner Critical and if a crisis happens in them it is bad But they are called Medicinal because in them all kinds of Physick and so purgatives may be with safety administred which Hippocrates teacheth in a clause worthy our observation in his fourth of diseases Whosoever saith he being aggrieved by a continual Feaver use a cathartick on the even dayes are never purged enough But they who use a purgative on the odde dayes are overmuch purged and many have thereupon dyed They may also be in some sort called decretory not simply but with adjection that they are bad decretories for they are never nuntio's of health but discover badly treacherously and dangerously because the Crisis happening in those dayes proceed simply from the malignity of the disease not from the conquest or at least the irritation of nature as happens in provocatories The most malignant of these is the sixth which Galen names a Tyrant purely contrary to the seventh by him named King Therefore what crises soever fall on the sixth day are to be deemed most dangerous An emanation of sweat on the sixth day is very bad as Hippocrates in Coac and in his Aphorismes the Jaundies is the sixth day deadly But in the Epidemicks there are found many histories to this purpose as of the Wife of Dromeada Hermocrates Philiscus and many others who were unhappy in the contingencies of crises on the sixth day But it may be objected out of Sect. 3. book 3. of Epidem That Larissaea a Maid was judged to health on the sixth day We Answer with Galen that this causally is very rare and beyond the custome of nature for this crisis happened neither on a Critical day nor were there any precedent symptomes of concoction as before was mentioned But the cause of this healthy crisis is to be ascribed to the rare and extraordinary strugling of nature which endeavoured a triple evacuation in this Maid viz. by the monthly purgations by large flux of blood and a torrent of sweat The same judgement will hold of the rest even dayes to the twentieth Although some Neotericks haue fansyed that sanguin diseases are judged on the even dayes because they are moved on the same yet this is seldome seene both for that in acute feavers which are caused by blood the blood doth easily degenerate into choler or at least the putredinous part of it or for that crises do not simply follow exacerbations but much rather a superior cause which shall be more largely declared in the chap. of causes The Critical dayes are also numbred from the twentieth to the fortieth by septenaries the twenty seventh the thirty fourth and the fortieth From the fortieth to the hundred and twentieth by vicenaries the sixtieth eightieth hundreth hundred and twentieth but after this the strength of the Critical dayes is spent and then Crises are said to happen by moneths and years The chief and more ordinary Critical dayes are those which usually happen in acute diseases But these acute diseases if they begin with violence are judged the fourteenth day or sooner but if they begin not to move swiftly and vehemently before the end of the first week they are extended to the twentieth which by this means terminates acute diseases But those diseases which reach beyond the twentieth are called acute by decidence and in these Crises happen but not frequently and so they are numbred not as before by quaternaries but by septenaries to the fortieth in which their strength is decayed and the dayes are numbred by vicenaries only to the hundred and twentieth in which also Hippocrates relates contin gencies of both healthy and deadly Crises 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Where we read Heropytus was perfectly and healthfully judged on the hundred and twentieth day Pacius in Thasis died on the hundred and twentieth Beyond that time the vertue of Critical dayes reacheth not but afterwards the Crises or rather the changes of the body happen in moneths or years as Hippocrates witnesseth Aph. 18. Sect. 3. Many diseases saith he in children are judged some in forty dayes some in seven Moneths some in seven Years some upon their arrival to puberty The Computation of Critical dayes must be made from that hour in which the sick person perceives a manifest lesion of his actions We cannot compute the Critical dayes unless we certainly state the beginning of the whole disease which must be deduced from the very hour in which the person sicken'd for from that to the like hour of the day following is reckon'd the first day and the other consequently But it is very difficult to state this hour and many errors are often committed in it whereas vulgar Physicians compute the beginning of the disease from the hour of taking bed which may indeed hit right in delicate and effeminate men who upon the lightest touch of pain presently keep their bed but in men more strong and accustomed to labour it is very fallible whereas they by the assuefaction bear the disease but now creeping on nor yet troublesome for many dayes nor retain to their bed till they are supplanted by the oppressive violence of the disease Therefore the true computation must be instituted from that very hour in which we perceive a sensible lesion of actions in the party diseased viz. by which he could not dine or sup or according to his custome walke or perform other usual offices in short from that time in which he began to be feverish if it be a primary not a symptomatical feaver But because a feaver is seldome known by the sick person or his assistants therefore the Physician by the relation of symptomes and their first invasion easily deduceth the feaver it self from the beginning But there is one true sign often occurring in the beginning of a feaver viz. that acute diseases do often invade us with coldness and shaking If therefore the sick person relate to the Physician that in the beginning of his sickness he
or not at all evacuated as in a constipation of the belly suppression of Urine c. Thirdly the Excrements are peccant in Quality either in the First Second or Third In the First when they are too Hot too Cold too Moist or too Dry. In the Second when they are thin or thick or soft viscid or spumous In the Third when they have a strange colour Smel or Tast Fourthly they are peccant in the manner of excretion when they are not expelled in due time or not thorough the usual parts or when they are too soon or too slowly evacuated CHAP. V. Of the Differences of changed Quality The Qualities of the body changed are first second or third BUT they that may deserve the name of symptomes must depend on some disease The first Qualities are heat cold moisture and dryness The second are Hardness Softness Gravity Levity Rarity Density Laevity Asperity and the rest The third are Colours Smels Tasts Sounds A COROLLARY Concerning the changed Qualities Among the changed qualities we place Heat Cold Moisture and Dryness which were before referred to the similar diseases which knits a knot difficult of resolution which we thus untye by averring that slight distempers which are only in a way to perfection and have no permanence in the part cannot be reckoned among diseases but are rather termed symptomes and changed qualities which by the vicinity or sympathy of some parts a morbous distemper being raised are generated and preserved Next asperity and laevity are here with the changed qualities which were referred to organical diseases To this it is answered that asperity and laevity if they be very remarkable so that they manifestly injure the actions of those parts wherein they reside are true diseases but if they be so slight that they are not at all troublesome to the actions and yet are produced from a preternatural cause as an humid or dry distemper it is a convincing evidence that they are true symptomes CHAP. VI. Of the Causes of Symptomes in the genus Eâ—â—â— Symptome depends upon some disease as its proper cause THIS is chiefly demonstrated in hurt-action which is the immediate effect of a disease as appears by its definition Besides it is undoubtedly true that the changed qualities do proceed from the first qualities which constitute the temperament which when it conforms to nature cannot produce qualities changed according to nature which it is evident do perpetually flow from the distemper Lastly seeing there happens no default in the excrements unless the concoctive expulsive or retentive faculties be vitiated it is very certain that this proceeds perpetually from some disease But the causes of symptomes in their species and the history of all diseases are exactly proposed in particular Pathology chap. 7. We will here illustrate onely by some examples for the better knowledge CHAP. VII Of the Causes of Injured actions The animal actions are usually hurt by various differences of distempers organical diseases and solutions of the continuum SO by the cold and moist distemper of the brain in excesse the animall actions are abolished as appears in folly and forgetfulness and by a more remiss distemper they are diminished as in fatuity and stupidity as also they are depraved by an hot distemper sometimes simple sometimes in conjunction with siccity as in a phrensie and madness Those actions are also sometimes offended by organical diseases as by obstructions and various tumors and by solutions of the continuum as by notable wounds in the head The vital actions consisting in the palsies are abolished depraved or diminished by an hot and cold distemper principally by obstruction and solution of the continuum according to the various intension or remission of causes So in feavers the pulse is depraved abolished in a syncope and diminished in a lipothymy The private natural actions are hurt only by similar diseases but the official by organical also The private natural actions related to nutrition viz. the attractive retentive and expulsive are perfected by the temper onely therefore distemper onely can hurt them but the official want the various conformation of those parts by which they are exercised they therefore are hurt by organical diseases also So the action of the ventricle liver or any other instrument is sometimes perverted by an Erysipelas a Phlegmon and other preternatural tumors and hence the concoction is depraved or diminished So also official attraction is hurt when by a carnous swelling or any other tumor arising in the throat the way is block'd up against food or else the attraction of it to the ventricle is very difficult Retention likewise is hindred by the same causes as also by the copiousness of flatulency And lastly expulsion is hindred by the narrowness and obstruction of the passages or also when it is too much provoked and accelerated by dilatation or vellication of the part CHAP. VIII Of the Causes of Symptomes which are in Excrements The errors in Excrements depend perpetually upon diseases but most usually by the mediation of the detriments of actions In this manner Too great a quantity of excrement depends either upon the weak retentive or expulsive faculty of the part by which excretion is made provoked by some vicious quality or exceeding quantity of humor SO a Diarrhaea is caused by sharp and bilious humors as also by the overflowing of some humor A vacuation also of the excrements too plentiful is caused by defect in the part containing by reason of which it is disabled to contain This happens when the orifices of the vessels are open or eroded by an internal or external cause or onely debilitated as appears in excretion of blood caused by the anastomosis diabrosis or diapeidisis of the veins The quantity of excrements is diminished either when they are sparingly generated or when the retentive faculty is too strong the expulsive too weak or when the passages are narrow and obstructed The excrements are sparingly generated either by paucity crassity or dryness of aliments or by contrary vacuations which do usually hinder the customary ones or by too much resolution of the whole body The reason of other causes is obvious CHAP. IX Of the Causes of changed quality The Symptomes which consist in the first qualities are caused by the distemper of neighbouring or sympathizing parts as is said But those which are related to the second qualities depend upon the various vitiosity of humors or distemper of the parts SO hardness is produced by dryness tension and congelation softness by humidity and so forth Lastly as to the third qualities these are the causes Colour is changed in the part either by distemper or by some humor lodged under its superficies So by a hot distemper the parts are red by a cold one pale so Choler diffused thorough the body causeth the yellow colour of men jaundised Vitiated smels arise from the putridity of the humors or of the parts Strange tasts by the excrements touching upon the tongue Preternatural sounds by
to the fury of North windes snowes and showers and those that lie to the North this is the cause that most Germans are pituitous Time Winter season Meat and drink Meat and drink of a refrigerating and irrigating quality as lettice purslane and summer fruit and drinking of water which by cooling the ventricle and liver cause them to produce plenty of flegm Quiet An idle and sedentary life Sleep Much and profound sleep especially after meat Passions A life void of care study or anxiety or one much troubled with them because they by dissipating the native heat refrigerate the body By the use of things hot and dry they are helped and by things moist and cold they are hurt The Effects Animal Actions Principal Imagination good enough and an easie apprehension of things but a speedy forgetfulness because on humid things impression is easily made and as easily obliterated A drowsy and dull mind a slow and heavy wit Remisse anger and easily appeased Sleep A great propensity to sleep Dreams Dreams of cold waters rains snowes drownings rivers pooles seas and white things Sense A dullness of the senses Motion A slowness but continuance of motion because the spirits being somewhat thick are not soon dissolved Vital Actions Pulse A smal slow and soft pulse Natural Actions Hunger A dejected appetency and this reason Hipp. gives that old men can easily tolerate hunger Thirst None or very little thirst Accretion Slow growth because the heat being weak requires much time to subdue the forces of moisture Venery Slowness to venery The moderate use of which is advantageous to them as reinforcing the heat which thereupon concocts the flegm and reduces the body to a better temper but by the too frequent use thereof the body is too much cooled The Passions They are better in health in clear weather in cold and rainy worse They are subject to cold diseases as catarrhes dropsies pituitous distempers lethargies palsies and the like The Excrements By mouth and nostrils The excretion of humor thick white and insipid conveyed thorough the nostrils and mouth The belly Mucous and whitish feculency Bladder White or pale Urine and that thin if there be obstructions otherwise muddy and thick with plentiful sediments Womb. The flowings of the womb in women white The Habit of the body Skin first A skin to the touch cold feet chiefly and hands very cold in winter Qualities second A soft and smooth skin Third The colour of the same white Hair Hair soft and smooth and from the beginning thin Second quality Yellow hair because flegm by longer coction is so coloured Third figure Direct hairs because the skin being void of dryness the passages in it are easie thorough which the excrements may freely passe Passions Hairs of slow growth but never disrobed by baldness Vessells The narrowness of the vessels and no veins appearing in the eyes Flesh A soft habit of body and fat yet not carnous CHAP. III. Of the signs of Blood predominant in the body The blood predominant in the body is evident by The Material Causes The use of meates of good juyce and easie concoction such as new bread very white and well baked soft boiled egges young flesh and of good nourishment especially that of Hens Partridges Pheasants Calfes Kids c. clear fountain-water generous wine healthfully tempered Retentions Suppressions of usuall vacuations as of issuing of blood in the younger of the Hemorroids in the more aged or the monthes in women The Efficient Causes Parts An hot and moist temper of the heart and liver Descent Sanguin parents Age. The Age from Childhood to Puberty Region A Country perflated by meridional and Southerly winds Time Spring Time Exercise Idleness or but little exercise which creates an appetite without any resolution of the body Venery Unfrequent use of Venery Sleep Sweet and moderate sleep Passions A Life free from care exhilarated with joy and mirth and affluences of delights The large emission and voluntary profusion of blood is commodious for such and the discarding of all such things as may any way diminish the copiousness thereof The Effects Animal Actions Imagination A happy imagination and comprehension of things because moisture readily receives an impression Ratiocination A dulness and stolidity of mind profuse laughter impudence incontinence in very sanguin complexions In others mirth and hilarity of the mind with easie and free discourse and a great inclination to love Memory A memory somewhat weak Sleep Profound sleep yet lesse than in persons pituitous Dreams Dreams of red things of mirth pleasantness marriages gardens musical notes Kings Princes and Nobles Motion Moderate motion but heavy and soon tyred Vital Actions Pulse A great Pulse slow and full Natural Actions Hunger A mediocrity of appetite unlesse the humors abound which breed satiety Thirst Mediocrity also of thirst Venery Inclination to venery but not so much as in persons bilious An easie toleration of venery by reason of the copiousness of seminal matter Passions An easie falling into continuall feavers flegmons and little inflammations c. Excrements Thorough divers parts Frequent and copious excretions of blood expelled thorough the nose womb and Hemorroides The Bladder Copious Urine of a laudable colour and consistence and sometimes replenished with a multitude of contained in it Belly Feculency ruddy and of an indifferent consistence The Habit of the body Qualities A skin hot and soft to the perception of the Touch. Second A florid and ruddy colour of the face Third hair An indifferent plenty of haire of a yellowish colour and a speedy generation of them Vessels Indifferent largness of the vessels A carnous and well compact habit of the body A COROLLARY A true Plethorick void of all Cacochymie is discovered most usually by the same signs if we add an extension of the vessels and voluntary lassitude CHAP. IV. Of the signs of Melancholy predominant in the body THE redundancy of Melancholick humor in the body is demonstrated by the following signs The Material Causes Aliments Use of too crass and hard aliment of a terrene substance such as brown and branny bread black and thick wine troubled and muddy water pulse old cheese beefe hares pork marish-fowle especially salted or hardened in the smoak great fishes hard and salt cabbages parsnipes c. Retentions The customary evacuation of Melancholy retained spontaneously or artificially by the Hemorroides the belly the crooked veins or the Itch c. The Efficient Causes Parts A cold and dry temper of the liver and heart with the infirmity or obstruction of the milt by reason of which it is disabled to attract Melancholick humor and conveniently to expell it Descent Melancholick Parentage Age. Consistency of age from the forty to sixty Region A County whose aire is of an unequal constitution Time Autumn season Watching Immoderate watching because it dryes the body and dissolves native heat Passions A Life agitated with studies cares anxieties and griefe Helpfull and hurtfull They are pleasured by things hot
we propose the succeeding Theorems The Essence Some diseases are naturally alwaies malignant as a Cancer Leprosie the Venereal disease a Carbuncle the Plague others alwaies gentle unless they light upon a pestilent constitution as a Tertian ephemeral simple synochical Feaver and the like The material causes Usual feeding on meats of a bad juyce or corrupt drinking of marish muddy or corrupt waters do frequently produce malignant diseases Medicines venomous and of a deleterious quality generate malignant diseases In bodies of bad juyce and ill affected malignant diseases are most commonly generated The efficient causes A pestilent and corrupt aire doth usually produce malignant diseases Coition with an impure harlot whose sole issue is a malignant disease Wounds inflicted with intoxicated swords or the bitings of venomous creatures do produce and shew venomous affections Bloud and flegme produce gentle diseases but choler black porraceous eruginous and sometimes yellow causeth malignant diseases Whatever sick person is not sustained by healthful causes whether proceeding from nature as spontaneous vacuations or from art by due administrations of remedies but is advantaged by these applications onely which are of a preservative virtue against poyson and injured by almost all the rest that person is molested with a malignant disease THE EFFECTS Animal actions A deliration and great perturbation of the mind watching disturbance without a vehement Feaver are signes of a malignant disease Vital actions A sudden debilitation of the pulses and the strength a Deliquium and syncope discover a malignant disease Natural actions Great thirst without a vehement Feaver or the appetite to meat and drink abolished signifies a malignant disease If by vomit the belly or urine exerements pale black eruginous or tainted with some alien quality remote from the natural be expelled this shews a malignant disease In a notable Feaver attended by ill-look't symptomes if the urine be like that of healthy persons it shews a malignant disease For by such urine it doth evidently appear that the disease scornes to own for a parent vulgar putridity but is generated by a more intense profound occult or malignant quality which appears not with the urine Small and frequent sweats flowing in the forehead and neck onely shew a malignant disease Qualities changed A place colour in the face or other parts in Feavers signifie the malignity of them A black colour in the tongue not accompanied with thirst demonstrates a malignant disease Proper Accidents Those who in Feavers are infested with Wheals divers Pimples Carbuncles Botches in their arm-pits and groins impostumated ebullitions behind the ears and such like are malignantly diseased Ulcers smooth all round are malignant Aph. 4. Sect. 6. A corollary Those diseases are accounted gentle in which the foresaid signes of malignity are not discoverable CHAP. X. Of the Signes of an acute and Chronical disease DIseases of short continuance and swift motion which also have magnitude accompanying brevity are called acute and vehement to which the Physicians commonly oppose Chronical though they stand not in diametral contrariety to them for Chronical or long diseases are so called onely for that they are of continuance though sometimes also they are great such as the palsy the Dropsie and the like to which those are truly and properly opposed which are termed short simply as an Ephemeral Feaver The signes therfore of acute diseases shall be drawn from the precedent heads according to the order of the following Table mark't with the Letter G. G. The signes shewing an acute or Chronical disease are taken either from The Essence or species of the disease The internal causes or humours producing the disease The Effects or symptomes which are either Actions Animal Vital Natural Excrements ejected by The Belly The Bladder Qualities changed But the series of this Table will more evidently appear by the following Theorems The Essence All the inflammations of the interiour parts burning and continual Feavers are in their proper nature alwaies acute So when we see any one troubled with the Phrensie Pleurisie or such like affection we say they are sick of an acute disease The Causes Whatever diseases are produced by blood yellow or black choler are usually acute and so the knowledge of the humour effecting the disease easily conducts us to such skil that we know whether it fall into the number of the acute ones THE EFFECTS Animal Actions A deliration abolition of sence and motion or any part afflicted with very vehement pain shew an acute disease Natural Actions A great thirst large fluxes of the belly or total suppression of the evacuations of the belly and urine signifie an acute disease Excrements The excrements of the belly very yellow porraceous eruginous pale or black discover an acute disease Red green or eruginous urines shew the like Qualities changed The countenance of the sick person engrained in red heat overspread in the whole body a bitter taste in and blackness discolouring the tongue signifie an acute disease A Corollary The signes of the differences of acute diseases are described chap. 4. Sect. 3. of prognostick signes But Chronical diseases are easily known by the absence of the mentioned signes and presence of the contrary so that repetition of them here will be useless CHAP. XI Of the signes of morbifick causes and first Of the signes of preternatural choler DIseases are most generally the spawn of various humours unconformable to nature but those humours do usually breed diseases which are predominant in the whole or in any part of the body and so if we do accurately know this factious humor we shall easily arrive to the cause of the disease We must therefore recall the signes of these domineering humors from the first Chapters of this Section and because the humors there fall under our consideration as they are constituted in their natural state we therefore proposed onely four first differences of humors but now some others offer themselves which are wholly preternatural these we shall in short propose neither will it be impertinent to enquire after some other causes of diseases produced by humors lest this Treatise should be any way defective To begin therefore with choler we termed that natural which was died with yellow or pale though it be often disobedient to nature and produceth many diseases yet it always presents the same signes if to that which is preternatural and somewhat putredinous we adde this onely viz. that it is moved every third day as manifestly appears in the paroxysmes of a Tertian Feaver But there are other species of choler which are perpetually preternatural and as often as they visit the body they usually produce diseases and they are vitelline porraceous erguinous glasteous and black The vitelline owes its production to the yellow with the midwifery of preternatural heat which by dissipating the thinner parts incrassates that so that in consistence and colour it dissembles the yolk of an egge This is not discovered by any other signes then the yellow except onely
same opinion in the place of deadly inserts dangerous Convulsion or an hiccough after much profusion of bloud is bad Aph. 3. Sect. 5. Convulsion followes an immoderate loss of bloud either when the veines and arteries are robbed of that due proportion of bloud which they should contain and being empty are contracted and being contracted contract the nerves or because the veines exhausted attract from the neighbouring parts demanding mutual courtesie and so being dried with long profusion of bloud seek aliment from the nerves which forceth the exsiccated and contracted nerves to a convulst retirement to the fountain head as it were to derive help from it or else because the veines and arteries being immoderately exhausted hurry away not onely the bloud but all the spirits from the extreme parts whence the nerves are suddenly refrigerated hence ariseth an extremporary not a long convulsion not proceeding from a preternatural cause but rather produced by the action of nature and endeavouring to hinder the detriment of this inanition therefore we said before that a convulsion upon a flux of bloud was not alwaies deadly though dangerous because no convulsions caused by inanition wants danger Convulsion or an hiccough upon a superpurgation is bad Aph. 4. Sect. 5. In superpurgation not onely the useless but the useful humors are evacuated therefore the convulsion which succeeds it is by inanition and therefore dangerous So Aph. 1. of the same Section Convulsion upon hellebore is deadly because of the immoderate purgation which succeeds the assumption of hellebore Convulsion and desipience after watching is bad Aph. 18. Sect. 7. Watching saith Galen in his comm is one of those things which do most evacuate and dry and so cause a convulsion by siccity and besides because by long watchings the bloud is made more bilious and by consequence more fit for the stimulation of the nervous parts Cold. Those feavers in which are daily colds have a daily solution Aph. 63. Sect. 4. It holds not onely true in quotidian but in tertian and quartan recourses that feavers are resolved by a precedent coldness and hence we collect that there is no danger in coldness of intermitting feavers and that it gives no cause of fear Coldness in continual feavers happening on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction and a remarkable evacuation following is healthy Good evacuations following such colds are copious sweats vomits dejection of the belly or flux of bloud by which feavers are either wholly taken away or much remitted of which Hippocrates Aph. 58. Sect. 4. A solution of a burning feaver is caused by supervening coldness Which is thus to be understood viz. if it happen with the mentioned conditions So in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 5. Cherion Demenetus his guest was taken after a drinking match with a great feaver on the third day with an acute feaver trembling of his head and most of all his lower lip a while after he was cold convulst was fond in all passed the night with trouble on the fourth he had some quiet slept a little talked On the fifth day he was troubled all exacerbated he was fond passed the night with molestation slept not On the sixth day in the same condition On the seventh day he was extreme cold taken with an acute Feaver sweated all over was judged this man all along had bilious dejections few and sincere from his belly thin urine well-coloured having a cloudy enaeorema About the eighth day his urine was better and more coloured having a white small sediment he was in his senses without a Feaver he intermitted But about the fourteenth day an acute Feaver surprised him and he sweated On the sixteenth he vomited bilious matter yellow somewhat copiously On the seventeenth he was extreme cold and seised by an acute Feaver he sweated was without a Feaver and was judged his urine after his relapse and Crisis was of a better colour having sediment neither was he fond in his recidivations on the eighteenth he was a little hot thirsted had thin urine cloudy enaeorema was somewhat disipient About the nineteenth he was without a Feaver was pained in his neck had sediment in his urine on the twentieth was perfectly judged In this sick person cold first happened on the third day to no purpose as well because that day is seldome decretory as for that there appeared not any signes of concoction neither followed there any excretion and so all the before proposed conditions of good cold were wanting but the cold happening on the seventh day was healthy because it appeared on a critical day with the precedent signes of concoction for his urine was indeed thin and of a good colour having a cloudy enaeorema with copious evacuation for he sweated all over therefore on the eighth day which followed the Crisis he was without a Feaver yet the disease was not wholly taken away but very much diminished for we said before that by such colds Feavers were either taken away or very much diminished and the morbifick cause being not wholly driven away by the mentioned sweats he relapsed which on the seventh day a cold again followed in company with the aforesaid conditions viz sweats and concocted urine therefore his Feavers left him again and he was on the twentieth day perfectly judged That is also observable in this history which is remarked by Hipp. in both colds which happened on the seventh and the seventeenth day that the Feaver was much inflamed for in both places he saith he was cold and taken with an acute Feaver whereas in all Critical cold the more the body is heated the better and more perfect judication followeth for this declares nature strong and to operate powerfully the exclusion of the morbifick matter Colds after which the body is not at all or very little heated are bad For they signifie nature to be in a languishing condition and unable to make head against the morbifick cause whence Hipp. in 1. Prorrhet refrigeration not resuming heat after coldness is bad For that as Galen in his comm writes denotes an extinction of heat Which Hipp. also observed in 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. Where a woman on the seventh day was extreme cold was taken with an acute Feaver much thirst jactation about evening sweated all over cold her extreme parts were refrigerated she was no more hot and again at night was extreme cold on the seventh day she was not reinvested with heat on the fourteenth day she dyed If a coma succeed a coldness or trembling falling on a Critical day death is to be expected Coldness happening not on a Critical day or that which none or a bad evacuation followes is pernicious So in the woman mentioned coldness often appeared even on not Critical daies without any excretion or cold sweat which is a bad evacuation so again History the eleventh Section 1. book 1. Epid. The wife of Dromeada was extreme cold on the third day with an universal but a
and passages by which the brain doth usually unburden it self But the chief and most troublesome affection of the brain is inflammation which if it proceed to suppuration and purulent matter be evacuated by the ears which in this case is the more ordinary way the consequent is the solution of the disease In children copious humidities issuing through the ears are healthy Such humidities are frequent in children according to the experience of Hipp. Aph. 24. Sect. 3. and they are healthy because in that age the brain being very moist and abounding with excrements purgeth it self healthfully not by the ears onely but by other passages also The feculencies of the ears which are naturally yellow and bitter if they sweeten or change colour it is very bad Hipp. 6. Epid. Galen in his comment affirmes this to happen by the colliquation of the brain in acute Feavers or we may say that upon much debilitation of the native heat these watrish humidities stream forth which were contained in the brain and being confused with those dregs they change the tast and colour of them Through the nostrills Bloud flowing well and copiously through the nostrills on a Critical day is healthy For then this evacuation is caused by the good operation of nature expelling the morbifick cause but we must diligently observe how the signes of concoction proceeded and whether there be any malignity lurking in the disease because in malignant diseases such fluxes of bloud are not seldome unprofitable Fluxes of bloud too copious and vehement are very bad for they cause convulsion For it sometimes happens that nature oppressed with the copiousness of bloud and moved to excretion becomes irregular and effects a supercrisis which Physicians are often forced to restrain Flux of bloud in the beginning of a disease is bad Because in the beginning of a disease no evacuation can be Critical but is meerly symptomatical yet it is not therefore deadly but onely useless and not commodious to the sick person as it happened to Pericles in 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 6. out of whose left nostril on the third day bloud flowed afterward his Feaver was very intense and persevered to the fourth day in which by copious sweat he was judged A flux of bloud happening in a direct line to the part affected is good but on the contrary bad In the inflammation of the liver a Critical flux of bloud is healthy but with this caution that evacuation be made through the right nostril for if it proceed through the left it will not regulate it self to that rectitude so much applauded by Hippocrates and it will shew that nature upon a perturbation operates preposterously So in the inflammation of the milt the bloud must flow through the left not the right nostril Few drops of bloud distilling through the nostrills are bad For they signifie the imbecillity of nature and malignity of the disease for all excretions in acute diseases which are inchoate onely and not perfected are very much disliked by Hippo. because the security is greater in those Feavers in which nature expells nothing then in which it makes few and useless excretions for then this argues that she is industriously labouring coction To this adde that if no drop appear the benignity of the matter is declared which is unable to provoke nature before the time So in Hipp. 1. Epid. aegr 1 Phyliscus on the fifth day had few drops distilling from his nostrils and on the sixth day he died And Aegr 11. of the same Sect. on the fourth day some few distillations issued from the nostrils of the wife of Dromeada and on the sixth day she died Yet upon this signe we cannot positively assert death for in 3. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 2. He who lay in Dealces garden had on the second day some few sincere effluxions of bloud from his left nostril and again on the fourth few and sincere distillations out of the same nostril and on the fourtieth day he was judged Yet he struggled with a very dangerous disease as appears through the whole relation of the story therefore this distillation of bloud if it portend not death yet it shews very great danger of life if it be accompanied by other bad symptomes For this also is to be noted viz. that a small excretion of bloud appearing in an indicative day without dangerous signes antecedent or consequent is so far from being dangerous that it rather denounces that a Crisis will come the same way as happened to Meton in 1. Epid. Sect. 1. aegr 7. who on the fourth day without the precedency of any dangerous symptomes had twice a small effluxion of bloud out of the right nostril on the fifth one larger out of his left sincere he sweated and was judged and fell to a recidivation he escaped upon the copious and frequent profluxion of bloud By the mouth spetting and sneezing Spettle white even smooth not very thin or crass of a ready and easie excretion and without any pain or much coughing is healthy For it denotes that nature overpowers the morbifick matter and laudably concocts and sufficiently expels it being concocted For the mentioned qualities appearing in spettle are signes of very good concoction Spettle soon appearing in the beginning of a disease of the breast or lungs is good Aph. 12. Sect. 1. For this discovers a rudiment of concoction which if it proceed soon after the beginning of the disease there is hope of a speedy solution Spettle lightly red by the permistion of bloud and flegme is healthy This spettle is expelled in a pleurisy when nature changes the morbifick matter for it doth by degrees extenuate it to liquation and so the waies being freed by which the vapour should exhale the thinner part and most acceeding to vapor steals through the rarity of the pores into the internal and neighbouring spaces and is confused with flegme whence upon coughing and exclusion of spettle the default of coction appears and hence Gal. comment in 6. Epid. termes these most gentle pleurifies Yellow spettle mixt with some bloud in the inflammations of the breast or lungs expelled in the first invasion of the disease is healthy and very commodious but when the disease hath proceeded to the seventh day or made a larger progress it is less secure Hipp. in Coac and prognost In inflammations produced by choler and bloud such spettle usually happens which if it appear upon the beginning of the disease it shews that nature doth partly unburden herself whence proceeds a looseness in the part and remission of pain and so the beginning of sanation But if this spettle appear after the disease hath made some progress on the seventh or eleventh day onely it is a signe of less security because the faculties requisite to cause an anacatharsis are oppressed by the disease so that we cannot conceive hopes of a laudable operation as also because the morbifick matter is more rebellious the more thin and obedient part of which could not
those also which proâ—eed from either apart if it be the humor which caused the disease of the sick person So in bilious feavers critical effluxions of choler or pituitous of flegme cause a solution of the disease or at least promise very great hopes of health A spontaneous vomiting surprising one long troubled with a profluxion of the belly is the solution of the disease Aph. 15. Sect. 6. For the morbifick matter is revulsed into the contrary part and this revulsion signifies a refreshing of nature and resumption of strength For as a Physician labours the retreat of those things which flow into any part so nature when she begins to prevail causeth this recoile as when upon surdity she causeth bilious dejections so upon a flux of the belly she converts to vomiting For when the intestines are troubled with a fluxion it shews the power of nature if she can turn the stream of this ill affected influxion into another part If bloud is conveyed upward whatever it be it is bad Aph. 25. Sect. 4. Bloud ejected by vomit issues from the ventricle or liver and discovers apertion ruption or erosion of some vein in those parts such vomiting therefore is counted bad And this Hipp. in his Aph. mentions as also he speaks of bloud expelled by a cough which is raised from the breast or lungs Yet note that some times bloudy vomiting is good and healthy if it be critically performed though this happens very seldome yet Galen averres it 7. Meth. chap. 11.3 of cause of sympt chap. 2. and 5. of affected places chap. 7. and we have seen sometimes a pleurisie in a strong young man to have been perfectly and healthfully judged by vomiting bloud on the seventh day We also saw another who after a tedious sickness being as it were pained with difficulty of spiration upon a sudden emission of black bloud by copious vomits was freed This aphorisme therefore must be understood with this distinction viz. that the persevering and often repeated vomiting of bloud is bad but if it happen once and return again and if the solution of any disease follow it it is undoubtedly good Quantity Small and troublesome vomit in an acute feaver is bad For it is not convenient that any thing decretory should be sparingly expelled but such vacuations signifie either such a plenty of matter that nature cannot bear it but expelleth some of it symptomatically or the imbecillity of nature in vain endeavouring to remove superfluities Quality Vomits variously coloured composed of many humors are bad For they signifie that various humors are lodged in the body which cause nature the more trouble by how much more difficult it is to grapple with divers antagonists For if it be a very uneasie taske to encounter divers kinds of aliments how much more difficult and dangerous will it be to attempt to concoct and subdue various humors deviating from the prescripts of nature especially in acute diseases in which the time for skirmish is short which should be very long that we might conceive greater hopes of the victory of nature Porraceous eruginous pale black or stinking vomit is deadly For such vomit signifies that porraceous eruginous or black choler are predominant in the body But all these species of choler do usually produce malignant and deadly diseases but if a stink be joyned to them they signifie a notable corruption of humors which will soon poyson nature We find an example of eruginous vomit in Hipp. 3. Epid. Sect. aegr 4. where Philistes on the first day vomited bilious matter in quantity small yellow at first afterward much eruginous matter on the fifth day in the morning he dyed As also Sect. 3. of the same book aegr 4. where a phrenitical person on the first day vomited much eruginous thin matter on the fourth he dyed of black vomit we have an example in 1. Epid. aegr 〈◊〉 one who on the eighth day about evening vomited a little black bilious matter and on the eleventh dyed Yet it may be objected that this signe is dubious because the wife of Epicrates as we read 1. Epid. aegr 5. on the twentieth day vomited a little bilious black matter and was perfectly judged without a Feaver on the eighth We must answer that that disease was so dangerous and attended by such desperate symptomes that it was a wonder how the sick party should escape when it had held her eighty dayes But it sometimes happens that some even most deadly diseases are beyond all hope of the Physician brought to an happy conclusion which yet do not debilitate the judgements of art which imply a common though not alwaies a necessary consequence Besides this it is worth animadversion that such depraved humors are sometimes Critically expelled though this be a rare accident Lastly of stinking vomit with a train of other bad qualities we have an instance in 3 Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 12. Where a woman on the eighth and ninth day vomited a little bilious matter on the eleventh virulent and bilious on the twelfth and thirteenth much black stinking matter on the fourteenth she dyed Sincere and impermixt vomits are in acute Feavers bad 10. Prorrhet For sincere humor is not crude onely but also incoctile as excluding as well the act as the power of coction Hipp. termes every humor void of mixtion or all fervid and crude excrement not tempered with its serum impermixt Whose generation proceeds from the vitiosity of some part or from heat and febrile inflammation the aquous and serous part being exhausted therefore in an acute Feaver it shews that a great inflammation is fuelled within and most commonly by nature invincible In any disease if black choler be upward or downward evacuated it is deadly Aph. 22. Sect. 4. Such excretion is deadly as a signe and as a cause for no excretion in the cradle of a disease can be healthful and evacuation of any humor is bad before the signes of concoction For this demonstrates that the cause is very biting and troublesome or that the faculty is wholly languid when the oeconomy of nature is thus disturbed which concocts first then segregates and parts the useful from the useless lastly expels But when the peccant matter in this manner disturbing nature is very bad we must think the sick person is deadly affected But if in the progress of the disease black choler be expelled the evacuation of it may be sometimes good viz. if the signes of concoction appear with it They who are extenuated by acute or long diseases or wounds or by any other means if they evacuate black choler or as it were black bloud through their inferiors they die the day following Aph. 23. Sect. 4. Extenuation signifies great debility such dejection denotes a great disease which soon destroyes the sick person so very infirme When therefore such an evacuation happens to persons so extenuated it signifies that nature now quite enfeebled cannot any longer contain those humors but sets them at liberty and
the heart and principal bowels so that it cannot extend it self to the exteriour parts and therefore those who are in that manner cold are very weak neither do they receive warmth again but are approching to death which Hipp. testifies in Prorrhet As often as the patient finds himself cold after the cold fit of a Feaver and does not again wax warm he is in an evil condition This is confirmed in 1. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 1. where Philiscus the fifth day had all his extreme parts cold which did no more afterwards wax warm the sixth day he dyed So aegr 1. of the same sect Silenus the sixth day had all his extreme parts cold and blew the seventh day they recovered not warmth again and the eleventh he dyed So aegr 8. of the same sect Erasinus the fifth day about noon had all his extreme parts cold and somewhat blew and the same day about sunset he dyed Also 3. Epid. Sect. 2. aegr 11. The woman which after an abortion was taken with a Feaver had all her extreme parts cold from the fourth day to the seventh in which day she dyed yet sometimes that coldness of the extreme parts not lasting nor often returning uses to be good for it shews that the Crisis is at hand at which time the heat is called back to the internal parts to expel the cause of the disease as happened to him that lay sick in the garden of Dealces 3. Epid. Sect. 1. Aegr 3. who the seventeenth day had all his extreme parts cold afterwards an acute Feaver and a sweat over his whole body and recovered Coldness of the nostrills continuing all the time of the disease in little children is mortal Coldness of the tongue continuing some few dayes is mortal as was observed in three sick persons in whom no other extraordinary symptomes appeared but a certain languishing of the strength Those who are often hot and cold by turns are in danger 2. Prorrh text 32. For thereby is fignified an abundance of the morbifick cause and the malignant quality thereof against which nature enters the lists in vain whence follows a dissolution of the natural heat and at length death it self As. Hipp. notes in 3. Epid. Sect. 2. Aegr 12. where a woman was troubled with a shaking cold fit the seventh day had an acute Feaver about evening her extreme parts waxed cold she waxed warm no more at night she had a shaking fit again but yet her extreme parts waxed not warm the tenth day they received warmth on the eleventh they grew cold again on the fourteenth she dyed and so 3. Epid. Sect. 3. Pythion the second day had a refrigeration of the extreme parts after some time they waxed warm again on the third day they grew a little cold again the fourth day they grew cold and after that warm again on the eighth day he had a coldness in the morning at evening he waxed warm again on the tenth he was very cold had an acute Feaver much sweat and dyed The second Hardness The skin of the face and other parts being hard rough and squallid shew evil For in acute diseases it denotes a great driness caused by the heat of the Feaver but in diuturnal Feavers it shews a great consumption of the natural moisture as in Hecticks So 3. Epid. Sect. 3. aegr 15. in the wife of Dealces on the seventeenth day she had a dry stretching of the skin and the one and twentieth day dyed And aegr 16. of the same sect in the young man of Moelibea on the tenth day his skin was dry and stretched out and the twenty fourth day he dyed An extraordinary softnes of skin in any disease is evil For in acute diseases it signifies an extraordinary putrefaction which causes the parts of the body to flag as appears in corps killed with a pestilent feaver In chronical diseases it shews an abundance of flegme dispersed over the whole body as happens in a leucophlegmatia or dropsie arising from white flegme An intense redness of the face with sadness is evil 2. Prorrh The colour redness of the face simply considered is not evil for it shews sometimes the near approching of the Crisis by a flux of blood as Galen by this signe foretold of a Roman youth in presence of other Physicians But then the signes also of concoction ought to appear but if while the disease is raw the face appear very red there is much fear of an inflammation and especially of the head and brain for by this signe it is apparent that the blood is carried up into the head and there inflames it which causes sadness to precede the phrensie because that blood being burnt up by excessive heat turns to the nature of choler as Galen teacheth in his comm in these words When therefore the colour of the face appears fresh and the patient is very sad there seems to be a certain hot affection in the brain which burns up the blood and for that cause as is demonstrated begets black choler Intense and as it were erysipelatous redness appearing in the head and feet in acute diseases with good signes are good with evil bad If they appear with good signes they shew that nature is very strong and able to expel the noxious humors to the ignoble parts whence that is to be esteemed a laudable change which the ease of the patient necessarily followeth but if they appear with evil signes and the sick person be no whit alleviated it is to be thought that the humors are stirred up by access of new forces viz. by a multiplication of that phlegmonous quality which oppresses the entralls An extraordinary paleness chiefly in the face is evil For it shews either a violent withdrawing of the heat to the inner parts or an extinction thereof or want of blood which is the reason that that colour appears in the carcasses of deceased persons A blackness and blewness of the whole body face or extreme parts is evil For it is caused through an extinction of the heat in those parts as Hipp. teaches 2 prog if the body be in such a condition that the nails and fingers are blew death is presently to be expected But that blewness is alwaies accompanyed with a coldness of the extreme parts as you may see in the examples of Philiscus Silenus and others for the coldness of the extreme parts above recited Black and blew flesh on a bone diseased is bad Hipp. Aph. 2. Sect. 7. By a diseased bone Hippocrates means that which is affected with a wound ulcer or rotenness Now the flesh grows black and blew in wounds or ulcers either through the extinction of the heat some gangrene or syderation by reason of the greatness of inflammation or through some bruise And therefore when the flesh of a corrupt or violated bone looks black and blew not caused by any bruise or syderation it is a certain signe of putrefaction which extinguishes the natural heat and therefore that bone is
eaten before other meats drives away drunkennesse and taken after meat repels the violent vapours of wine This vertue of Cabbage to expell drunkennesse proceeds from the antipathy which is between that and the Vine For Vines will not grow in the same soyle with Cabbage But it is of hard concoction and breeds thick and melancholy humours It exhales much and by sending up thick vapours to the brain it disquiets the minde and disturbs the sleep It hath a certain agreement with the Lungs and therefore the use thereof is the lesse troublesome to those who are troubled with diseases in the Lungs But red Cabbage is reckoned among the herbs fit for wounds That Cabbage is good for the diseases of the Lungs the medicines do manifest which are made of them The Pharmacopaea's do commend a looch made of the stalks We have seen admirable effects thereof in Asthma's and other diseases of the Lungs made with the juice of red stalks reduc'd into the form of a Julep with Sugar Old Ulcers are healed by a fomentation of the water of Catapults and afterwards by applying a leaf of red Cabbage moisten'd in the said water Water of Catapults is made of the roots of Birthwort Gentian Radishes and Wormseed of each one ounce boyled in three pintes of White-wine to the consumption of half afterwards dissolving in it four ounces of Sugar Beets come neer the nature of Cabbage for the juice thereof is ended with a nitrous quality abstersive and something sharp which causes it to loosen the belly so that it inclines to a hot and dry temper But the earthy part thereof is cold and dry and binding It is a diet common to Countrey people and poor folks whence Martiall cals Beets the dinner of smiths but their likenesse to Coleworts as also their loosening or binding faculty by reason of the diversity of their substances we may gather from the two verses the first whereof is concerning Beets Beets nourish little I must tell ye They do both binde and loose the belly The other concerning Coleworts or Cabbage comes from the Salern School Of Cabbage this for certain we do finde The broth doth loosen but the substance binde Spinage is moist and cold in the first degree The substance thereof is watry and almost insipid Therefore it descends quickly and loosens the belly It cleanses the breast smooths the rough artery and heals a cough it nourishes little breeds much serous humour and wind it begets a nauseatenesse unlesse season'd with spice Endive cools opens and cleanses and therefore is most used among all herbs both raw and boyl'd It is good for a hot weak and obstructed Liver it helps a weak and cholerick stomack It purifies the bloud heals the itch allayes thirst and heat in the stomack it begets an appetite and is good for those that are troubled with the Jaundise Succory hath the same vertues that Endive but much more efficacious by reason of its bitternesse for which cause it opens more cleanses and is more pleasing to the stomack Sorrel is cold and dry in the second degree it cuts opens moderately bindes nourishes little helps the hot distemper of the bowels allayes thirst excites the appetite tempers the acrimony of choler clears the heart and resists poyson Berage in the active qualities is temperate in the passive moist in the first degree it purifies the bloud resists the melancholy humour and cleanses the heart Purslain is cold in the third degree moist in the second it nourishes little it cools and thickens the bloud it tempers the heat and acrimony of the bloud allays thirst excites the appetite kils worms duls the sight cools venery which is common to all refrigerating plants if a man use them plentifully Parsly is hot and dry in the third degree it opens provokes urine and the flowres dispels winde and therefore is good for those that are troubled with the stone Rocket is hot and dry in the third degree and therefore is not eaten alone but mixed with other herbs which are cooling and are correctives to it it helps concoction and moves lust if it be taken in any quantity Nasturtium Water-cresses agree with Rocket both as to the temper and quality they open attenuate cut expel gravel and therefore good for the bloader and reins The garden and watry sort are used in salads both of them are good for splenetick people and are reckoned among the remedies against the Scurvy and as some think they do not give place to Scurvy grasse Pimpernel cools moderately bindes and dries It is used in salads it hath a good savour and smell it is cordial and induceth mirth and therefore is steep'd in Wine In Physick there is great use of Pimpernel so that it is prescribedin Juleps and Apozems very frequently especially in malign Feavers By reason of its binding faculty it is used in all Fluxes of the belly and of the bloud a light decoction thereof used in common drink cures the dysentery The water of Pimpernel distilled is used to cure Ulcers of the Lungs Conserve of Roses being first dissolved in it and so streined The powder thereof used often is also exceeding profitable CHAP. XIV Of Roots fit to eat RApes and Turneps are of the same nature they are moderately dry and moisten They are eaten boyled with flesh or else alone with oyl or butter they afford little nourishment they breed a thick juice they beget inflamations because they are windy they increase milk and seed they excite lust move the urine they asswage inflamations of the Chaps and Lungs they temper the melancholy humour and are therefore by Crato commended against a Quartan Parsnips are hot and dry in the second degree they afford thick and melancholy nourishment and are of hard digestion they excite lust are diuretick and move the courses Radishes are hot in the third and dry in the second degree Yet there is some difference between them For those that are most biting are the hottest the sweet ones more temperate they afford little and bad nourishment and are rather a sawce then nourishment For they are used as a sawce for meat and an incitement to the appetite They are of hard digestion beget winde and unsavoury belchings cause pain in the head filling it with vapours they provoke urine and the flowres they break the gravel And by opening cutting attenuating are good for the splenetick but they hurt the eyes by reason of their sharp and biting humours The Salern School adds that the resist poison Garlick is hot and dry almost in the fourth degree for outwardly it exulcerates the skin but it is weaker being boyled then raw and moves urine excites the flowres begets wind and hurts the eyes it helps the concoction of the stomack if it labour with a cold distemper if you swallow some whole cloves in a morning like pills It opens the obstructions of the bowels cuts thick and clammy humours and cleanses them it purifies the lungs and makes the
before one thing is indicated but by one thing and every thing that indicates is preternatural but the nature of the part action c. are preternatural things and therefore according to the foundation above laid those do only coindicate or are correpugnant and that we may bring the minde of Galen to an exact rule we must say that he names coindicating things there not as true and proper indicating things but as things indicating secondarily for which reason they are diligently to be observed as mainly conducing to curation So the liver heart and other parts which are more excellent do not bear vehement remedies and resist the use of them so those parts which are of a cold nature while they labour with a hot affection desire remedies that cool very much when in the same affection they recede farther from the natural temper then those things which are hot In the same manner those things which are endu'd with an exquisite sense sustain not such painful medicines as the affection requires also those diseases which are deep in the body and far from the external superficies require stronger remedies then the affection it self naturally requires and the internal parts do not admit such things as have either a corroding or venemous quality which their affections do require though the externall parts can bear them How much is to be done signifies the quantity or dose of the remedy which is judged by the greatnesse of the disease or by the depravement of the natural habit more or lesse The quantity of the remedy also is taken for the degree and vehemency of the remedy but with those that are more exact the whole dose is only referred to the quantity when the degree is referred to the Genus of the remedy as is said in the former Theorem But as the disease recedes more or lesse from the natural state of the body a greater or lesse dose is to be exhibited for in a greater quantity there is a greater quality and so in a greater excesse a greater dose is to be prescribed that it may exceed the disease Things also indicating in a secondary manner conduce much to determine the quantity of the remedy which do not truly indicate but coindicate and are repugnant So the natural temper of the part indicates the quantity of the remedy according to the excesse of the distemper so the parts which are seated within the body require a greater dose of physick that the faculty thereof may be the more easily carried to the part affected so an Erysipelas in the thumb requires a greater dose of Oxycratium then one in the thigh or arm so an inflamation of many internal parts requires a greater quantity of cooling physick which may suffice to allay the heat In what manner or the way of applying remedies signifies nothing else but whether those remedies are to be applied once or twice seldom or often now this is indicated from the manner of the preternatural affection So when a disease afflicts continually and vehemently medicines are to be applied suddenly and fast If the cause of the disease swell and there be an Orgasmus if the matter be fluid and apt to run if it be well concocted then it requires a sudden evacuation but if it flowes slowly and by intervals and threatens rather a long continuance through crudity then any danger then with things that alter and purge the matter is to be altered and evacuated To indicate the manner of using the secondary Indicants do not a little conduce as far as they do coindicate or are correpugnant So strength of nature easily assents to a strong remedy but a weak habit must have gentle mutations by intervals so the thin and soft substance of the parts or which hath a more exquisite sense cannot so well endure the force of a violent remedy as the solid thick and lesse sensible Also a remote situation of the parts requires the remedy should be used often that it may at length penetrate to the part without any prejudice to parts that lie between In a noble part also a man must proceed warily and by degrees lest by the sudden alteration of the part the body should sustain greater harm When it is to be done is the convenient time and fit occasion for the administration of remedies This is double general or particular The general time is one of the four times of the disease the beginning increasing height and declination So Gal. l. de opt sect c. 37. teaches at what time cold water is to be administred whether in the beginning increase height or declination So in the beginning of inflamations the practicks teach us that in the beginning repelling medicines are to be applied in the increase resolving joyned with repelling and so of the rest The particular time for administring a remedy is the second hour of the day So Galen in the same place teaches in what day and at what hour of the day cold water is to be used so a purging medicine is to be used the sixth day or some such like in the morning Vnder the time is reduc'd the order of the remedies though some erroneously distinguish order from time and so constitute another scope in respect of that In a simple or compounded affection if more remedies are to be us'd as it most commonly happens we must observe at what time every one is to be us'd and this regards order as for example In respect of the Feaver cold water is to be drank in respect of the cause a vein is to be opened Now while there is a fit time to be prescribed for both these the order is also constituted which is to be observed in performing them The time occasion and order of remedies is indicated by the presence of the most urgent Indicant When and as often as the disease requires we must alwaies endevour against it and therefore the presence of the disease or the morbifical cause shewes the time and occasion of applying remedies but when more do urge at once we must resist the most violent But in the usurpation of these there is alwaies a regard to be had of the Coindicants and Contra-indicants For though the presence of the affection perswades the using of a remedy yet the strength and nature of every particular patient may prohibit something or other Where it is to be done shewes in what place and through what place the remedies are to be administred and is indicated by the place of the Indicant If the disease or the cause of the disease possesse the whole body remedy must be used to the whole body if it oppresse only one part remedies must be applyed to that part only if the external parts be affected the remedies must be applied outward if the internal parts be affected they are to be taken inward and if the remedy reach both waies to the part affected it may be us'd both waies To shew the place also of the remedy the
or descending finde an easie way if they be drawn expell'd or any other way mov'd up and down by the force of remedies By what we have said before the opinion of the Arabians is easily confuted who make revulsions without observing that directnesse of the vessels to any terms of contrariety of which they make three sorts from the upper parts to the lower from the fore parts to the hinder from the right to the left Whence Avicen fen 10. l. 3. tract 5. c. 1. in a Pleuresie and other internal inflamations first causes a vein to be opened in the ankle of the same side secondly the common vein in arm of the contrary side and lastly the inner vein of the same side Which doctrine is manifestly contrary to Hippocrates and the true method of curing Besides this also the Arabians are defective in numbring the Diameters or quarters of the body when as they constitute only three for they should have joyn'd a fourth that is from internal to external which Galen proposes in his Book of Revulsion and that is observed in a Pleuresie when a vein is cut in the same side for then revulsion is made from the interior parts to the exterior Revulsion is double Vniversal and Particular Vniversal is that which observes the whole body and in that respects the contrary terms whence the humours flow This is chiefly performed when the greater veins are cut and the Liver as the original of the fluxions is exhausted and is therefore the most useful and most secure that when the original of the flux is not known that Revulsion be performed by the greater veins through the liver for so the veins being emptied they retain the rest of the bloud and will not permit it to flow whence Galen first ad Glaucon 14. would have the flux of inflamations drawn back either from either to the common vessel or to the original of the flux So 2. Acut. c. 10. What ever vein is opened it empties the whole because there is but one conflux and passage of all things in the body But with this difference that some veins exhaust some parts sooner then others Particular Revulsion which is also called local is that which in one member only respects the contrary terms and bound This is observed in the opening of lesse veins which draw only from one part and simply deserves not the name of Revulsion and is properly to be referred to der vation and therefore only retaining the name of Revulsion that these precepts may be consentaneous with the doctrine of Galen who cals derivations of this nature by the name of Revulsion For explaining the 68. Aphor. of Hipp. sect 5. who so writes The hinder part of the head being affected a vein is to be cut in the forchead he saith that Revulsion ought to be according to longitude upward and downward according to latitude in the right and left hand according to depth from the foreparts to the hinder and that therefore the hinder part of the head being affected Revulsion ought to be made by cutting a vein in the forehead which is particular and local Revulsion and in a plethorick body ought not to be used but after universal Revulsion Derivation is an averting of the humour flowing to any part through the near parts Because Derivation is like particular Revulsion therefore from the explication of the foregoing Theorem the nature of Derivation is made plain enough In Derivation the communion of the vessels is perpetually to be observed Derivation in this differs from Revulsion because that is made to the opposite and distant parts this to the near part so in a fluxion that fals down to the teeth and eyes a vesicatory is applied behinde the eyes for derivation of the humour Particular Evacuation is that which evacuates the humour out of any particular place But this is to be done after Revulsion and Derivation The manner of it is twofold Sensible or Insensible Sensible is performed either by the passages made by nature for that purpose or by Iron and Causticks So the Brain is evacuated through the nostrils and Palat the Bladder through the Ureter the Lungs through the rough Artery the Bladder through the Ureter that is to say through natural channels But the matter of Apostems and things of that nature contained in a part which wanteth channels we draw forth by artificial opening Insensibly it is performed through the pores and insensible passages of the parts and this is properly called Resolution So the matter contained in any part breeding swellings and such like affections is resolved by fomentations oyntments plaisters and such like remedies without any manifest evacuation In the right administration of Revulsion Derivation and particular Evacuation the following Theorems are to be observed When a flux urges very much revulsion is to be used but when it is almost spent derivation then when the flux fals down no more but that the humour is fixed in one place particular evacuation When the matter that flows is venomous it is not to be drawn back but from the beginning to be vacuated through the part receiving So in Carbuncles malign Scabs small Pox pestilent and pockie Bubo's It is not lawful to cut a vein for revulsion but only for simple evacuation if the body be very Plethorick Revulsion Derivation and particular Evacuation may be performed altogether at one and the same time with one and the same evacuation Although Revulsion Derivation and particular evacuation seem in a manner contrary one being to be done to the distant the other two to the near parts yet there may be many evacuations partaking of them all together If the middle distance between the near and most remote part as in a Pleuresie when a vein in the arm is opened that which flowes is drawn back that which is near to the receiving is deriv'd and that which is fixed in the narrow passages of the part is evacuated But these evacuations made together and at once are most profitable as may be collected out of a precept of Galen not known to the common Physicians 6. Epid. sect 2. where he teaches that a man must not insist upon revulsories all the time of the flux but the middle time is to be interposed for the vacuation of the humour contained in the part For so at length the flux will cease if the flowing matter be averted by distant revulsions and that by near evacuations the pain and heat of the part be taken away which are the causes of the flux If therefore the humour flowing it be granted that by a moderately remote section of a vein a man may both avert and evacuate no doubt but that is to be embraced Which Galen observes in an inflamation of the liver and in other cases as also is usually done in a Pleuresie as we have shewed above Lastly out of Galen 13. Meth. c. 10. If a flux only is to be cured the most distant part is to be cut if a
repletion the nearest part Hence it appears that where they are both joyned together there a moderate distance is to be observed But when Revulsion and Derivation are performed both at once from one vein that moderation is to be used that the vacuation be not little which being only agitated increases the flux rather then allay it by extraction of the humour and care must be taken that the same day if nature suffer or at farthest the next day that the same vein be opened again This is a most useful precept and of great moment in Physick though many regard it not to the great dammage of their patients for if at first the bloud be sparingly let out and not in a sufficient quantity it runs more vehemently into the part Then it being not lawful to exhaust the whole at the first section but only as to the change of colour according to Hippocrates and that the strength will not bear a greater it remains that what the first section only left the second should take away And whereas the place affected being emptied it sucks bloud from the near places and vitiates it unlesse it be taken away by the benefit of that second evacuation it is unavoidable that it should putrefie and breed a greater mischief The quantity of Revulsion and Derivation ought to answer the quantity of the flux if the strength can bear it So when the flux is great if derivation and revulsion is to be performed by bloud-letting the bloud must be taken away in that quantity that it may exhaust all the matter of the flux regard being had to the strength that they are able to bear a total evacuation And here we may take notice of that notorious precept of Hipp. 2. de vict rat in acu text 10. where he teaches the manner and limit of bleeding in inflamations especially in Pleuresies that is to the alteration of colour For that change of colour shewes that the bloud comes from the very part affected as Galen teaches in his comment on these words Whatever bloud saith he is contained in flegmone that changes colour through the abundance of heat but the rest remains alike in all parts For that cause the bloud which is diffused through the whole body being more flegmatick will be more ruddie in that side which is oppressed with the flegmone But if the bloud which is diffused through the whole body be more ruddy it would be more adust and blackish in the side possessed with the flegmone Therefore change of colour certainly signifies a translation of the bloud from the part affected But a man must not alwaies expect it as Galen observes there by reason of the failing of the strength While the humour flowes violently the greater veins are to be opened so the nature of the place and situation of the parts permit it Because a quick and sudden Revulsion is made through the greater veins and for the most part Derivation also which may resist the celerity of the flux CHAP. III. Of Letting Bloud THE viciousnesse of the humours is twofold in quantity and quality That is called Plethora this a Catochymia A Plethora indicates bloud-letting a Cacochymia purging This Theorem includes a very great Controversie concerning the indications of bloud-letting which hath variously troubled the wits of Authors and entangled them in many difficulties From which that we may the more easily disingage our selves we shall follow the principles laid in the former Section where the nature of things indicating and things indicated is rightly stated and they exactly distinguished from Coindicants and Correpugants First therefore it is to be supposed that we do here take bloud-letting for a species of evacuation and a remedy to evacuate the bloud Which being granted we say that bloud-letting is indicated only by a Plethora or fulnesse which signifies a redundancy of bloud when as but one thing can be indicated by one thing and the thing indicated ought to be contrary to the thing indicating but to plenty of bloud the diminution thereof is directly opposed which Galen acknowledges while he teaches that bloud-letting is indicated by the multitude of bloud condition of the strength and youthful age But when l. de ven sect and in many other places he sets down simply the foresaid indications of bloud-letting that is the greatnesse of the disease the good condition of the strength and vigorous age adjoyning them to plenitude he doth not give them properly and strictly the name of Indications as from that which followes shall appear 1. One thing is only indicated by one thing as hath been shewed c. 3. sect 1. therefore bloud-letting cannot be indicated by three things 2. Strength and age when they are referred to natural things never can truly indicate but only coindicate as is above demonstrated c. 4. sect 1. 3. The greatnesse of the disease the law of contrariety-being observed which ought to intercede between the indicant and the thing indicated cannot indicate any thing but the greatnesse of the remedy And so purging being as great a remedy as bloud-letting they are both equally indicated by a great disease but not bloud-letting particularly Which Galen seeing 4. Meth. saith the greatnesse of the disease indicates now purgation now bloud-letting by which is shewn that the greatnesse of a disease is not a true indicant of bloud-letting because it is not one thing nor perpetual 4. From the same law of contrariety when bloud-letting is a kinde of evacuation and that there ought a contrariety to intercede between a great disease and evacuation but there being no contrariety one thing cannot be indicated by another Neither will it suffice to say they are contraries by accident for true indicants ought to indicate of themselves a contrary remedy 5. There are many great diseases for which bloud-letting is not convenient as a Hectick Feaver and whatever are caus'd by emptinesse and therefore the magnitude of a disease is no true Indicant of bloud-letting Therefore we say that Galen makes the magnitude of a disease to indicate bloud-letting not that it properly and truly does so which some late writers endevour to defend but that it is a sign which shewes a vehement distemper in the bloud as often as the disease proceeds from thence and that viciousnesse of the bloud requires bloud-letting Strength and age coindicate only and are said to indicate through a large acception of the word as we have shewed above that Coindicants are often by Galen termed Indicants The magnitude of the disease indicates bloud-letting conditionally that there is no other remedy through the abundance of bloud for else the Plethora being absent the disease might be cured other waies as by fasting exercise c. A Plethora is either as to the Vessels or the Strength A Plethora as to the Vessels is caused either when all the humours are equally increased and is simply called a Plethora or else when the bloud only redounds superfluously and is called
is cooled and the Feaver extinguished and that many by loosnesse and sweating have been clearly restored to health But this evacuation to swouning in our time is little in use and by the vulgar blemished by the name of rashnesse And therefore it is best to stop and to draw as much bloud as would bring the patient to swoun at two or three times without any fear of swouning and lesse hurt to the natural strength Causes also external and internal coindicate the quantity of bleeding The internal causes are the temperament habit and age A hot and moist temper endures more plentifull bleeding then a cold and dry An extenuated soft and slender habit of the body cannot endure a great evacuation of bloud but on the contrary a fleshy thick and firm A very fat habit of body very hardly sustains bleeding Though such a habit be not subject to dissolve yet because it hath narrow and slender vens which when they are emptied the fat easily straightens there is danger lest it extinguish the natural heat and therefore is prejudiced by bleeding A youthful age endures more bleeding then childehood or old age The external causes are the Countrey season posture of the heavens vacuation suppressed or else immoderate custome of diet manner of living or evacuating In a hot and dry Countrey men must bleed lesse Because such a Countrey consumes much of the natural heat bloud and spirits whence the strength is consumed and lesse quantity of bloud is left in the veins A cold and moist countrey endures more bleeding lesse that which is most cold but a temperate Countrey endures a larger then any A cold and moist temper of the air keeps in the humours and the natural heat and dissolves them not but in a very cold countrey the bloud being as it were congealed hardly gives way to evacuation then the internal parts if they remain destitute of their heat are in danger to be extinguished by the ambient cold As to the seasons of the year the Spring permits most bleeding next Autumn then Winter least of all Summer In the most hot and most cold posture of the heaven the bloud is to be sparingly let forth in a temperate more plentifully Any accustomed evacuation suppressed requires a larger emission of bloud A voluntary evacuation that takes not away the matter of the disease doth not exclude bleeding so the strength be not much impaired thereby but in respect of this the bloud is to be let out more sparingly and the evacuation to be suppressed if it will more impair the strength Spontaneous evacuation if it bring away the morbifick matter if it do ease the patient and is able to void as much as you require you must then leave it to nature if that be not able you shall vacuate so much bloud as that both evacuations joyned together may be able to do the work They that live frugally and sparingly either out of custome or by reason of some disease are more sparingly to be let bloud then those that live more intemperately Those that are accustomed to bleeding bear it with lesse danger then those who are not accustomed to it In such diseases as require bleeding there you must let bloud at the beginning The time of letting bloud is shewn by the presence of those Indicants that require such a remedy for in the beginning of a disease those Indicants do chiefly concur in respect of themselves and of the strength which then is more vigorous also because nature in the progresse of the disease being intent upon concoction and its contention with the disease is not to be called away from her work If the beginning of the disease be omitted or that then sufficient quantity of bloud hath not been taken away it is to be let forth at other times if the signs of fulnesse and crudity still appear and the strength can bear it and that other coindicants concur or at least hinder not Among those things which forbid bleeding at the beginning of a disease and at other times crudity of the stomack is not the least or the inconcoction of the meat in the first vessels This precept is propounded by Galen 9. Meth. c. 5. therefore unlesse the distemper of the bloud be very vehement bloud-letting is to be deferred till those humours be concocted lest being drawn to the liver they should beget obstructions and should do more harm then bloud-letting could do good In those diseases where there is either a certain remission or intermission Bloud-letting may be used either ie the remission or intermission In the fits and exasperations of Feavers there is the greatest conflict of nature with the disease at which time nothing is to be stir'd nor is the strength required for the conflict to be weakned by bleeding which is elegantly expressed by Celsus c. 10. l. 2. in these words If a vehement Feaver urge in the very vehemency thereof to let bloud is to kill the man When an affection urges vehemently a vein is to be opened at any hour but in those that intermit the fittest time to let bloud is the morning two or three hours after Sun-rising For then the meat eaten the day before is well concocted and the strength is more vigorous also in the morning the bloud is more full of power and is more thin and apt to flow CHAP. IV. Of Purgation PUrgation is an evacuation of the humours peccant in quality This definition is proposed by Galen Comm. in 2. Aph. sect 1. which that it may be rightly understood you must know that by vice of the quality is not meant a meer distemper for to that alteration only were sufficient but rather a Cacochymie or a redundancy of evil humours Of this sort are all excrementitious humours which being mixed with the bloud are contain'd in the veins or without them but those are of two sorts others natural others preternatural Natural are those which are generated according to nature as sweet flegm choler melancholy and the serous humour which if they are generated in due proportion and quantity need not any vacuation but if they abound in greater quantity are to be purged out but the excrementitious humours which are preternatural are those which are produced contrary to nature as yellow green eruginous glasteous and black choler as also sharp and salt flegm which humours when they ought by no means to be in the body the least quantity of them breeds a Cacochymia and indicates purgation if it cannot be removed by diet exercise and lighter labours But to every species of the peccant humour there ought to be corresponding a proper species of purging medicine And so for flegm medicines that purge flegm for choler medicines purging choler for melancholy things that purge melancholy for the serous humour things that purge aqueous and watry humours and for mixt humours mixt medicines are to be used Purgation is coindicated by the strength temperament habit age sex manner of living of the patient
the hollow gristly pipes that spread themselves through the body of the lungs being branches of the wind-pipe Bronchorele swelling in the wind-pipe Bubo a sore in the groin C. CAcochymy the abounding of evil humors Calcined burned to ashes in a crucible Calidity heat Callosity a brawny hardness in the skin Carminative medicines that break the wind Cartilage gristle Carotides branches of the great artery going up to the head with the jugular veins Carnosity fleshiness Caries foulness rottenness or corruption of a bone Cataplasme a pultise Catarrhe a defluxion of the humors from the brain Catoche a waking drousiness and dulness of the sences Cavity hollowness Caustick medicines to burn the skin for issues Cephalick belonging to the head Chorion the outmost skin wrapping the child all over Chyle white juyce coming out of the meat digested in the stomach Cicatrize to bring to a scar or close up a wound Colature straining Collyrium an eyessalve Coma heavy and long sleep Condensation a thickening Congelation freezing together Consistence body stiffened with cold or substance Constipation stopping up Contiguity nearness Corneatunica a coat of the eye like horn Corrode biting fretting Crisis a breaking away of the disease by natures conquest of the cause Crassity grosness D. Decoction the liquor wherein things are boiled Defecated cleansed from dregs Deliration dotage raving talking idlely Deliquium a fainting or swouning Density thickness Deterse scoured cleansed Diabete a plentiful sending forth of urine which a violent thirst and consumption succeeds Diagridiate medicines that have scammony in them Diametrically directly opposite Diapedesis an issuing of bloud through the pores of the veins Diaphanous transparent clear Diaphoretick sweats caused by nature oppressed with a malignant humor and forcibly driving it out Diaphragma the midriffe Diastole the extending or swelling of an artery Diathesis disposition Discrete quantity uncontinued parted Dislocation displacing Disparity unevenness Diureticks medicines provoking urine Dyscracy evil temper or disposition Dysenteria qloudy flux Dyspnaea snortness of breath E. EMbrocation bathing bedewing moistening Emplastick sticking Emprosthotonus a Cramp in the forepart of the body Empyema a corrupt matter between the breast and lungs following a pleurisie Emulsion milkes made of cool seeds Eneorema that which hangs like a cloud in urine Enaergetically effectually Ephemeral daily returning Epiala a feaver produced by cold flegm Epicrasis a gentle evacuation of bad humors and receiving good instead Epilepsie a convulsion of the whole body by fits Epiploon the caul Epoulotick causing or inducing a scar Erosion fretting eating Eruginous rusty Erisipelas a swelling caused by choler Exacerbation the fit of a disease Excoriation fleaing the skin away Eucrasy a good well disposed temper F. FArinaceous mealy like meal Fissure cleaving dividing parting Friable apt to crumble short Frigidity coldness Fuliginous smoky misty Fungous spungy G. GIbbosity crookedness of the back Glasteous of the colour of woad Glutinous clammy like glue Gracility slenderness Gravative burdensome heavy Gravity heaviness Grumous ful of clodds or lumps Gypseous limy H. HAbit the whole bulk and substance of the body Hallucination error in judgement Haemorrhagia breaking forth of the bloud from any part of the body Haemorrhoides veins of the fundament to which leeches are applyed Hepatitides veins coming out of the liver Heterogeneous of another nature or kind Homogeneous of the same nature or kind Humidity moisture Hydromel hony and water Hypochondrium theforepart of the belly about the sides and short ribs above the navel Hypogastrium the lower part of the belly under the navel Hypostasis the settling of urine Hysterical troubled with fits of the mother I. IChor raw unconcocted bloud Idiopathy any ones particular and proper affection Idiosyncracy any ones proper and peculiar temper Igneous fiery burning Immobility staiedness fixedness not moveable Intestinum rectim the straight gut Intercostal between the ribs Invalidate to weaken Irrepent creeping in secretly L. LAevity smoothness Levity lightness Lienous troubled with the spleen Lienteria a flux when meat goes away unconcocted Lipothymia fainting or swouning Lipyria an hot feaver the outward parts being cold Lithontripticks medicines to break the stone Lubricity slipperiness Luxation loosening of one joynt from another M. MAgisterial medicines invented by a Physician for his patient contrary to common ones in shops Malacia immoderate lust of women with child Marasmus a consuming feaver Masticatory medicines to be chewed to bring away rheume Membranes skin or coat of the arteries or veins Meninx the filme enwrapping the brain Mesaraick veins little veins conveying the chyle from the stomach to the liver Mesenterium the skin which knits the guts together Morbifick matter causing the disease N. NArcotick stupifying medicines which dull the sense of feeling and cause deep sleep Nauseousness sick stomach inclining to vomit Nephritical troubled with pain in the reins Nephrocatarticks medicines to purge the reins Nidorous swelling of burnt fat or scorched meat O. OBesity fatness Obturation shutting stopping Oesophagus the mouth of the stomach Oleaginous oyly Ophthalmia an inflammation of the eyes Opisthotonus a convulsion when the body is drawn back Organ peculiar parts of the body Osseous bony full of bones Oxycratium vinegar and water mingled Oxydorticks medicines making the eyesight quick Oxyrohodine vinegar of roses Oxysaccharum syrup of vinegar and sugar P. PAraphrenitis a hot distemper communicated to the brain causing a disease like a phrensie Paregoricall mitigating asswaging Parenchyma the substance of the bowels Paroxysme a fit of any disease Pathognomonical properly signifying the species of the disease Pathology treatise of diseases Pepasmus the producing a thing to ripeness and concoction Pepsis concoction ripeness digestion Peripneumony an inflammation of the lungs Peritoneum the inner coat of the belly which covers the gut Pharmaceutick any medicines made by the Apothecary Phlegmon an inflammation or swelling caused by bloud Phthisis consumption corruption Physiology treatise of nature Pica lust of women with child Pituitous flegmy Plethora abounding and fulness of bloud Pleura a thin skin investing the inside of the ribs Podagrical gouty Polypus an excrescency of flesh hanging down to the lower part of the nose like the fish Polypus Porraceous green of the colour of leeks Primigenious primitive first produced Procatarctick first working primary occasions and causes Puerility childs age Pulsifick causing to beat Pungitive pricking Purulent ful of matter and corruption Pyrotick hot burning Q. Quadruple four-fold R. RArity thinness Refrigeration cooling Respiration breathing Retentive power whereby the parts hold fast nourishment drawing back of bloud or humor from the parts affected S. Salprunellae salt-peter purified with brimstone Salsuginous salt Salubrity healthiness Sarcotick producing flesh Scirrhus an hard swelling without pain Sediment settling of urine Semeiotick shewing the signes or Symptonmes of diseases Serum wheyish humor affording matter of urine Siccity driness Spagyricks Chymical Physicians Spasmus a cramp or convulsion Spermatick full of seed Spinalis medulla marrow of the backbone Spumous frothy Struma a swelling in the neck the kings evil or a bunch in the back Sudoriferous causing sweat Superficies the outside of any thing Suppuration a collection of matter in an impostume when it is ready to break Syderation blasting with heat Syllogizing reasoning by argument Symbolize to be like Symmetry just proportion Symptome an evil disposition of body which depends upon and accompanies a disease Synochical continual symptomatical feaver without fits caused by a foregoing disease Systole contraction falling or sinking of the artery T. TAblets medicines made up four square Tenesmus a continual desire of going to stool and voiding nothing butslime or bloudy matter Tensive stretching out Tetanus an extending cramp Therapeutick treatise of healing medicines Tophaceous sandy Transpiration passage of vapours through the pores Trochissated made up in form of a little bowle V. VAletudinary sickly Ventricle the stomach Vertebra the turning bones of the whole back Vertigo swimming in the head Vesicatory medicines applyed to the skin to cause blisters Vitelline like the yolk of an egge Vitreous like glass Ureters passages conveying the urine from the kidney to the bladder Vulnerary belonging to wounds FINIS