Vehicle and not for the Nourishment of the Parts and that carries the Blood thorough the Ends of the Arteries into the Pores of the Substance from whence it then partly exhales insensibly partly returns with the remaining Blood into the Veins Lastly granting that Circulation is only caused by the said Anastomoses how comes it to pass then in a Dropsie that Circulation shall proceed from the Substance of the Parts into the Veins For in the Dropsie the Serum is not concluded in the Vessels only but of necessity abides in the Substance of the Parts Shall then that Serum which in that Disease is more crude and thick passing out of the Arteries by Exhalation enter into the Veins again by Inhalation that so it may be circulated through the Heart and thence flow to the Urinary Passages and be empty'd through them As the Observations of Physicians teach us that that same Disease is sometimes cured by a copious Flux of Urine How should the large soft Tumours of the Parts fall in a short time without any manifest Evacuation if the Humours contain'd without the Vessels in the very Substance it self of the Parts never return into the Veins How can they enter them united together with the Arteries to their Ends All which things sufficiently demonstrate the Errors of the common Opinion XIII The true manner of Circulation presently shews it self upon the more accurate Consideration of what has been said And it is apparent That the Blood does not only Circulate through the said Anastomoses but through the Substance it self of the Parts For a great quantity of Blood is conveighed through the Arteries of which a good Quantity flows through the Ends of the smallest Arteries into the Pores of the Substance of the Parts for the Nourishment of which there is so much applied to every part as is necessary or fit to be apply'd and assimilated The remainder proceeds farther and enters the Orifices of the smallest Veins adhering to the Parts and so proceeds farther still to the larger Veins Now that the Blood flows into the Pores of the Parts and returns through those into the Veins is apparent from every slight Cut of the Skin out of which the Vessels being untouch'd the Blood presently gushes But because the Diminutive Arteries apparently ending in the Substance of the Parts are very narrow thence it comes to pass that they transmit more Blood than is needful for Nourishment yet in the mean time the Blood which remains over and above is no less which cannot be emptied through them into the Pores of the Substance Therefore that it should not settle and corrupt in the Arteries the chief Creator allow'd these Anastomoses that the Redundancy should pass through them into the Veins Such is that remarkable Anastomosis which we have observ'd at the Entrance into the Spleen and two others in the Birth one in the Heart through the Oval Hole another in the Pulminary Artery where it joyns with the Aorta This Opinion of ours is confirm'd by Harvey Plempius Pecquet and Charleton Of which the latter two not without reason beleive that a greater part of the Blood returns through the substance of the Parts of the Veins then through the Anastomoses with whom Nicholas Hobken agrees Rejecting any Anastomosis saies he I say it suffices if the arteries are so inserted and joyn'd to the Parts that are enliven'd as to penetrate deeply into their Substance ending in a Branch of small Threads variously spreading it self And if they continually and aptly enjoy the Company of the Veins in like manner inserted into the Substance of the same Parts There is no reason to fear Tumours Inflammations Apostemes c. because the Blood is poured forth without the Arteries into the Substance of the Parts For by reason of the Narrowness of the Arteries ending in the Substance no more flows in than can pass conveniently through the Pores and be again suckt in by the Orifices of the Veins But some will say that by labourous Exercise and heating of the Blood it is forc'd in more strongly and in a greater Quantity then at other times therefore then at least too great a Quantity will flow into the Substance and produce those ill Effects I answer That the Blood then by reason of its greater Heat is thinner and the Pores also broader and the Orifices of the little Veins more open for its Passage But if the Pores become more narrow either by Constitution or sudden Refrigeration or by any other Accident or that the Blood becomes thicker in the Parts then to be able to enter the narrow Orifices of the little Veins then indeed too great a Quantity of Blood would be gathered together in the Substance of the Parts and beget the same Mischiefs For this is the chiefest Cause of the Pleurisie Quinzey Inflammation of the Lungs c. Of which Cause they were not aware who thought the Circulation ran only through the Anastomoses of the Vessels only For they teach us that by reason of the convenient Passage of the Blood deny'd that the Vessels are fill'd to the utmost whence the Parts are distended into Tumovrs by the Vessels being over-fill'd but because more Blood cannot be forc'd into the over-fill'd Vessels hence the Blood which is collected within them is deprived of a new Afflux of Arterious Blood and so comes to be refrigerated and not inflam'd as Regius will have it But they do not consider that the whole Blood does not pass through the Anastomoses of the Vessels but the greater Quantity of it is forc'd into the Pores of the Substance of the Parts out of which if the redundant Quantity does not flow in due time into the Veins then of necessity there happens a swelling of the Parts And because the several particular drops of Arterious Blond flowing to each Pulse contribute their heat hence by the overmuch increase of the Blood in the Part the Tumor increases and there is at the same time an augmentation of heat and this intense heat begets an effervescency of the collected Blood and an inflammation of the Part with a Tumor Though I will not deny but that Effervescency may be occasion'd by a small quantity of Blood but sharp and prone to boil when it overflows into any part and then happens an Inflammation without a Tumor as in St. Antony's Fire For further illustration of this Matter take a Spunge wrapt up loosly in a piece of Leather and furnish'd in the lower side with three or four Leaden Pipes then through a little hole cut in the Leather on the upper side force in a quantity of Water with a Syringe it will conveniently be distributed through the Pores of the Spunge and there will remain in the Spunge as much Water as will serve to moisten it the remainder passing through the Pores of it and pass of its own accord through the Leathern Pipes at the bottom but not with such an impulsive Motion as it is
together to burst forth into Tears X. Some few were of Opinion that Tears were a Portion of the Potulent Humors contain'd in the Brain and Veins of the Eyes and more especially in the Veins of the Corners of each Eye which bursts forth upon the Compression or Dilation of those Veins occasion'd by much Joy or Sorrow But the narrowness and small number of those Veins hereby discernable contradict this Opinion together with the vast quantity of the Lachrimal Humors which cannot be collected to that Abundance in those diminutive Vessels and flow forth in so large a quantity nor can it be so suddenly transmitted to them nor pass through them Add to this that the little Veins of the Eyes take in at their Extremities the superfluous bloody Humors and carry them to the Jugulars but pour none out from themselves because there is no passage for that potulent Matter to come to the Eye XI Nor do they differ much from the foregoing Opinion who believes the Tears to be nothing else but the Serum which is separated from the Blood which is carried to the Head when the Pores are so disposed by a certain Motion of the Spirits that it may be able to burst forth But they neither tell us what that Disposition is nor that same certain Motion of the Spirits which two things in regard they are so extreamly different and multi-cacious and cannot be naturally the same as well in Constriction as Dilatatiââ¦n in Sadness as in Joy in which contrary Accidents however Tears must flow from one and the same next Cause and not from diverse and contrary there is nothing remains that can desend that Opinion XII At this day many ascribe the Flux of Tears only to the Lymphatic Vessels carry'd to the Eyes Yet never any Person that I know of has hitherto demonstrated that manner of Lachrymation nor those Vessels themselves besides Nicholas Stenonis that most accurate Describer of Kernels who lately going about to explain that Opinion more at large not without reason affirms them to be a Serous sort of Liquor chiefly separated from the Arterious Blood but as to the manner and place of Separation his Opinion is quite different from what any body has hitherto propounded For he believes that the Blood is carried through the Arteries into the Glandules of the Eyes and that the Superfluity of it is suckt up by the Veins But that the Veins if they be squeez'd together by any Cause do not perform that Office sufficiently and then by reason of the long stay of the abounding Blood in the Glandules the Serum is separated from it in greater quantity and flows in the form of Tears through the Lymphatic Vessels proceeding from the Kernels Then he believes the Veins to be compress'd by the swelling of the Glandules caused by a more copious Influx of Animal Spirits which creeping into the Glandules through the diminutive Nerves at the disposal of the Mind as in Grief Anger Joy Sadness flow sometimes more sometimes fewer into the Kernels more than after a various manner and streighten them more or less To this cause he refers those Tears that are shed contrary to Inclination as also those which proceed from Fumes and sharp Vapors or break forth upon any violent motion of the Body and farther believes his Opinion to be mainly confirmed by the bursting forth of bloody Tears which are sometimes observ'd Certainly this new Opinion is propounded very speciously but in the mean time it does not sufficiently discover the Fountain of Tears For if we compare the great quantity of Tears so swiftly bursting forth with the diminutive Blood-bearing Vessels of those Kernels presently this Opinion will fall to the Ground at the very Threshold For how few and how small are those little Arteries which are carried to the Kernels of the Eyes The most of them are invisible Therefore though in the time of Sadness all the Veins of those Kernels which would carry back the Blood should be altogether obstructed and all their little Arteries open'd by a Solution of the Continuum and out of these not only the Serous Part of the Blood but all the Blood that was contain'd therââ¦in and carried through them should burst forth they would not be able to pour forth the hundredth part of such a quantity of Liquor in a whole hour as often in great Sadness is wept out in Tears in the space of one single quarter of an hour If it be answered that in the time of Sadness the Blood is carried in greater quantity to the Eyes and that the said Kernels swell and are more compress'd and the Veins streightned Reason will teach us the contrary For in Sadness the Pulse of the Heart and Arteries is little and contracted and the exterior Parts wax cold because the Heart sends from it self much less Blood into any of the Arteries much less into those of the Head Neither is there any reason why in Sadness it should be carried in greater quantity and more serous to the Kernels of the Eyes than to any other Parts Moreover the little Arteries of those small Kernels are too few and too narrow for so great a quantity of Blood and Serum to pass through them in so short a time as is so swiftly wept out in Tears Lastly there is nothing to cause those little Kernels more to swell or be compressed in time of Grief than at other times For as to those Animal Spirits which as Nicholas Stenonis asserts How forth at the Disposal of the Mind Sometimes more sometimes fewer as in Grief Anger Joy c. and move the Kernels after a various manner we grant that they enter the Kernels in a small quantity through those diminutive few and for the most part invisible Nerves moderately to separate the saltish symphatic Liquor from the Arterious Blood and pour it forth through the small Vessels describ'd in the foregoing Chapter for the necessary moistning and smoothing of the Eyes but not in so great a quantity as to move the Eyes and cause them so swiftly to swell or to compress them and so to squeeze out such a quantity of Tears For by the Influx of those Animal Spirits hardly any other Parts are mov'd at the disposal of the Mind then the Muscles and such parts as are mov'd by the Muscles Add to this that in Sadness the Animal Spirits flow in lesser quantity than is usual to any parts whatsoever which is the reason that the Joynts often tremble and the Sight of the Eys is darkened For the Heart contracting it self and beating but weakly as in Sadness little Blood is sent to the Brain to encrease their Generation and withal the Motion of the Brain it self being thereby weakned it sends forth fewer Animal Spirits to the rest of the Parts Lastly though we should grant what that Famous Gentleman asserts his Opinion is not thereby confirm'd but quite overturn'd For thence it follows that the more copiâ⦠us those Animal Spirits
one or two Hours and this you must do twice or thrice a day When you take this off put on a woollen Cap well fum'd with Mastich and Cloves bind a warm Napkin about it to the end that by this means your Head being over cold and weak may be again heated corroborated and dry'd that so the Catarh be stopped from further descent which done the remaining Cure will be easily accomplished I am well assured that by reason of the Wars and your continual quartering of Souldiers you cannot live with those Conveniences about you as you ought to have nevertheless you are to take the best care of your Diet you can therefore you must keep your self in a warm Place and more especially to preserve your Head from all manner of Cold. As to your Diet abstain from all manner of salt and smoaked Meats and all others of hard Digestion and Nutriment more especially from all Acids as Vinegar Iuice of Limons sowre Apples sowre Wine and every thing else that has any Acidity in it for all Acids are hurtful to the Lungs Broths made of Mutton Lamb Veal Hens Cocks and the Flesh themselves boil d with Rosemary Marjoram Barley cleansed and stoned Raisins potch'd Eggs and Goats Milk and in a Word all sweet things are proper If the Malady do not yield to these things send me back word of the State of your Disease Yours to Command I. de Diemerbroeck The Medicaments which I prescribed him were these â Of the Mass of Pill Cochiae â j. s. Diagredion gr v. for seven Pills â Red Coral prepared Blood-stone Trochischs of seal'd Earth an â ij Flowers of Sulphur Êj Olibanum Tragacanth Spodium Harts-horn burnt ââ¦n â j. Conserve of Red Roses ⥠ij Codigniach ⥠j. s. Nicholas's Rest Êj s. Syrup of Poppy q. s. Mix them for a Conditement â Syrup of Iujubes of Colts foot of Licorice an ⥠j. of Poppy Looch Sarum an ⥠j. s. Mix them for a Looch â Heads of white Poppy n â v. Cut them small and boil them half an hour in common Water q. s. Strain them very hard with the Straining boil White-sugar ⥠iiij to the Consistence of a Lozenge adding at the end Powder of the Root of Althea â j. s. of Licorice slic'd Êj Flowers of Sulphur â ij Red Coral prepared true Bolearmoniac an â j. Make Tablets according to Art â Herbs Marjoram m. j. Rosemary Bitony Flowers of red Roses Melilot an m. s. Cloves Êj Nutmegs Cummin-seed an Êjj Beat them into a gross Powder and then add Millet-seed m. iiij Salt m. iij. Mix them together and put them into a large linnen Bag. When he had used these Remedies for eight days he wrote me word that his Coughing and Spitting of Blood were very much abated but not quite cured Therefore to perfect the Cure I wrote him word to continue his Pills Looch and Conditement and withal sent him the following Prescription â Roots of the greater Cumfrey Snake-weed Tormentil Fennel an ⥠s Licorice slic'd Êvj Herbs Hyssop Colts-foot Scabious Herb Fluellin Plantain Betony Rosemary an m. j Sage Flowers of red Roses an m. j. Head of white Poppies cut small n o iiij Raisins unstoned Êiiij Dates n o ix Decoction of Barley q. s. Boil to an Apozeme of lb iij. First let him purge with his Pills and make use of Looch let him take his Conditement Morning and Evening and drink a Draught of his Apozeme after it about the end of March he wrote me word that he was quite cured of his Cough and Spitting of Blood that he slept very well and could eat and gave me many Thanks for my Advice ANNOTATIONS ALL spitting of Blood out of the Veins of the Lungs threatens great Danger and therefore ought to be cured with great speed and prudence As Benedict Faventius observes If a Vein says he be broken with Coughing and Blood spit out of the Lungs it will never be consolidated but with great difficulty and care of the Physitian This Cure is more easily or with more difficulty accomplished according to the variety of Causes the Vehemency and Diuturnity of the Distemper and the natural Strength of the Lungs affected But among other Causes this is one when Nature endeavours to expel by the violent force of the Cough the Humors stoping the spiritual Passages for by that extraordinary Violence there is a force put upon the Organs of Respiration so that they become very much extended with their Vessels and sometimes broken and then the Blood comes away with the Spittle Such was the Blood-spitting that troubled our Patient which was very dangerous but less then if it had been occasioned by some ill Disposition of the Lungs or Corrosion of the Vessels or any such like Cause However had the Distemper persisted any longer the Vessels without doubt would have been corroded by the Acrimony of the distilling Humors and the Strength of the Bowel would have fail'd and then Suppuration Consumption Rottenness a Fever and several other Maladies of difficult Cure and for the most part mortal would have ensued But because it was not come to that and because the Disease had been of no long standing and the Patient was of sufficient strength the Cure was fortunately performed and much sooner than was expected OBSERVATION XLII Suppression of the Secondines and Courses THE Wife of Peter Vleys-houwer the sixth of March miscarried presently after her Secondines Courses Urine and Evacuations of Excrement stopped which exposed her to imminent danger especially when the Medicaments given her by the Midwife availed nothing The ninth of March which was the fourth day after she had miscarried I was sent for and presently prescribed her these things â Roots of round Birthwort Dittany Valerian Briony Masterwort Fennel an Êiij Herbs Mugwort Peniroyal Tansie Feverfew Savin an m. j. Seed of Parsley Lovage wild Carrots Êij red Vetches ⥠j. s. White-wine q. s. Boil them for an Apozeme of lb j. s. â Of this Decoction ⥠v. Leaves of Senna cleansed Êiij Best Rhubarb Êj s. Aniseseed Êj Choice Cinamon â j. Make an Infusion for four hours then strain them very hard and add to the Straining Oyl of Amber ix Drops for a Draught After she had took this she purged gently and her Urine and Courses came down in great Plenty and her Secondines came forth by Piace meals and thus by this one Medicament she escaped a very great danger OBSERVATION XLIII A Wound in the Brain with a Pistol-shot MR. Vane an English man and Ensign of a Company a strong young man about twenty five years of Age at the Siege of Schenk Sconce in the Year 1636. was wounded in the ââ¦ead with a Pistol Shot a little Bullet entring through the inner Corner of his Right-Eye without hurting the Eye and passing through the Substance of the Brain in a streight Line to the upper Bottom of the fore-part of the Head on that Side in that Place stopp'd and stuck under the
Boyl these in Common-water q. s. adding at the end Leaves of Senna cleansed ⥠j. s. white Agaric Êij Fennel-seed and Dill-seed an Êj s. Make an Apozem of ãâã ij The following Emplaster was likewise applied to the part affected â Sulphur finely Powdered Êv Castoreum Êj Tar. Êvj Oxycroceum Plaister ⥠s. Balsome of Sulphur Êij For a Plaister to be spread upon red Leather After he had taken all his Apozem and that his pains remain'd in the same condition I prescribed him another purging Decoction of which he drank twice a day â Sassafrass wood Êvj Roots of Eringos Cammoch Lovage an Êj Masterwort Fennel stone Parsley an Ê s. Vervaine Rosemary Betony Majoram Germander Ground Ivy an Mj. Savine Flowers of Stoechados an M. s. Anise-seed Iuniper-berries Êiij Boyl them in Common-water q. s. to ãâã ij Then add Syrup of Stoechas ⥠iij. For an Apozem Two days after the former Plaister was laid on again and when he had drank up his Apozem I gave him the following Vomit which brought up a great quantity of Viscous Flegm with Choler â Leaves of green Assarabacca Êiij Bruise them and press out the juice with ⥠ij of the Decoction of Raddish to which add Oxymel Scyllit with Agaric ⥠j. Mix them for a Potion When all these things did no good I applied this other Plaister â White Mustard-seed and of Nasturtium an Êj Castorium â ij Euphorbium â j. s. Spanish-Soââ¦e Êx Pine-Rosin and Turpentine an Êiij Mix them well to spread upon Leather After this had stuck on two days it had raised innumerable little Blisters in the Skin out of which a green Humour flowed from the inner parts in great quantity so that in four days he felt great ease The Plaister being removed I laid on Colewort-leaves but observing the Plaister not to be very violent but that it only gently drew out the internal Humors and kept the Blisters open without Corrosion I laid it on again and so in twelve days the pain went quite off and the joynt was so corroborated that the Patient went about without any trouble but for fear of a relapse I gave him the purging Apozem again and the Plaister of Sulphur was laid on for a Fortnight longer which absolutely compleated the Cure ANNOTATIONS THough the Sciatica be a kind of a Gout yet because of the Place the Cure differs in some Remedies Sometimes it is very hard to be cured because that joynt is not so profound that Topics cannot reach it by reason of the thickness of the Muscles that lye over it and for that inward Medicines require a great deal of time to abate and remove the Cause This Disease proceeds from too much fullness of Blood sometimes from a defluxion of cold and and sharp Humors In repletion Blood-letting is requisite which in a very great repletion is to be done in the Arm then in the Thigh affected The Vein is to be opened in the Ham or else the Sciatica Vein I have cured said Galen the Sciatica by opening a Vein in the Thigh Some there are that apply Leeches to the Fundament instead oâ⦠Blood-letting Which way Paulus and Aurelian commend if you lay on eight or ten Leeches at a time and Zacutus affirms he has cured the Sciatica with Leeches when other Remedies sailed within the space of ten hours Some prefer Cupping-glasses before Leeches But if the Malady proceed from sharp tartarous and cold Humors Blood-letting does no good unless there be a Plethory but first there must be strong Purging with Elect. Caryocostin and Hermodactyl Pills or Vomits of Ammonia or Asarabacca and then Topics such as asswage Pains sufficiently known to every skilful Physitian Some extract and dissipate the Morbific matter insensibly to which purpose Donatus ab Altomary takes a great quantity of the Stones of sweet Grapes and presses out the Liquor strongly This he heats with its Must then pours it out upon the Pavement and with his Hands strongly compresses into a heap then making a kind of a furrow in the Grape-stones burys the Patient in them up to the Mid-belly and there lets the Patient lye to sweat for half an hour or an hour twice a day Duretus commends Grape-stones in all sorts of Gouts If in Vintage time the Grapes are carried into a Barn and covered with Coverlets till they grow warm and then for the Patient to thrust his Feet Arms legs ââ¦r else to lay his whole Body in the heap Then which says he There is not a better Remedy under Heaven Solenandââ¦r also among the best and safest Remedies that corroborate the Parts affected and cherish the natural heat commends the laying the Hands and Feet or other Parts affected in a heap of Grape-stones hot from the Press or heated with new Wine and this continued for fifteen days To which he adds that he knew a Noble Person that could not go who was recovered by the use of this Medicine I knew my self a Country man cured by such a Fomentation for some days together in Horse-dung Matthiolus affirms experimentally that several Sciaticas have been cured with the slimy water of Snails when all other Remedies failed which Paraeus and Laurentius approve Old stinking Cheese kneaded into the form of a Cataplasm with the Decoction of a Westphalia-Ham asswages the Pain draws forth the cause of the Malady and dissolves the rigid hardness of the Part. Sylvius commends a Cataplasm of Dwarf-Elder Barley-meal and Honey Forestus also tells of two Sciaticas cured with laying upon the Part only Nettles boyled in Ale We look upon Balsom of Sulphur among the most effectual Remedies as having more then once observed the happy effects of it Galen commends an Emplaister of Pitch two Parts and one of Sulphur mixt and laid upon the Part affected till it fall off of it self Which Forestus so highly extols as the most effectual Remedy that can be invented only he believes it would be better to equal the proportions of the Pitch and Sulphur If these things or the like avail not then such things must be made use of that insensibly draw forth the matter and that either by diversion or from the Part affected By diversion ââ¦auteries applied to the Arms and Thighs are of great use So Paschal tells us of a Physitian cured of a pain in his Hipps by a Caustic applied under his Knee of Quick-Lime and Alum Hippocrateâ⦠orders an Incision of the Veins behind the Ears Zacutus of Portugal in â⦠defluxion from the Head saw a Person cured by a Caustic applied behind the Ears from whence after the falling off of the Crust for ten days together there flowed a thin and watery moisture and so the Distemper ceased From the Part affected Visicatories and Rubificants draw forth the peccant Matter Thus Douynetus tells us of several that have been cured by the application of Vesicatories Arculanus and others have successfully made use of a blistring Cataplasm in an obstinate pain that gave way to
the Pain anoint the Fore-head Temples and Top of the Head with Martiate or Alabastrin Oyntment mixed with a sixth part of Oyl of Dill or a Cataplasm of Flowers of Cammomil Melilot and Dill adding a little Nutmeg and Saffron with as much of the Crum of White-bread and White-wine as is sufficient and lay it between two Linnen Rags to the Temples and Forehead but beware of all Narcotics XII For the Corroboration of the Head and the rest of the Bowels and Diminution of the Flegm External and Internal Medicaments are proper and a convenient Diet. â Roots of Calamus Aromatic Elecââ¦m pane Fennel an ⥠s. Galangale Êiij Herbs Betony Marjoram Rosemary Hyssop Baum Thyme an M. j. Sage Fowers of Cammomil Staechas an M. s. Seed of Fennel Aniââ¦e Caroways an Ês Iuniper-berries Êvj Raisins cleansed ⥠ij Common Water ââ¦nd Whiteââ¦ine equal Parts Boil them anâ⦠make an Apozem to lb j. s. with which mix Syrup of Staechas ⥠ij or iij. If after he has taken this there requires more Exsiccation still the same Simples may be boiled in a Decoction of ãâã Sassapeââ¦il or Sassafras which will make the Medicine more effectual Let him continue this Decoction for some time or if at length it prove distastful let him often take of this Conditement â Specier Diambra â iiij Aromatic Rosatum â ij Ginger condited Conserve of Flowers of Sage and Rosemary an ⥠s. Syrup of Staechas q. s. For a Conditment XIII And in regard that Topics are of great use to corroborate the Head and fetch down cold Humors therein remaining let him anoint his Temples and fore-part of the Head upon the Coronal Suture with this Liniment â Oil of Nutmegs pressed Êj Oils of Thyme Rosemary Dill disââ¦illed an â j. Mix them for a Liniment After this Anointing put upon the Head the following Quilt â Leaves of Rosemary and Marjoram an Ês Flowers of Melilot Red Roses and Lavender an Êj Root of Florence Orrice Nutmegs Cloves Benjamin an â j. Beat them into a gross Powder for a Quilt Let him wear this a Month or two upon is Head XIV Let the Patient keep a proper Diet live in an Air moderately hot Let his Food be Meats of good Juice hot and easie of Diââ¦estion seasoned with Rosemary Marjoram Stone-Parsly Sage Betony Hysop Pepper Ginger and other Spices His Drink small Wine or Mede or midling Ale Let him not sleep long and use moderate Exercise Let him keep his Body soluble Let him avoid Sadness Melancholy and sudden Frights and keep himself in an even Temper free from Passion HISTORY II. A Phrensie A Stout young Man of a Choleric Constitution abounding with Blood and living intemperately having drank over freely at a Merry meeting and thereby over-heated at length being affronted by one of the Company fell into a most violent Passion yet being hindred from his present Revenge and carried Home never slept all that Night but like a Mad-man ran about his Chamber talking of nothing but Brawls Fighting Wounds and Revenge and that with great Rage and many Follies intermixed The next Day he was absolutely mad and began to lay violent Hands upon the Servants so that he was forced to be held by lusty Men. The next Night he continued waking with an extraordinary Delirium and Fury picking Straws and the Bed-cloaths sometimes flying upon those that were in the Room His Eyes were red his Looks furious and wild he bawl'd and roar'd was very thirsty feverish and his Urine pale The third Day the Physicians were sent for I. THE continued and raging Delirium with his Waking shewed that the Brain of this Patient was distempered and the Fever was a Sign that his whole Body was out of order II. The Disease was an Inflamation of the Membranes of the Brain and thence a hot Distemper of the Brain and Spirits which caused the Fever and that the Commotion of his Mind which the Physicians call a Phrensie which is a raging and continued Delirium with a continued Fever arising from an Inflammation of the Membranes of the Brain III. The remote Cause was Intemperance in Diet which engendring a great quantity of choleric Blood in the Body occasioned the antecedent Cause Which choleric Blood being heated by excess of drinking Wine and carried in greater quantity to the Head and there powred into the Substance of the Membranes of the Brain constitutes the containing Cause of this Distemper which Disease this Simptom follows IV. For the hot Blood flowing over copiously into those Membranes and there putrifying inflamed them and part of that Putrefaction being communicated through the Veins to the Heart and thence expelled hotter through the Arteries to the whole Body kindles the Fever which causes the extraordinary Drought of the Gullet and Mouth V. This Inflammation of the Membranes infects with a hot Distemper the Brain it self and Spirits whose extream Heat Mobility and inordinate Motion deprave the principal Functions of the Brain and so breed a Delirium which proves raging and continued because of the extream and continued Heat and rapid Motion of the fervent Spirits VI. This Disease is dangerous for several Causes 1. Because the principal part is affected 2. Because continual Waking weakens the Patient 3. Because this Delirium is not accompanied with Laughter but with Raging 4. Because the Inflammation is thereby much augmented and fomented and the Choleric Matter which uses to dye the Urine is carried all to the Head and leaves the Urine pale Only there is some hopes of Cure because there is no decay of Strength or appearance of bad Simptoms as Convulsions loss of Speech Hickupings Gnashing of Teeth or the like and therefore Cure must not be delay'd till the Patient grow worse VII This Cure consists in taking away the antecedent and containing Cause and Correction of the ill temper of the Parts VIII The choleric Blood which flies to the Head is first to be evacuated drawn back derived and repelled And therefore after an emollient Glister given open a vein first in one Arm and take away ten or twelve ounces of Blood the next day in the other and the third day again if there be necessity in the Vein of the Fore-head IX To evacuate the choleric Humors give this Draught â Rubarb the best Leaves of Senna an Êij Rhenish Tartar Êiij Anise-seed â j. Succory Water q. s. Make an Infusion then add to the Straining Elect. Diaprunum solutive Êiij Diagridion gr iij. Mix them for a Draught The next Days if he be bound let him be loosned with Glisters and the third or fourth day give him the foresaid Purge again X. Let his Temples and Fore-head be anointed twice or thrice a day with the following Liniment â Populeon Oyntment Êvj Oyl of Poppy Êiij Mix them for a Limment After anointing apply the following Oxyrrhodine with rags luke warm to his Fore-head â Oyl of Roses ⥠ij Iuice of Lettice ⥠iij. Iuice of Housleek Rose-water Vinegar of Roses
Electuary of Hiera or Diaturbith or Infusions of Agaric Diaturbith Iallop or other Phlegmagogues VIII To abate the Flegm of the whole Body Decoctions of Sassafras Sassaperil and Guaiacum are most proper to which add hot Cephalics at the end of the Decoction The Humors in the Ventricles of the Brain must be evacuated by Masticatories Errhines and Sneezing And to corroborate the Brain proper Apozems and Cephalic Conditements must be prescribed IX To disupate the remainders in the Head and Parts affected a Fomentation of hot and discussing Fomentations will be requisite as Betony Sage Rosemary Marjoram Calamint Thime c. the Head being often fomented with a large Sponge dipt therein After which a Quilt of the same Cephalics will be no less proper X. Afterwards to attenuate and dissipate the Flegmatic Humors contained in the Organ of Sense some such Decoction as this may be prepared â Root of Wild Radish ⥠iij. Thime Betony Hyssop Marjoram Rosemary creeping Thime Lawrel-leaves Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M s. Seeds of Caroways Cummin Lovage Fenneâ⦠an ⥠s. Water q. s. Boyl them according to Art While they are Boiling he may receive into his Ear the steam of the Decoction through a Pipe placed in the Cover of the Pot then let the Ears be fomented with Sponges dipt in the said Decoction and after Fomentation put into the Ears two Tents dipt in the Oil of Anise-seeds Fennel or Caroways XI This Cataplasm also laid upon the Ears in the Night time between two Linnen Cloaths may prove very effectual â Marjoram Sage Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j Seeds of Nasturtium Cummin Fennel an Ê j. s. Reduce them to Powder and to the Powder add Onions roasted under the Embers No. ij one midling Turnep roasted Flower of Fengreek-seed ⥠j. Water q. s. Let them boil a little while and adding Oyl of Dill of Bitter Almonds an ⥠j. make a Cataplasm XII In the day time instead of this Cataplasm let him lay warm to both Ears this little Bag. â Marjoram M. j. Rosemary Flowers of Camomil an M. s. Seeds of Cummin Fennel Caroways Lovage an â ij cut and beat these and put them into a silken Bag. XIII If the use of these Remedies afford no ease then make Issues in the Neck and Arms to divert the flegmatic Matter from the Ears through other Passages XIV Beware of Places exposed much to the Wind especially the North. His Diet must be easie of Digestion condited with Marjoram Lawrel-leaves Creeping Thyme Rosemary Betony Carminative Seeds or Seeds against Wind Nutmeg c. His Drink small All Meats that fill the Head with Vapors must be avoided Moderate Sleep and Exercise and a soluble Belly HISTORY XXI Of Bleeding at the Nose the Murr and loss of Smelling A Man about forty Years of Age indifferent strong and abounding with Blood sometimes drinking over hard was for sometime troubled with sharp and salt Catarrhs falling down partly to his Nostrils partly to his Lungs and Chaps which brought upon him a violent Cough insomuch that while he was once Coughing very vehemently his Nose fell a bleeding nor could the bleeding be stopt for some hours But that being stopped and some Remedies given him for his cold and the Catarrh within two days his Cough ceased but then the bleeding returned by Intervals especially if the Patient stirred more then ordinary and that in such abundance that his life was in danger I. THE Malady is Bleeding at the Nose II. The Antecedent Cause is twofold 1. Redundancy of Blood 2. A sharp Humor collected in the Head III. The Blood abounding in the whole Body being vehemently forced upward in great quantity by the violent Cough and distending and opening the Veins and Arteries of the Nose in respect of it self becomes the containing Cause IV. Now the Blood was copiously forced upward by the Cough because the descending Trunk of the Aorta Arteria was compressed and streightned by the forcible Contraction of the Muscles of the Breast and Abdomen so that much less Blood could be thrust forward through it from the Heart which therefore was forced in greater quantity to the Head through the ascending Part of the said Artery and so it distends all the Veins and Arteries of the Head V. Now that distending Plenty opens some Vessels in the Nostrils sooner than in any other Parts of the Head because they are there seated in a moist and tender Part and cloathed with only a very soft and tender Skin VI. But because sharp and salt Catarrhs preceded certain it is that not only their Distension but Corrosion opened some Vessels in the Nostrils Otherwise had they been opened only by Distension the Bleeding had not so often returned which now returns because the Solution being made by Corrosion could not be so soon consolidated VII If the Patient never so little overwalked or stirred himself the Bleeding returned because that Motion heated and more rapidly moved the Blood which therefore flowing hotter and in greater quantity to the Nostrils could not be held in by the Extremities of the Vessels not yet well consolidated so that it forces its way out again VIII This Returning Bleeding is somewhat dangerous for fear too much loss of Blood should turn to a Syncope or that thereby the Liver should be over-cold and weakned and thence a Cachexy or Dropsie ensue IX In the Cure Blood-letting in the Right-arm is first to be done and a moderate quantity of Blood to be taken away with respect to the strength of the Person The Belly is to be loosned with Rubarb mixed with Tamarinds or a Glister X. In the time of Bleeding clap cold Water or Oxymel to the Neck and Testicles and Cupping-glasses with much Flame to the Legs and Feet XI Tye to the Fore-head a Lock of Tow with this Mixture â Bole Armoniac Terra Sigillata Dragons Blood red Coral an Êj Volatile Flower Êij White of one Egg a little strong Vinegar Mix them XII Into the Nostrils blow this Powder â Trochischs of seal'd Earth Blood-stone an Êj Frankinscence red Coral Dragons Blood an â j. Or else make long Tents and being moistned in the White of an Egg rowl them in this Powder and so put them up into the Nostrils Or mix the same Powder with the White of an Egg like an Oyntment and dip the Tents therein before you thrust them up XIII Simples also may be put up into the Nostrils as green Horstail or shave Grass or Pimpernel or Plantain bruis'd or Hogs or Asses Dung and such like which are found by Experience to have wrought great Cures XIV Nor are those things to be neglected that benefit by an occult quality to which purpose the Patient may wear the following Amulet about his Neck â Powder of a dry'd Toad Êij Blood-stone Êj s. Trochischs of Seal'd Earth Moss of human Skulls an Êj red Coral Ês Cobwebs â j. Reduce them into Powder and then make them into a Paste with Muscilage of
Liniment â Oyl of Lawrel Camomil Matiate Oyntment an ⥠s. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed Ê j. s. XVIII If these things avail not in three or four the most swelled places of the Head make a small Perforation in the Skin with a little Lance no wider then is usual in Blood-letting that the Serum may distill by degrees through those little holes which is to be dried up with warm Rags till it ceases to flow then lay the afore mentioned Quilt XIX These Children must have drier Diet then ordinary as Biscuit masticated Little bits of White-bread moistened in the Decoction of Raisins or Hen-broath and sweetened with a little Cinnamon or Sugar Let him have thin Broths made with Wheat-flowre and Decoction of Raisins to which add a little Wine Let him often drink Almond-Milk with a little Cinnamon-water Let him abstain from Sowre Milk Whey Ale Fruit unless now and then a Baked Apple or Pear Let him sleep moderately and keep his Body soluble and regular in his Evacuations THE CURES OF THE Chief Diseases Of the whole CHEST WITH TEN CASES OF THE PATIENTS HISTORY I. Of the Pleurisie A Young Gentleman of twenty four Years of Age having over-heated himself in the Tennis-Court and being very dry drank a large Draught of cold Ale Upon this he felt a Pain in the left side of his Chest which within half an hour grew so acute that through the trouble and the intolerable Pain he could hardly breath At the same time he had a strong Fever and a dry Cough which very much exasperated the Pain But neither his Faintness nor his Thirst was very great I. VArious Parts were affected in this Patient the Pleura Membrane the Muscles of the Misopleuron and the Heart and consequently the whole Body II. The Diseases called the Pleurisie which is an Inflammation of the Pleura Membrane and the Muscles of the Mesopleuron accompanied with a Pricking Pain in the Side difficulty of Breathing and a continued Fever III. That it is a Disease appears by the pricking Pain difficulty of Breathing and the continued Fever that it is no Inflammation of the Lungs the pricking Pain declares which never is felt in that Distemper That it is no Tumor Inflammation or other Pain in the Spleen appears from the sharpness of the Pain above the Diaphragma toward the Arm-pits and the difficulty of Breathing IV. The anteceding Cause was the great quantity of Blood in the Body The Original Causes vehement Exercises and pouring down cold Ale just after it The containing Cause is the over-large quantity of Blood contained in the Pleura Membrane and the Mesopleuron Muscles inflamed and corrupted V. The whole Body was over-heated by Exercise whence a strong and swift Pulââ¦e of the Heart which attenuating the Blood forced it in great quantity to all the Parts which so long as it had a free return through the Veins never occasioned any trouble But being thickened by the cold Ale in the Veins of the Left side of the Pleura and the Veins themselves thereby contracted it came to pass that more past through the Arteries then could circulate through the Veins which caused that accumulation of Blood that bred that Tumor in the Pleura and because the Blood that flows from the Heart has its own heat thence with the increase of the Blood the heat encreased and thence the Inflammation which caused the Putrefaction Part of which putrifying Blood being carried through the Intercostal Veins to the hollow Vein and so to the Heart caused the continued Fever which however is only Symtomatical as only arising from the Putrifaction of the Inflamed Part poured fourth into the larger Vessels VI. Now in regard the Ribs must be dilated in Respiration but by reason of the Tumid Inflammation of the distention of the Pleura Membrane and Mesopleuron Muscles they can hardly be dilated thence difficulty of Breathing which is the more troublesome because the Pleura being ended with a most acute Sense can endure no farther distention So that the Patient to avoid the Pain breaths slowly which not being enough to cool the Lungs causes a Drought of the Chaps and Mouth VII Sharp Vapors exhaling from the inflamed Part infest the neighbouring Lungs and by their vellicating the Aspera Arteria cause a dry Cough VIII This Disease is dangerous in regard the Heart is affected and Respiration is impeded besides the fear of an Imposthume in the Breast IX In the prosecution of the Cure Blood-letting is first to be done in both Arms and the Patient must bleed freely And if the first bleeding do not relieve the Patient it is to be again repeated within an hour or two after a third time if need require with regard to the strength of the Patient though a small debilitation is not to be feared X. In the mean time his Belly must be mov'd with a Glister â Emollient Decoction ⥠x. Elect. Diacatholicon Diaprunum Solutive an ⥠j. Salt Ê j. Or else infuse two drams of Rubarb in Barley-water and give him to drink the streining with one ounce of Syrup of Succory with Rubarb or Solutive Rosatum Stronger Purges must be avoided XI He may also three or four times aday drink a draught of this Apozem â Cleansed Barley Roots of Asparagus Grass an ⥠j. Licorââ¦ce sliced ⥠s. Venus-hair Borage Lettice Endive Violet-leaves an M. j. Flowers of Wild-Poppy Violets an P. ij Four great Colder Seeds an Ê j. s. Blew Currans ⥠j. Water q. s. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. with which mix Syrup of Poppy Rheas and Violets an ⥠j. To allay the Cough let him take this Looch â Syrup of Wild-Poppy of Venus-hair of Violets an ⥠j. Mix them for a Looch To allay the Pain and to attenuate discuss and Concoct the Blood collected in the affected Part Foment the Region of the affected Part with this Fomentation â Mallows Althea Colewort Chervile Beats Violet-leaves Flowers of Camomil Elder and Dill an M. j. Water q. s. Make a Decoction to ãâã i j. For a Fomentation Of the same may be composed a Cataplasm by adding Meal of Lin-seed and Barley Oyl of Almonds and new Butter XIV Let him keep a Temperate Diet and of easie digestion Cream of Ptisan Chicken-broths prepared with Endive and Lettice or else let him take some such Amygdalate â Sweet Almons blanched ⥠ij Four great Colder Seeds White Poppy Seed an Êj s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Make an Emulsion of lb j. with Sugar q. s. to sweeten it gently His ordinary Drink must be Ptsan or small Ale but not Sowre or such a Julep â Decoction of Barley lb j. Syrup of Wild Poppy and Violets an ⥠j. Mixt them for a Iulep Let him sleep long if possible and use no Exercise HISTORY II. Of an Empyema A Person about forty Years of Age being seized with a terrible Pleurisie in his left side and not having any Remedies applied to him before the third day found little ease so that
hid about the Larynx Ossophagus and Chaps nevertheless a certain Redness extended it self toward the outward Parts adjoyning to them X. This is an acute and dangerous Disease which must be either speedily cured or sudden Death ensues for that the Inflamation and Tumor increasing will cause a Suffocation The Fever augments the Danger for that the Patient being not able to swallow any thing the internal Heat cannot be quenched by Drink nor the Debility of the Body be repaired by Nourishment However there is some hopes because the Inflamation does not lye altogether hid in the Miscles of the Larynx but extends it self to the outward Parts where Topicks may be applied besides that the Redness promises an Eruption of the Inflamation towards the outward Parts to the great Benefit of the Patient XI In the Method of Cure it is requisite 1. To hinder the violence of the Blood flowing to the Parts affected 2. To discuss the Blood already collected therein 3. To promote Maturation 4. To prevent Suffocation by Chyrurgery XII The first thing therefore to be done is to let Blood freely in the Arm. And if once letting Blood will not suffice to open a Vein in the other Arm and a third time if need require Also to draw a good quantity of Blood from the Frog-veins XIII In the mean time the Body is to be kept open with emollient Glisters XIV Let the Patient make frequent use of this emollient and discussing Gargarism â Sliced Licorite Êiij Two Turneps of an indifferent bigness Scabious Violet Leaves Mallows Mercury Beets an M. j. Flowers of Camomil pale Roses an M. s. Citron Peels ⥠s. Water q. s. Boil them to lbj. s. Add to the Straining Syrup of Dianucum ⥠ij Diamorum ⥠j. Honey of Roses ⥠s. Mix them for a Gargarism If the Tumor seem to tend to Suppuration add thereto Cleansed Barley Êj s. Leaves of Althea M. j. s. Figgs n o ix XV. Outwardly apply this Cataplasm â Root of white Lillies Êj s. Leaves of Beets Mallows Mercury Althea Flowers of Camomil an M. j. Pale Roses M. s. Fengreek Meal ⥠j. s. The inner Part of one Swallows Nest powdered Water q. s. Boil them into the Form of a Poultis to which add Oyl of Camomil ⥠ij Mix them for a Cataplasm If there be any likelihood of Maturation add thereto Fat Figs n o vij or viij Meal of the Root of Althea Hemp-seed Pulp of Cassia Oyl of Lillies an ⥠j. XVI So soon as the Patient is able to swallow purge him gently with an Infusion of Rhubarb Pulp of Cassia Syrup of Roses solutive or of Succory with Rheon XVII Then give him this Julep for Drink â Decoction of Barley lbj. s. Syrup of Diamoron Dianucum and Violets an ⥠j. Oyl of Sulphur a little to give it a Sharpness Mix them for a Iulep XVIII If the Imposthume break let the Patient holding his Head down spew out the purulent Matter and cleanse the Ulcer with a Gargarism of the Decoction of Barley sweetned with Sugar Honey or Syrup of Horehound or Hyssop of which Syrups a Looch may be made Afterwards let him use a Gargarism of Sanicle Plantain Egrimony Cypress Nuts red Roses c. sweetned with Syrup of dry Roses and Pomegranates XIX If while these things are made use of the Difficulty of breathing increase so that a Suffocation may be feared before the Matter can be discussed or brought to maturity the last Remedy is Laryngotomic or Incision of the Larynx concerning which consult Casserius in his Anatomical History of the Voice Aquapendens in his Treatise De Perforatione Asperae Arteriae and Sennertus's Institutions L. 5. P. 1. Sect. 2. C. 7. XX. When the Patient can swallow let his Diet be Cream of Barley Amygdalates thin Chicken and Mutton Broth boiled with Lettice Endive Purslain Sorrel Damask Prunes c. Let his Drink be small Ale refrigerating Juleps and Ptisans Keep his Body soluble and quiet HISTORY VI. Of a Peripneumony or Inflammation of the Lungs A Strong Young Man having overheated himself with drinking Wine after Mid-night drank a Pint of cold Water and so exposing himself to the cold nocturnal Air went home Presently he felt a Difficulty of Breathing which every moment encreased without any acute Pain in the Breast However he felt a troublesome Ponderosity in the middle of his Breast toward the Left-side He had a little Cough which after molested him and caused him to spit bloody and frothy Matter but not much He had a great Redness upon his Cheeks About three or four Hours after a strong and continued Fever seized him with an extraordinary Drought and Dryness of his Mouth His Pulse beat strong thick and unequal and his Head pain'd him extreamly and his Difficulty of Breathing encreased to that degree that he was almost suffocated I. THE chief Part here affected was the Lungs especially the left Lobe as appeared by the difficulty of breathing and the heaviness in the middle of the Breast toward the Left-side By consequence also the Heart and the whole Body II. This Disease is called Peripneumonia which is an Inflamation of the Lungs with a continued Fever difficulty of Respiration and a ponderous trouble in the Breast III. A Plethora is the antecedent Cause of the Disease The next Cause is greater Redundancy of Blood forced into the Substance of the Lungs then is able to circulate The original Cause was too much overheating and too suddain refrigeration IV. The Wine overheated the Body thence a strong and thick Pulsation of the Heart by which the Blood attenuated by the Heat was rapidly forced through the Arteries into the Parts but being refrigerated by the actual Coldness of the Water drank and the in-breath'd Air and not able to pass through the obstructed Passages of the Pulmonary Veins and Arteries begets that remarkable Swelling accompanied with an Inflamation partly through the Encrease of the Blood partly by reason of its Corruption and violent Effervescency V. Now the Bronchia or Gristles of the Lungs being compressed by this Tumor of the Lungs the Respiration becomes difficult and that Difficulty more and more encreases because every Pulse adds some Blood to the Tumid Part. VI. Then because the Lungs being swelled and distended must needs be more heavy thence that troublesome Ponderosity is perceived in the Breast especially toward the Left-side because the Inflamation possesses the sinister Lobe However there is no great or acute Pain because there are no large Nerves in the Substance of the Lungs which therefore have no quick Sence of feeling and as for the inner Tunicle of the Bronchia which most acutely feels it is hardly affected with this Distemper only the sharp Heat of the putrifying Blood somewhat tickling it and the thinner Particles of the Blood being squeezed into it provoke a little Cough accompanied with a little spitting of Blood VII The Cheeks are red by reason of the spirituous Blood boiling in the Lungs
because in that space all the Chylus of one Meal or the greatest part of it is mixt with the Blood in the hollow Vein and passes through the Heart and the Remainders more or less cause those slighter Palpitations afterwards V. Now the reason why that sharp Humor continually flowing with the Veiny Blood to the Heart does not cause a continual Palpitation is because the Particles of the Blood and sharp Humor fermented in the Heart are many times more equal more mitigated and less sharp so that such vehement Effervescencies cannot be excited in the Heart especially if they fall into the Ventricles by degrees and in lesser quantity But when the Body being heated by exercise the Blood more copiously and rapidly passes through the Heart with its sharp Particles mixed with it then the Heat encreasing and the sharp Humors abounding the Effervescency increases and thence the vehement Palpitation which abates upon Rest and Diminution of the Heat and extraordinary Motion of the Blood VI. This salt and sharp Humor is bred through a particular Depravity of the Spleen and emptied out of it into the Liver through the Spleenic Branch where it is concocted with the sulphurous Juice and mixed in the hollow Vein with the Blood flowing to the Heart The Vice of the Spleen is a depraved and salt ill Tempet with some Obstruction causing that troublesome Ponderosity VII The Stomach still craves and digests well because it is not affected besides that the same sharp Humors carried with the Blood through the Arteries to the Tunicles of it raise a Fermentation within it VIII He sleeps well but troubled with troublesome Dreams because that Vapors ascending to the Brain do cause Sleep but being somewhat sharp they twitch the Membranes of the Brain and the beginnings of the Nerves and so disordering the Fancy procure frightful Dreams IX This Disease is dangerous because the Heart is affected and because the depraved Disposition of the Bowels is not so soon reformed X. The Cure aims at three things 1. To correct the Depravity of the Spleen 2. To attenuate and concoct the salt and sharp Hââ¦mors in the Brain 3. To corroborate the Heart XI First then let the Patient be three or four times purged with Pill Cochiae Hiera Pills or Golden Pills Electuary of Diaphoenicon Hiera Picra Confection Hamech or Infusion of Senna Leaves Agaric c. XII Afterwards let him take this Apozem â Roots of Elecampane Fennel an ⥠j. Of Capers Tamarisch an ⥠s. Germander Dodder Fumitory Borage Motherwort Water Trefoil an M. j. Baum M. ij Citron Rind Iuniper Berries an Êv Fennel-seed Êiij Blew Currans ⥠ij Water and Wine equal Parts Boil them to an Apozem of lbj. s. XIII After he has taken this let him drink every Morning a Draught of this medicated Wine â Roots of Acorus Elecampane an ⥠j. Of Capers and Tamarisch an Êij Water Tresoil Germander an M. s Orange-peels ⥠s. Iuniper Berries Êvj Choice Cinnamon Êj s. Cloves â j. Fennel-seed Êij Lucid Aloes white Agaric an â iiij Make them into a Bag to be sleeped in Wine XIV In the Afternoon let him take the quantity of a Nutmeg two or three times â Specier Diambrae Sweet Diamosch an Êj Orange-peel and Root of candy'd Elecampane Conserve of Anthos of Flowers of Sage and Baum an ⥠s. Syrup of Elecampane q. s. for a Conditement XV. Let him keep a good Diet upon Veal Lamb young Mutton Pullets Rabbets and Partridges c. The Broths of which must be prepar'd with Rosemary Borage Baum Betony Hyssop Calamint creeping Thyme Leaves of Lawrel Root of wild Raddish Rinds of Citron and Oranges Seeds of Anise and Fennel Nutmeg Cinnamon Cloves Ginger c. Also gravelly River-fish Turneps and new-laid Eggs. His Drink midling Ale with a little Wine at Meals Moderate Sleep and Exercise and a soluble Belly THE CURES OF THE Chief Diseases OF THE LOWER BELLY WITH THE CASES OF THE PATIENTS IN THREE HISTORIES HISTORY I. Of a Preternatural Ravening Hunger A Young Man twenty eight years of age of a healthy Constitution but somewhat Melââ¦ncholy and a great Lover of hard salt and acid Diet was sometimes seized with a very great and extraordinary Hunger so that unless he presently drank two or three Draughts of strong Ale or Wine and eat a piece of Bread or other Meat he complained of a Dimness of Sight accompanied with a slight Vertigo and presently became so weak that not being able to stand he fell into a Swoon From which when he recovered and had refreshed himself with Bread and Wine he continued free from that excessive Hunger for some days This Distemper suddenly came upon him sometimes in the Morning when he was fasting sometimes an hour after Meals before his Stomach was well emptied without any Nauseousness or Vomiting I. THE Stomach of this Man was affected in the upper Part of the Stomach and the Disease is called Bulinus Which is a Preternatural and Insatiable hunger seizing a Man on a suddain with Weakness and Swooning II. The remote Cause was a Melancholly Disposition of the Body and such a Dyet as somewhat vitiated the Concoction of the Spleen which bred many sharp and Acid Humors in the Body ill concocted by the Spleen which being carried to the Ventricles and adhering to the upper Part of it near the Stomach twich'd it after a peculiar manner and by means of a certain acid Distemper and Constriction caused an extraordinary Hunger III. The swooning follows together with a notorious weakness because of the great consent between the Stomach the heart and the Brain by means of the vagous Nerves which are inserted into the Stomach and upper Part of the Ventricle with infinite little Branches which being ill affected about the Stomach by Sympathy the Heart and Brain are affected Now the Brain being affected presently the Animal Spirits were disturbed which caused the dimness of Sight and the Vertigo The same disorderly and sparing Influx was the occasion of the weakness and faintness of the Heart which is the reason it makes lesser Vital Spirits and sends a lesser quantity of Arterious Blood to the Heart IV. Now whether a few hours after Meals or Fasting t is all one for at whatever time that subacid Juice flows into the Ventricle and knaws the upper Part of it that vehement Hunger seizes V. The Patient is so corroborated with strong Ale or generous Wine and the Distemper is presently mitigated because such sort of Liquor refreshes both Animal and Vital Spirits and washes off nay sometimes concocts and digests the acid Humor sticking to the Tunicles of the Ventricle and breaks the sowre Force of it till there be a sufficient quantity of the same Humor collected again to make the same Vellication VI. The danger of this Distemper is least the Patient should be seized at any time with this raving Hunger where Meat and Drink are not to be had and so should be carry'd off in
meeting of several Insertions that is below of the Pectoral Ductus an Error for that never passes beyond the Subclavial Vein from the side of the Axillary Vessels above of the Lymphatical Iugular Vessels and Vessels arising out of the Thymus which is one of the Iugular Glandules but seldom any passing of one into another XVIII This Description the same Author in a new Plate annex'd apparently demonstrates and in the same seventh Chapter adds the way to find out the Iugular Lymphatics But tho' the foresaid Doctor Paulus wittily enough derides Bilsius's Circle yet is it not probable that Bilsius at his dissection should delude so many Learned Men that were present into that Blindness and Madness as to testifie in a Public Writing that they saw such a Circle clearly by him demonstrated which was not really there to be seen Could they be all so blind Besides we our selves and several others have seen this Circle tho' we could not always find it Which we the rather believe may happen through the Sport of Nature in regard that in some Dogs the Circle is found to be perfect in others only a disorderly Concourse of Lymphatic Vessels about the Throat To conclude then I assert this in the mean time That this Circle is no Production of the Thoracical Ductus Chyliferus as Bilsius erroneously avers and delineates and that as has been said it receives no Chylus from it nor carries any Chylus but is a Chanel into which the Lymphatic Juice being carried from the Circumjacent Glandules and other parts and to be conveigh'd into the neighbouring Veins and other parts is collected together Now whether the Chylus and Lymphatic Humour be one and the same thing or whether distinct Juices See Chap. 13. following XIX The use of the Chyliferous or Great Lymphatic Pectoral Ductus is to conveigh the Lymphatic Iuice continually and the Chylus at certain Intervals being forc'd out of the Milkie Mesaraic Vessels and attenuated therein by the mixture of the Lymphatic Iuice to the Subclavial Vein to the end the Lymphatic Iuice may prepare the Blood to cause an Effervescency in the heart and that the Chylus mixed with the Venal Blood and carried together with it through the Vena Cava to the Heart may be chang'd by that into Blood XX. That the Chylus and Lymphatic Iuice ascends upward not only the Situation of the Valves but ocular observation in the very Dissection of Animals sufficiently teach us by means of a string ty'd about this Chanel for presently there will be a swelling between the Knot and the Receptacle and a lankness above the Ligature Which Experiment proves successful in a Dog newly hang'd if when the Knot is ty'd the Guts together with the Mesentery be lightly press'd by the hand and so by that Compression the Chylus be squeez'd out of the Chyliferous Mesaraic Vessels into the Receptacle and out of that into the Pectoral Ductus XXI Now that the Chylus enters the Subclavial Vein together with the Lymphatic Iuice and thence is carried to the Heart through the Vena Cava besides that what has been already said concerning the Holes is obvious to the sight it is also apparent from hence for that a good quantity of Milk being injected into the Ductus Chyliferus it is forthwith carried into the Subclavial Vein hence into the Vena Cava and right Ventricle of the Heart together with the Blood contain'd in the Vena Cava and may be seen to flow out at the Wound made in the Ventricle XXII Now the Cause Impulsive that forces the Chylus together with the Lymphatic Iuice out of the Receptacle into this Ductus Pectoralis and so forward into the Subclavial Vein is the same that forces it out of the Guts into the Milkie Mesaraic Vessels of which in the preceding Chapter that is to say the Motion of the Muscles of the Abdomen mov'd upward and downward with the act of Respiration which causes a soft and gentle Impulsion of the Chylus through all the Milkie Vessels which impulse is conspicuously manifest from hence for that if in a living Creature the Muscles of the Abdomen be open'd and dissected and thereby their Motion be taken away and then the Bowels of the lower Belly be gently squeez'd presently we shall see the Milkie Iuice move forward and croud through all the Milkie Vessels and tho' that Compression has no Operation upon the Pectoral Ductus yet the Chylus forc'd into it by that Compression out of the Receptacle is by that forc'd upward as one Wave pushes forward another XXIII Here now arises a Question Whether the whole Chylus ascend through this Chanel to the Subclavial and whether or no also a great part of it do not enter the Mesaraicks and so ascend to the Liver To which we say that the whole Chylus passes to the Subclavial Vein except that which out of the Chyliferous Bag by an extraordinary Course sometimes tho' very seldom flows to the Urine Bladder of which see more c. 18. or else in Women with Child according to its ordinary course flows to the Womb See c. 30. or in Women that give suck to the Breasts See l. 2. c. 2. But Regius is of another Opinion believing that part of the Chylus is carried to the Spleen out of the Stomach through the Gastric Veins and part through the Mesaraics to the Liver Of which the one is refuted by us in the preceding Chap. 7. and the other L. 7. c. 2. Deusingius smartly maintains that the whole Chylus is not carried to the Subclavial through the Ductus Thoracicus and confirms his Opinion by these Arguments Exercit. de Chylificat Chylimotu 1. Saith he There is no congruous proportion of Nature between the innumerable Milkie Veins scattered through the Mesentery and the Thoracic Ducts which nevertheless are seldom more than one conveighing the Chylus beyond the Axillary Veins 2. How shall the Thoracic Duct be able without prejudice to transmit such a quantity of Chylus carried through so many Milkie Vessels to the Receptacle of the Chylus 3. So very small a portion of the Chylus as is carried through the Ductus Thoracicus to the Axillaries and Vena Cava does not suffice to supply the continual waste of Blood agitated and boyling through the whole Body nor to repair the continual wearing out of all the parts 4. Seeing there is a great quantity of Chyle made and but very little can pass through the streights of the Ductus Thoracicus where shall the rest of the Chylus remain which between every Meal is not able to pass through the small Thoracic Duct 5. That same largest quantity of the Chylus which in time of Breeding and giving Suck is carried to the Womb and Dugs whither is that carried when the time of Breeding and giving Suck is over when it is very probable that it cannot pass through the Ductus Thoracicus 6. If the Ductus Thoracicus of a live Animal be quickly ty'd with a
we have seen three or four seminal Arteries In the place of often I had rather he had said sometimes For the increased Number is so seldom found that of six Hundred Anatomists scarce one has seen it But generally two spermatic Arteries of each side one spring from the Trunk of the Aorta VII Bauhinus Riolanus and others report that these Arteries sometimes are of one side and sometimes both in both sides are obsorv'd to be wanting and this they affirm to be the cause of Barrenness Which thing Reason convinces us can never be true seeing that the Blood cannot be carried to the Stones through any other Passages than through these Arteries the Veins by reason of the Obstructions of the Valves sending no Blood to the Testicles And so for want of Matter which they affirm to be the cause of Barrenness not only no Seed can be made but neither can the Stones be supplied with Nourishment and by that means would wast and dry up Or else surpriz'd with a Sphacelus which is an Extinction of Life and Sense would fall down whereas in those Bodies where one or both Bodies are said to be wanting the Stones were found to be sufficiently swelling and juicie and a copious Quantity of Seed conspicuous in the seminal Vessels And therefore there must be some Deceit or Mistake in what they alledge which proceeds from hence which may often happen by reason of the extraordinary thinness of the Arteries that those Arteries might be cut off either through the Imprudence or overhasty Dissection of the Anatomists and so could be neither found nor demonstrated which is the reason they readily persuade themselves and the Spectators that they are wanting through some defect of Nature VIII The Spermatic Veins carry the Blood to the Vena Cava which remains after the Nourishment of the Stones and making the Seed Of these the right Vein from the right Stone ascending the Trunk of the Vena Cava before a little above the rise of the Emulgent enters the Vena Cava and the left enters the Emulgent on the same side rarely the Vena Cava Riolanus also writes that he has observ'd the right Vein inserted into the right Emulgent which I never happened to see Into both these Spermatic Veins within the Abdomen several slender Branches proceeding from the Caul and Peritonaeum open themselves by the Observation of Regner de Graef as also that the Veins do not proceed in so streight a Line as the Arteries And Do minic de Marchettis anat c. 6. writes that he twice or thrice saw the Spermatic Vein ascending from the Stone into the Abdomen divide it self in the mid-way into three Branches which singly enter'd the Trunk of the Vena Cava IX But least the Blood ascending through them should slide back to the Stones they are furnished with many semicircular Valves like half-Moons disposed in a double Order and looking upwards and so preventing the Return of the Blood Also at the Entrance of each into the said great Veins there is to be seen a little Swelling which is raised by the Valve when distended with Blood looking toward the Vena Cava as Rolfincius not without reason as he believes conjectures and Highmore shews that Valve in Delineation in the right Vein one and double in the left X. To each Stone belongs one Artery and one Vein and these two Vessels more above at their beginning about the Reins are somewhat distant one from another but by and by in their Progress joyn together and are somewhat writh'd one into another and so firmly fastened together with a Tunicle rising from the Peritonaeum that they can hardly be separated by Art Iohn Saltzman tells us of three human Bodies wherein he observed a left Artery rising a little above the Emulgent which did not presently joyn to the Vein but first ascended upward toward the emulgent Vein passed over it and wound it self about it and thence being presently joyn'd with the Spermatic Vein descended downward after the usual manner XI Thus joyn'd above the Ureters they are carried down to the Groyns where together with a slender Muscle from the Fold of the sixth Pair latent in the Abdomen and sometimes another is added from the 21st or 22d Pair of spinal Marrow and the Cremaster or hanging Muscle they pierce the Peritonaeum enter its Process which is the Extension of the outward Membrane of the Peritonaeum toward the Scrotum forming the Sheath wherein several Spermatic Vessels are contain'd together with the Testicle In which Process being divided into several small Branches complicated one among another with infinite Windings and Circumvolutions they proceed to the Testicles Nevertheless the inner Membrane of the Peritonaeum at that same Opening or Entrance sticks most close to the side of the Vessels For that Membrane being broken Burstenness follows the Gutt the Caul Water and Wind falling down through the Rupture into the Production of the Peritonaeum and the Scrotum Now these Vessels aforesaid having thus reach'd the Stones separate themselves again and with a winding Course of the Artery quite through the whole length of the Artery run out as far as the lesser Protuberance of the Epididymis or winding Vessel fix'd to the Back of the Testicles and there again divided first into two then into several small Branches return partly to the opposite Extremity of the Testicle partly lose themselves within the Substance of the Stones But the Veins divided into very small Roots are inserted into the little Branches of the small Arteries and with a kind of Net-work are joyned together one to another sometimes by a meer leaning and touch sometimes by Anastomoses But that here are neither observ'd nor allow'd any Anastomoses of the little Arteries with the slender Veins is apparent from the Injection of the Liquor into the Arteries which never enters the Veins Neither ought these Anastomoses to be there For if the Blood could pass through those Anastomoses from the Arteries nothing of it or very little would go to the Stones but pass to the Vena Cava far more speedily and more easily by those broader ways or Anastomoses than through the narrow and invisible passages of the Stones themselves XII Andrew Lawrentius Bauhinus Veslingius and many other Anatomists were grosly mistaken in this that they thought the Spermatic Artery and Vein ended in the Parastate or Epididymis and there was changed into the deferent Vessel as a Body continuous to it self Whereas it is apparent to those that look more narrowly that those Vessels do not enter the Epididymis or Parastate but the Testicle it self and that the Parastate may be there separated from the Stone those Vessels still remaining whole and adhering to the Testicle it self For the blood enters the Stones themselves as Regner de Graef by an ingenious Experiment apparently demonstrates lib. before cited That Opinion says he which holds that the Blood does not enter
the Body attains that strength and firmness between the fourteenth and twentieth year that then the Seed begins to be generated and acquires every day so much the greater perfection by how much the Body grows stronger and needs less growth Now the reason why Seed is not generated at younger years and in Childhood is vulgarly imputed to the growth of the Body upon which the superfluous part of the Blood of which the Seed is hereafter to be made is then consumed But this Reason is far fetch'd and only a sign of the Cause why Seed is not generated First therefore we are to enquire why at younger years the Body most increases in bulk and grows so fast that by the knowledge of this we may come to know why the Seed is not generated at that Age. LXIII The growth of the Body proceeds from hence because all the Parts abound with a moist sulphurous oily Iuice and for that reason are very flexible and apt to extend so that the Animal Spirits flowing into them the Blood pour'd into the Arteries for Nourishment sake do not so sharply ferment and therefore cannot make a sufficient separation of the salt Particles from the sulphury Partly because their force is debilitated by the copious Moisture and oiliness of the sulphury parts partly because the Brain it self being as yet very much over moist does not at that time breed such sharp Humours as to make a smart Effervescency which afterwards come to be generated in greater quantity when all the parts come to be drier For this Reason also the Spermatic Vessels where the chief strength of Semnification lies are not then so very much dryed but by reason of the copious more moist and oily Particles of the Nourishment continually poured in upon them they are extended and grow in length and thickness and that so much the more swiftly by how much more moist and oily Nourishment feeds them as it happens in Infancy and Childhood But their strength and solidity is then more increased when they become dryer and grow less I speak of moderate and convenient driness not of a total consumption of moisture Now the reason why they become more dry is because the overmuch oily Moisture is by degrees consum'd by the increasing heat and by that means the overmuch moisture and lankness of the Spermatic Parts is abated and they become stronger in regard a greater quantity of the salt Particles separated from the Blood is mingled with them and is more firmly united and assimilated to them LXIV The same cause that promotes and cherishes the growth of the Body hinders the Generation of Seed in Children Hence it is that the Blood is more moist and oily and the Animal Spirits themselves less sharp and fewer in quantity flow to the Stones so that there is only enough for the growth of the Parts but not for the Generation of Seed But afterwards through the increase of heat that oily superfluous substance being somewhat wasted then the Brain being dryer begets sharper Animal Spirits which being mix'd with the Arterious Blood carried through the Nerves to the Stones more easily separate from it the salter Particles more fit for the Generation of Seed with which being condens'd and mix'd into a thin Liquor by the proper quality of the Stones proceeding from their peculiar structure and temper they are concocted into Seed which becomes so much the more perfect by how much the copious Moisture is predominant therein which in perfect Seed ought to be but moderate LXV And hence it is also apparent wherefore in old Age very little or watery or no Seed at all is made in the Stones Because that by reason of their abated heat over much moisture again prevails at that Age through the whole Body tho' not so oily as in Childhood but crude and more watery whence the Brain becomes moister and begets fewer or less eager Spirits and the Blood becomes colder and moister Moreover the Parts themselves concocting the Seed become more languid and over moist and consequently unapt as well in respect of the Matter as their own proper debility to make Seed I except some sort of old men vigorous in their old Age who at fourscore and fourscore and ten have begot Children as Platerus relates concerning his own Father LXVI As to the latter Question why Eunuchs and gelded Animals become more languid and less vigorous the Reason is because that through the cutting out of the Stones there follows an extraordinary change of the whole Temper of the Body in regard that lustful seminal Breathing ceases which is diffus'd over all the Parts of the Body which is apparent from the peculiar Smell and Rankness of Tast in the Flesh of Beasts ungelt and by means of which the Blood and other Humours are more warmly heated and the Spirits rendered more smart and vigorous This remarkable Alteration of Temperament is apparent in Eunuchs from hence that the Hair grown before Castration never falls off and the Hair not grown before either upon the Lips or other parts never comes Quite contrary to what befalls those that are not geit LXVII The same is manifestly observed in Deer who shed their large Beams every Year and then new ones come the next Year in their places but being gelt presently after they have shed their Horns their Antlers never grow again but they become very fat Now this change of Temper caused by the defect of lustful and masculine seminal inward Breathings thorough the whole Body tends toward Cold whence it happens that the Blood becomes more oily and less fervent and the animal Spirits are generated less sharp and vigorous and less dispers'd and that part of the Blood which otherwise ought to be consum'd in Seed and seminal Spirits remains solely in the Body fills the Vessels and more plentifully nourishes every part and that plenty and oyliness of the Blood moistens and plumps up the Body to a more extraordinary Corpulency For the fermenting Quality of the animal Spirits in such an abounding Quantity of sanguineous Juice tho' less fervent being now more languid and remiss becomes less able to separate the sulphury and oily Particles of the Blood from the salt ones which for that reason remaining mix'd together in greater quantity and joyn'd together for the nourishment of the Parts moisten them less and render them fatter but more languid and not so strong For that Interposition hinders the more dry and salter Particles of the Blood from being firmly united to the spermatic Vessels LXVIII To this we may add that in those that are gelt by reason of that extraordinary Redundancy of oylie Blood the Brain it self is overmuch moistened whence the Spirits become less sharp subtil and vigorous and consequently less sharp and fit for animal Actions Which make Eunuchs more dull less couragious languid and effeminate and slower in all the Exercises both of Body and Mind LXIX From the same Redundancy
Lacedaemonian by the Testimony of Plutarch Also in Aristomenes of Messina as Valerius Maximus witnesses Of modern Authors Beniverius Amatus of Portugal and Mââ¦retus affirm that they have observed hairy Hearts XIII Through the outward parts of the Parenchyma are scattered several Vessels call'd Coronary because they encircle the bottom of the Heart like a Crown and are both Arteries and Veins XIV There are two Coronary Arteries arising from the beginning of the Aorta before it goes forth from the Pericardium which some think is furnished with a little Valve at its first rise to hinder the return of the Blood These Arteries encompass the Heart and extend many little Branches from the Basis to the Cone of which the most and largest are conspicuous in the left side Their Use is to convey the spirituous Blood immediately issuing out of the left Ventricle for the Nourishment of the Parenchyma Harvey believes that the Heart by means of them together with the Blood receives both Heat and Life Which Opinion Riolanus derides who asserts it to be absurd for the Heart to receive Life and Heat from that Blood since the Heart it self is the Fountain of Life and Heat from whence arises the heat of that Blood and hence concludes that the outward parts of the Heart are only nourished by these Coronary Arteries and the Fat preserv'd To which he might have added that the Heart makes the Blood and causes it to be and lives and is mov'd before there is any Blood XV. The Coronary Veins also are two Which like the Coronary Arteries encircle the Heart and are inserted into the hollow Vein and empty the Blood which remains after Nourishment and out of many lesser little Branches ascending from the Cone to the Base into the hollow Vein To these tho' very erroneously Bauhinus and Spigelius allow a Valve by which they believe the Influx of the Blood out of the Coronary into the hollow Vein is prevented Whereas of necessity that Influx ought to be uninterrrupted and free and if there be any little Valve there it ought to be plac'd after such a manner as to hinder the Influx of the Blood out of the hollow into the Coronary Vein in regard that to the same purpose there is a little Valve annex'd to the emulgent Jugular and several other Veins which open into the hollow Vein XVI Besides the Coronary Vessels Galen asserts That the Heart also receives small and invisible diminutive Nerves from the sixth conjugation or joyning together of the Nerves but as Riolanus observes it receives them from the fold of the stomachic nerves existing at the Basis of the Heart toward the Spine Of these Nerves of the Heart Picolomini Sylvius Bauhinus Bartholin and others make mention And Dissection teaches us that they are difficultly to be found and not to be discern'd within the Substance it self of the Heart and this Fallopius testifies in these Words Under the Basis of the Heart says he where the Arterial Vein begins to turn to the left side and where that remarkable Arterial Passage in the Embryo is which joyns the said Vein with the Aorta is a certain Fold or Nervous Complication strong and solid from whence a great quantity of Nervous Matter embraces the whole Basis of the Heart through which several Branches of little Nerves thence produc'd are scatter'd and run through its whole Substance which he adds by conjecture though I cannot follow them exactly and particularly with my eye Thus Galen could not exactly discern the insertion of the Nerves into the Substance Only saith he its covering the Pericardium seems to receive the Branches of slender Nerves from which being divided other conspicuous Branches at least in Animals of larger Bulk seem to be inserted into the Heart it self but they are divided into the Substance that cannot be perspicuously discover'd by the Senses These Nerves by reason of their extraordinary slenderness are so extraordinarily imperceptible that it was question'd by many and even by my self formerly whether any little Nerves or no did enter the Heart However at length after a more diligent Search I found several diminutive Nerves like small Threads extended from the Fold to the Basis of the Heart and the Orifices of the Ventricles in the same manner as Fallopius discovers them which I found a most difficult thing to follow into the Substance it self of the Heart for that being scatter'd in the Basis it self and the exterior Tunicle they seem'd presently to disappear and only two somewhat of the larger size seem'd to enter the substance of the Parenchyma whence I thought it probable if any Branches ran any farther that they are only extended like thin and invisible Threads into the substance and bequeath it a kind of dull sense of Feeling Fallopius attributes to the Heart a most acute sense of Feeling but contrary to experience For its dull sense of Feeling is sufficiently apparent in every strong Pulse which is not felt either in or by the Heart Nay not in that same sick person mention'd by Fernelius who consum'd away insensibly in whose Heart after he was dead he found three Ulcers and not a little hollow and full of Matter contracted long before which must have occasion'd a most sharp pain in so sensible a Part of which nevertheless Fernelius makes no mention nor Dominic de Marchettis in a Patient of the same Nature without doubt because the Patient never complain'd of any pain And the same Experiment is added of a Person wounded in the Heart whom we saw our selves who nevertheless complain'd of no pain in his Heart Here perhaps it may be objected That the Inconvenience of Palpitation is sufficiently felt To which I answer That it is not felt in the Heart but in the Pericardium the Mediastinum the middle of the Diaphragma and other adjoining Parts which being of quick sense of feeling are soon and violently pain'd by a strong motion of the Heart putting a force upon them But what shall we say when fetulent Vapors carry'd from the Womb and other Parts to the Heart put it to great Pain does not that Pain proceed from its acute sense of feeling I answer if the Heart felt any twinging vellication it would complain but it does not complain therefore Whence I infer That tho' we allow a kind of dull sense of feeling to the Heart especially in its outward Tunicle and the Orifices of the Ventricles nevertheless we must believe that these Alterations and Pains whatever they are especially the sharper sort chiefly proceed from hence either because the Heart has but a dull sense of feeling or else 1. Because that the Blood which ought to be dilated in the Heart is thicken'd coagulated or otherwise deprav'd by those corrupt and vicious Vapors and Humors so that it cannot be dilated as it ought or is usual for it to be in the Heart whence proceeds its faster or slower disorderly or otherwise discompos'd Motion 2. Because the
forc'd in at the upper part out of the Syringe I say through the Pores because there is no need of middle pipes to convey the Water into the lower Pipes for that the Pores of the Spunge afford a sufficient passage But if these Pores are streightned and the lower Pipes are contracted by any Accident that the Water cannot pass equal in quantity and swiftness then the Spunge receiving more than it can transmit begins to swell and consequently the loose piece of Leather wherein it is wrapt becomes distended hard and tumid The same will happen if any viscous Matter be forc'd through the Syringe into the Spunge by which the Pores and Passages are stopt up for then receiving much more than it can well discharge of necessity it will rise into a Tumor He that will apply this Similitude to the Body of Man will find the Circulation of the Blood to be occasion'd in like manner through the Pores of the Substance and hence perceive the Cause of most Swellings XIV There is an extraordinary and manifold necessity of this Circulation 1. Seeing that the Blood being once discharg'd into the Parts the farther off it flows from the Hearth of its Fire is so much the more refrigerated and less a part for nourishment there is a necessity of its return to the Fountain of heat the Heart to be again new warm'd and attenuated therein which return is occasion'd by this Circulation 2. Without this Circulation neither could the Blood be forc'd to the Parts that are to be nourish'd nor could that which remains after nourishment together with the Chylus be carry'd back to the Heart 3. By means of this all the Particles of the Blood are made fit for nourishment by degrees and according to a certain order For there being no long Concoction in the Heart but only a certain swift Dilatation therefore the Chylus upon its first passage through the Heart does not acquire the absolute perfection of Blood but at several passages sometimes these sometimes those Particles become more subtile and fit for nourishment 4. By the help of this Circulation the virtue of Medicines taken and apply'd is carry'd through the whole Body or the greatest part thereof 5. By means of this the Blood is in continual motion and preserv'd from congealing and putrifying 6. By means of this we come to the knowledge of many Diseases concerning which in former time many Disputes have arisen among Physicians 7. By means of this Physicians also understand how to undertake the Cures of most Diseases whereas formerly they only proceeded by uncertain Conjecture There is no necessity that I should here refute in particular the vain Arguments of Primrosius Parisianus and others who stifly endeavour to oppose this Circulation and uphold the darkness of former Ages remitting the Readers that desire to be more particularly inform'd of these things to Ent Highmore and several others who make it their Business to refute the Arguments of such as uphold the contrary Opinion XV. But here remain two more Doubts 1. Whether the Chylus circulates through the whole Body 2. Whether the Serum circulates in like manner I answer That as to the Chylus so long as it is not within the command of the Heart and before it has enter'd the Veins it is not forc'd by the beating of the Heart and consequently does not circulate Thus the Chylus contain'd in the Milky Mesenteric and Pectoral Vessels is thrust forward by the compressure of the Muscles and other parts but is not mov'd further forward by the beating of the Heart so long as it has not enter'd the Veins So the Chylus falling out of the Milky Vessels into the Breasts circulates no farther but like Milk is either suckt or flows of its own accord out of the Teats But if any part of it there enter the Mamillary Veins that same still retaining the form of Milk or Chylus is convey'd together with the Vein-Blood to the Heart wherein being dilated presently it loses the form of Chylus or Milk and assumes the form of Blood at first more crude or less spirituous but afterwards to be more and more perfected by several passages ' through the Heart And so it does not circulate through the whole Body in the form of Chylus but in the form of Blood having no manner of similitude with the Chylus Whence it comes to pass that there is no Chylus to be found or that can be found in the Arteries In like manner neither does the Chylus circulate in Women with Child toward the Cheese-cake or Amnion As neither does it in some Women not with Child but flowing likewise to the Womb is corrupted and putrefies about the Womb and flows forth with more or less ill smell according as its Corruption is more or less Which is most probable to be the most obvious Cause of Uterine Fluxes Also the Chylus that sometimes flows to the Urinary Bladder cannot circulate All which things being consider'd we must conclude at once that the Chylus does not circulate through the whole Body but that entring the Veins it retains the form of Chylus only so far as the Heart and there loses its form upon the dilatation As for the Serum this is also to be said that it does not circulate but when it enters the Blood-bearing Vessels For no Humors circulate by virtue of the beating of the Heart till after they have enter'd the Limits of the Heart's Command and become subject to its Motion But so long as they acknowledge any other Mover such as are the Peristaltic Motion of the Stomach Guts and other parts and the compressure of the Abdomen c. they never circulate As the Serum when having pass'd beyond the Bounds of the Heart's Empire it falls into the Ureters and Bladder And the Flegmatic Lympha when separated from the Blood of the Choroidal Fold it comes to be deposited in the Ventricles of the Brain circulates no more tho' it circulated before when it was mix'd with the Blood CHAP. IX Of the Parts of the Heart See the 9th Table I. IN the Heart are these Parts to be specially consider'd Two little Ears two Ventricles with a middle Septum that distinguishes them eleven Valves and four large Vessels of which two adhere to the Right Ventricle the hollow Vein of the Pulmonary Artery and two adhere to the Left Ventricle the Pulmonary Vein and the Aorta Artery Now let us us see in what Order the making of that enlivening Nectar proceeds in this Ware-house of Sanguification To which purpose we shall produce the several Parts in that Order as Nature makes Use of 'em in the execution of this Office II. The Little Ears are as it were Appendixes to the Heart seated on both sides at the Basis of the Heart before the Orifices of the Vessels carrying the Matter to the Ventricles and from some sort of likeness to the Ears call'd the Little Ears of the Heart III. They
from all Parts in greater quantity to the Substance of the brain than is requisite for the nourishment of it For on the outside Thousands of little branches of Arteries empty a great quantity of blood partly into the Ash-colour'd Cortex enfolding the brain in whose little Kernels apt Particles are separated for the Generation of Spirits from those that are unapt and suckt up by the extremities of the little Fibers of the brain extended into the Cortex partly enter the Substance of the brain it self Moreover on the inside also in the third Ventricle that there are infinite slender branches inserted from the Choroid Fold into the white Pithy Substance and which stick and cling to it will easily appear to those who have prudently examin'd that Ventricle and gently lifted up the Fornix or Arch for then they may perceive innumerable little branches of the Choroid Fold sticking to and entring the Substance of the Fornix the furrow'd Monticles the Stones and Buttocks and pouring into the Pores of it the thinner blood freed by the little Kernels of the Fold from a great part of its viscous Serum which in the dissection of the Substance is seen to start as well out of the invisible Vessels as out of the Pores Moreover it is requisite that the Animal Spirits should be generated in that part out of which they may most conveniently either flow or be thrust forward into the Nerves But such a part is the Substance of the brain and pith which as being altogether fibrous and continuous with the Nerves has also Pory Fibers continuous with them into which by the compression of the brain which follows its dilatation those Spirits may commodiously be squeez'd forward Lastly the Soul makes use of the Ministry of these Spirits and therefore they ought to be generated and contain'd in that part where the Soul resides But the Soul does not reside in empty Cavities or Ventricles in the midst of excrementitious Filth but in solid living Parts Therefore as it resides in the Substance of other Parts so likewise in that of the brain where it lays the foundations of the Animal Spirits which from thence it sends every way at her own pleasure through the Nerves X. This Opinion two great Difficulties seem to oppose 1. Because the Apoplexy and other heavy Drowsinesses proceed according to the Iudgment of most eminent Physicians from a stoppage of the Animal Spirits which hinders their Influx out of the Ventricles of the Brain into the Pith by reason of some obstruction of the beginning of the Pith or its compression happening through some other Cause Which Obstruction or Compression would not be the Cause of the Apoplexy or that same Lethargic Drowsiness if the Spirits were not generated in the Ventricles or the Choroid Fold but in the Substance of the Brain it self 2. Because the Disposal of the Spirits determinated by the Mind would not be compleated in the Substance of the Brain it self but in the common Sensory which is seated in the Brain it self This the Catalepsis plainly shews us wherein the Spirits flow in great quantity into the Nerves but no new determination of them follows because of the Obstruction of the common Sensory XI The first Difficulty is easily remov'd if the Cause of the Motion of the Brain be more narrowly pry'd into In the Fifth Chapter we have at large inform'd you that the Brain is mov'd by the perpetual first Mover of our Body that is to say the Heart and that the Heart dilates the whole Brain by forcing through the Arteries the Spirituous Blood into its Substance which upon the cessation of that Impulse presently falls again and so by compression forces the Spirits contain'd in it further into the Nerves XII Now if through any Cause as Obstruction or Compression c. the Arteries happen to be streighten'd through which the Blood is push'd forward and flows into the Brain by which means the free access of the Blood forc'd through the Arteries to the Brain is foreslow'd or obstructed then there is a great diminution of the Matter proper for the generation of Spirits and the motion of the Brain is very small whence happens not only a generation of very few Spirits and a weaker Impulse of them into the Nerves Now in regard that few Spirits and those weakly impuls'd are not sufficient to perform the Actions of the Sensory Organs whose Actions are also perform'd by the continual and sufficing motion of the Spirits of necessity there follows a deep Drowsiness or Rest of the Animal Actions which Drowsiness is either more or less as the streightness of the Arteries is either more or less But if those Arteries through which the Blood flows toward the inner parts of the Brain that is to say the Arteries of the wonderful Net and the Choroid Fold nay the Carotid Arteries themselves be of a sudden strongly compress'd and obstructed by the sudden falling of thick Flegm collected in the Brain upon them or the depression of the Skull and Brain presently the Motion of the Blood toward the Brain is obstructed and hence also the generation of the Animal Spirits and their motion and impulse into and through the Nerves is obstructed which is the Cause of the Apoplexy Which Physicians hitherto have absurdly affirm'd to happen from the obstruction or streightning of the beginning of the Nerves when it altogether proceeds from the obstruction or compression of the Arteries Which Hippocrates most clearly teaches us where he asserts the Cause of the Apoplexy to be the standing of the Blood more especially in the Arteries of the Neck that is to say the Carotides and others deriv'd from thence such as those which compose the wonderful Net and Choroid Fold Seeing that thereby the Motion and Action of the Spirits is destroy'd which Moââ¦ion being obstructed the body must of necessity rest Let us hear the most acute Fernelius who confirms this Matter most elegantly by Experiments and Reasons Seeing upon a time says he a lusty sane man fall to the ground upon a desperate Blow upon the Left Eye and presently depriv'd of Sence and Motion together with a difficulty of Breathing and Snoaring and other strong Symptoms of an Apoplexy and that he could neither be preserv'd by Blood-letting nor any other way but that he dy'd within twelve hours I thought it worth my while to search into the Cause of his Death To that purpose having dissected and open'd his Brain and finding no Contusion of the Bone or Meninxes or Substance of the Brain but only that the inner Veins of the Eye were broken by the violence of the Contusion I observ'd that from thence about two Spoonfuls of Blood had lighted upon the Basis of the Brain which being clotted together had bound up those Arteries which form the Net-like Contexture and which being thence propagated into the Ventricles of the Brain constitute the other Choroid Fold But the Ventricles of
moderate quantity gently separated from the rest and are somewhat fix'd and coagulated with the Spirit it self and by that means are agglutinated grown to and plainly assimilated with the spermatic parts but those which are less salt and more sulphury adhere to the fleshy and fat parts and are united with them But those particles which are for the most part depriv'd of Spirits and less proper for nourishment flow back through the Veins together with the remaining part of the blood to be impregnated with a new ââ¦ermentaceous Humor proceeding from the Liver and Spleen and to be spiritualiz'd anew in the Heart either with new Chylus or alone without it But if such a separation of salt and sulphury particles from the Animal Spirits flowing through the Nerves be requir'd in the Parts for the carrying on of the nourishment the Question will be how far this Affair shall be carry'd on in such parts into which there are no Nerves inserted as in the Bones and the like As also in those which admit but very few Nerves and yet in respect of their Largeness and their Use require much nourishment I answer that there are no parts to which Nerves do not reach only to some more and larger to others fewer and less as some require a greater others a less proportion of Animal Spirits for the Duties of Sence and Motion and also Nourishment which is the Reason that in some there is a greater in others a lesser separation of the salt from the sulphury particles The Bones because they are nourish'd chiefly by the Salt and Tartarous Spirits of the Blood want many Animal Spirits to cause a strong separation of the salt particles from the sulphury and therefore they are all invelopp'd with a Periostium into which these Spirits flow in great quantity through the Nerves and from thence penetrating into the Pores of the Nerves efficaciously perform their Office and though no manifest Nerves seem to enter the Bones yet that they enter into some is apparent by the Teeth and 't is probable that they enter many other Bones though so small as not to be discern'd by the Eye And such Bones into which they do not enter there the Periostium receiving the Spirits from the Nerves supplies the Office of the Nerves But where there is neither Nerve nor Periositum they have their just magnitude from the beginning conjoyn'd with a peculiar hardness and afterwards neither wear nor increase as the little Bones of the Ears as the Mallet the Anvil and the Stirrup The Heart which is fleshy because it requires not so great a quantity of Salt for its nourishment nor is to be mov'd by a voluntary Motion and because it makes and contains within it self a sharper sort of Spirits needs very few Animal Spirits and therefore is furnish'd with very slender Branches of little Nerves The Liver and Lungs because they are furnish'd with fermentaceous and sowr Juices from other parts in sufficient quantity the one from the Heart the other from the Spleen receive very small Nerves dispers'd chiefly through the involving Membrane and hardly entring the Parenââ¦hyma or body of the Bowel The Spleen admits a greater number of Nerves and Animal Spirits for that making the Matter of the Ferment out of the Arterious Blood the acid salt particles of the blood are to be more strongly separated therein from the sulphury And thus it is in the rest of the Parts among which the more solid always require more the softer fewer Animal Spirits and of the softer those that are water'd with more Animal Spirits are harder than other softer parts as we shall make out when we treat of the Muscles Now that such a kind of Quality is most necessary in the Animal Spirits to promote the Nutrition of the Parts sundry Arguments demonstrate 1. Because those Parts which are exercis'd most and oftenest by the voluntary animal motion and into which to cause that motion of a necessity a greater proportion of Spirits flows than into such Parts as are less exercis'd because I say those Parts for the better separation and coagulation of the salt particles of the blood from the sulphury are nourish'd with a more solid Nourishment and consequently become much more hard and strong than other parts which are exercis'd less and into which those Spirits for that reason are not so copiously determin'd but only flow into them according to their ordinary course This we find in most men whose right Arm and Hand is much stronger than the left because of custom the one is ten times more made use of than the other as being the Instrument of most of our Actions for which reason a greater proportion of Spirits is determin'd to the one than to the other in which because there is not so plentiful a mixture of Animal Spirits there is not so great a separation and fixation of the salt and sulphury Spirits and consequently less firm Nourishment though sometimes the Bulk and Thickness may seem greater But that which is oppos'd in regard that by reason of the less coagulating Effervescency it is less freed from the sulphury Spirits it becomes soft pappy and fat and affords less strength to the Member 2. Because in such persons that walk much and frequently their Thighs are much firmer and stronger than in such who being given to Laziness seldom walk and yet their Thighs are fatter more fleshy softer and thicker And then again those that walk much are much stronger in their Thighs than in any other parts of their Body which they exercise less and therefore they are fit for walking and running but not for any other Labour 3. Because for the same reason it is that Women and lazy people are fat and soft but weak because there is no other than only the ordinary influx of Animal Spirits into the Parts and hence a greater quantity of the sulphury particles of the blood mixt with salt and less separated from them are appos'd together with the Salt which renders the Nourishment less firm 4. Because that in Paralytic Persons in whom very few Spirits or none at all flow into the Members that suffer first the suffering parts for some time are languid and somewhat swelling with an Impostume-like Tumor and at length grow lean and wither'd though much blood is forc'd to them through the Arteries 5. Because that such as use immoderate Venery waste away by reason of the great consumption and waste of Animal Spirits which for that cause flowing in a lesser quantity to the nourishment of the Parts Nutrition is obstructed and thence follows a leanness and wasting of the whole body 6. Because in an ill temper of the Brain and upon several Diseases an Atrophy follows either because of the consumption of these Spirits or because few are generated or those that are generated are vicious Thus Malpigius frequently observes that such as have receiv'd any Wound in the Brain at length die of a Consumption 7. Because
to its self XIII The Arteries are nourished by the Spirituous Blood passing through them wherein because there are many salt volatil and dissolv'd Particles a good part of which grows to its Tunicles hence their Substance becomes more firm and thick XIV The Bulk of the Arteries varies very much The bigness and thickness of the Aorta is very remarkable but the Part of it ascending from the Heart is less the other descending larger by reason of the greater Bulk and number of the lower Parts to be nourished The rest vary in bigness according to their Use as they are required to stretch themselves shorter or longer as they are required to supply the Arteries derived from them with more or less Blood and the farther they are from the Heart the narrower they are and of a thinner and softer Substance For that the Blood the more remote it is from the Heart looses much of its Spirituousity and consequently less salt Particles grow to the Tunicles there not being so much strength required in these remote Vessels as in those which are nearer the Heart in regard the less spirituous Blood may be contained in weaker Vessels XV. Some assert the Number of the Arteries to be less than that of the Veins which however cannot be certainly determined seeing that the little Arteries are much more white and pellucid and consequently less discernable Others make the Number equal others that of the Arteries more in regard there is a greater quantity of Blood thrust forth through the Arteries for the Nourishment of the Parts then is carried back through the Veins seeing that a good Part of it is consum'd in Nourishment and no less dissipated through the Pores before it comes to the Veins But then you 'l say how comes a greater quantity of Blood to be contained in the Veins then in the Arteries and a more conspicuous Swelling of the Veins by reason of the Blood The reason is because the Motion of the Blood is more rapid through the Arteries than through the Veins for there passes more through the Arteries in the space of one moment then through the Veins in ten by reason of the greater force by which the Blood is expelled by the Heart into the Arteries whereas the motion of the Blood is remiss and weak in the Veins and consequently there is more Blood stays in the Veins than in the Arteries XVI The Arteries lye hid in most places under the Veins partly for securities sake partly to stir the Blood residing in the Veins forward by their Neighbouring Pulsation Sometimes they separate from the Veins but rarely cross over them only in the lower Belly about the Os Sacrum where the great Artery surmounts the hollow Vein XVII The Arteries differ either in respect of their Magnitude some being very large as the Aorta and the Pulmonary some indifferent as the Carotides Emulgent and Iliac others lesser as those that creep through the Joynts and Head others least of all as the Capellaries dispierced through the whole Habit of the Body and the substance of the Bowels In respect of their Progression some streight others winding like Vine-twigs In respect of their Situation in the Breast in the Head in the lower Belly in the Joynts others in the Superficies others deeper in the Body In respect to their Connexion some to the Veins others to the Nerves some to the Membranes some to other Parts XVIII The Arteries run along through all parts of the Body there being no part to which Arterious Blood is not conveighed for Nourishment Yet Ent and Glisson seem to affirm that all the Parts of the Body are not nourished with Blood But this difficulty is easily resolved by distinguishing between those Parts that are immediately nourished with the Blood as the Flesh of the Muscles the Parenchym's of the Heart Liver and Kidneys others mediately as when another sort of Juice is first made out of the Blood for the Nourishment of some Parts As when for the Nourishment of the Nerves not only arterious Blood is required but also there is a necessity that a good part of it be first turned into Animal Spirits for the Nourishment of the Bones the Arteries are extended to their inner Parts and powr forth Blood into their Concavities and Porosities for the generating of Marrow also that the Arteries themselves and Veins may be nourish'd with the Blood which passes through them the one with the saltish Particles of the Blood and nearest to fixation which renders their substance thicker and more solid the other with the Sulphury and more humid Particles whence the substance becomes more moist and languid The manner of nourishment Fernelius thus describes The Veins and Arteries says he are nourish'd much after the the same manner which though they contain in themselves the Blood which is the next cause of their nourishment yet cannot in a moment alter it into their own Substance But the Portion which lyes next the Tunicles and being first alter'd grows whitish like dew is hurry'd away into the little holes or Pores of the Veins and Arteries to which when once oppos'd and made thicker it is first fasten'd and then assimilated XIX The Blood is carry'd to the several Parts by the means of the beating of the Heart which at every stroak contracting it self and squeezing the Blood into the Arteries causes the Arteries at the same time to be dilated and to beat for as the Heart beats when it contracts it self and expels the Blood so on the contrary the Arteries beat when they receive the Blood and are fill'd and dilated by it XIX The reason of this many with Praxagorus and Galen assert to be a Pulsific and proper faculty which causes all the Arteries to be distended and beat at the same time that the Heart is contracted To confirm which Plater asserts the Arteries tobe form'd and beat before the Heart The Arteries says he are form'd and beat and carry Spirits before the Heart perceives any motion which is a mistaken Opinion For first upon all alterations of the Pulse of the Heart presently the Pulse of the Arteries is changed whether weak strong swift slow or interrupted c. which would not happen if the Arteries had a proper Pulsific faculty Secondly Let an Artery be bound in a living Creature at the very same moment the Motion shall cease beyond the Ligature which certainly would remain a small while if the faculty of moving were innate But you 'l say that the Tunicle of the Artery being compress'd by the Ligature the Irradiation of the Heart which should excite the Motive faculty to act cannot pass beyond the Ligature In opposition to which I shall make use of the Experiment of Plembius In a living Animal compress with your Finger the Aorta or any other bigger Artery near the Heart and below the pressure make an Incision and thrust a little Cotton into the hole only to a slight
rest are gristly The Second springing from the inner Part of the Talus is implanted into the Bone of the Shin looking toward the Talus The Third fastens the Exterior of the Talus to the Button Five Ligaments fasten the Talus to the Pedion The First is common which wraps about the Joynt of the Heel and Talus this is Membranous whereas the rest are gristly The Second proceeds from the lower Seat of the Talus to the Heel The Third rising from the Neck of the Talus is implanted in the Navicular Bone The Fourth joyns the Bone of the Tessara with the Neck of the Talus The Fifth couples the Bone of the Heel with the Tessara Bone and environs the Joynt VII The Bones of the Pedion are fastened one to another and to the neighbouring Bones with very hard and gristly Ligaments to which at the lower Part for the more strenuous Coroboration is added a strong peculiar Ligament which binds the middle Parts of the Bones together The Ligaments of the Metapedion and Toes differ little or nothing either in Structure Insertion and Form from the Ligaments of the Hand Under the Sole of the Foot the Skin and Fat being taken away occurs a broad and strong Ligament which fastens the the Bones of the First Phalanx and comprehends its Sesamoide Bones THE END AN INDEX OF THE Chief Matters IN THE TEN BOOKS OF ANATOMY A. ABortion the Causes of it 279 The Alantoides or Pudding Membrane c. 244. Whether in Women ibid. The Amnios 246. It 's Original 247. In Twins how dispos'd 247. A Mikie Liquor within it 250 Analogon to the Rational Soul what it is 298. Whether the same with the Rational Soul ibid. Anatomy defined 2 The Subject of it ibid. Animal Spirits how separated from the Brain 390. Where generated 422 c. Of the Animal Spirits 428 c. Difference between them and Vital 433. Twofold use 434. What they contribute to nourishment 435 Annate Tunicle 457 The Anthelix 463 The Anvil of the Ear 467 Aorta Artery 326 Apoplexy the cause of it 426 Appetite decay'd the causes 35 Apple of the Eye 459 Architectory Vertue what 222 c. The vegetative Soul 229 The Arm 493 525 Arm-pits 372 Arteries whether they enter the Substance of the Brain 391. Of the Arteries in general 522. Arteries proceeding from the Aorta 530 Artenoides Muscle 369 Ascites Dropsiâ⦠the cause of it 77 The Aspera Arteria 355 366 The Auditory passage 464 The Axillary Veins 543 B. Bartholines Error 262 The Bee-hive 465 Birth whether it may be form'd on t of the Womb 170. How form'd 216. How nourish'd in the Womb 264 c. Birth natural unnatural 174. Expulsion of the Birth the Cause of it ibid. Blood defin'd it 's substance juices c. 333 How the Parts are nourished by the Blood 341. Whether it lives 343. What Blood nourishes 344. Differences of it 350 Bodies Human 2 Their Differences ibid. Bones in general 564. Their Conjuction 569. Bones of the Cranium 571. Of the whole Head 575. Of the Skull 576 Common to the Skull and upper Iaw 580 Of the upper Iaw 582. Of the lower Iaw 583. Of the Arm Shoulder Elbow 599. Of the lower Part of the Hand 600. Of the Thigh and Leg 601 Of the Extream Foot 603 A Bone in the Heart 326 Bones four small ãâã in the Eur ãâã by whom discovered 466 Bottom of the Womb 174 Brain whether a Bowel 387. It 's formation shape substance fibres c. 388 389. It 's Arteries 391. Veinâ⦠392 It's Motion 425. The Breast in general 280. In particular 281 The Bridle of the ãâã 152 The Bronchial Artery 357 Bubble Christaline 218. Observations concerning it 219 c. It proceeds from the Man and Womans seed 220 Buââ¦s of the Eye 457 C. The Carotides 527 Catarrh Rolfinch's mistake concerning the Cause of it 399 Cavities of the Brain 385. Their use 386 Cavities of the Ear 463 The Caul 22 c. The Cerebel 402. It 's Vermicular processes 403 The Chaps 479 Charlton's opinion of the Blood 344 Refuted 345 Cheescake see Utrine Liver Children how born after the death of the Mother 173. Whether they can procreate 197. In the Womb whether they sleep or wake 222. Born the sixth and fifth Months 271 Choler whether generated in the Stomach 38 Choler defined 342 Choler whether two sorts 89. What it is 92. Color and taste 95. It 's motion 88 89. The Choler Vessels 86. It 's use 108 The Chorion 245. It 's Original 247 In twins how 247 The Christiline humor of the Eye 461. It 's use ibid. Chylification 33 The Chylus 27. whether it enter the Gastric Veins 41. Whether any parts nourished by it 16. It 's recepticle 61. The Chyle-bearing Channel of the Creas 16. How to discover it 63. Whether all the Chylus ascend to the Subclavial 67. Whether through the Mesariac Veins to the Liver 68. Whether carry'd through the Arteries to the Breasts 284. How changed into Milk 290. What forces it to the Breasts 292. Whether it circulate 322. Whether the whole Chylus be changed into Blood 337. Circulation of the Blood 317. The Cause 318. The manner 319. The ââ¦se 322 The ãâã of the Cerebel 403 404 The Cââ¦vicles 506 Cleft of the female Pudendum 181 Clitoris 181. It 's Substance Muscles Vessels ibid It s Bigness 182. Irregularities 183. Whether the Seed pass through it 183 The Cobweb ãâã 461 Commissures of the Craninum 573 Conception and the progress of it 208 c. The Concha of the Fare 463 Copulation whence the pleasure of it 163 Coroides Tunicle 456 Cââ¦tytedons what 240 Coverings external of the Head 383. Internal 384 Crico-thyrodes Muscle 368 Crico-Artenoides Muscle 369 The Crural Arteries 531 Crying in the Womb all in an Error that have wrote concerning it 278 Curveus's mistake 253 258 D. The different Vessels belonging to Generation 140 Whether they communicate with the Seminary Vessels 141. Their progress 142. Their Substance c. 143. Experiment of Reyner de Graef 140. Rejected by Swammerdam 140. In Women called Tubes 159 Of Delivery 271. Reason of the variety of the time 273. What happens near the time of it 274. Some things admirable to be observed in delivery 275 Deusingius mistââ¦ken 255 The Diaphragma its Substance Membranes Vessels motion c. 300 301 c. Difference of Scenââ¦s 473. Difference between the Bones of Men and Women 605 Dorsal roots of the Birth 260 The Drum of the Ear 466 Dura Mater vid. Meninx Dwarfs 3 E. Little Ears of the Heart 323 Eggs in Women for Conception their Matter 158. Their Membranes ibid. Three things to be considered in them 163 Emulgent Arteries 118 Emulgent Veins 118 Emunctories of the Serum 116 Dr. Ent his Opinion refuted 253 Epididymes's vid. Parastates The Epiglottis 368. No conspicuous Muscles in it 369 Epomos vid. Neck Error in Womans reckonings 274 Eyes in general 442. Whether contagious if Diseased 443. Their holes 445 Their
of Wind. In the intervening Hours because of the Suffocations frequently returning she sometimes took her first Decoction By the use of these Medicines within four days the greatest part of her Pains ceased The twenty ninth of September I ordered the Saphena Vein in her Left-foot to be opened and a good quantity of Blood to be taken away which gave her ease and the same day she took her last Apozeme again of which the following days she drank no more than once a day And thus by the use of these Remedies she escaped a dangerous Disease and recovered her Health ANNOTATIONS CHild-bearing Women in their Lyings in frequently commit very great Errors afterwards the Causes of great Mischiefs Among which this is not the least that they are over confident of their own Strength and trust themselves in the Air sooner than the time of their Lying in will permit whence arise those dangerous Diseases Suppression of the Courses Fevers Suffocations and many others of which there are several Examples to be found in Authors besides what we see every day Thus in our Practice we have seen through this Error committed by Child-bearing Women most terrible Diseases brought upon them some of whom have died others ran most terrible Hazards others have goâ⦠those afflictions of some particular Part which they could never claw off as long as they liv'd They do not all escape so luckily as our Patient before mentioned for sometimes extream Weakness or loathing of the Taste or a Fever or some other thing hinders the taking of the Medicaments or inverts or hinders the operation of the Medicines and then all the Art and Diligence of the Physitian signifies nothing Thus the same year that I had this Woman in Cure the Wife of a Kinsman of mine at Utrecht a strong Woman fell into the same Distemper but not to be cured by all the Prescriptions of the most learned and prudent Physitians In these Cases I have observed this that the Courses suppressed a little after Delivery unless they be stirred within three or four days by Medicaments can very hardly or not at all be moved by the help of the Physitians but are the Causes of very desperate Diseases which Diseases do not presently appear sometimes not till after some days sometimes not till after the third or fourth Week And in the Cure of these Diseases I have farther observed this that the greatest Relief is given at the beginning before the Strength of the Patient is abated partly by attenuating Apozems and loosning withal to provoke and evacuate the Matters peccant both in quantity and quality partly by Blood-letting in the Feet which way of Cure I have with success experienced more than once OBSERVATION XX. The Nephritic Passion THE Young Lady Calsââ¦ager was so cruelly tormented for three days with a Pain a little below her Loyns that she knew not where to turn her self these Pains were also accompanied with Vomiting and an extraordinary Restlessness It was the Nephritic Passion and the Gravel or Stone descending through the Ureters caused this Pain Wherefore to expel the Gravel with more speed and ease I prescribed this Decoction â Slic'd Licorice ⥠s. Herbs Stone-parsly Althea Chervil Mallows Water-parsly Leaves of black Ribs an one Handful Flowers of Camomil one Handful and a half fat Figs n o ix New Milk common Water an q. s. Boil them to the Consumption of the third part for an Apozem That Day she drank almost all the Decoction and about Evening voided some small Stones with a good quantity of Gravel and was freed from her Distemper ANNOTATIONS MEdicines that break the Stone sometimes crumble the little Stones that stick in the Kidneys as Experience tells us But when they are expell'd out of the Kidneys and stick in the Ureters they are not to be crumbled by the force of any Medicaments whatever which Reason besides Experience teaches us since no Medicaments can reach thither with their Vertue entire for that the great quantity of Serum running thither and there setling hinders and abates the Strength of the Medicaments so that they are disabled in their Operation And therefore to force the Stones out of the Ureter lenifying and molifying Medicaments must be mixed with the Diuretics to smooth and mollifie the Ureters and to prepare a more easie Descent for the Stone Such is that Decoction which I and such is that Prescription of Io. Baptist Thodosius which he boast never fail'd him in driving out the Stone though he had made use of it several and several times â Leaves of fresh gathered Althea one Handful and a half New Butter ⥠iij. Honey lb j. Boil them together in Water q. s. to the Consumption of the third part Take of the Straining a warm Draught Morning and Evening Such is also that celebrated Secret of Forestus which most Physitians highly approve and which I have successfully made use of only now and then with some Alterations and Additions of which Forestus himself thus writes This my Secret I will no longer conceal for tââ¦e common Benefit of the Sick that it may not be laid to mine which was laid to the Charge of the wicked Servant who hid the Talent which God had given him in the Earth And therefore I will no longer to the Prejudice of Posterity keep this Secret by me which is this â Seed of Mallows Althea an Êiij Red Vetches ⥠iij. The four greater Seeds an Êij Barly cleaned ⥠ij Fat Figs n o ix Sebeston n o vij Licorice slic'd Êj Rain-water ãâã iiij Boil these to the Consumption of half and reserve the Straining for use which the Patient continually using always voided Stones OBSERVATION XXI The Worms A Little Boy the Son of Antonius about three years of age had the lower part of his Belly extreamly swell'd and stretch'd like a Drumb so that he seem'd to be Hydropic his Stomach was gone with a slight Fever accompanied with Frights in his Sleep and he would be always rubbing his Nose with his Fingers I guess'd them to be either Worms or crude Humors sticking in the first Region of the Belly that caused all those evil Symptoms Wherefore because the Child would take nothing but would be always drinking I ordered new Ale to be given him for his Drink with which I only mixt a little Oyl of Vitriol so much as suffic'd to give it a gentle Sowrness This Drink being continued for a fortnight or three Weeks the Swelling of his Belly fell but he voided no Worms ANNOTATIONS OYl of Vitriol given after that manner does not only remove all Putrefactions and Corruptions but kills and consumes the Worms in the Stomach and Guts and those that are infested with such like evils and we have seen it recover those that have been despaired of contrary to Expectation Thus my Sister Cornelia when she came to be seven years of Age and was miserably tormented with the Worms in her Belly and had taken several Remedies to no
that slight sometimes moved her to Anger while the Choler boiled that was mixed with her Melancholly humors sometimes to sadness the Melancholly humors being moved and overcoming the Choleric and through that disorderly strife and Effervescency of the Choler with the Melancholy the whole Mass of Blood boiled which occasioned a slight Putrefaction which begot a slight disorderly Fever accompanied with the Head-ach caused by the sharp Choloric and Melancholy Vapors carried up together to the Head But at length that effervescency of Choler and Blood being vanquished by the abundance and quality of the Melancholy Humor the Fever went off and the Animal Spirits were heated also by the hot Melancholy humors predominant in the Body and the Head and set a boiling by the foregoing effervescency of the Choler and were so rapidly and disorderly moved that they caused a Delirium first more geâ⦠while the Spirits were not so much heated and agitated then violent with Anger Immodesty and Rage by reason the sharp heat of the Animal Spirits was augmented so that being now too much attenuated and become more eager they are more rapidly moved and more disorderly and violently agitated IV. Now because not only the Animal but the Vital Spirits are possessed with that heat as also the whole Mass of the Blood hence it comes to pass that the whole Body becomes so heated that they are not cool'd by the Cold of the External Air but always re mains hot V. Yet there is no Fever because that violent fervor of the Blood and Spirits though it be great and sharp yet there is neither Putrefaction nor Inflammation because it consists more in Salt then Sulphury Particles VI. This Malady is difficult to Cure partly because the most noble Bowels are affected partly because the Cause lyes in a depraved obstinate and copious Humor Lastly because the Patient being Mad will not be rul'd nor suffer the administration of proper Medicines However the longer it is delay'd the more difficult the Cure will be VII The primary Indications relating to the Cure are these 1. To prepare and evacuate the Melancholly humor abounding in the Body and to extinguish the heat both of that as of the Blood and Spirits 2. To prevent the new generation of the same Humor and Fervor 3. To coroborate the Bowels especially the Heart Brain Liver and Spleen And this is to be done by Diet Chyrurgery and Pharmacy VIII The Chamber wherein the Patient lyes must be gloomy where he or she must be kept by strong Men or Women or else their Arms must be bound with broad Swaths that they may do no harm to themselves nor others They are to be visited by very few whose Company they loved in the time of Health They must be kept in a temperate Air. Their Diet must be moistning and moderately cooling rather moist then dry Their Drink Ptisans or small Ale They must be kept quiet with good words and provoked to sleep as much as may be and all Evacuations of Nature in both Sexes must proceed naturally while Art supplys the disorders of Nature IX Though the enraged Patient refuses all Medicaments yet fair words must be try'd and this draught obtruded instead of Drink â Leaves of Senna ⥠s. Anise-seed Ê j. Decoction of Barly q. s. infuse them according to Art then to the straining add Confect Hamech Ê iij. Extract of Hellebore â j. Mix them for a draught X. After Purgation Blood-letting is requisite not once but often in the Hands Feet Forehead Arms and other convenient Places and a good quantity of Blood to be taken away according to the strength of the Patient And the Patient is to be well guarded from loosening the bindings of the Fillets after stopping the Blood XI Between every Blood-letting Purge the Patient then with a draught before mentioned or Powder of Dia-Senna or Confect Hamech alone Or if these be refused make use of Codiniac or Rob of red Currants to every Ounce of which add grains twenty four and of this mixture give six or seven drams as you find it works Or if the Party love Currants boil them in the Decoction of Senna-leaves or Roots of black Hellebore till they ââ¦row plump then take them out and let them dry in a place exposed to the Wind that they may not seem to have been boiled and give them to eat XII You may try either by fair words or by fraud to make her drink now and then in a day a draught of this Apozem â Roots of Polypody of the Oak Succory an ⥠j Rind of Caper-roots Tamarisch an ⥠s. Herbs Dodder Venus-hair Lettice Dandelion with the whole Sorrel Ceterach Borage Bugloss an M. j. Cordial Flowers an one little handful Citron and Orange Peels an Êiij Fruit of Tamarinds ⥠j. Common-water q. s. Boil them for an Apozem of lb j. s. If you steep in this Apozem Leaves of Senna ⥠j. s. Root of Black HeleboreÊ ij Anise-seedÊ ij By that means it will become a Purging Apozem which if the Patient likes may be often administered XIII Let this Conditement be also offered upon occasion â Conserve of Violets Pale Roses Rob of Red Currants Candied Citron-peel an Ê iij. Pulp of Tamarinds Ê vj. Syrup of Violets q. s. XIV Because such a Patient chiefly requires sleep toward Evening givâ⦠an Amygdalate wherein put an Ounce of Syrup of Popies or a little more or three grains of Opiate Laudanum but this not above once or twice in a Week or one or two Heads in the boiling the aforesaid Apozem or by adding to the aforesaid Conditement one or two drams of Nicholas's Rest or by anointing the Temples and Forehead with Oyl of Popies or Populeon Oyntment But give not these Soporifics too often too long nor too strong XV. In the mean time the Hair being shaved off let the Head be fomented for an hour or two in the Morning with this Fomentation luke-warm â Herbs Betony Vervain Marjoram Plantain an M j. Lettice M iiij Flowers of Roses Melilot Dill Camomil an M j. Hemp and Coriander-seed an ⥠s. Common-water q. s. After Fomentation keep the Head well covered from the cold Air. But this Fomentation will not be proper before the Body be well purged and some Blood be taken away XVI When the Distemper begins to asswage it will not be amiss to clap alive Hen cut in two upon the Head or the Lungs of a new kill'd Sheep or Calf newly killed XVII Some applaud the clapping of Medicines to the Feet as also Pidgeons slit or Tenches slit or else Leaves of Coleworts and Rue with Sowre Ferment Salt and Vinegar and so bruised into the form of a Past and bound to the Soles of their Feet which if they do no good yet do no harm and therefore in this case may safely be made use of for the satisfaction of such as desire it HISTORY VI. Of the Disease call'd Coma both Somnulent and Wakeful A Person about forty Years of
and the taking of Tobacco is very Beneficial XI Decoctions of Guaiacum Sassafras and Sassaparil prepared with hot and drying Cephalics to provoke Sweat now and then are of great use XII This Quilt may be made for the Patient to lay upon his Head â Leaves of Rosemary Marjarom Thime Flowers of Lavender an two small hand fuls Mastic Frankincense an Ê j. Cloves Nutmegs an â j. For a Quilt To anoint the Temples and top of the Head which is every day to be done use this Liniment â Oyls of Rosemary Amber Marjoram an â j. Oyl of Nutmegs pressed â ij Martiate Oyntment Ê ij XIII If notwithstanding all this the Catarrh continue make an Issue in one Arm or in the Neck XIV Let him keep in a moderately warm Air observe a good Diet roasted rather then boil'd condited with Spices and hot Cephalics avoid Radishes Mustard Garlic Onions which raise and fill the Head with Vapors His Drink must be sparing but strong moderate sleep and moderate Exercise HISTORY XVII Of an Opthalmy A Person about thirty Years of Age abounding with hot and Choleric Blood having heated himself the last Winter at an extraordinary compotation of strong Wine and then exposing himself in a bitter cold Night to the extremity of the weather presently felt a sharp pain in his Eyes with a burning heat the next day a very great redness appeared in the white of his Eye with a manifest swelling of the little Veins He could not endure the light so that he sat continually with his Eyes shut sharp Tears flowed from his Eyes which when he opened his sight appeared to be very dim I. HEre the Part affected was the Eye in which the annate Tunicle or the Conjunctive Tunicle was chiefly aggreived the other Parts of the Eye only by Accident II. This Disease the Physitians call an Opthalmy or Blear-eyedness which is an Inflammation of the annate or white Tunicle accompanied with redness heat pain and tears III. The Antecedent Cause of this Disease was an abundance of hot Blood through the whole Body which being violently stirred by the extraordinary heat caused by the Wine and suddainly detained by the Original Cause or the outward extream Cold and overflowing the conjunctive Tunicle constitutes the containing Cause IV. For the blood being moved more rapidly through the Arteries and Veins by reason of the extraordinary heat of the Wine was thickned of a suddain by the external Cold received into the Eye so that it could not pass so speedily through those little Veins as it was sent from the Heart which caus'd the Veins of the Tunicle to swell and distended the Tunicle it self and the stay of the Blood corrupting it and causing it to wax hot and sharp produced the Inflammation V. The Pain was occasioned partly by the distention of the Tunicle partly by the acrimony of the Humors corroding the Tunicle VI. He could not endure the Light partly because the Pain was exasperated by admission of the External Air partly because the Eyes being opened the Animal Spirits presently flow into it as they are determined for the benefit of seeing and distend the Eye which destension augments the Pain for the avoiding of which the Patient keeps his Eyes shut to avoid the distension of the Part. VII Now in regard the sight proceeds from the copious Influx of the Spirits into the Eye and because the Tunicle cannot endure that distension hence the Eyes being open the sight grows dim in regard that the fewer the Spirits are the duller the sight is VIII The Tears issue forth chiefly upon opening the Eye by reason that the Caruncle in the larger corner of the Eye that lies upon the hole in the Nose is twitched and contracted in each Eye by the neighbouring Inflammation especially if any injury of the Air accompany it and by reason of that painful contraction does not exactly cover the Lachrymal point so that the hole being loose and open the Tears flow forth in greater abundance And they are sharp by reason of the Salt mixt with the serous Humor and seem to be much sharper then they are by reason of the exquisite Sense of the Tunicle which is now already molested IX This Opthalmy threatens great danger to the Eye in regard that by reason of the Winter cold the discussion of the Humors flowing into the Annate Tunicle is the more difficult and the longer stay of it may hazard the Corrosion and Exulceration of the Annate and the Horny Tunicle and so produce a white Spot a Scar or some such blemish in the Sight X. In the Cure the antecedent Cause is to be removed as being that which nourishes the Containing and the Original Cause is to be removed that the Containing one may be the better discussed XI The Body is first to be Purged with one dram of Pill Cochiae or half an ounce of Diaprunum Electuary Solutive adding a few grains of Diagridium or else such a Draught â Rhubarb Ê j. s. Leaves of Senna Ê iij. Tartar Ê j. Anise-seed Ê j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them and then add to the straining Solutive Diaprunum Electuary Ê iij. XII The Body being Purged open a Vein in the Arm and take away eight or ten ounces of Blood Then Purge again and if need be bleed again XIII To divert the Excrementitious Humors from the Brain to the Eyes Cupping-glasses may be applied to the Neck and Shoulders or a Vesicatory behind the Ears Which if they prove not sufficiently effectual make a Seaton in the Neck or apply an Actual or Potential Cautery to the Arm or Neck XIV To asswage the Pain drop into the Eye the Blood of the Wing-feathers plucked from Young Chickens or Womens Milk newly milked from the Breast or the Muscilage of the Seeds of Flea-wort and Quinces extracted with Rose-water or the Yolk of an Egg boiled to a hardness or else the following Cataplasm laid upon the Eye â Pulp of an Apple roasted ⥠j. s. Crum of new White-bread ⥠iij. Saffron Powdred â j. s. New Milk and Rose-water equal Parts Make them into a Cataplasm XV. The Pain being somewhat asswaged this Collyrium may be dropped into the Eye â Sarcocol fed with Milk Ê j. Tragacanth Ê s. Muscilage of the Seed of Quinces q. s. XVI For discussion of the Humor contained in the Tunicle foment the Eye with a Spung dipt in the following Fomentation warm â Herbs Althea Fennel Flowers of Camomil Melilot an M. j. Water q. s. boil them to eight ounces then add Rose-water ⥠iij. XVII After Fomentation lay on the Cataplasm again or else drop the following Collyrium into the Eye â Alloes washed in Fennel-water â j. Sarcocol steeped in Milk Ê j. Saffron gr vij Eyebright and Fennel-water an ⥠j. XVIII Let him keep in a temperate and clear Air free from Dust and Wind and Smoak let him avoid too much Light and wear a green pââ¦ece of Silk before his Eye His Diet must be sparing
after all the Cough still remain give him this Bolus twice a week as he goes to Bed â Philonium Romanum Nicholas's Rest Mithridate of Damocrates an â j. Mix them for a Bolus At other times let him use his Apozenâ⦠and Tablets XVII To corroborate his Head let him wear this Cap. â Leaves of Marjoram Rosemary P ij Flowers of Red Roses and Lavender an P. j. Nutmeg Benjamin Cloves an â ij Beat them into a gross Powder for a Quilt XVIII If after all this there be no abatement of the Catarrh and Cough then to divert and evacuate the flowing humour make an Issue in the Arm or rather in the Neck XIX Let him keep his Head and Breast warm against the Injuries of the cold and moist Air. Let his Diet be of easie Digestion and good Nourishment seasoned with Turneps Chervil Hyslop Marjoram Betony Baum Rice Barley cleansed Spices Raisins Sugar and such like Ingredients Let his drink be middling not stale Hydromel anchosated or sweet Wine moderately taken and let him avoid all acid sharp salt and sowre things Let him be moderate in his Sleep and Exercise and take care to keep his Body open HISTORY IV. Of an Asthma A Young Man thirty years of age of a strong Constitution but careless of his Diet and living a sedentary Life some years ago having overheated himself with Walking and presently opening his Breast and throwing aside his Cloaths fell a drinking cold Rhenish-Wine and presently was taken with a Difficulty of Breathing which made him pant and heave and the next day the Malady still increasing he was in such a Condition that the third Day he could not breath unless he stood upright so that for fourteen Days he could not lye in his Bed but was forced to sit or stand whole Days and Nights together but he was more troubled in the Night than Day time After a little Cough happening which brought up a good quantity of tough and viscous Flegm his difficulty of Breathing abated and he recovered his former Condition From that time forward he was often afflicted with the same Distemper by Intervals sometimes more sometimes fewer Days together more especially if he exposed himself to the Air when very hot or drank cold Rhenish and this he further observed that when the North-wind blew he was presently seized with this Distemper unless he had a great Care of himself and that rather in the Summer and Autumn than in the Winter During this Malady his Stomach was indifferent but he could hardly eat for narrowness of the Parts and after Meals his Difficulty of Breathing grew worse He had a great Inclination to Sleep but no sooner had he closed his Eyes but he waked with Terror and Faintness so that during the Fit he could not sleep for some Days and Nights together His Belly and Breast seemed to be distended by Wind sometimes he felt a heavy Pain in his Head with a Chilliness in the hinder Part toward the Neck And about this time he had another terrible Fit not without danger of Suffocation He had no Fever nor complained of any Pain in any other Parts of the Body I. THis Mans Distemper is an Asthma which is a difficult panting and heaving Respiration and it was indeed the highest degree of this Distemper which we call Orthophnaea which is an extraordinary Difficulty of Breathing in which the Patients cannot sleep but standing upright becuse of the Narrowness of the Respiratory Parts II. The antecedent Causes of this Distemper were flegmatic Humors abounding in the Body The Original Causes were Heat and Cold. The containing Cause is a tough and viscous Humor accumulated in the Bronchia of the Lungs and fastned to them III. The flegmatic Constitution of the whole Body causes a Redundancy of cold crude and flegmatic Humors therein Especially in those Parts which being cold of themselves are over-chill'd by some external Cause so that the Body being overheated by viblent Exercise the Blood and Humors are more swiftly moved and many Vapors excited in the lower Parts which by a sudden Cold are condensed and collected in the Brain in greater quantity But in regard the Bronchia are cold of themselves and more refrigerated by the Cold of the In-breath'd Air they fasten to them like a tough Bird-lime and contracting them cause difficulty of breathing To which the Access of a Defluxion from the Brain causes a greater Contraction consequently a greater Difficulty of breathing attended with Wheezing Nor can the Patient breath but standing upright the Lungs being pendulous are most easily dilated in that Posture and the Bronchia are more open in that Situation IV. The Distemper is still worse toward Night because the nocturnal Cold thickens the Flegmatic Humors and renders them more tenacious by which means they become more obstructive to the Bronchia V. At length when the tenacious Matter is abated and thrown off by coughing then the Obstruction of the Bronchia abates and the Difficulty of breathing ceases till the condensing and falling down of new Vapors VI. Which was plain because the North-wind was so hurtful to him the reason of which was because that Wind streightned the Pores condensed the Humors and Vapors and chill'd the Head and Lungs And because the Body is hotter and raises the Vapors more copious in the Summer therefore the sudden Chilliness of that Wind more suddenly condenses and fastens them to the colder Bronchia VII The Stomach of the Patient continued good because neither the inbreathed Air nor the Defluxions from the Head offended the Stomach But the Difficulty of breathing was worse after Meals by reason of the Vapors raised by the Concoction of the Stomach which ascending to the middle and upper Belly are condensed in both and in the one fasten themselves to the Bronchia VIII He cannot sleep because he is forced to satisfie the Necessity of Respiration in the Dilatation of the Breast which failing in Sleep and consequently Respiration he is waked with Terror and Faintness and compelled to wake that he may breath and to breath with violence that he may live IX The Belly and Breast seem to be distended by Wind though it be not Wind but the continual and copious Flux of the Animal Spirits for the Relief of the Lungs which distends the Respiratory Muscles which makes him think they are distended with Wind. X. The heavy Pain in his Head proceeds from the abundance of Cold Humors collected in his Head And thence that Chilliness in the hinder part of it XI There was no Fever in regard that neither the Blood nor Humors were corrupted Nor Pain in any other Part the sharp Humors being all got together in the Head and Lungs of this Patient XII This Disease is dangerous as threatning a Suffocation especially iâ⦠a new Defluxion fall from the Head upon the Lungs during the Continuance of the Malady XIII In the Method of Cure to the containing Cause must be removed that obstructs the Lungs
drives the Chylus to the Breasts in Beasts See l. 1. c. 28 29. What is that something Analogous to the Rational Soul Whether Analogon be the same with the Rational Soul The said Analogon is the more excellent Spirit An Objection refuted The refutation The names 'T is a Muscle The Substance The Membranes The site and connexion The Holes Vessels It s Motion Whether the Situation of it be Natural or Animal The Pleura The Names It s duplicity The little Fibres Holes Its Vessels It s Original The Mediastinum It s Cavity Its Vessels It s Use. The Kernel under the Canel-Bone or Thymus Lactes Its Vessels It s Iuice Lymphatic Vessels It s Original Its Membranes It s Connexion Its Vessels The Liquor of the Pericardium It s Use. Whâ⦠such it is iâ⦠diseased Bodies The cause of the difference in Quantity The plenty of it does not cause Palpitation of the Heart The Names It is a principal Part. The Fuel of Heat It s Siââ¦ation It s Substance It s Fibres Whether the Heart be a Muscle It s Figure It s Bigness Its Coats It s Fat. Its Hairs It s ãâã Coronary Arteries Coronary Veins Nerves The Opinion of Descartes The Use of the Animal Spirits in the Heart The Dignity of the Heart Wounds of the Heart mortal A rare Observation 1. Whether the Heart is mov'd by the Animal Spirits Whether mov'd by the Dilatation of the Blood Whether ãâã part ly by the ââ¦ation of the Blood and partly by the animal Spirits Whether ââ¦ov'd by ââ¦n Ethereââ¦l Matter Whether mov'd by the Spirit of the Blood Whether mov'd by the Lungs The true Cause of the Heart's Motion Why the Heart of an Eel taken out of the Body beats Digression Dilatation When the Cavities are broâ⦠est Vicious Motions The vse of the Pulse Circulation of the Blood First proof from the plenty of Blood The Second Proof from the Situation of the Valves The Third Proof from Ligature in Blood-letting The manner of Circulation Riolanus his manner The common manner The true manner of Circulation The Cause of Inflammations The vse of Circulation Whether the Chylus and the Serum circulate The Cause of vterine Fluxes The Parts of the Heart The little Ears Their number Their substance The Superficies Their Cavity Colour Motion Their vse The Ventricles Unnatural Things bred in the Ventricles Vessels The Right Ventricle The hollow Vein The Treble-pointed Valves The Pulmonaery Artery Sigmoid Valves The left Ventricle The Pulmonary Vein The Mitral Vââ¦ves The Aorta The Half-Moon Valves The Bone of the heart The Motion of the Blood in the Birth Double Unions of the Vessels The Oval Hole It s ãâã The other Union The Use of the Right Ventricle The Oval Hole is abolish'd in Children when born The Channel also closes up The Opinions of the Ancients concerning the Seat of the Soul in the Heart The Office of the Heart Glisson's New Opinion The Reply to Glisson's Opinion Whether any vivific Spirit be in the Blood A Similiâ⦠The names It s Definition It s Substance Its Iuices A Doubt Double Spirits Vital Spirit Whether this Spirit be different from the Blood The Heas of the Blood The Temper of the Blood The quantity and quality of the Spirits various An Error concerning the Spirits An Error concerning Air. The Original of the Principles of the Blood The Chylus passing thro' the Heart ceases to be Chylus Whether the whole Chylus be chang'd into Blood The Proof of the former Opinion It s Refutation Wâ⦠ãâã part of the Chylus may not be mixââ¦d with the Blood Whence the red Colour proceeds How the Parts are nourish'd by the Blood The Diversity of Figures The Nourishment from the Blood twofold The Degrees of Nutrition Four Things necessary to Nutrition Growth Stay of Growth Decay Whether Old Men grow shorter Two doubts Of the four Humors of the Blood Flegm Blood Choler Melancholy The four Humors are always in the Blood Whence the Temperaments of the Body proceed Phlegmatic Temperament ãâã ãâã ãâã Whether ãâã ãâã and Spirits ãâã The Use of the Blood What Blood nourishes Charleton's contrary Opinion His Arguments The Refutation Whether the Lympha be nutritive Malpigius ââ¦is Observations aââ¦out refrigerated blood The Differences of the Blood The Definition It s Bigness It s Substance Preternatural things in the Lungs Observation The Cloathing Membrane The Colour The Colour in a Child before it is born The Division Their Division into little Lobes The Connexion Observation Several Observations The Vessels The rough Aââ¦tery The Pulmonary Vein and Artery Whether the Blood passes only through the Anastomoses The Bronchial Artery Lymphatic Vessels Nerves Office Respiration what It s End What kills People that are strangled Cause of Swooning in Stoves The necessity of Respiration How the Blood is cool'd Charleton's Error The new Opinion of Alexander Maurocordatus Whether the Lungs wheel about the Blood Malpigius his Opinion Thruston his Opinion The Conclusion The Secondary Use of the Lungs The Motion is passive Contrary Opinions The Refutation Whether the Lungs be mov'd by the Head The manner of Respiration What sort of Action it is It is an Animal Action An Objection Whether a man might live without Respiration Stories of of such as have liv'd long with out Breathing The Reason of what has been said It s Definition It s Situation It s Division Bronchia Bigness Substance The Rings Division Figure Vessels It s Bulk Substance Gristles The Scutiformis The Annular The Guttal The Epiglottis Muscles Common ones Hypothyroides The Proper Muscles The hinder Cricoartaenoides The Lateral Cricoartaenoides Thyro-Artaenoides The Ninth Muscle The Muscle of the Epiglottis The Kernels The Tonsillae Wharton his Error Parotides The Voice A Digression It s Situation It s Connexion Its Vessels It s Substance Kernels It s Usâ⦠Cervix Epomis Shoulders Axilla or Arm-pitâ⦠Iudgment of the Strength of a man's Body It s denomination It s Scituation It s Shape and Bigness The Division The Desinition The ãâã Why Women have no Beards The Place where they break forth Their Roots The Division They are Heterogeneous Bodies The Form The Efficient Cause The first Original The Diversity The reason of the Colours Why the Hair of the Head first grows grey Signs of the Temper of the Body The Materials of Hair The manner of its Generation Whether the Kernels afford Matter for the Hair ãâã ãâã Matter of Hair be aâ⦠Excrement Objections The ââ¦lution Turning Grey of a sudden The Reason Whether Hairs be Parts of the Body An Observation Whether store of Hair contribute strength to the Body The Skin Fat Fleshy Pannicle The Pericranium The Periostium Bones Dura Meninx It s Holes Its Vessels It s Duplicature The ãâã or Scy the. The Cavities Torcular Hierophili The Use of the Cavities Whether any small Pipes in the Hollownesses Tenuis Meninx The Fells of the ãâã The Brain Whether the Brain be a Bowel or a real Kernel The formation of it The
Secondly Because action is competible to the whole operating Organ but use to every part of the Organ for instance The action of a Muscle is to contract but the use of the Musculous Membrane is to contain its fibres and to seperate it from other Muscles of the Artery to bring blood to it as of the nerves animal spirits to support the fibres of the flesh Yet oftentimes use action and function are promiscously used by Anatomists And the action of a part because it tends to some end or other is often called use And also use because it excludes not action is called action But use is of greater latitude then action Hippocrates divided things that make up the whole into things containing things contained and things that move or have in themselves the power of motion Galen calls these three things Solid parts Humors and Spirits In this division the threefold parts of the body are not comprehended but only three things without which a man cannot continue entire that is alive For only the containing or solid parts are true parts of the body Yet these parts cannot continue alive except they be continually nourished by the humors Not that humors are parts of the body but the proximate matter which by coction is changed into the substance of the parts into which till they are changed they cannot be called parts and when they are changed they cannot be called humors for a bone is not blood and blood is not bone though the one be bred of the other The same must be understood of spirits which being made of the subtilest and hottest part of the blood do very much contribute to the nutrition of the body Therefore though a man cannot continue alive without these three yet it does not follow that all these three must necessarily be parts of the body A Vine consists of solid woody parts and a Juyce whereby it is nourished and yet it is evident this Juice is no part of the Vine because if a Vine be unseasonably cut abundance of it runs out the Vine remaining entire wherefore a blind man may see that it is no part if the Vine but only liqour which by further coction would be turned into a Vine Thus also when there is a Flux of blood by the Haemorrhoids Menses or any other part or when one makes water or sweats no man in his wits will say that then the parts of a mans body are voided although a man cannot live without blood and serum But if pieces of the Lungs be brought up in coughing or if piecesâ⦠of the Kidneys be voided in Urine as it sometimes happens in their exculceration then it is certain that the true parts of the body are voided Besides these are parts of the body whence actions immediately proceed and they proceed not from the humors and spirits but from solids For the humors and spirits move not the Heart Brain and other parts but they both breed and move the humors and spirits for when the Heart Brain and other parts are quiet humors and spirits are neither bred nor moved this appears in a deep swoon and though there is abundance of them in the body and those very hot and fit for motion as in such as dye of a burning Fever yet as soon as the Heart is quiet they neither move through the Arteries Veins and Nerves nor are able to move the Heart or any part else which is a certain Argument that they are Passive and that no Action can proceed from them And that the humors and spirits are moved by the Heart and bred in it and other parts will more plainly appear lib. 2. cap. 11. and lib. 3. cap. 10 11. and in several other places And now though solids cannot act without the humors and spirits and by them their Actions in as much as by their quantity or quality as their heat cold c. they are able to cause this or that mutation or temper in Solids are made quicker slower stronger weaker better or worse yet they are without air yet air is no part of the body neither does the Action of respiration proceed from it but from the muscles of the breast forcing it out though in the mean time air by giving way to the motion of the muscles and passing in and out through the Aspera Arteria affords such an aptitude for respiration as without it no respiration could be performed though also by its heat or cold it may make respiration quicker slower longer or rarer according as by these mutations the heat of the parts is augmented or diminished and thereupon necessity obliges one to breath quicker or slower So the Heart and other solid Parts are not mov'd by the humors and spirits but act upon the humors and spirits they move attenuate and concoct them till at length they turn their apt particles into a substance like themselves and so apply and unite them to themselves and make them parts of the body which they were not before they were applied and assimilated For one part of the body is not nourished with another part of its whole a bone is not nourished with flesh nor a vein with a nerve c. Neither can that which nourishes the parts by any means be called a part for otherwise there would be no difference between a part and its nutriment With which Nourishment unless the Parts be daily cherished and their consumed particles restored their strength and substance would quickly waste and fail and by that failure at length their Action would be lost So that Man of necessity must have both Blood and Spirits for the support of Life hence saith the Text in Levit. 17. 11. the Soul that is the Life of the Flesh is in its Blood as being the nearest Support of the Body without which neither the Parts of the Body can act nor the Man himself live Yet it does not follow from thence that the Blood and Spirits are part of the Body For the same might be said of the external Air without which no Man can live For take away from a Man the use of external Air either by suffocation or drowning or any other way you presently deprive him of Life as surely as if you took from him his Blood and Spirits Yet no man of Judgment will say that the external Air is a part of the Body Seeing that most certainly if that without which Life cannot subsist were to be accounted a Part the external Air must of necessity be said to be a Part of our Body as well as the Blood and Spirits Moreover it is to be considered that if the Humors and Spirits have contracted any Foulness or Distemper they are by the Physicians numbred among the Causes of Diseases not among the diseased Parts Besides that if they were Parts they ought to be similar yet never any Anatomist that I ever yet heard of recken'd 'em among similar Parts For most of the Organic Parts
And that not every sort of Blood but such as is prefectly concocted Oyly and Sulphureous made by Concoction out of the most airie and best part of the Nourishment Hence it comes to pass that such Persons whose Blood is not Oyly tho' plentiful but hot Melancholic Choleric ill Concocted Serous Salt or which way soever sharp as in Scorbutics and Hypochondriacs never become Fat. For that through the vehement and sharp Fermentation occasioned by the acrimonious Particles the oylie Sulphureous Particles in the Blood either are not generated in sufficient Quantity or being generated or consum'd before they can be separated from the sanguine Mass and grow to the Membranes Hence it is manifest wherefore Children are tenderly plump but never Fat because their Blood is very Serous and the more thick and oyly parts of it are wasted in the Nourishment and Growth Therefore Aristotle in his History of Animals l. 3. c. 13. writes That all Creatures of riper Age sooner grow Fat than such as are young and tender especially when they are arrived at their full Growth of Length and Breadth then they come to augment in Profundity III. The Primarie efficient Cause is moderate Heat not too fierce as that which dissipates overmuch nor too little which neither concocts well nor dissolves the concurring Vapors the secondary Cause is the Condensation of those Vapors raised by that Heat to the colder Membranes Nor is it a Wonder that Condensation should be made when those Vapors light upon the Membranes not absolutely cold tho' they are said to be cold in respect of other Parts that are hotter but moderately hot as is before said As we see melted Lead when it is remov'd from the Fire condenses again tho' the place be very warm however not so hot as the Fire Nevertheless those oyly sulphureous Vapors do not only light upon neither are they always condensed upon the Superficies of the Membranes but if the Members are sufficiently Porous they insinuate themselves into their Pores and spread over the whole Membranes where they embody together and become a part of 'em and by that means the Fat is dispersed through those universal Membranes as it is done in that Membrane which lyes next under the Skin But if the Membranes are more firm and thicker then the Fat adheres only to their Superficies as we find in the Intestines the Heart and some other Parts that are fortify'd with a firmer and more compacted Membrane IV. The learned Malpighius exercit de Om. Ping. Adip makes an Enquiry what that is by means of which the Oyly and Fat Particles are separated from the Sanguine Mass seeing that Heat alone which can raise indifferently any Vapors from the Blood but not particularly separate the oyly Vapors from the rest is not sufficient to do it Whence he conjectures ãâã that Separation is made by the means of certain Kernels appropriated only to that Duty and that by others the oyââ¦y Particles are infused into certain Channels or Passages which he calls Ductus Adiposos or Channels for the Fat and through which they are spread up and down upon the Membranes In which place he brings several Arguments to support this new Speculation of his Which new Discovery of so great a Man is not to be despised nor to be rashly rejected but to be more seriously considered in regard the following Reasons render it somewhat Doubtful 1. Because the Kernels never appear to sight nor can be any where demonstrated 2. Because the certainty of the Passages of the Fat and their Cavity is a thing as much to be disputed 3. Because the Fat or oyly Matter is somewhat Viscous and therefore not so lvable to be separated from the Blood by invisible Kernels or to pass through the imaginary Cavities of invisible Channels when the most subtle Animal Spirits which are liquid and not viscous at all cannot pass through the invisible Pores of the Nerves but that they are stopp'd by every slight Obstacle more especially by the least quantity of viscous Humor as we find in Palsies 4. For that a fat Sweat breaths forth from the Bodies of many People when it is a thing not to be believed that these sort of Kernels are every where inwardly annexed to the Skin of the whole Body V. Whence it is apparent what is to be thought of the Temperament that is to say that Fat is moderately hot tho' it condense in the Cold and be less hot than Blood Which Temperament appears 1. From the Matter of it which is Blood concocted airie and sulphuââ¦ie 2. From the efficient Cause which is Heat 3. From the Form which is Ovliness 4. From the End which is to help the Concoction of the Parts and by its temperate Heat to defend against the external Cold. 5. For that it is easy to be set in a Flame Of which Galen thus writes l. 4. de usu part c. 9. That Fat is hot is known to the Sense it self by those that use it instead of Oyle And this also more especially manifests it to be true because it 's easily set on a light Flame as approaching nearest the nature of Flame for nothing cold is suddenly kindl'd VI. Picolominus has asserted that Fat grows to a proper Solid but most thin Membrane as we have already affirm'd for that in Living Creatures the oylie Vapors of the refin'd Blood would breath out in great Quantitie through the Pores of the Skin unless some thick and cold Membrane which Malpigius calls the Adipous Membrane should restrain and curdle 'em together But Riolanus in his Anthropogr believes there is no need of any particular Membrane for that work in regard that Condensation may be well enough performed between the thickness of the Skin and the fleshy Membrane perhaps as it grows outwardly to the Intestines and Membranes of the Kidneys Which he proves from hence for that in fat Bodies especially in Women the fleshie Membrane lyes wrapt up in Fat as it were in the middle of it And the same thing is prov'd by others by this Experiment that if Fat be melted at the Fire there does not remain any Membrane proper to it but only the fleshie Membrane Hence Riolanus believes that Fat is not to be taken for any peculiar Part since it seems to constitute but one only part with the fleshie Membrane Yet the same Riolanus in Enchirid. Anatom l. 2. c. 7. reclaiming his former Opinion attributes a peculiar Membrane to Fat. And this is that which we also believe For if the Fat which lies under the Skin be pull'd off with the Fingers you may easily perceive its more close and fast sticking by means of the Membrane and tho the fleshie Membrane be sometimes overspread with Fat as sometimes it happens to the Intestines and other Membranous Parts this does not prove but that the Fat it self which is extended over the whole Body under the Skin has its own proper Membrane VII But here
some will object This Membrane then at the first forming of the Birth ought to have been form'd out of the Seed with the rest of the solid Parts But neither in Abortives nor in Infants newly born any Flesh is observ'd to lie under the Skin therefore there can be no such Membrane there as that to which the Fat is said to adhere I answer That that Membrane in all new born Infants is most certainly form'd but by reason of its extraordinary close sticking to the fleshy Pannicle it is not so easily to be discovered I remember once that in a certain large and fleshy Infant that was Still-born I found something of a small peice of Fat like a kind of Froth sticking to the Membrane and as a Rarity not usually to be seen so soon I shew'd it to all the Lovers of Physick that were by Peter Laurembergius also seems to agree with us in this particular as he who in his Anat. l. 1. c. 8 demonstrates That the Fat he should have said rather the Membrane to which the Fat will afterwards grow is form'd in the Womb and that there never was any Child born without Fat that is without the Membrane surrounding the Body and the Caul VIII As the Fat which incompasses the Body grows to its own Membrane so the same thing happens in the Fat of other Parts For whereever Fat is to be found as in the Intervals of the Muscles the Heart the Kidneys and other parts there are to be found many thin Membranes like little Baggs or hollow Lappets hanging at the Ends of the Vessels which adhere to another thicker Membrane spread underneath as it were a Base and Foundation In these the Fat or oyly Matters of the little Bagg being separated from the Blood are condensed and collected and so out of several little Baggs filled with oyly Matter being mutually clapt together at length are made huge Portions of Fat. Malpighius also by the help of his Microscopes has observ'd that the said little Sacks are variously formed some being flat others oval others of another Shape and that they are knit together partly by the Membranes of which they are formed partly by the little Net of the Vessels Nevertheless it is to be observed that these little membranous Baggs do not grow to all the thick Membranes which is the reason that Fat does not grow to all Membranes as in the Lights Bladder the Meninges or Membranes of the Brain the Liver and Spleen c. in regard that no such membranous Baggs do grow or hang to the Membranes that cloath and invest ' em Then as for the Bones it may be questioned in some measure whether their own Cavities do not supply the place of membranous Baggs which Cavities in the larger Bones are bigger in the lesser Bones lesser and Spungy or whether any membranous Baggs may be contained in those Cavities in which the fat Marrow is collected Which latter seems to be therefore so much the more probable for that the Marrowy Fat seems to be in a manner interwoven with little Fibres and Membranes IX Others there are who farther extend the foresaid Doubt concerning the Membrane of the Fat and do not put the Question whether the Fat encompassing the Body either alone or together with the Membrane to which it sticks be a Part of the Body it Constitutes but whether it be any manner of way to be reckoned among the Parts of the Body They who maintain the Negative affirm 1. That it is not a spermatic Part engendered out of the Seed 2. That it is not endued with Life like the rest of the Parts because it sometimes grows and sometimes wastes Insensibly 3. For that in case of Hunger and Famine it turns into the Nourishment of the other Parts whereas one Part cannot nourish another 4. Because it performs no Action 5. Because it is not restrain'd within any peculiar Circumscription But because the Affirmative seems to me the more fit to be embraced as the truer I answer to the First that the first and least Delineaments of the spermatic Parts are only engendered out of the Seed which at the first are so thin that they can hardly be discern'd by the Eye or else lye hid as in the Teeth and several other Parts which do not appear till long after when enlarged and encreased by the Nourishment which is daily afforded 'em And so also it is with Fat To the Second That as the Muscles through Diseases insensibly decay and yet it cannot be said that they are not endued like the rest of the Vessels with Life thus also the Increase or Decrease of the Fat is no Proof that the Fat is not also endued with Life like the rest of the Parts To the Third I answer That it is not true that the Fat turns to the Nourishment of the rest of the Parts in case of Famine but rather that is most certain That the Fat is wasted also by long abstinence like the other Parts when depriv'd of its Nourishment To the Fourth I say that Galen l. 6. de placit c. 8. allows Action to Fat by understanding Use as he also in many other places confounds Action and Use tho' in reality there be a great difference between ' em Besides that the Cuticle the spungy Bones of the Nostrils the various Membranes the Hair and other Parts tho' they perform no Action but only serve to several Uses are therefore not excluded out of the number of the Parts for which Reason there is as little cause for the exclusion of Fat from the same Number To the Fifth I affirm That it is restrain'd within its own Circumscription tho' not contracted to a Point in like manner as the Flesh which has no Circumscription exactly determined besides we know that the Figure makes nothing to the Essence of the Part. X. The Colour of Fat in Men as well as in brute Beasts differs something according to Age. For in Youth it is of a yellowish or rather rosie kind of Colour in elderly People somewhat enclining to White but in decrepit People altogether White Tho' these Rules are not so general in any Age but that there may be sometimes an Exception and the Sport of Nature may be observ'd Laurembergius attributes this Diversity of Colours to the Qualities of the Blood Not without reason Others would rather deduce it from external Causes But these will agree with Laurembergius if we will allow the Qualities of the Blood to be changed by external Causes And so the Blood may be said to be changed by the Variety of Causes XI Fat is either internally thickened in the internal Parts or external spread next under the Skin of which we chiefly speak in this place This is circumfused over all the Body except the Lips upper part of the Ear the Eye-brows the Cods and the Yard to which it would be but a Burthen XII It differs also in Quantity several Ways 1.
which also happens to the two other lower Pairs the Ascending and Transverse are crossed on both sides by the Processes of the Peritonaeum extending themselves to the Testicles but in Women by the Vermiform Ligaments of the Womb which Passage being overmuch widen'd or broken if the Call or Intestines fall upon the Groin or Cod it is the cause of Burstenness They derive Nerves Arteries and Veins from the Intercostal Branches at the upper part V. The Linea Alba is a whitish part running from the Cartilago Mucronata through the middle of the Paunch and Navil to the Os Pubis or Share-bone It has the firm Substance of a Tendon through the Concourse of the Ends of the Tendons of the Descending Ascending Transverse and Pyramidical Muscles of the Abdomen It is broader above the Navil narrower below it and in Women with Child many times it appears of a blewish Colour which Colour it has been known to keep till the third Month after Delivery Riolanus animad in Bauhin seems to believe it to be a peculiar Membrane running out from the Cartilago Mucronata of the Breast through the Navil to the Commissure or joyning of the Share-bone and receiving the Tendons of the Share-bone In the same Animad in Bauhin he affirms the Linea Alba to be imaginary perhaps because that being blind through Age he could no longer discern it VI. The second Pair is constituted by the Muscles obliquely Ascending furnish'd with Ascending Fibres which as they ascend cross the Descending in form of a Letter X. They arise from the Transverse Processes of the Vertebers of the Loyns from whence they receive the Nerves and the Apophyses or going forth of the Os Sacrum but membranous both and the outward fleshy part of the Hip-bone Hence the fleshy Ascending are joyn'd at the top to the Cartilages of the eighth ninth tenth and eleventh Ribs and terminate in the Linea Alba with a broad nervous Tendon crossing the right Muscles and are nourish'd by the little Branches of the Arteries growing from the musculous Artery near the Loyns and casting forth Veins to the musculous Vein Some Anatomists vulgarly hold that these Muscles with a double Tendon enfold the right Muscles Which is not very probable For above the Tendons of the Ascending Muscles rest upon the right Muscles and are so fast interwoven with their Tendony Intersections that they can hardly be separated whole from ' em But in the lower or inner part of the Muscles those Tendons cannot be discover'd and therefore they are deservedly rejected by Vesalius and Riolanus and Lawrentius is justly blam'd by Riolanus for taking notice of 'em in his Sculptures VII The third Pair is that of the Musculi recti so call'd because of the streight Course of the Fibres They are very strong three or four fingers broad and about a finger thick They arise fleshy from each side of the Cartilago Macronata the Breast-bone and the Cartilages of the Ribs where they receive three or four Nerves from the Intercostal parts and so descending directly down and being united almost near the Navil and distinguish'd with two three sometimes four Impressions as it were into several Muscles end at length with a strong thick Tendon in the Share-bones Some Anatomists describe their beginning from the Share-bones and make 'em to end in the Cartilages of the Ribs Others believe that they consist of several Muscles and place their beginnings partly in the Cartilages of the Ribs partly in the Share-bones and make 'em to end at their Intersections and affirm the several parts contained between the Tendon-like Inscriptions to be so many Muscles To which Opinion not improbable Spigelius gives his consent induc'd thereto by this Argument Because they not only receive Nerves from the Intercostals above but also below from the first Pair of the Loyns For it is a perpetual Rule that every Muscle moves toward its beginning But where the Nerve is inserted there as Galen testifies is the beginning of the Muscle See the Reason l. 5. c. 1. but here several Nerves are inserted into their Parts not only above and below but also those which are interspac'd with separate Interfections and therefore there are many beginnings of these Muscles which in regard they cannot be many in one Muscle therefore all the Musculi Recti do not consist of one but of several Muscles Moreover if we consider their primary use which is strongly to press down the Belly for the Expulsion of Ordure and the Birth which Compression and Expulsion does not require that either the Breast-bone should be drawn downward or the Os Pubis upward but that those Bones should remain in their places and that all and every the parts of these Muscles should swell together that so the upper parts of every one should draw upward some parts that are nearest to 'em at the first Intersections the lower parts other parts which are nearest to 'em downwards and that the middle parts lying between the Intersections should draw to themselves the parts that are next 'em on both sides Which Contractions being made by distinct and several Parts to several parts which cannot be done in one Muscle it follows that every single Musculus Rectus must consist not of one but of several Muscles VIII As they receive large Arteries from the Epigastrics ascending and the Mammillary Arteries descending so they send forth a larger sort of Veins to the Epigastric and Mammillary Veins IX These Arteries and Veins at their Ends in the inner part are vulgarly said to joyn together about the middle by Anastomoses one into another So that the Ends of the Epigastricks open into the Ends of the Mammillary Veins whence many derive the Consent and Sympathy of the Dugs with the Womb. But I have always observed these Anastomoses or Openings of one Vein into another to be wanting nor did I ever yet meet with any Body wherein these Ends were not distant one from another the breadth either of a Thumb or a little Finger so that I am certain the Cause of that Consent can by no means proceed from hence Thus Vesalius likwise in Exam. Obs. Fallop writes that he has observed that those Vessels are never so united that it may be said there is any Communication between ' em Bartholin also in dub anat de lact Thorac c. 1. writes that he sought for these Anastomoses in a sound young Woman kill'd six weeks after her Delivery but could find none rather that the Branches ascending and descending were about a fingers breadth distant one from another yet Riolanus defends those Anastomoses most stiffly Anthropog l. 2. c. 8. and asserts that he had shewn 'em to a hundred of his Scholars But for all that I do not give so much credit to his words as I do to my own eyes Perhaps old Riolanus might be dimm-sighted at that time and so perhaps might think he saw what was not to be seen Of these Anastomoses see more
of both those Openings closing the Ingress of the Ilium into the Colon was so guarded by these Valves that nothing could fly back again And by this View we found that of the foresaid four Opinions the second was the most probable but that the first third and fourth which was our own was a Deviation from the Truth Only that the third rightly and truly asserts that there is a certain fleshy Circle which laps the Ingress of the Ilium into the Colon. XXXIV In this Colon the thicker sort of Excrements are gathered together and contain'd till the time of Exoneration whereas it would be a great Shame and Trouble to have his Excrements continually dropping from him For which reason it is very large and capacious and has little closing Valves to stop and retard the Excrements And by reason it encompasses almost the whole Abdomen sometimes ascending sometimes descending hence it happens that the Dregs and Excrements to be expell'd pass down more slowly requiring two or three times of compressing it self for their Expulsion XXXV The third and last of the thick Guts is the Intestinum Rectum which descending in a streight Line into the hollow of the Hips ends in the Fundament Call'd by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã because it runs on without any Excrescencies or Windings also ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã because it is the Beginning or ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã because it constrains us as it were by a kind of Command to quit our selves of the Burthen that oppresses us XXXVI It is far inferior to the Colon in Length and Brââ¦dth as not being above one Palme and a half in Length and about three Fingers broad but in Thickness and Carnosity exceeds all the Guts Being outwardly covered with fat Appurtenances XXXVII It is ty'd to the Os Sacrum and Coccyx by means of the Peritonaeum and in Men is fastned to the Root of the Penis in Women to the Womb by a musculous Substance whence springs the great Consent of these Parts XXXVIII The End of it is the Fundament called Anus and Podex which has three Muscles The First which is called Sphincter and is fasten'd to the lowest Parts of the Os Sacrum embraces and purses up the Fundament orbicularly to keep in the Excrements To this there are some who add another but of a thinner Substance for the same Use inseparably joyn'd to the former and as it were riveted into the Skin at the Extremity of the Fundament But this the greatest part of Anatomists confound with the first and make but one of both The other two are called Levatores or Fundament-Lifters which rising from the Ligaments of the Coxendix and Os Sacrum descend distinct to the Sphincter and intermix their Insertions with it to the end they may draw the Fundament back again brought down by the Force of straining in Evacuation Tho' Riolanus derives their Original from the Bones themselves yet he divides 'em erroneously into four Muscles whereas such a Division cannot be made without Dilaceration as de Marchettis well observes Anat. c. 3. These Muscles being loosened by any Accident cause a falling of the Fundament or rather a sinking down of the Gut XXXIX Into the Fundament are ingrafted the Roots of the Haemorrhoid Veins which are two fold Of which the Internal ascending sometimes to the Right sometimes to the Left Mesenteric Veins and sometimes to the Splenic Branch empty their Blood into the Vena Porta but the External enter into the Hypogastric Branch XL. Arteries accompany the Veins proceeding partly from the lower Mesenteric Branch and partly from the Hypogastric Arterie XLI To these three or four little Veins joyn themselves deriv'd from the extream parts of the pith of the Back which make this Gut very sensible and infuse Spirits into the Muscles to enable their Contraction CHAP. IX Of the Mesenterie I. THE Mesenterie or ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã is so called from its Situation as being placed in the middle of the Bowels II. It is a membranous Part seated in the middle of the lower Belly destin'd not only to bring the Vessels safe to the Intestins and carry 'em back again but also to be a common Band of all the Guts themselves lest their manifest Windings and Turnings should be confounded and intangl'd to the manifest hazard of Life and Health III. Which tho' it be but one is divided by some into the Mesaraeum or Mesenterie and the Mesocolon while the thin Guts stick to the first the thick Guts to the latter IV. It consists of a double strong Membrane continuous to the Peritonaeum and every where stuft with Fat Besides which Wharton writes Adenograph c. 7. That he has found out and demonstrated a Third Middlemost and proper to it somewhat thinner than the former and propping up the Vessels and Kernels within it V. From the Center to the Circumference it is about the bigness of a Span. But the Shape of it is Circular whose Circumference is contracted into innumerable Folds to streighten the length and widness of the Guts and to contain their proper Situation and Order In the Middle it is large Oblong in the Sides especially on the left Side where it descends to the right Gut But it is of an extraordinary thickness in fat People the bulk of Fat being largely augmented In others it is much more thin VI. It rises about the uppermost and third Vertebra of the Loyns to which it is ty'd with a very firm Connexion Fallopius believes it to derive its Original at the Nervous Plexare or Knitting from whence it takes its Beginning of which more c. 18. l. 3. c. 8. VII It has several very small and soft Glandules inserted among the Membranes and in the middle one great one all which it is most certain do manifestly conduce to the attenuation and greater Perfection of the Chylus And of these Glandules there is great Difference found in the number not only in several sorts of Animals but in many Individuals of the same Species However this is observ'd in Man where they are sewer in number their bigness compensates that Defect Now that they conduce to the Attenuation and perfecting the Chylus hence appears for that innumerable milkie Vessels run through 'em after what manner is to be seen Cap. 11. and pour the Chylus into 'em to imbibe in it something of a slight subacid Quality for its greater Perfection which Vessels proceeding from 'em meet together at length in the middlemost great Glandule and thence in a direct and short Channel are carry'd to the Receptacle of the Chylus into which they empty their milkie Juice This Glandule Fallopius and Asellus erroneously call the Pancreas or Sweetbread and many at this day the Pancreas Mesenterii but very far different from the real Pancreas seated under the Stomach VIII This both Experience and our own Eyes do teach us For if these Glandules
Nourishment the Blood proceeds For in the Blood is contained a Matter out of which Humors of all sorts may be form'd as it is fermented mingl'd and reconcocted in these or those various Bowels and several Parts yet is there not in the Blood any Pancreatic Splenetic Choleric Juice c. as in Wheat and Bread there is not really any Chylus Choler or Blood but it is a Heterogeneous Matter containing such and such different Particles which being after a peculiar manner mingled and concocted in the proper Vessels become Humors Sweet Bitter Acid c. Not by reason of any Analogy with the Pores but because of the specific Nature Temper and Structure of the specific Parts And thus the matter is contained in the Earth out of which according to the Variety of Mixture and Concoction a thousand sorts of Herbs Trees Flowers Shrubs and other things are generated And thus in like manner several Forms of things are shap'd by the Hands of the Artificer While one makes Statues another Bricks another earthen Vessels of all sorts tho' such things were never in the Earth before nor could be said to have bin The Blood therefore which is sweet flowing through the splenic Arterie into the Spleen is there depriv'd of the greatest part of its Sweetness and gains a subacid Quality somewhat saltish not by reason of the Pores of the Spleen but by reason of the natural subacid Quality of the Spleen which it infuses in the Blood and certain other Humors that accompany it Sweet Wine thus grows sowre being poured into a Vinegar-Vessel not by reason of the Pores of the Vessel having some kind of Analogie either between the Wine it self and the Particles of the Vinegar or else because there was an Acidity in the Wine before and its acid Particles were only mix'd with the Vinegar and the sweet not mixed but because the sowre Acidity of the Vinegar contained in the Vessel might there fix the sweet sulphury Spirits of the Wine and exalting the Salt and Acid above 'em altogether deprive it of its Sweetness For in that manner is Choler bred in the Liver not that it was really praeexistent in the Blood or for that the Pores of the Liver have any Analogie with the choleric Particles of the Blood were the occasion of its being separated from it but because the sweet Blood flowing in great Quantity through the splenic Branch to the Porta out of the mesaraic Veins with a mixture of the splenetic Juice becomes so altered that it is fermented and concocted after a new Manner in the Liver which proceeds from the peculiar Temper Structure and Ferment prepared in it by which means many Particles of it are made Choler which were not so before that new Mixture and Concoction Concerning which see the following 15th Chap. de Generatione Bilis And thus it is in the Pancreas wherein some part of the Blood flowing into it through the small Arteries is changed into Sweet-bread Juice the rest proceeding forward to its Fountain the Heart not by reason of the Analogy of the Pores of the Sweet-bread with that Juice but by reason of the new Alteration which the Blood undergoes in it occasioned by the particular Property or Nature of the Part together with the new Mixture and Concoction XXXII As to the second we have affirm'd that the pancreatic Iuice being mix'd with the Choler that flows to it causes a new Effervescencie in the Duodenum Which is apparent in the Dissection of living Dogs in whom generally there is a spumous Humour boyling in the said Intestine which is raised by the Acidity of the pancreatic Iuice and the mixture of Choler abounding in Volatile and fixed Salt Which is that very thing which Chymical Operation teaches us viz. That acid Spirits meeting with the lixivious Salt always fall a boyling if there be nothing intermix'd to prevent the Operation Now that in Choler there is contained a lixivious Salt besides the oily sulphury Parts is hence apparent for that both may be separated from it by chymical Art And then the Tast discovers the moderately sharp Acidity of the pancreatic Juice and moreover for that being put into sweet Milk it presently curdles it even as Vinegar and other sharp Juices do Lastly for a farther Proof of that Effervescency occasioned by the mixture of Choler with the pancreatic Juice we will add the twice repeated Experiment of D. Schuylius Tract de Vet. Medicin The Abdomen of a live Dog saith he being opened I ty'd the Duodenum with a String not far from the Pylorus and with another String a little below the Insertion of the pancreatic Ductus and so left the Dog having sow'd up the Abdomen again Three Hours after the Dog being still alive and strong for he had lost very little Blood the Abdomen being opened again we found the Space between the two Ligatââ¦res so extreamly distended that it would not yield to the Compression of the Fingers but threaten'd a Rupture nor did we find the Dogs Gall-bag less distended A most intense and burning Heat also scalded that intercepted Part of the Duodenum in which when I had made a little Wound with a Lancet together with the Humors contained therein great store of Wind brake out with the usual Noise and ratling of breaking Wind from whence also a sowre kind of Smell offended the Noses of the standers by which when the Gut was more opened none of the Spectators could endure Which was a manifest Argument that there had not only flow'd thither such a Quantity of Choler and pancreatic Iuice but that there was an Effervescency raised in 'em not a mild and moderate one as in sound People but extreamly vehement For not only that part of the Intestin was full but distended extraordinarily by a violent force and rushing of the Blood and Spirits Nor was it probable that that part of the Duodenum could have bin so distended nor that the Vapors Exhalations Humors and Wind could have bin dissipated with so great a Force but by the Effervescency and Agitation of Particles quite contrary to those Humors Some few days after I repeated the same Experiment in the presence of several Students and within two Hours or little more that Portion of the Intestin swell'd very much but did not burn so violently But having opened that swell'd Portion of the Intestin which I had ty'd before frothy Bubbles brake out with a loud noise with which that Space of the Gut was distended So that it is not for Impudence it self to raise any more Doubts concerning the Truth of this Effervescency CHAP. XI Of the Mesenteric Milkie Vessels I. THE milkie Vessels conveighing the white Chylus from the Guts through the Mesentery were first discovered in our Age And in the Yeor 1622 by Gaspar Asellius Anatomist of Padua I say in our Age for that Hippocrates and others had some obscure Knowledg of ' em Galen also saw 'em and observ'd 'em but he believ'd 'em
mixture of the Salt-Peter cutting those Particles kindles at the very touch of Fire so also the sulphury Particles of the Chylus if other saltish and thin Particles were not mix'd with it to a just proportion would be slowly and not suddenly dilated and become spiritous in the Heart XXX To which purpose aforesaid the Pancreatic Iuice does also in some measure contribute being mix'd with the Chylus in the Duodenum which is a kind of a stronger and sharper Lympha and indu'd with a more vigorous fermentaceous Quality And therefore it is that this Lympha being carried with the Chylus to the Heart renders it more easily diffusive and fit to be alter'd into spiritous Blood As in Gunpowder the Mineral Sulphur mix'd with the Salt-peter and Coals presently takes fire But the Venal Blood having lost a great part of its Spirits in the nourishment of the Parts and the length of its Course has need of some mixture of the Lympha to facilitate its fusion in the Heart But because it is much thinner than the Chylus and still mix'd with many Spirits Hence it is that it requires the less quantity of Lympha and that 's the reason that fewer Lymphatic Vessels open into the Veins but a vast number into the Milkie Vessels XXXI Now because this Lympha is separated from the serous part of the Blood the Question is whether it be not the Serum or a Liquor different from it To which I answer That it is not the Serum but a particular thin Liquor extracted out of the Serous part of the Blood For in this serous Humour besides the watery Particles are contained other briny Particles in good quantity and some sulphury Particles The salt Particles are apparent from the briny taste of Tears Sweat and Urine the sulphury from hence that stale Urine being heated is easily fir'd by the touch of the least flame Then again in these there are other more viscous more crude and fix'd Parts as are often to be discern'd in Urine others more thin and spiritous which by reason of their extraordinary thinness together with the thin watery part of the Serum in which they abide being separated from the thicker Particles on the cluster'd Glandules easily enter those narrow Orifices of the Lymphatic Vessels proceeding from those Glandules from whence the thicker Particles are excluded by reason of their thickness and through these are carried to the Vasa Chylifera and several Veins XXXII The difference between the Lympha and the Serum is hence made plain for that the Lympha being taken out in a spoon not only held to the fire for the thinner Particles to exhale which is the direction of Rolfincius but being cool'd of it self without any Exhalation before the fire thickens into a Gelly whereas the Serum will neither thicken before the fire nor without fire For that the Salt of the Lympha which seems to contain in it somewhat of sowrish being reduc'd to an extraordinary thinness in its most thin watery Particles and impregnated with some sulphury Particles while any heat remains in it is very fluid but being condens'd by the Cold is not fixed into hard and salt Crystals but together with the sulphury Parts mix'd with it by reason of their fatty viscousness by which the hardness of the salt Particles is soften'd it congeals into a Gelly which again dissolves into a most thin Liquor by the heat of the fire Whereas on the contrary the cruder Particles of the Serum condens'd by the Cold will never dissolve through the heat of the fire which is apparent in Urine but into crude and clammy Strings and many of 'em retain a Stony and Tartarous Form and will never return to their former thinness XXXIII Now out of what parts the Lympha proceeds which is to be separated in the Glandules and deriv'd into the Lymphatic Vessels is by many question'd Glisson believes it proceeds from the Nerves Bartholine from the Arteries The first is absurd Because the invisible Pores of the Nerves cannot give passage to such a visible and copious Liquor without a Palsie of the Parts and an extream Relaxation of the Nerves with continual Moisture The latter is more probable by reason of the quantity of the Lympha which cannot be so copiously strain'd out of any Vessels as out of the Arteries in regard that all the Glandules receive some ends of the Arteries And so from that Arterious Blood forc'd into the Glandules by reason of their Specific Structure the Lympha seems to be separated in the same manner almost as the Serum is separated from the Blood in the Kidneys and from the little Arteries of the Choroidal Plexure the lymyid serous Liquor is separated from the same Blood by the Glandules lying between and deposited in the Cavities of the Ventricles of the Brain from thence to be evacuated through the Papillary Processes or Extremities of the Olfactory Nerves But in the Liver which receives very few Arteries but sends forth many Lymphatic Vessels and pours forth a copious quantity of Lympha out of its Glandules this Lympha cannot be there so copiously separated and pour'd forth out of so few Arteries chiefly creeping along the Exterior Membrane but is rather separated from the Blood brought through the Vena Portae which here performs the office of an Artery by the Glandules that adhere to the hollow part of it XXXIV But what it is that presses forth the Lympha out of the Glandules of the Liver Spleen and other parts and thrusts it farther when once enter'd the Lymphatic Vessels is apparent from what has been said concerning the thrusting forward of the Chylus c. 11. 12. For the impulsive Cause is the same that is to say the Motion and Pressure partly of the lower part of the Belly by the Muscles of the Abdomen mov'd upward and downward partly by the Respiration of the Lungs That which proceeds from the Joynts is mov'd by the motion of the Muscles of those Parts as we find by the motion of the Jaws and the Tongue a great quantity of Spittle flow into the Mouth which Spittle is a kind of Lymphatic Iuice but somewhat thicker whereas when a man sits motionless or lyes asleep his Spittle is nothing so plentiful For by the Compressure of these Parts as well the Glandules therein conceal'd as also the Lymphatic Vessels are press'd not only by the Muscles but also by the incumbent flat Bowels by which means the contain'd Liquor is squeez'd and thrust forward out of those Vessels XXXV Charleton Oeconom Animal writes that the Motion of the Lympha through its Chanels is very slow But Bartholine in Spielleg confutes that Opinion and proves the contrary For my part I believe the Lympha to be mov'd sometimes slower sometimes swifter according to the more vehement or remiss motion of the Parts where the cluster'd Glandules and the Lymphatic Vessels lye as happens in the Salival Vessels under the Tongue which proceed
a Liver full of Worms and such kind of Worms Wier is and Bauhinus have observ'd Borell is found a Hairy worm in the Liver of a Dog Then for Stones the Experience of several convinces us that they have been found in the Liver but they are rarely generated in the Liver yet the Author of the German Physical Ephemerides cites one Example out of George Greiselius of a certain Lady in the lower part of the Lobe of whose Liver there grew a Bladder a hands breadth in length wherein was contained a shining black glutinous Humour and in the middle of it a Stone as big as a Hens Egg shining also as if it had been full of Niter but insipid and without any smell weighing an onnce and eighteen grains The same Author cites another Example out of Iames of Negropont of a Liver of an unusual bigness weighing above twelve pounds which was hard yellow and here and there strew'd with hard Stones and in the Gall-bladder besides much yellow small sand were contain'd two round yellow rough Stones about the bigness of a Musket-bullet besides which another lesser Stone stopp'd up the Meatus Hepaticus to the Gall-bladder But tho' Stones are rarely found in the Livers of Men yet in the Livers of diseased Oxen and Sheep we have sometimes found 'em very numerous some red some yellowish others white like Tartar of Wine XXXIV To this Story of the Liver may be added a certain Conjunction of the Liver with the Lungs and a wonderful situation of both of them and the parts adjoyning which D. Wassenaer a famous Physician at Utrecht imparted to me in writing as seen by him in a little Child of Cornelius de Mirop Governour of Wingenlangenraeck This Child was in his life time Asthmatic and vexed with a frequent and terrible Cough upon every slight occasion and at length dy'd of a Fever at seven years of Age. Whose Body being open'd the 2d of Febr. 1665. in the presence of D. Goyer the said Wassenaer and two or three Chirurgions and others XXXV The Abdomen being laid open saith he and the Breast there was no Diaphragma to be found by which the Thorax is separated from the lower Belly Nor was there any more than one Lobe of the Lungs which being continued on the right side with the Liver seem'd to be like it both in colour and substance There was no spunginess in that Lobe which crossing the middle of the Liver under the hollow part of it stuck out like an Appendix Out of the midst of the Liver certain Passages like the Gristles of the Windpipe deriv'd themselves into the Aspera Arteria it self There was no skin or cover that appear'd about the Ribs for the Liver and right part of its Lobe stuck every where so close to the Ribs that they could not be separated but by a Penknife The Pericardium in which there was but very little Liquor enfolded but half the Heart which about the bottom together with the left and upper part of the Lobe of the Lungs was so firmly united to the Spine of the Back as the Liver and right side of the lobe of the Lungs was fasten'd to the Ribs In the Convex and lower part of the Liver about the ninth Rib was an Ulcer full of well concocted Matter The Stomach also considering the proportion of the Body and the Age of the Child was twice as big as it ought to have been XXXVI And thus sometimes we meet with wonderful things as to the situation structure and connexion of the Bowels As for Example No less rare and monstrous is that which upon his own and the testimony of several other Physicians and Chirurgions Schenkius affirms Observ. l. 3. viz. that in the Year 1564. in the dissection of the dead Body of Ortelius a Merchant of Antwerp there was not so much as the footstep to be seen of any Liver or Spleen but that the substance of all the Intestines was fleshie and much more solid than the flesh of the Muscles that it seem'd to resemble the flesh of the Heart That the Vena Cava had taken its rise from the Original it self which was thought to be the Cause that the Patient in his life time was so frequently tormented with an Inflammation and Aposteme in his Lungs Malpigius therefore conjectures and that not without reason that the glandulous substance of the Liver contrary to the order of Nature was extended all the length of the Intestines CHAP. XV. Of the Choler Vessels and the Choler it self I. FOR the discharge of the Choler there are two Passages appointed in the right and hollow part of the Liver that is to say the Gall-bladder and the Porus Bilarius Thorough the latter the more feculent and milder Choler flows into the Intestines Into the former the thinner Choler flows and staying there a while by that stay cuts off the proper quality of the part but more from the remaining Liquor that sticks to it acquires a sharper and more fermentative quality II. The Gall-bladder is an oblong Bladder fashion'd like a Pear somewhat round hollow and seated in the caveous or hollow part of the Liver III. At the uppermost and middle part it is joyn'd to the hollow of the Liver the rest of it hangs forth without the body of the Liver where touching the right side of the Ventricle and the Gut Colon it frequently moistens and stains both with the Choler transpiring through its Tunicles IV. It is furnish'd with a double Membrane The one exterior without Fibres rising from the Peritonaeum which invests the pendulous part without the Liver and fastens it to the Liver and is the same with the exterior Membrane of the Liver The other proper and more thick strengthned with a slippery Slime against the Acrimony of the contain'd Humour This several Anatomists with Laurentius affirm to be interwoven with all manner of Fibres and that with the right Fibres it attracts the Choler to it with the oblique it retains the Choler in it and with the Transverse expells it Yet to others these Fibres seem to be imaginary in regard they cannot by any way be demonstrated and therefore Fallopius and Riolanus explode 'em and Glisson both rejects and refutes their Use describ'd by Laurentius But Laurentius's Cause may be well enough maintain'd if we say that although these Fibres cannot be manifestly demonstrated yet they may be discern'd by Reason seeing this part stands no less in need of Fibres to maintain and strengthen it than the Veins Arteries the Piss-bladder and several others which when they are dilated contract again by means of their Fibres and so return again to their former Condition Which distention happens in the Gall-bladder by reason of the redundancy of the Gall or else its Effervescency which a Contraction by means of Fibres tho' invisible or obscure must be of necessity not only to press forth the Choler out of the Bladder
Substance of the Cystis or of its Neck remain beyond the Ligature but that only the common Ductus Cholidochus and the bilary Porus may run directly toward the Intestines and then tying another Knot near the Jejunum a remarkable Quantity of Choler will be collected together and evacuated out of a small Wound made beyond the Ligature in the mid Way which Knot may be several times unty'd that the Porus Bilarius being plentifully fill'd may be emptied again XLIII To which Experiment may be added three or four Observations of Riolanus Anthropog l. 2. c. 22. From whence it appears as plain as Day that the Choler flowing from the Gall-bladder never ascends thorough the Bilary Porus to the Liver And that no Choler often descends from the bladder yet in the interim flows in great quantity from the Liver through the Poras Communis to the Intestines and therein if it be endu'd with bad qualities produces Diarrhoeas Dysenteries the Disease Cholera cruel Gripings and other Distempers XLIV Concerning the use of the Bladder there have been hitherto great Disputes among the most Eminent Doctors Aristotle thought it to be separated from the Blood as a meer noxious Excrement whose Opinion is followed by many And hence it is that Bauhinus Anat. l. 1. c. 45. makes a doubt whether the Collection of the Choler in the Bladder be necessary to Life when the ancients affirm'd the cause of long life to be the emptiness of the Gall-bladder deducing their Argument from Harts that have no Gall and yet live long Haly Abbas and Avicen say that it heats and strengthens the Liver and helps its Concoction Zirbus writes that it defends the Liver and other parts from Putrefaction Which Opinion tho' it be exploded by Vesalius yet does it not displease Riolanus Helmont asserts it to be the Balsom of the Liver and all the Blood Glisson asserts that it does not only preserve the Liver from Putrefaction but prevents its Obstructions purifies the Blood and hinders its Coagulation Veslingius also says that it preserves the very Chylus from Putrefaction Many Neoterics according to the Opinion of Galen have design'd only to promote the Evacuation of the Excrements out of the Guts which Bartholine says are thereby made fluid and fit for motion And thus all have made a doubt concerning the Use of this Noble Juice which is found to be wanting in no Man and which no Man can live without and of which Fernelius writes that many People have dy'd in whom there has been found no other cause of their Death than that the Gall-bladder was altogether empty of Gall. XLV Manifest therefore it is that Choler has a more noble Use than hitherto has been ascrib'd to it by Physicians and Philosophers And indeed the chiefest Use of it is to be serviceable to Fermentation Of which more at large c. 17. CHAP. XVI Of the Spleen I. THE Spleen call'd by the Latines Splen by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã is an Organic Part or Bowel seated in the left Hypochondrium under the Diaphragma between the Stomach and the Ribs II. It is very rare or rather prodigious as both Aristotle and Pliny testifie that the Spleen should change places with the Liver that is that this should be in the left and the other in the right Hypochondrium which nevertheless has been observ'd by Cornelius Gemma and Talentonius And such an unusual Accident Cattierus describes and Bartholine relates two or three Histories to the same purpose Observat Anat. Rar Cent. 2. Hist. Also it is as unusual for the Spleen to be wanting which defect nevertheless Hollerias reports that he saw in a certain Woman and was found in Ortelius as has been said c. 14. Andrew Laurentius also makes mention of a Body dissected at Paris that had no Spleen in which the Splenetick Branch ended in a small Glandulous Body Thus Kerckringius in his Anat. Observ. writes that in two Births dissected at Amsterdam he observ'd the Spleen to be wanting Aristotle also testifies that the Spleen is wanting in several Creatures L. 3. de part Animal All Creatures saith he that have Blood have a Liver but all have not a Spleen And c. 24. All most perfect Creatures only have a Spleen Thus Riolanus following Aristotle's Opinion Creatures that have none or very small Lungs have none or a very small Spleen Ent also in Apolog. writes that he has observ'd several Birds to have no Spleen III. In Men it is generally but one and seldom exceeds that number Nevertheless Cabrolius Observ. 15. as also Posthius and Dominic de Marchettis have foââ¦nd two Fallopius observes in Observ. that he has seen three frequently in Dogs there are two not so often three unequal in bigness out of each of which there is a vessel extended to the Splenetick branch And the same thing perhaps may fall out in other Creatures For Aristotle de Generat Animal l. 4. c. 4. writes that some brute Creatures have a double Spleen and that some have none at all IV. The Convex part of it is knit to the Diaphragma not so fast and tite as the Liver but superficially as also to the left Kidney by small membranous Fibres springing from the Peritonaeum And yet in Novemb. 1668. we found so fast a Connexion of it to the Diaphragma the left Kidney and the left Lobe of the Liver extended so far that the Connexion could hardly be sever'd without dilaceration but this rarely happens The flat part adheres to the Caul and the adjoyning Parts and being so bound in sane bodies seldom descends beyond the lowest Rib but the Ligaments being loosen'd it is felt in a lower place to the great disturbance of health but the Ligaments being quite broken somtimes it slides down into the Hypogastriââ¦m which Cabrolius observ'd to have happened to a certain Noble Man whose Spleen swam upon the whole Concavity of his belly And which by Riolanus was seen in a Parisian Woman whose Spleen rested upon her Womb and for two years deceiv'd the Physicians who took it for a Mole whereas when the dead body was open'd the cause of the Swelling and the Womans Death were both found together to have proceeded from the Spleens being fall'n down out of its place V. The bigness of the Spleen in Men is various according to the diversity of Bodies and Constitutions For generally it is six Inches long three broad and about the thickness of the Thumb Iâ⦠diseased bodies it sometimes grows to an enormous bigness so that its protuberancy beyond the Ribs may be both felt and seen Theâ⦠that inhabit moist Regions and Fenny Places have large Spleens Lindan reports also That the Common People of Friezland that use for their common Drink sowre Butter-milk have great Livers In the Year 1657. I dissected a body wherein I found a four square hard Spleen about the bigness of a mans head Fernelius also writes that there was a Liver seen that
Reins XXVI For that there is a certain Specific Effervescency or separating Fermentation in the Reins or about the Reins by which part of the Serum together with the Impurities mix'd with it is separated from the Blood three Reasons teach us 1. First For that most Diureticks abound with Salt which causes that Fermentation nay many of these Diuretics are Salts themselves as Salt of Beans Vine-stalks Iuniper Prunella c. 2. Because Sudorisics by which the Serum is separated from the Blood are very effectual whether Salt of Wormwood Carduus Mother-wort c. or such as are endued with an acid Salt as Vinegar Oyl of Vitriol or Sulphur Spirit of Salt and the like which cause or increase that Effervescency 3. For that in cold Distempers as the Anasarca by reason of the weak Constitution of the Liver because there is not a strong and sufficient Ferment prepar'd for which reason the crude Serum is not sufficiently separated from the Blood nor yet attenuated thence it happens that very little Urine is discharg'd tho' the Serum abound in all parts of the Body and distends all the parts with a sensible Tumour But how by that Effervescency part of the Serum with its Impurities comes to be separated and what form it assumes to pass alone through those narrow and porous passages of the Kidneys the Blood being excluded from 'em whoever can demonstrate this deserves the Laurel XXVII Here the Glandules of the Kidneys assume to themselves a great priviledge in which very few doubt but that there is a peculiar power of separating the Serum from the Blood But in regard that besides the Serum Matter also slimy Flegm and other Humours much thicker than the Blood it self nay Gravel and Stones are discharged with the Urine hence whether this Separation of the Blood be to be ascrib'd to the Glandules alone was question'd by many who therefore joyn'd to their assistance a specific disposition of the Pores in the Kidneys no less obscure and unknown than the foresaid specific Fermentation and peculiar power in the Glandules to separate the Serum For who I would fain know will unfold to us wherefore the Serum with the Humours contain'd in it separated from the Blood by the foresaid specific Fermentation descend through the Pores of the Kidneys and Glandules without any Blood when in the mean time the purulent Matter brought from the Breast and altogether mix'd with the Blood has been often seen to pass through the same Pores without any Blood Thus in the Year 1638. I cur'd a Merchant of Nimmeghen who was troubled with an Imposthumâ⦠which was at length discharg'd through the Urinary Passages in two days time with some pain in his Ureters two Chamber-pots full of white Matter well concocted and somewhat thick and so was free'd from his Aposteme Whereas before the same Matter the Fluctuation of which was not only perceiv'd by himself by reason of his difficult breathing but also was easily heard in the stirring of his Body backward and forward threaten'd him not only with a Consumption but with certain Death XXVIII Something to the same purpose I also observ'd in the Year 1639. in a Servant of the Lord of Soulen who being troubled with an Aposteme in his Breast all the Matter was discharg'd through the Urinary Passages with a terrible pain in the Loyns and Ureters by reason of the distension of the parts caused by the passage of the thick Matter Andrew Laurentius also Anat. l. 9. quaest 12. relates a Story of the same nature by him observ'd in a certain Person troubled with an Empyema whose Body being opened he found a certain sort of stinking Matter in great quantity in the Concavity of the Breast and the left hollowness of the Heart of the same nature with that which came from him with his Urine which was a certain sign that it came from the Breast through the Heart to the Kidneys XXIX These and such like things while others consider and observe a difficult Explication of the Matter they reject the Glandules and affirm the whole Business to be done by the sole peculiar disposition of the Pores in the Kidneys that is to say their Aptitude and Structure which they cannot describe neither by means whereof the thick Matter finds a passage through them but the thinner Blood cannot pass Fling say they thin Chaff Pease and Beans into a Country Farmers Barn-Sive the thicker Pease and Beans easily pass through the Holes but the long thin Chaff remains in the Sive But tho' the aptitude of the Pores in dry things may occasion such Accidents 't is much to be doubted whether in liquid and fluid Bodies mix'd together the same thing may happen especially when neither exceeds the other in fat that is to say whether a Substance four times thicker than the Blood by reason of the said Structure of the Pores alone may be able to pass through such narrow Pores which do not only not give passage to the blood that is mix'd with it and is much thinner but stops it Whether also the blood which is so thin and fluid that it has been sometimes seen to sweat through the Pores of the Skin coming to the Pores of the Reins cannot as easily or rather much more easily be shap'd to the form of the Pores of the Reins than Matter which is so thick that it can hardly pass thorough the Ureters but many times extreamly torments 'em by their distension And so that Reason as to the particular Structure of the Pores of the Reins seems hardly sufficient to explain the said Evacuation therefore there is something yet lies hid which no body yet could ever discover In the mean time tho' the Cause of this thing do not manifestly appear this is certain as to the thing it self and we our selves have seen Matter carried from the Breast to the Kidneys and Bladder discharg'd in great quantity without any intermixture of blood XXX But we shall not insist altogether upon Liquids what shall we say of things that are solid and hard are they also shap'd in like manner so as to be strain'd through the Pores of the Kidneys without any concomitancy of Blood Yet there are several Examples of hard things that are discharg'd with the Urine without any blood attending Thus Longinus relates a Story of a Virgin that being surpriz'd with a suddain laughter swallow'd three Needles which she held in her Mouth which came from her again in three days with her Urine Alexander Benedict l. 3. Anat. c. 9. writes another Story of a Pack-needle four fingers breadth long which descended into the Bladder and was afterwards found in the dissected body Iohn Matthaeus also relates that a small Iron Nail being swallow'd unawares was taken a long time after cut of the Bladder with a Stone cut out at the same time the Stone cleaving round about the Nail as if the Nail had been the groundwork
Kidney had been obstructed tho' he felt no great Prejudice by it so long as the other was open but when the Stone fell upon the Ureter of the other Rein then the Urine was altogether suppressed Certain it is that that Suppression of Urine was not caused by the Obstruction of one Kidney and consequently not by any sympathetical Affection of the other It is also farther to be noted that in the Dissections of Dogs we shall often find in the one Kidney a long thick ruddie Worm that has eaten all the fleshy Substance of the Bowel whereas there could be nothing more sound than the opposite Kidney which shew'd no sign of Sympathizing with the Miserâ⦠of the other XXXVII But tho' it be the only Office of the Reins to separate the Serum from the Blood nevertheless some more narrowly considering their fleshy Substance and peculiar Bigness attribute also to 'em the Function of preparing and farther elaborating and concocting the Blood Which Opinion Deusingius following Beverovicius most stifly defends But if by Concoction he means that Elaboration only by which the secous Excrement is separated from the Blood then his Opinion may be tolerated But if such an elaborate Concoction by which the Blood is made more Spirituous and Perfect then his Opinion is to be rejected there being no Bowel that brings the Blood to greater Perfection than the Heart from which the more remote it is the more imperfect it is Nor can any thing of its lost Perfection be restor'd by any other Part no not by the Kidneys themselves For which Reason the Blood must return to the Heart to be restored to its pristine Vigor XXXVIII Besides the foresaid Office others according to the Opinion of Sennertus ascrib'd another Action to the Kidneys which is the Preparation of Seed Which they uphold by several Reasons of which these are the Chief 1. Because the Kidneys have a peculiar Parenchyma as the rest of the Bowels have now in regard there is a peculiar Power of Concoction in the peculiar Flesh of every one of the Bowels that peculiar Quality must not be deny'd the Kidneys which can be no other than a seminific Concoction when Straining is sufficient for the Separation of the Serum and there is no need of Concoction 2. Because the emulgent Arteries and Veins are too large to serve only for the Conveyance of the Serum it seems most probable that a great part of the Blood being separated from the Serum is concocted in the Kidneys into a seminal Juice which is to be further concocted in the Testicles 3. Because when the Seed is suppressed and over much retain'd the Kidneys are out of Order 4. Because Topics apply'd to the Region of the Kidneys prove beneficial in a Gonorrhea 5. Because a hot Constitution of the Reins causes a Proclivity to Venery lustful Dreams and Pollutions and the hotter it is the sharper the Seed is XXXIX But these are chaffiâ⦠Reasons and of no force to which we answer thus in order 1. That the Kidneys indeed are certain straining Vessels whereby good part of the Serum is separated from the Blood that passes through and falling into the Renal Receptacle flows out again But this Straining can never be unless a certain necessary specific separating Fermentation precede separating the Blood from the Serum and so the Kidneys do not simply separate the Serum by straining but transmits as it were through a Sponge that which is separated by the said Fermentation Moreover because a great Quantity of Serum is to be separated and transmitted hence there is a a Necessity for larger and greater Strainers For if so much Serum separated by continual Fermentation were to be strain'd through small Strainers would they be so loose that together with the Serum separated by the said Concoction the thinner part of the Blood would also slip through ' em 2. Much of the Blood were to be carried through the emulgent Arteries being very large for the Separation of a moderate part of the Blood only for the Blood was not to be depriv'd of all the Serum to preserve it fluid But through the Emulgent Veins nothing flows to the Kidneys as is apparent from the Circulation of the Blood and the Valves which are placed at the Entrance of the emulgent Veins into the Vena Cava Lastly neither does that Consequence follow Much Blood flows to the Reins and therefore out of some part of it the matter of the Seed is prepared in the Kidneys 3. Nor does that other Consequence The Kidneys are out of Order through Retention of the Seed Therefore the Kidneys both prepare and supyly the Matter of the Seed For then this Consequence would be as true The Head-ach proceeds from the Retention and Boyling of the Choler therefore the Head prepares Choler 4. Neither is this Consequence true Topics apply'd to the Region of the Kidneys are beneficial in the Gonorrhea therefore the Kidneys supply seminal Matter For then would this be as certain Cold Water apply'd to the Testicles stops bleeding at the Nose therefore the Testicles made Blood to be carried to the Nostrils 5. A hot Constitution of the Kidneys is a Sign of Proneness to Lust but not the Cause For this is usual that where all the spermatic Vessels are hotter there the Kidneys are also hotter Not that the Kidneys add a greater Heat to the Seed But the Vapors rising from the hot Seed heat and warm the Kidneys So that in Brute Animals that are ripe and libidinous not gelt you shall perceive a certain seminal Savour and Tast in the Kidneys XL. Lastly we may add for a Conclusion that no specific Vessels are extended from the Kidneys to the Testicles through which the seminal Matter can be carried thither That the spermatic Arteries carry blood to the Testicles out of the Trunc of the Aorta and the Superfluity flows back through the spermatic Veins to the Vena Cava whose Valves are so plac'd that nothing can slide through them to the Testicles and so these Vessels cannot perform that Office and as for other Vessels there are none XLI From what has been said it appears that the Kidneys are Parts that evacuate the serous Excrement most necessary for the Support of Life The Question is therefore whether the Wounds of the Kidneys are mortal or no We must say they are Mortal and that of a hundred wounded in the Kidneys scarce one recovers perfect Health Which Lethality proceeds not from the Nobleness or Excellency of the Reins but from the Concourse of supervening Symptomes That is to say a vast Flux of blood cutting off the Vessels Obstruction of Urine or else the Impossibility of the Retention of it Great Pain Inflammation Exulceration Apostumation by reason of the continual Thorough-fare of the sharp Serum difficult to be cured and other Accidents that weare the Strength of the Patient to Death For tho' the Kidneys are not principal Parts
will object that the ruddy Colour of the Blood-bearing Vessels demonstrates that there is Blood in them which Colour however is hardly ever seen in the substance of the Stones and therefore no Blood-bearing Vessels seem to enter that substance I answer that happens through the extraordinary thinness of the Arteries pressed by the white Seed-bearing Vessels for which reason in a thousand other parts the little small Arteries and Veins are imperceptible Besides if a Stone be newly taken out of the Body and any ruddy Liquor be injected through a Syringe into the Spermatic Artery several Blood-bearing Vessels will swell up in the midst of the Stone and so become conspicuous Lastly I shall add what I have learnt by experience in Man That is in cutting out the Stones of vigorous and healthy Men that have been slain that for the most part no Blood-bearing Vessels are to be discovered in the inner Substance no nor in the Stones of living People cut out after the Cure of Burstenness or at most only some small Foot-steps of such Vessels appear in those sound persons But in Bodies emaciated by Diseases I have observed several small Branches of Blood-bearing Vessels slightly manifest but very slender running through the inner parts of the Stones which we did not only shew privately to several young Students in Physick but in March 1663. November 1668. in two Human Bodies emaciated by a long Distemper shewed the same to divers Spectators publickly in our Anatomy Theater The cause of which seems to be this For that as there is in the Brain a peculiar Specific power by vertue of which Animal Spirits are made of the Blood in its Vessels Fibres and Pores so also there is in the Testicles a peculiar Seminifick Power by vertue of which the Blood being carried into their Vasa Sanguifera is altered into Seed Now this active Power being strong and vigorous in sound People hence the more subtile and more salt Particles of the Blood carried through the little Arteries to their more inward parts together with the Animal Spirits coming through the Nerves fall into those Plexures or labyrinth-like and most wonderfully interwoven Vasa Sanguifera and being there received by them lose their ruddy Colour as the Chylus loses its white Colour in the Heart and is changed into white Seed But as for that small remainder of Blood remaining in the Vasa Sanguifera it is so obscur'd and discolour'd by the whiteness of the substance of the Stones and the said Vasa Sanguifera that it is not preceptible to the sight But in sickly People whose Stones as well as other bowels are weak the separation of those Particles of blood which are necessary for the making of Seed is neither well perform'd nor with sufficient speed for which reason the Sanguiferous Vessels are more tumid and containing more blood than ordinary and more visible to the Sight Moreover at the same time the ill separated and over ruddy Particles of the blood being affused into the Seminiferous Vessels are but ill and slowly concocted and altered into Seed therein and therefore the Sanguine red Colour appears in some measure here and there in these Vessels For the same cause it also happens that in those that are too frequent in Copulation there is sometimes an Ejection of blood instead of Seed the Stones being so debilitated by frequent Venery and over much spending of the Seed that the convenient Particles of blood flowing into those Vessels cannot so soon be separated from the rest nor changed into blood Now the forementioned Power proceeds from an apt convenient and proper formation and temper of the Stones which temper being either altered or weakned by Diseases or overmuch use of Women they also suffer in their Seminific Power as for the same reason the Power of making Spirits is weaken'd in the Brain XXVII Here a great question arises How the more salt Particles of the Arterial Blood infus'd into the Stones and most apt for Generation and the watery or white Particles come to be separated from the red Particles Which is a thing so dubious so obscure and intricate that never any Man as yet durst go about to unfold it or at least they who durst attempt to say any thing flying to peculiarity of Substance and Pores seem to have hardly said any thing at all In the preceding 14 Chapter we have told ye how that in the Liver the Separation of Humours to be segregated from the rest of the sanguin Humours is performed by small invisible Glaudulous Balls formerly unknown but in our times discovered by the diligence of Malpigills with the help of his Microscopes Also c. 18. We have likewise shewn ye that the blood passing through the Ash-coloured Substance of the Brain in that passage by reason of the peculiar property of its Glandulous Substance and its Pores loses its most subtil and spirituous saltish Particles which being imbibed by the beginning and roots of the small Nerves are there by degrees more and more rarified and attenuated and exalted to a more refin'd Spirituosity while the other ruddy and more Sulphury Particles are sucked up by the more small Veins and so by degrees return to the Heart And thus it seems probable that the same Operation is perform'd in the Stones For either some very small and hitherto by reason of their extraordinary Exility invisible Kernels or Glandulous Balls are intermix'd and scattered among the small Vessels of the Testicles by means of which such a necessary Separation is made Or else there is a certain white marrowy peculiar substance surrounding the small Vessels of the Testicles of which the Stones chiefly consist into which Substance the Arterious Blood being infused loses in its passage the most subtil saltish Particles of which the Seed chiefly consists most apt for the generation of Seed to be thereupon suckt up by the peculiar Vasa seminifera of the Testicles and more exactly to be prepared while the other Particles entring the Orifices of the small and imperceptible Veins return to the Spermatick Veins and so farther to the Heart But which of these ways is to be asserted or whether any other third way is to be determin'd upon we shall leave to them who by a more accurate Inspection or by the help of Microscopes shall be able to make a clear discovery In the mean time there must be something certain and assur'd of necessity by means of which the aforesaid Separation is to be performed For otherwise if by Transfusion alone the blood should immediately flow out of the Arteries into the Seminal Vessels there would be no reason why it should not all be converted into Seed but that some part of it should return through the little Veins to the Heart and moreover why its red Colour should not alwaââ¦s appear in the said Vessels XXVIII Besides the Vessels already mentioned by more accurate Inspection of Anatomists and that not so lately neither many Lymphatick Vessels have bin
in the Neck or Sheath of the womb or else stop if that fermentative quality be not yet come to such a perfection as to raise such an Effervescency in the Blood XX. Now what this Uterine Ferment is and where it is generated which provokes that Effervescency of the Blood at prefix'd monthly periods in empty women but very seldom in women with child has been but little inquired into as yet We shall suspend our Judgment in this particular by reason of the obscurity of the thing and yet we leave it to be consider'd whether the fermentaceous Matter in the Spleen Liver Sweetbread and Glandules and other parts and carried with the Blood through the Arteries to the womb and there some part of it being left and collected together by degrees for you shall always find a viscous slimy Humour in the dissected wombs of empty women gains some peculiar quality from a certain specific property of the womb which provokes that specific fermentation as the same Matter is endu'd with a peculiar quality in the Stomach to extract the Chylus out of the Nourishment by means of which that Humour in healthy People being matur'd to that volatility in a Months space to boyl of it self the whole body of the woman but especially those parts next the womb are put into a Commotion and the superfluous or boyling blood dilating the swelling Orifices of the Vessels is thrust forth and that same quality or just volatility of the said fermentaceous Humour ceasing the menstruous evacuation also ceases as in women with child and women that have lain long sick XXI Aristotle not understanding this ferment of the womb and the thence proceeding effervescency of the Blood asserts that womens flowers are provok'd by the influence and motion of the Moon Which Opinion with his leave stands upon no Foundation or rather is plainly contrary to Reason for according to that Opinion all women would have their flowers at the same time and they would only flow at that certain time wherein the Moon being mov'd to that determin'd point of Heaven caus'd that specific influence whereas during the whole monthly Course of the Moon there is not any day nor any hour wherein here and there over the whole world innumerable women are not troubled with their flowers XXII Vain is also their Opinion who believe the monthly Courses to be mov'd by the redundant blood collected in the Vessels of the womb in regard those Vessels are not able to contain so great a quantity of blood as is evacuated every period Or if they should collect it by degrees and so reserve it for a Month they must be strangely swell'd whereas it is apparent by inspection in dissected Bodies tho' plethoric dying at the very instant of their monthly evacuations or when it began to happen that there appears then no more unusual swelling of the womb than at another time Add to this that in lean women frequently given to fast in whom there is no such redundancy of blood nevertheless the flowers have their usual Course Lastly the continual circulation of the blood does not permit such a stagnation in the Vessels of the womb which if it should happen the blood would there be in danger of a suddain Putrefaction and would afflict the woman long before the time of her Evacuation with most terrible Symptoms and Effects whereas the menstruous blood is not putrid not differs in it self in goodness from the rest of the blood This is confirm'd by the testimony of the fam'd Hippocrates But the blood says he gushes out as from a Sacrifice and is quickly congeal'd if the woman be healthy Which Aristotle also asserts in these words And those which are call'd flowers gush forth which is as it were the blood of a Creature newly kill'd I say of it self because if in some it be vitious sharp noysom to the smell or otherwise corrupted when it is evacuated it has not that imperfection in it self but contracts it from the vitious nastiness bred and remaining in a distemper'd and sickly womb or else at the time of the menstruous Effervescency flowing from other parts to this same Sink together with the blood and vitiating the blood by its mixture And this is the meaning of Hippocrates where he says and it corrodes the Earth like Vinegor and gnaws whereever it touches the woman and exulcerates the womb Certain therefore it is that the monthly Courses are provok'd into motion by the foresaid Effervescency of the blood fermenting in the Vessels of the womb Which Effervescency if sometimes it be occasion'd not by the foresaid Uterine ferment alone but by other Causes then sometimes it happens that the Courses are still in motion beyond the ordinary Period as often happens in the Small Pox malignant and burning Fevers c. XXIII There also belong to the upper parts of the womb small little Nerves rising from the inner Branch of the sixth Pair to the middle and lower parts little Branches proceeding from the Nerves of the Os Sacrum XXIV The office of the womb is to receive the Seed of the man and to preserve and cherish the womans Eggs till the Birth be form'd and being brought to maturity and wanting more Air to thrust it forth into the world Moreover it is ordain'd for another secondary use that is the Purgation of the womans body Which two offices Aretaeus comprehends in three words A womans womb says he is useful for Birth and Purgation XXV The womb is therefore a part necessary for Generation but thence there is no Conclusion to be drawn that it is a part necessarily conducing to the life of a woman seeing that a woman way live without a womb as is apparent in them whose womb slipping out is not only ulcerated and corrupted by the external cold but also cut out and yet upon the growing up of a Cartilaginous Substance consolidating within the hole of the womb cut off the same women have liv'd in health for many years and more than that have lain with their Husbands and almost with the same pleasure as if they had a womb of which there are sundry Examples cited by several Physicians of great Reputation XXVI But seeing that the womb is a part most necessary to Generation wherein the Conception ought to be made and the Birth form'd the Question is Whether by any specific power or faculty the forming of the Birth be there brought to perfection To which I answer Negatively for that the forming power is in the Seed and the womb contributes no more to the Generation of Man than the Earth to the Generation of Plants that is to say it affords a secure Harbour for the Seed and the Eggs temperate and sufficient nourishment XXVII Now tho' it were held for a thing undoubted and unquestionable by all the Ancients without exception that the Office of conceiving wholly belong'd to the womb and that the Birth could not be
Virgin which resembled the flat perforated small Ring that is put under the Glass in Prospective Glasses and closes all the rest of the opening of the Tube as this Membrane shuts up the Tube of the Sheath and the outermost Neck of the Womb. XVIII It is question'd by some Whether upon the want of that Membrane it may be well and truly said that such a Maid where such a defect is found has been deflowr'd by another Man Riolanus well observes That the defect of this Membrane is not always a sign of deflowr'd Virginity because most certainly it is not to be found in all Virgins For many times lascivious and wanton Girls break that Membrane unknowingly in their imitation of Coition with their Finger or any other Instrument Besides that in some it is so thin and so soft that easily giving way in the first Act it neither makes any resistance against the Bridegroom nor does it bleed at all Besides that it may be corroded away by the passing thorough of sharp Humours or else broken by a fall or a blow or by the Midwives finger as in the Hysteric Passion Now that it may be so relax'd and soften'd by the Afflux of the Flowers and other Humours as to give free passage to the Yard without pain or trouble and will dilate rather than be dilacerated and consequently never emit any blood in the first Act Pinaeus makes out by two Examples which he cites Lib. 1. de Not. Virgin c. 6. And thus that Text in Deuteronomy is certainly to be expounded that is to say if the red piece of Linnen were shew'd then there was no doubt to be made of the Virginity of the Maid but notwithstanding if it could not be produc'd yet however it was not to be concluded that the Maid had lost her Virginity but before too severe a Sentence be pronounc'd inquiry was to be made why that Efflux of Blood fail'd in the first Coition whether she had been broken up before or whether it might not be an effect of any other of those Natural Causes by me recited But before I leave this place I cannot but add the elegant Verses of Catullus which he writes De slore Virginitatis to wit concerning that Blood which commonly breaks forth upon the Rupture of the Membrane Hymen in the first Coition Ut slos in septis secretis nascitur hortis Ignotus pecori nullo contusus aratro Quem mulcent aurae firmat Sol educat imber Multi illum pueri multae optavere puellae Idem cum tenui carptus defloruit ungue Nulli illum pueri nullae optavere puellae Sic Virgo dum intacta manet tum chara suis sed Cum Castum amisit polluto corpore slorem Nec pueris jucunda manet nec chara puellis Which I render into English thus As Flowers in enclosed Gardens grow Not cropt by Beasts nor bruised by the Plough Whose brighter Glories Solar Beams invest And Fragrancies by gentle Rain increast Invites all Human kind to love and take That same when cropt its Beauty does forsake Those that before ador'd it now despise And slight the once dear Object of their Eyes Such is a Virgin while she so remains While her unspotted Honour she retains But when that 's blasted she 's no more the same Nor to her Virgin Vertues can lay claim But like a wither'd Flower is undon And by all Human kind is pist upon Those that before ador'd her now despise And slight the once dear Object of their Eyes XIX Upon this Membrane rest four Carunculae or little pieces of flesh call'd the Myrtiformes Myrtle shap'd because they resemble the Berries of Myrtle so plac'd that every one possesses an Angle and answer one another in a square One of 'em bigger than the rest and forked belongs to the hole of the Urinary passage which it shuts when the Urine is voided The second stands behind opposite to this the other two are collateral These Carunculae or little pieces of Flesh in some are shorter in some longer thicker or slenderer Which are said to meet together with certain little Membranes in the outermost part leaving a hole in the middle whose closing together some take for the Hymen Membrane XX. They are said to be appointed for Pleasure and Titillation while their being swell'd and puff't up straitens and bewitchingly squeezes the Yard These Caruncles are so describ'd by several Anatomists as if they were to be found in all Women when there is only one to be found in Virgins but all four are to be found in Persons deflowr'd But as for the second Membrane made by the closing of these Caruncles over and above the Hymen I shall believe it when any Body shews it me Riolanus the most accurate Anatomist of his time not without reason suspects those three lesser Tunicles not to be real little pieces of Flesh but little swellings or warts proceeding from the Rupture of the Hymen and the wrinkling the Vagina of the Privity and reports that he has found that wrinkled roughness altogether levell'd for the passages of the Child in Women that have been deliver'd six or seven days which were they true little pieces of Flesh would preserve their shape and substance in the distension of the Neck of the Womb or at least some sign of 'em would remain whereas there is nothing to be seen of 'em but when the Privity is again reduc'd to its accustom'd straitness He adds that these three little Bodies were they real little pieces of Flesh would be a great impediment to Women in Labour for that their roughness and inequality would hinder the Egress of the Infant He proves the truth of this Assertion by Ocular view and experience affirming that in the Dissections of Virgins after he had separated the Nymphs he found a fleshie or circular Membrane perforated with a little hole in the middle big enough for a Pea to go through which Membrane being torn he saw no other Caruncles but one always apply'd to the Orifice of the Bladder but the other three he never found and conjectures the foremention'd Caruncle to be the Extremity of the Sphincter of the Bladder XXI Therefore in regard they only are to be found in married People the Hymen being broken and not in Virgins he strongly infers that those three lesser Caruncles are nothing else than the Angular parts of this broken Membrane pucker'd up into a heap by the wrinkling of the fleshie Vagina And thus has this most excellent Person by his great Experience unfolded those doubts which have hitherto occasion'd so many Disputes among Anatomists concerning the Hymen and the Carunc'es XXII The outward part of the Womb call'd in Greek ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã in Latin Pudendum Muliebre Membrum Genitale and Vulva as it were Valva or a Folding Door being clos'd with two Valva's and Nymphs like Folding Doors also Orificium Exterius the Outward Orifice and Cunnus from ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã
in the Eggs return again with them to the Womb. For as nothing can produce it self so neither can any form produce it self out of Matter But breaking forth into Act out of its slender inclosure it begins the delineation of the whole Embryo and in a short time compleats it For presently the thin Particles of the Bubble are gently agitated and mov'd one among another and coagulated here and there into various forms and shapes and innumerable passages are hollow'd out through them and so all the Parts of the Body are form'd because that same spirituous Matter of the Bubble being separated from the thicker Mass contains in it self Idea's of all the Parts and hence acquires an aptitude to receive the forms of all the Parts and shape the Figures in it self Now because there is but a very small quantity of that spirituous part included in the Bubble and still the least and most subtil part of that is expended upon the Delineation of the Embryo therefore the Birth at the beginning is scarcely so big as an Emmet IX Hence it is apparent because the Liquor contain'd in that Bubble is the most subtil part of the Masculine Seed that the first delineaments of all the Parts are form'd out of the Seed alone that is out of the most thin and subtil part of it and then is afterwards increas'd and more embody'd first by the thicker Particles both of the Man and Womans Seed melted and diffus'd and then by the milkie watery Iuice flowing through the Navel X. From what has been said it is manifest how much Aristotle swerv'd from the Truth while he affirms that all the Parts are form'd not out of the Seed but out of the Blood nay while he attributes to the Male Seed no share either as to the Formation or the Matter but only affirms that the menstruous Blood by motion generates both form and parts The Seed says he is no part of the Embryo as the Carpenter contributes nothing to the matter of the Wood neither is there any part of the Carpenters Art in what is fram'd but form and species proceeds from that by motion in the matter In which Error Harvey also fell while he endeavour'd to prove that the Blood exists before all the other Members and hence all the first threads of all the parts are delineated out of the Blood which he would seem to confirm more strenuously Exercit. 56. It seems a Paradox says he that the Blood should be made and imbued with vital Spirit before the Blood-making or moving Organs are in being Thus Exercit. 16. he says that the Blood is first in being and that Pulsation comes afterward But we answer to Harvey That tho' the little Heart which sanguifies cannot be well discern'd at first or clearly be distinguish'd from other parts yet of necessity it must be form'd together with the rest of the parts before the Blood and being form'd presently beats tho' the slender Pulse cannot be discerned by us at the beginning For all the Parts delineated out of the pellucid spirituous seminal Liquor inclos'd in the Bubble and so by reason of their colour and their extream smallness are hardly to be distinguish'd by the sight For otherwise that there is a heart and that it exists before the Blood the Effect manifestly declares For seeing there is no Blood contained in the Bubble before delineation nor can flow into it from any other part therefore that which is observ'd in it at the beginning of the delineation when any small Threads begin to appear must of necessity be generated within it now then if no other part generate blood but the heart nor any blood can be generated spontaneously and by it self of necessity when any signs of blood begin to appear in the Liquefaction of the Bubble which are easily visible because of their ruddy colour we must of necessity conclude a praeexistency of the Efficient Cause of blood which is the heart tho' it cannot be so easily discern'd or known to be what it is by reason of its transparency and exility So likewise if the blood be moved through the Vessels since it cannot be done without pulsation of the heart most certain it is that the heart beats tho' the pulsation be not to be discern'd For the reason why neither the little heart nor its pulsation cannot be discern'd is not because there are no such things but because they are so extreamly small as not to be discernable to our eyes Moreover the thing is manifest in an Egg put under a Hen for the colliquation with the Bubble that first appears to the Eye is before the blood and since it includes in its Bubble the forming power that makes the Chicken and for that the blood can never penetrate the inner parts of the Egg it is an Argument that the Members of the Chicken delineated are delineated out of the Bubble of that Colliquation and not out of the blood And thus a Plant is not generated out of the green Juice with which it is afterwards nourish'd but out of the spirituous prolisic Principle latent in the Seed But when the Plant is generated then it goes on with its work in preparing the Juice which it makes for its Nourishment To this we may add That it appears by inspection into a Hen Egg that a small leaping print and the blood are seen together XI Whence it is apparent that there can be no Blood before the Organ that makes the Blood that is the heart which if the delineaments of the whole Body were form'd out of the Blood ought to be form'd with the rest after the Blood which is false as we find by the testimony of our own eyes and which the Reasons before alledged confirm And therefore the first Threads of the Infant are delineated out of the Seed alone and not out of the blood neither does the Architectonic Spirit bring forth into Action out of the Blood but out of the prolific Principle and the sanguific Bowel the heart being form'd presently that begets the blood and puts it into motion Deusingius discoursing of this matter thus breaks out What Captain says he or what Intelligence directs the blood through the vagous and floating matter of Conception What assisting Intelligence when first it is destitute of understanding shall design for it the seat for the forming the Bowels Where is the heart to be form'd where the Reins to be plac'd where the Brains or the Spleen lest the Brains should choose their seat in the Abdomen and the Intestines theirs in the Scull What Cause shall move it to a Circulation afterwards unless it were mov'd by the beating Vesicle of the heart What Providence shall so restrain its wandring at first without any Receptacles and upon the building of the several Conduit-pipes shall direct its course into each of them XII Now it is not any sort but a particular and appropriated Nourishment that is requisite for the small
contained a transparent Water clear as Crystal wherein I could observe neither any blood nor any thing else unless it were some very small little Lines hardly discernable which were without doubt the outside Lineaments of the Embryo The Woman that thus miscarried knew not that she had conceiv'd but being struck with a suddain and more than ordinary dread cast that Matter out of her womb without any pain and little straining XXXVIII About the same time I saw another very young Conception upon the Miscarriage of a Minister's Wife wherein I found in like manner one only Bubble very transparent and Crystalline about the bigness of a Filbird wherein there appear'd no little Lines either bloody white or of any other Colour To the exteriour Membrane of that wrapt about the Colliquation there stuck also very close as in the former a little fleshie and bloody Particle endammaged without side and as it were torn from the womb From this most tender little Mass I apparently observ'd certain Blood-bearing little Vessels to derive themselves and to spread themselves very numerously thorough the Chorion But in the inner part of the Amnion besides the seminal watry Colliquation upon which the Bubble swam I could not observe any thing bloody nor any small Vessels in the Substance of it These two Membranes were easily to be separated one from the other neither was there any Liquor contained between ' em XXXIX The Magnitude of these two Abortions the foregoing and this was about the bigness of a Hen-Egg and their Membranes contained more of the Colliquation than half an Egg-shell would hold which in regard it could not altogether with the Bubble proceed from the mans Seed of necessity the womans Seed must be mixed with it tho' the Bubble without all Question sprang solely out of the mans Seed XL. Taught by these two Experiments I am apt to believe that there is but only one Bubble in the Conception generally and seldome any more unless when more Births are to be form'd But tho' hitherto I never saw any more yet I am loth to contradict the Experience of Riolanus Carpus and Platerus or to doubt of the Truth of it And perhaps it may be my Chance to see more at another time XLI In the Formation of the Birth the more curious Question yet remains which Parts of the Body are form'd in the first place which in the second which in the third and which in the last Place Aristot. l. de Invent. Writes that the Heart of Creatures endued with Blood is the first generated which he observ'd in Eggs after the Hen had sate three Days and as many Nights as he asserts l. 6. de hist. Animal Ent is of Aristotle's Opinion believing the Heart first to be form'd and to be the efficient Cause of the forming the rest of the Parts The Seed says he emitted in Copulation into the Womb by the Male constitutes only the Heart in Conception for no part of the Creature consists of Seed besides the Heart And in another place he says That the Heart moves not only after the Birth is form'd but also from the Beginning and is the efficient not the material Cause of the Formation With Ent seems Regius to agree l. 4. Philos. Natur. Others believe the Brain others the Liver others that they are all three form'd together and afterwards the Guts the Spleen and Lungs And this is the Opinion of Galen l. 4. de Usu Partium which many follow The Humour says he that smears the inner Surface of the Womb is turn'd into a Membrane wherein the forming Spirit being every way enclosed puts forth its natural Motions procreating three Points answering to the three principal Parts which being swell'd and distended by the Violence of the Heat form their Bellies the Heart the Breast the Brain the Head the Liver the Abdomen Then the other Parts are delineated and form'd together and then by degrees flows the thin Blood to their Nourishment Others with Bauhinus believe the umbilical Vessels to be first produced as being chiefly and first of all necessary in respect of Nourishment Others affirm the Bones to be first form'd as being the Basis and necessary Foundation of the whole Body And thus one judges one way another another way of a thing so obscure But who I would fain know survey'd Nature at her work that he should be able to know all these things so exactly If the Embryo in forty days be no bigger than an Emmet how small must it be upon the thirtieth Day within which time nevertheless all the Delineations are perfect tho' not discernable to our Eyes Who in that small Body shall determine which Part is formed first which in the second and which in the last Place These are Mysteries which the sublime Creator thought fit to conceal from our Understanding so that if we make any farther Inquiry into 'em Galen will reprehend us If thou inqutrest says he over nicely how these things are made thou wilt be convinced that thou understand'st neither thy own Weakness nor the Omnipotency of the Workmaster XLII In the mean time if it be lawful in a Matter so obscure to make any Conjectures I believe that all the solid Parts are delineated and form'd together because they do not mutually depend one upon another but are all the immediate Works of Nature Moreover one cannot be or act without the other A Body cannot be without a more solid Foundation which is afterwards to be Bony The Heart cannot act without Veins and Arteries nor the Brain without Nerves nor the Stomach without Guts c. For there is no reason why one Part should be form'd before another In the foresaid Bubble the Matter is contain'd which is proper for the Generation of all the Parts which wants no farther Preparation and the Architectonic Spirit may equally delineate and form at the same time all the Parts out of the same matter And wherefore should it form the Heart as Ent would have it sooner than the other Parts To prepare Matter for the Generation of the rest That 's done already Certainly it cannot be said that the Heart generates and forms other Parts when it only prepares Matter for the Nourishment and Growth of the whole from which not their Generation proceeds but their greater Perfection being generated to perform their several Offices For if the Heart at the beginning should generate other Parts why does it not produce new Parts after the Birth of the Infant when it is stronger and operates more powerfully That it prepares Nourishment for all the Parts after the Child is born is confessed by all why should it not do the same at the beginning Shall it have any other Action assigned it at this than at another time But you will say the Heart is first of all conspicuous the rest of the Bowels and all the other Parts appear later and therefore is first form'd Now who can discern in
the Mother Others call it a Vegetative Soul and make no distinction between this and Nature but say that Fertile Seed of necessity must be enlivened This Soul of the Seed Iulius Scaliger and Ludovicus Mercatus stiffly defend And Sennertus following their footsteps Institut Med. lib. 1. cap. 10. has these words They seem all to me to be in an Error who deny the Soul which is the Cause of Formation to be in the Seed For if you grant the forming power to be in the Seed you must allow the Soul to be likewise in it For in regard the Powers are not separable from the Soul of which they are the Powers it is impossible that the Powers proper to any thing should be in a Subject wherein the Form is not from whence the Power slows And since we come to the knowledge of the latent Essence by the Operations what 's the reason we do not attribute a Soul to the Seed that sufficiently manifests it self therein by its Operations But they are two the enlivening of the Seed and the Conception and the forming of all the parts that are necessary for the Actions of Life For every Soul as is manifest in the Seed of Plants is preserv'd while the Soul is in it and remains prolific for some time and while it is sound and uncorrupted in a proper place and with convenient Nourishment operates as living and exercises its operations upon the matter at hand which is not only to be seen in some Creatures by the Action it self but in the regenerating of some parts especially in Plants For the same Operations are observ'd in the Seed and in Plants sound in all their parts which shew the same Agent in both For it is altogether the same Operation whereby the Soul latent in the Seed forms the Body of the Plant out of the Matter attracted and afterwards every year restores the fallen Leaves and gather'd Flowers and thrusts out new Branches and new Roots and therefore it is a sign and Argument of the same Faculty and of the same Soul And this not only in Plants but also in the Seeds of perfect Creatures must of necessity be allow'd to be done For as the Flesh is not made out of Blood unless the Flesh it self enliven'd change the Blood into Flesh much less shall a Creature be made of Seed if the Seed want a Soul And a little after he adds For the Body of Creatures being the most excellent and perfect it follows that what is not enlivened cannot be the principal Cause of the enlivened Body but that the Body enlivened is produced by a Body enlivened as the principal Cause And certainly these Arguments of Sennertus are of great weight to prove that there is a Vegetative Soul in all generated Bodies which is also stiffly maintain'd by Deusingius De Gener. Foet in Utero part 2. sect 1. L. But because a Doubt may here arise from whence the Seed has this Soul it will not be amiss to add something for the clearer illustration and confirmation of the said Opinion We must know then that all and singular the parts of a living animated Body ought to participate of that Soul and to live by it and hence that which is separated to the perfection of the Seed out of the several parts ought also to participate of the same Soul which is also to intermix with the Mass of the Seed And because out of all and every part something of most spirituous parts like Atoms is allow'd to the making and perfection of the Seed hence it comes to pass that the Epitome of the whole animated Body endu'd with the like Soul is contain'd in the Seed and that Soul the Seed being deposited in a convenient place is separated from the thicker parts of the Seed by the Heat with that same Matter of the Seed wherein it inheres that is to say the most spirituous part divided from all and every the other parts and rows'd into Action and so throughout forms a resemblance to that form which is separated together with that same subtile part of the Seed unless prevented and hinder'd in its Operation or that it be extinguish'd and suffocated by any defect of the Heat or circumfus'd Matter LI. But it may be objected That the Forms of animated Beings are indivisible and hence that no parts of the Soul can be separated from the single parts but that those parts meeting together in the Seed constitute the whole and entire Soul To which I answer That the Forms of animated Beings are not of themselves divisible however they may be divided according to the division of the Matter so that the Matter be such wherein the Soul can commodiously lye hid and out of which it may be rais'd again to its duty by the natural Heat temper'd to a convenient degree This is apparent to the Eye in a Willow wherein any Bough being torn off from the Tree the Soul is divided according to the division of the Matter and as it remains in the Tree it self so likewise in the Bough as appears by its Operation For that Bough being planted in a moist Ground the present Soul acts in it forthwith and produces Leaves Roots and Boughs and the Mother Tree it self shews no less the presence of the Soul in it self by the same Operations So likewise in Creatures that same spirituous Essence which is separated from all the several living parts to be carried to the Seed participates of the same Soul of the parts out of which it is separated as being able to afford a convenient Domicil for the Soul seeing that where such a Domicil cannot be afforded the living Soul fails and so being mix'd with the Seed it causes the Seed to be potentially animated if the substance of the Seed be rightly tempered which Soul potentially lying hid therein the Seed being deposited in a convenient place being afterwards freed from the Fetters of the thicker Substance wherein it is enclos'd is rais'd into Action and acting forms out of the Subject wherein it inheres like parts to those out of which the Separation was made as being of the same Species with the Soul out of which it was separated LII And therefore when it is said by Aristotle and other Philosophers That the Soul lies hid potentially only in the Seed this is not to be understood as if the Essence of the Soul were not present but in reference to its being intangled in the other thicker Matter of the Seed so that it cannot act till disintangled from it the Seed being deposited in some convenient place by the Heat which dissolves the said Matter but so separated it acts forthwith and out of its spirituous Subject separated from the parts of the Creature delineates and forms what is to be form'd and increases it with the next adjacent Nutriment For the Seed being of the number of Efficients and seeing every Agent acts not as it is potentially but actually such
thence it is apparent that it receives but few Animal Spirits Which if it did admit in so great abundance as to accomplish its perpetual Motion they would without all Question occasion a most acute Sence of Feeling therein 5. Because the Hearts of several Animals as Frogs Serpents Eels c. being pull'd out of their Bodies will beat a long time after whereas all the Parts about it being cut away as also all the neighbouring Nerves there can be no Influx of Animal Spirits into them To this purpose take a living Dog and having slit him all along from the Throat take both Trunks of the Wandring Pair through which the Spirits flow to the Heart and either tie it hard or cut it off the Creature indeed will become silent and stiff but the Pulsation or Motion of the Heart will not fail for all that nay he shall live so long till his Strength failing by degrees for want of Food he is famished to Death For he refuses Meat in regard there are no Animal Spirits which can come to the Stomach and increase Hunger 6. Because that seeing the Heart is form'd and perfected before the Ware-house of the Animal Spirits the Brain and proves conspicuous beats and is mov'd before any the least Foundations of the Brain at any time appear as is apparent in an Egg set under a Hen or any other Conception If you say that nevertheless in the Egg or Bubble certain Delineaments of the Brain are in being tho' not to be discern'd by the Eye I answer that they are not yet come to any such Perfection as to operate whereas in the mean time the Heart both operates and is mov'd before it can have any Assistance from those Rudiments of the Brain 7. Because the Animal Spirits are generated out of the Arterious Blood which are generated by no other part besides the Heart Seeing then that they cannot be generated out of any other Matter and that this Matter cannot come to the Brain but by the impulse of the Heart wherein this Matter is generated of necessity it follows that the Heart is mov'd of it self before there are any Animal Spirits in any other part and is the first that forces to the Brain Matter adapted for the Generation of those Spirits that is to say the Arterious Blood Perhaps it may be objected that the Heart is mov'd at first by those animal Spirits which were mix'd in the Seed of the Parents and from that time still are intermix'd with it which is but a frivolous Evasion For the animal Spirit concurs indeed to the making of Seed but loses its own Nature and being mix'd fermented and concocted with the vital Blood becomes one Mass of another Nature with it and so both together put on the Nature of the Seed wherein there is no longer either animal Spirit or arterious Blood but that Seed becomes a new Body generated out of both being mix'd together and changed by Concoction which particularly contains in it self neither animal nor sanguineous Spirit but a new Spirit potentially viââ¦al arising out of the Mixture and Concoction of both which if at any time it be stirr'd up in the Womb and proceed from Power to Action will immediately enliven and form Vessels and Instruments that shall produce Spirituous Blood and Animal Spirits So that there are no Animal Spirits any longer in the Seed that are able to cause the first Motion of the Heart at the beginning For as no Man in his Wits will aver that there is any Blood really in a Bone tho' the Blood as a necessary Matter concurs to its making Nutrition and Growth so no Man will say of the Seed that there is in it either Animal Spirit or Blood tho' both concur to its Composition For as in the Generation of Bone the Blood concurring with the Animal Spirit losing altogether its Sanguineous Nature becomes Bone and is no longer Blood as the Spirit is no longer Spirit as it was before so likewise in the making of Seed the Animal Spirit and Blood remain no longer what they were before whence it cannot be said that animal Spirits remain in the Seed that should be able to begin the first Motion of the Heart 8. Because the Motion of the Animal Spirits does not proceed from the Brain but altogether from the Heart and this Motion of the Heart ceasing all Animal Motion ceases As is apparent when Wounds penetrate the Ventricles of the Heart for that the Blood not being forced into the great Artery and the Heart but flowing out through the Wound of the Ventricles presently at the very same instant the Brain rests and the Animal Spirits are no longer sent through the Nerves to the moving Parts neither are they moved in the Brain which is the reason that a Man so wounded falls of a suddain depriv'd of all his principal Faculties and of all Sense and Motion The same appears in Convulsions and Fitts of the Mother affecting the Heart and such like Distempers in which frequently the noxious Vapours and Humours reach no farther than the Heart but not as yet to the Brain and so the Heart ceases to beat the Brain remaining unendamaged which nevertheless upon the ceasing of the Motion of the Heart presently ceases to be mov'd nor does it begin to move again till first the Heart begins to move But most manifestly of all does this appear in Wounds of the Head that take away some part of the Scull and the Brain it self as we have seen in the Camp For if the Patient fall into a Convulsion presently we see the Motion of the Heart ceases but if the Heart begin again to beat which is easily perceived by the Patients Pulse not before but presently after some Pulses the Heart begins by little and little again to be mov'd and after the Brain by degrees all the rest of the Members are mov'd These are all certain Signs that the Heart is not mov'd by the Animal Spirits thrust forward into it from the Brain but that the Brain and by means of that the Animal Spirits are mov'd by the Blood sent upward In the mean time I will not deny but that by reason of certain Nerves scarcely discernable descending toward the Basis of the Heart the Orifices of it are somewhat less sometimes more loosen'd or contracted as in the Passions of the Mind and for this reason that the Blood in the Ventricles is sometimes more difficultly sometimes more easily expell'd according to the various Determination of the Animal Spirits to those Orifices Nevertheless the continual Motion of the Heart does not proceed from thence tho' this be not the cause of any Impediments to hinder from performing its Motion freely and equally as in the respiratory Motion of the Breast sometimes Impediments arise from the Muscles of the Larynx too much contracted by the help of the Animal Spirits flowing thorough the Nerves tho' those Muscles are no cause of Respiration And thus I have
sufficiently displayd the Errors of the first Opinion II. The second Opinion believes the Heart is mov'd by the Dilatation of the Heart in its Ventricles For the Blood falling into its Ventricles becomes presently very much dilated and distends the Sides of the Ventricles beyond their just Poise which by the flowing forth of that dilated Blood thorough the great Arteries adjoyning to both Ventricles are presently contracted beyond their due Measure and distended by and by again upon the flowing in of new Blood As it happens in a Willow Twigg or other Tree which if you pull down beyond its natural Situation being let go suddainly it will fly up again beyond its proper and natural Poise and for some time Waggs up and down through the remaining Force of the Violent Motion This is a specious Invention easily refuted For if the Motion and Pulse of the Heart should proceed from the Dilatation of the Blood in the Ventricles then the Influx of Blood failing the Heart would not be mov'd because there is no Blood therein to be dilated But on the contrary the Hearts of several Animals being taken out of the Body and depriv'd of all the adjoyning Vessels and Blood still move and beat for some time when there is no Blood contain'd or dilated therein Nay the Hearts of Eels Lizards and other Creatures being cut into pieces the several Particles will move for some time Deusingius relates that in a live Dog he cut off the Tip of the Heart and for some time beheld strong Contractions in the Piece cut out which could never have been were this Opinion true Charleton that he might avoid these Rocks chooses rather to joyn two Causes together and to say That the Heart is distended accidentally by the Dilatation of the Blood flowing in but that it is mov'd and contracted by its own Fibres and of its own proper Motion But the Heart of an Eel cut in pieces shews the contrary seeing there is no Blood flows into that to be dilated and for that the Fibres are cut while nevertheless alternate Contraction and Laxation remains III. Others to avoyd the Rocks both of the first and second Opinion joyn'd the two preceding Opinions both together and assert That the Blood sliding into the Ventricles of the Heart are inflam'd and rarify'd by the innate Fire it self and through its expansion wanting more room widen the Walls of the Heart and then the Parenchyma of the Heart being molested by that Expansion calls the Animal Spirits to its Assistance which coming in sufficient quantity contract the Muscles which constitute the Parenchyma of the Heart and so by streightning the Ventricles thrust forth the contain'd Blood into the Arteries and hence that the dilatation of the Heaat caus'd by the Blood rarefying is natural but the contraction by the Muscles absolute and obedient to the Will is Animal Certainly this Opinion is plausibly propounded that at first sight there seems no doubt to remain but upon better examination it will appear that the latter part does not well cohere with the former For it supposes the whole Parenchyma of the Heart to be compos'd of Muscles which if it be true then the whole Heart is the Instrument of voluntary Motion whose motion may be increas'd diminish'd stopp'd or otherwise alter'd at pleasure But who I would fain know can direct or alter the Motion of the Heart at his own Pleasure Besides the Muscles to perform a continual Motion want larger Nerves and a more copious supply of animal Spirits But it is impossible there should flow into the Heart any other than a very few Spirits through Nerves almost invisible not sufficient for a continual Motion lasting all a man's Life And whence I pray shall those Spirits proceed and flow into the salient or jumping Point which is observ'd to move first in the Bubble of an Egg before there is any delineation either of Brain or Nerves perceptible IV. Others to avoid these Difficulties chuse rather to explain the thing by giving it the Title of a Subtle and Ethereal Matter which is continually agitated and mov'd and variously moves other Bodies also upon which it lights as it penetrates this way or that way with ease or difficulty through the Pores of these or those Bodies This Matter say they lighting into the dilating Fibres of the Heart and not able conveniently to penetrate their Pores by reason of their Situation and Figure is stopp'd therein and filling distends them hence flowing out again and lighting upon the contracting Fibres the first being already loosen'd it fills and distends them likewise and so they tell us that these Fibres are alternately fill'd and distended But this is a Cause far fetch'd indeed For he that here flies to some general Cause of the Motion of all things he concludes nothing in specie concerning the Motion of one thing nor of the Motion of the Heart whereas in the Motion of the Heart we are not to seek for the general which you may as well say is God but for the special and next Cause Besides no Reason can be given why that subtle Matter should not light at one and the same time upon both the Fibres as well the contracting as the dilating but should proceed in an alternate order from one to t'other as if guided by some peculiar Intelligence nor wherefore in a Creature newly strangl'd when the Heart and other Parts are yet warm that Ethereal Matter does no longer move the Fibres of the Heart after the same manner Should it be said that there is no Blood that flows then into the Heart to be dilated I shall answer that the Heart is not mov'd by that dilatation of the Blood as I have already prov'd or if that be the Cause of the Motion then not the Ethereal Matter if it be an assistance without which that Motion cannot be perform'd where is that assistance in the Heart of an Eel newly pull'd out and cut into peices whose several particles beat though there be no Blood therein to be dilated V. The Fifth Opinion differs much from the former as asserting That the Motion of the Heart proceeds from a certain vivific Spirit which is in the Blood it self and generates it in it self the refutation of which Opinion may be seen in the following 11th Chapter VI. These Five Opinions being set aside Alexander Maurocordatus propounds a new and hitherto unheard of Opinion That the Heart is mov'd by the respiring Lungs and the Lungs by the Heart and that these two parts give mutual assistance one to another But this Opinion is by us refuted in the following Thirteenth Chapter to which we shall only add these few Things 1. That if the Motion of the Heart proceeded from the respiring Lungs whence does that Motion arise in the Birth which is included in the Womb where the Lungs are idle and never heave and which are never to be found in the little jumping Point conspicuous
to the Eyes in an Egg 2. Whence that Motion proceeds in Fish and other Creatures that have no Lungs and but one Ventricle of the Heart 3. By what is it occasion'd in the Hear of an Eel which after all the adjoyning parts are cut away sometimes beats after it is taken out of the Body That says Maurocordatus is a Trembling Motion Which we deny because that for some time it observes the true measure of Beating till the approach of Death and then it comes indeed to be a trembling Motion Among all the foresaid six Sentences the second approaches the nearest to Truth but only it is to be explain'd a little more at large and somewhat after another manner For here are two things wanting in the first place what dilates the Blood and secondly it does not sufficiently explain how the Heart is mov'd when the Blood does not flow into the Ventricles Which two things are to be more narrowly examin'd for the discovery of the Truth VII In the first Conception the Spirituous Blossom which is in the Seed is collected and concluded in a little Bubble wherein there is a delineation made of all the parts by the vivific Seed that lies in the Blossom which gives to all the Parts their Matter Form and Being and abides in all and singular the Parts being form'd and variously operates therein according to their diversity The most subtle and sharpest part of this is setl'd in the Heart which by its extraordinary acrimony obtains an extraordinary power of Fermentation by which the Humors pouring into the Heart are there dilated as Gunpowder is dilated and set afire by the heat of the Flame And as Gunpowder has no actual heat in it self but being kindled receives a burning heat so the Blood in the Heart being dilated by that same Spirit waxes very hot and fiery By reason of which heat Cartesius calls this Spirit a continual heat abiding in our Hearts as long as we live which is a kind of Fire which the Blood of the Veins nourishes and is the corporal beginning of all the Motions of our Members For that this Spirit by its continual agitation and dilatation supplies the heat with a continual fewel But in regard it is much dissipated by this continual agitation it has need of continual supply to the end the dissipated Particles may be continually restor'd This Supply is maintain'd by the most subtle Particles of the Blood attenuated in the Heart entring the Pores of the Heart and infus'd into it through the Coronal Arteries which Blood if it be good and sound then this Spirit is rightly supply'd and the Heart continues strong and vigorous if otherwise through bad Diet and deficiency of the Bowels then this Spirit is ill supply'd and the Heart becomes weak and infirm Now this Spirit abiding in the whole substance of the Heart forthwith dilates in the Heart both the Blood and all other proper humors whatever Which Action is sometimes swifter sometimes slower more vehement or weaker as the Matter to be dilated is fitted more or less for dilatation by the fermentaceous Particles mix'd with it and the Spirit it self is more or less vigorously stirr'd up into Act by the greater or lesser heat for these two things are the cause of all alterations of Pulses Thus in Fevers where there is more or less heat and the Matter to be dilated is thinner and more volatile there the Pulses beat thicker and swifter But if that Matter as is usual in putrid Fevers has many unequal Particles some more some less easie to be dilated then the Pulse becomes unequal if the Blood be colder and thicker the Pulse is slow and beats seldom When it is cool'd it diminishes at first then ceases altogether but being warm'd again with new Blood or warm Water it presently begins to beat again The said Spirit being stirr'd up by the heat by and by dilates and ferments the Humors and that two manner of ways First By fermenting those Humors that flow in great quantity through the hollow and Pulmonary Vein into the Ventricles of the Heart by the fermentation and dilatation of which and the rapid agitation of the least Particles between themselves a great heat is kindled in the Heart This heat presently whets and sharpens the same Spirit abiding in the innermost and thicker substance of the Heart and its Fibres which so excited presently somewhat dilates the subtle Blood infus'd into the Substance and Fibres for Nourishment and hence it is that the Fibres of the Heart are forthwith contracted which causes an expulsion of the Blood in the Cavity of the Ventricles Then again new Blood flowing into the Ventricles there happens a dilatation of the same with a sharp Heat and by that means a distension of the Ventricles at the same time which by reason of the kindled heat presently follows dilatation of the same into the Pores of the Substance about the Fibres and by that means there happens again a contraction of the whole Heart and Ventricles which things proceed in a certain order so long as Life lasts Now this Motion proves the more vehement because the Fibres being dilated beyond their poise presently when the Blood dilated in the Ventricles easily breaks forth through the broad Arteries they are as easily again contracted beyond their measure by the dilatation of the inner Blood so that same distension and contraction beyond the due Aequilibrium causes indeed the Pulses to be stronger but yet they are not the first cause of the Motion which is only an alternate dilatation of the Blood sometimes in the Ventricles sometimes in the Substance of the Heart VIII Hence it appears why Pulsation remains in the Hearts of Eels and other vivacious Creatures being taken out of the Body though no Blood be then pout'd out of the great Vessels into the Ventricles because the said Spirit abiding in their hearts is easily rais'd into Act by the small remaining heat and acts upon the Blood abiding in the Substance it self and by something dilating of it contracts the Fibres Afterwards that dilated Matter being somewhat dispell'd they are again relax'd Which not only appears in hearts that are whole but in the hearts of some after they are cut into pieces and in the several pieces themselves But because in such cases there is no new Blood dilated in the Ventricles and consequently no new heat nor any distension of the Fibres beyond their Position hence in hearts that are taken out and cut in pieces the motion is weak and quickly ceases This I perswade my self to be the true cause of the Motion of the heart till some body else shall shew me any other more probable CHAP. VIII Of the Pulse and Circulation of the Blood I. THE Motion of the Heart is by the Greeks call'd ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã by the Latins Pulsus by which the Heart alternately rises and falls It is perform'd by Dilatation and Contraction between which two
are two in number of which the Right and looser is plac'd next the Vena Cava the Left which is the lesser thicker and firmer joyns to the Pulmonary Vein They are both remarkable for their more than ordinary bigness in the Embryo IV. They are compos'd of a peculiar Nervous Substance though somewhat thin and soft for more easie Dilatation and Contraction V. Their outward Superficies appears to be full of Wrinkles but smooth when fill'd and distended VI. They are both concave and supported on the inside with strong and nervous Fibres as with Pillars between which are to be seen certain little Furrows fewer on the Right side more on the Left VII In the Birth and new-born Infants they are of a ruddy Colour in Persons of ripe years somewhat darker than the Heart which nevertheless in Dilatation by reason of the Blood receiv'd grows more ruddy in Contraction the Blood being discharg'd becomes paler VIII They are dilated and contracted like the Ventricles of the Heart but varying in Time For always the dilatation of the Ventricles concurs with the contraction of the Ears and the contraction of the Ventricles concurs with the dilatation of the Ears as appears by the Dissection of Living Creatures Which teaches us also that they continue a weak palpitation when the motion of the Heart sails and are as it were the last parts that die Hence Harvey and Ent were of opinion that they were first enliven'd and that the beating little Vessel that appears first in the Egg was the little Ear and not the Heart Which Deusingius opposes and which seems to be an Error by the number it self seeing the Heart has two little Ears and only one jumping little Vessel appears in the Egg which in all probability seems rather to constiture the Heart which is single than the Ears that are two IX Their Use is to receive the Blood first of all from the Vessels that bring it in slightly to ferment and prepare it and so prepar'd to send it to the Ventricles Walaeus believes 'em to be the Measures of the Blood carry'd to the Ventricles from the Vessels that bring it in which Opinion Riolanus also approves But Sennertus that they are appointed for the particular Attraction of Air for the making of Spirits But how much he is deceiv'd we have already told you and shall further declare in the following Thirteenth Chapter X. The Heart has two Cavities call'd Ventricles distinguish'd by the Middle Septum which is fleshy close and thick gibbous on the Right side concave on the Left a wonderful piece of Workmanship wrought on both sides with little Pillars or Sinews and several little Caverns but no where pervious These Sinews some take for Muscles and little Fibres proceeding from them and extended as well to the treble-pointed as the Mitral Valves and to be the Tendons of those Muscles conducing to the Contraction of the Valves of the Heart Whence appears the Error of the Ancients who wrote that the Blood pass'd through its broader pores from the Right to the Left Ventricle Certainly if there were any such pores diligent Nature had in vain provided that Oval Hole in the Basis of the Heart and that some middle Vessel which joyns the Pulmonary Artery with the Aorta for then there had been no need of these passages if the Blood could have pass'd through the pores of the Septum from the Right into the Left Ventricle And therefore Realdus Columbus deservedly opposes that ancient Opinion and truly informs us that the Blood is thrust forward into the Lungs out of the Right Ventricle through the Pulmonary Artery and from thence descends into the Left Ventricle through the Pulmonary Vein Farther also he writes That he had found that same Septum by which the Ventricles are distinguish'd to be gristly in some Bodies a certain sign that the Blood could not pass through that from the one to the other Ventricle Let Riolanus therefore hold his peace who so stifly defends the passage of the Blood out of the Right Ventricle to the Left through the Septum that he supposes Figments for Foundations and affirms that the Septum is not only conspicuously pervious toward the Point but also that there are certain little holes in it Perhaps Riolanus might see these holes in his Sleep which never could be found by any Anatomist that was awake either in a raw or boyl'd Heart Only Dominic de Marchettis writes that he found once two holes in the upper part of the Septum which were furnish'd with Valves in the Left Ventricle But without doubt he was deceiv'd by one great oval hole which in new-born Children is always to be seen but afterwards is clos'd altogether and this by reason of its extaordinary Breadth he took to be two XI In the Ventricles sometimes various Things are bred contrary to Nature though the Physician can hardly tell what the Patient ayls Sometimes we have found little Gobbets of Fat and as it were little soft whitish pieces of Flesh about the bigness of half an Egg and sometimes bigger In October 1663. we dissected a Virgin about three and twenty years of Age who in her Life-time had often complain'd of an extraordinary heaviness and palpitation of her Heart and had often fallen into swooning Fits and so dy'd In whose Body we found such a Gobbet of Fat almost filling the Right Ventricle and another little one in the Lest and after a more diligent Search we found that it was no kind of Body bred by the coagulation of Blood but really a firm piece of Fat not to be crumbl'd between the Fingers And this we judg'd to be the Cause of her Death for we could find no other in the whole Body Neither did she complain in her Life of any other Distemper than of that Anxiety and those swooning Fits which the ignorant People of the House took for Convulsions or Fits of the Mother In Decemb. 1668. In another young Wench of the same Age we found in the Right Ventricle such another Body of Fat about the bigness of half a Hen-Egg And both Bauhinus and Riolanus write That they have often met with such pieces of Fat. Smetius also tells us two Stories of a whitish Substance found in the Heart about half a Fingers length a Thumb's breadth resembling the Marrow of the Leg of an Ox furnish'd with several Appendixes Tulpius tells us of a Flegmatic Polypus found by himself in the Left Ventricle Vesalius writes That he found in the Left Ven tricle of the Heart two pounds of a blackish Kernelly sort of Flesh which seems to be an Error of the Printer instead of two Ounces the man before his Death being very sad very wakeful and his Pulse beating very unequally Beniverius tells us That he found in one Body a piece of Flesh like a Medlar and in another a hard brawny Substance about the bigness of a Nut. Nicholas Massa
the Spirit or vivific Juice which is in the Blood it self To which he adds an Axiom Because says he the same quatenus the same always operates the same And hence he concludes That the Cause that made the first Blood in the first Conception the same or at least a Cause aequipollent to it ought afterwards also to be esteem'd the Fountain of Sanguification This Opinion he confirms with many specious Reasons which I omit for Brevity's sake IV. But we answer to the most Learned Glisson That the Vivific Spirit is the first Mover in the Seed and that when it begins to rise into Act and enliven the Seed so disposes by its Motion the vital Iuice to which it adheres as to its Subject that out of some of its Particles are made the Heart out of others the Liver out of others the Vessels Membranes c. And so by that Motion they erect to themselves a Habitation the several and particular parts of which according to the various Disposition of the least Principles perform various and distinct Operations over all which that Spirit presides as General President For enlivening all the Parts together it excites every one to the Function properly allotted to them Not that the Spirit performs the peculiar part of every one but whatever Aptitude to act it bequeath'd to the several Parts in the first Confirmation that Aptitude it preserves by its presence without which they could perform no Operations at all Therefore the Vivific Spirit according to the Axiom fore-cited always performs one and the same Action in the whole Body that is to say it enlivens But it does not produce the Matter to be enlivened without which nevertheless it cannot subsist when the Consumption of its Subject that is the vital Juice requires daily reparation Therefore the several Parts enliven'd generate that Matter by degrees and by vertue of many and various Concoctions and other preparatory Operations which the Vivific Spirit cannot perform without those Parts For it could not Chylifie without the Stomach nor Sanguifie without the Heart And hence tho' that Spirit be the general Life of the whole Body without which nothing can be done and which is presuppos'd to abide and be in all and singular the Parts specially operating nevertheless because it cannot perform those Operations without the said Parts it cannot be said that it absolutely performs those peculiar Operations but it is better and indeed necessary to say That they proceed from the Nature of the several living Parts And so the Ventricle in respect of its proper Nature Chylifies and the Heart only sanguifies and no other Parts of the Body can perform the same Actions because no others have the same Propriety of Nature False therefore it is what Glisson says That it is not the Heart but this vivific Spirit which he certainly presupposes to be in the Blood that generates other new Blood in the Blood it self and is the Cause of the Motion of the Blood That the first is untrue is apparent from hence for that if the Blood were generated out of the Blood existing in the Blood then the Blood being out of order and distemper'd there will be a stop to Sanguification But the contrary appears in Persons Scorbutic and labouring under Cachexies in whom Sanguification nevertheless goes forward nay the Corruptions of the Blood are mended and corrected by the benefit of the Heart which otherwise could never be corrected by reason of the distemper of the Blood On the other side if the Heart be out of order presently there is a stop to Sanguification and the Blood it self is deprav'd The latter is false as appears by the Dissections of Living Animals For if the beginning of the Aorta-Artery be ty'd with a string near the Heart presently all Motion of the Blood ceases in the Arteries which would still continue if it contain'd within it such a Spirit-mover of it self and had not its Motion from without but cut the string and presently the Motion of the Heart returns by virtue of the Pulse of the Heart The same is also manifest in faint-hearted persons who at the time of letting Blood fall into a Swoon upon the Surgeon 's pricking the Vein nor can you hardly perceive their Heart to beat so that there is little or no Blood mov'd through the Vessels nor will the Blood flow from the small Wound but when the Patient comes again to himself and that the Heart begins to beat presently the Blood moves again and spins out at the little hole made by the Lancet Whence it appears that the Blood is not mov'd or generated by the Vivific Spirit which is in the Blood but by the Heart and that the Vivific Spirit abiding in all the Parts of the Body does only revive the Parts and that those enliven'd Parts according to the variety of their several Dispositions act specially and after various manners upon the Matter to be enliven'd V. Moreover I think it requisite more accurately to examin Whether any Vivific Spirit as Glisson presupposes be in the Blood I know indeed That the Vital Spirit generally so call'd is generated in the Heart that is to say apt to be enliven'd and to promote Sanguification by its Heat yet I cannot believe that this Vivific Spirit that is already actually living and enlivening is mingl'd with the Blood when that Spirit is of a higher Order and only abides in the German and Blossom of the Seed and the necessary primogenial moisture of the Parts themselves of the Body and must be rouz'd into Action by the flowing in of the hot vital Spirit in regard the Blood it self is not yet a Part of the Body nor enliven'd but to be enliven'd when it shall be assimilated to the Parts VI Thus an Artist who has made a Clock does not move the Wheels nor shew the Hours but he makes the Clock which could never move the Wheels nor tell the Hours unless the Artist had made that Engine and bequeath'd such an Aptitude to it which afterwards he preserves to it also So the Vivific Spirit although at the first Creation of the Parts it made the Heart and endu'd it with a Sanguifying Aptness which afterward it also preserves therein by its presence yet is it not that Spirit but the Heart which must be said to Sanguifie As to the first Principles of the Blood which as Glisson says are observ'd at the first time of Conception before the Heart appears I say that those Rudiments are also produc'd by the Heart for these Rudiments are not to be seen till the leaping Bubble begins to move which is the first beginning of the Heart and although the whole Structure of a live Heart does not appear to the Eye yet that it is there and generates the first Principles of the Blood the Effect teaches us I wonder indeed that Harvey who asserts the Blood to be made before other things did not take notice of this especially
writing as he does That at the same time that the Blood begins to be discern'd in the Egg that its Receptacles the Veins and beating Pulse manifestly appear Whence it is sufficiently apparent That the Blood is not to be discern'd but with the beginning of the Heart which assoon as it begins to act makes the Blood and then the same Cause acting that made the Blood afterwards continually generates the Blood as being the only Fountain from which the Blood perpetually springs There remain Three other Arguments of Glisson which he thinks to be Herculean First says he The Heart borrows all its vital Heat and Activity from the vital Blood contain'd in its Ventricles and distributed into its Substance through the Coronary Arteries without which Heat and Vitality it would grow num and languid Hence he concludes That the Heart is mov'd nourish'd and lives by the Blood but that the Heart it self neither moves or generates and this he demonstrates by the Example of a Heart pluck'd out of a Living Animal into the Ventricles of which as yet beating if any Liquor be infus'd it is not chang'd into Blood An egregious Comparison of the Operation of a Heart contain'd in a sound and healthy Creature with its Operation when pull'd out of an Animal and utterly debilitated And indeed as base a Comparison of any raw Liquor infus'd into the half dead Heart cut out of a Living Creature with the Chylus prepar'd by various Concoctions for Sanguification and naturally discharging it self into a sound beating Heart But if the Heart borrows Heat and Activity from the Blood what 's the reason that the Heart being distemper'd by some malignant Vapour and beating little or nothing presently all the Sanguineous Parts are refrigerated whereas there is a sufficient quantity of good Blood in the Vessels able both to warm those Parts and to flow into the Heart it self But we find this sudden Refrigeration in the beginning of the Fits of Agues in Frights and Syncopes c. Certainly no body will believe otherwise but that this happens meerly because the Blood receives its Heat and Motion from the Heart and when that ceases to move then the Blood of the rest of the Parts becomes depriv'd of Heat and Motion and consequently to be refrigerated Besides the Heart does not simply languish by reason of the failing Influx of the Blood into the Ventricles which occasions a defect of Heat and Vital Spirits but for want of convenient Matter out of which to generate Vital Spirits and so to make convenient Nourishment both for it self and the whole Body His Second Argument is taken from the Colour For he says The Chylus cannot obtain a red Colour from the Heart and consequently be chang'd by it into Blood because the Blood it self is much redder than the Heart or Substance of the Heart and that therefore the Heart is not sufficiently Assimilar to the Blood as to perform that Office seeing that every Part that is apt for Sanguification ought to be like the Blood And Lastly He adds How should any thing act beyond the Sphere of his Activity and communicate that to another of which it is destitute it self Therefore because the Heart Liver and Veins are paler than the Blood how should they contribute to it a more lively Colour than their own But here Glisson seems to have forgot himself For a little before he said That frequently by Heat and Motion Colours from white and pale become more ruddy which is apparent by the Boilings and Bakings of Fruit Flesh and by a Thousand other Experiments And now he will not allow of a red Colour from Motion and Specific Heat but from a like Colour Which how ill they cohere is apparent Fruits Flesh and other Substances bak'd in an Oven acquire a ruddy Substance The Juice of the larger Consound digested in Horse-dung for several days puts on a ruddy Colour whereas neither the Oven nor the Horse-dung are red The Stomach by a Specific Concoction gives a white Colour to the Chylus which it has not it self The Choler in its Vesicle acquires a green Colour by overmuch Concoction and stay therein and is naturally of a yellow Colour whereas neither the Liver or the Gall-Bladder are green or yellow Many times salt sharp and greenish Humors distil from the Brain which is white it self and without any Greenness Saltness or Acrimony In a virulent Gonorrhaea greenish and yellowish Seed flows forth whereas the Spermatick Vessels have no such Colour Certainly they are mightily out of the way who attribute to Colour that same Efficacy which is to be ascrib'd to the Heat and specifc Concoction and Mixture proceeding from the Propriety of the Part which Colour does not proceed from the Similitude of the acting Part wherein it is concocted but from the Heat acting specifically in that Part according to the specific Constitution Temper and Formation of the Parts And hence it is that the Heat of the Stomach extracts a white Chylus out of the Aliments and why the Heart changes the Chylus into white Blood Lastly If the Chylus gain only a red Colour from the Redness of the Blood I would fain know what it is that in the first Conception changes the white Seed into red Blood His Third Argument is taken from Concoctions For says he Natural Bodies as much as in them lies labour to assimilate to themselves all other Bodies that are within the Sphere of of their Activity and hence the Heart should it betake it self to the Function of making Blood would bring the Chylus to the similitude of its own Substance and there stop and never proceed to induce the Form of Blood But wherefore does not Glisson say the same of the Stomach and Liver Why do not these Bowels change the Aliments into a Substance like themselves and there stop but rather into a Substance quite contrary that is white Chylus or yellow and green Choler Which if it be allow'd them to do for the common Good of the whole why shall the Generation of a dissimilar Substance be allow'd the Heart for the benefit of the whole But the Learned Glisson does not sufficiently distinguish between public and private Concoctions nor does he take notice That in public Concoctions the Matter is prepar'd for the Nourishment of the whole in private Concoctions the alteration of that prepar'd Matter is made into the Substance of the several Parts And hence it is necessary for those Bowels that serve for second Concoctions that they should make the Nutritious Matter to be prepar'd for the whole not like to themselves but such out of which all and every the Parts may assume and assimilate to themselves something convenient and proper for themselves And so likewise those Bowels themselves are nourish'd by a private Concoction with that common Aliment which they have prepar'd for the whole Body that is to say the Spirituous Blood and out of that assimilate to themselves convenient Particles and then
Fermentation is prevented if the oily Particles too much exceed the salt Here it may be octjected That in Agues the sulphury Heat predominates and yet the Animal Actions are not always dull and numm'd in such Persons Which comes to pass because that in such Persons the sulphury and oily Particles of the Blood do not exceed nor stupifie the Salt with their Oiliness and Quantity but by their Heat and Motion stirring up their Acrimony to more vehement Action produce an Effervescency either too strong or vicious and Aguish VI. But to return to the Business Out of the Sanguineous Mass by convenient Concoctions and Fermentations of the Bowels double Spirits are rais'd that is to say Sulphureous and Salt the one sweetish and the other sowr both very subtil and thin and confus'd together and yet one more volatile than the other like the Sulphury Spirits in Oils chymically extracted out of Vegetables and the Salt Spirits Chymically drawn from Salts and salt things But that the Sulphury Spirits are more thin and volatile is apparent in the Distillation of Vegetables for they are first of all and most easily separated and ascend the Alembick unless too much perplex'd among the Salt or being less attenuated by them by reason of their Oiliness but the salt Spirits ascend last and with more difficulty whose Acrimony the Taste distinguishes from the Sweetness of the Sulphur But the foresaid Spirits of the Sanguineous Mass out of which they are rais'd by Fermentations are mingled with it and carry'd forthwith to the Heart and there being often attenuated and dilated are so exactly united that they wax as it were one Spirit which we call Vital VII Now the Vital Spirit is the most subtil and efficacious Part of the Blood generated out of its Sulphury and Salt Particles dilated by the Fermentation of the Heart I say the most subtile and efficacious Part of the Blood that is to say that which is rais'd out of its Sulphury and Salt Particles for every thin and vaporous Substance as that which is raised out of the serous part of the Blood is not so be call'd a Spirit because it is no efficacious part of the Blood though sometimes less to be discern'd than the effectual Spirit it self but that which through the copious admixture of it self breaks the efficacy of its Spirits and withstands their Agility When the Blood slides into the Heart presently the frame and composure of the whole Liquor is dissolv'd and the Spirituous Particles the Bond of mixture being loosen'd are exactly united together and endeavour to expand themselves every way but being restrain'd by the Vessels on the inside they are mix'd with the other Liquor and so burst forth into the open Tubes or Channels of the Arteries through which together with the Blood they are poured forth over the whole Body with the Blood and Effluviums of Heat VIII Now some there are who with Argenterius stifly deny this Spirit different from the Blood to be in the Blood though others with no less heat assert it But this Contention seems easie to be compos'd if we allow it to be the most subtile part of the Blood free'd from the thicker Matter and exalted to an extraordinary Thinness mix'd indeed with the whole but easily separable from it for that the perfection of the Blood consists in its Mixture which without this Spirit would be only a crude and unprofitable Humor In like manner as in Wine the Spirit gives the Wine its perfection and is the subtilest part of it and by how much the Spirit is better by so much is the Wine better Yet this is separable by Chymistry from the Wine but then the remaining Substance of the Wine becomes a crude watery and unprofitable Liquor And therefore the foresaid Question may be thus decided If we mean good and perfect Blood then it may be well said that the Vital Spirit is in the Blood and that it is not different from it as being the most subtile part of it rais'd out of it self which by its presence constitutes the perfection of the Blood But if we mean Blood simply so call'd as being that which is dissipated from the Blood the Blood remaining such as is to be found in dead People which is not perfect because there is no volatile Spirit remaining therein then the Spirit may be said to be different from the Blood or to be generated in it the Blood still existing which moreover were it in it would predominate in it and agitate the thicker Particles of the Blood one with another But when as Aristotle witnesses nothing is agitated or mov'd by it self it may be well said that the other thicker particles of the Blood are not mov'd by themselves but by another Mover that is the Spirit which nevertheless is nothing else but a part of the Sanguineous Mass exalted to Spirituosity Here perhaps some will object If this Spirit agitates other Particles of the Blood one with another then the Blood contains in it self the Cause of its own Motion and is not mov'd by the Heart I answer That the Motion of the Blood is double one circulatory which without doubt proceeds from the Heart by which Motion being in good part spiritualiz'd it is carry'd through the Arteries to all the Parts of the Body The other Fermentaceous which is made by this Spirit by which the least Particles of it are agitated one among another while this Spirit passes through them like a Ferment and divides 'em one from another which vehement Fermentaceous Motion is observ'd in the Crisis's of Fevers and the Emotion of the Flowers But this Motion also proceeds from the Heart so far as it continually begets this Spirit by dilating the Blood mixes it with the Blood and quickens it by its Motion into Act so that the Motion of the Heart ceasing this also ceases IX This Vital Spirit while it always endeavors to fly away by reason of its extraordinary Volatility continually agitates the other thicker Particles of the Blood that retard it and re-assume its flight and by them shaken after a various manner and by reason of way deny'd it often beaten back again by which means it divides them one from another conquers subtilizes and detains them in a continual Fermentative Motion from which Motion and Agitation of the subtile Matter proceeds Heat which being moderate in a moderate Agitation small in a small one and violent in a violent Agitation hence it happens that the Blood according to the variety of this Agitation which may happen and alter upon divers Accidents becomes more or less hot By this Motion thus stirr'd up by the Spirit the Blood is not only preserv'd in its Heat and perfect Soundness that is by the bond of exact Mixture but is also render'd fluid thin and apt for Nourishment which depriv'd of that Motion and Spirit grows thick corrupts and grows unprofitable The same Spirit also contributes such a Thinness of
with it as is seen upon Blood-letting in Malignant Fevers which are no part of the Chylus but only corrupt Humors XXI This is the true manner of making the Blood which serves for the nourishment of all the Parts and contains in it self Matter adapted for the nourishment of all and singular the Parts out of which that is appropriated to every one which is most convenient for their nourishment to some Particles more concocted and subtile to others less concocted and thicker to others Particles equally mix'd of Salt and Sulphur as in fat Bodies to others more Salt and Tartarous as in Sinewey and Boney People and to others Particles are united and assimilated some disposed one way some another XXII This Apposition proceeds chiefly from the Diversity of Figures which as well the particular Particles of the Blood as the Pores of the several Paris obtain For hence it happens that the Blood being forc'd into the Parts some Particles more easily enter some sort of Pores and others another sort and are figur'd one among another after various shapes and forms and so are immediately united with the Substance of the Parts and are converted into their Nature and those which are not proper for such a Figure are carry'd to other Parts till the remaining and improper portion is again transmitted back to the Heart there to be concocted anew and endu'd with another more proper Aptitude It is vulgarly said That the several Parts attract from the Blood and unite the Particles most similar to themselves But there is no such Attraction allow'd in our Bodies neither are the Parts endu'd with any Knowledge to distinguish between Particles similar or dissimilar But the Blood such as it is is equally forc'd to all the Parts but the Diversity of Figures as well in the several Particles of the Blood as in the Pores of the Parts is the Reason that some Particles stick and are united to these and others to other Parts to these after one manner to those after another From which Diversity the Diversity of Substances arises some softer some harder some stronger and some weaker XXIII This Nutrition by the Blood is caus'd two manner of ways 1. Immediately when the Particles of the Blood are immediately oppos'd without any other previous or remarkable Alteration as is to be seen in the Fleshy and Fat Parts 2. Mediately when Apposition happens after some remarkable Concoction or Alteration preceding as in the Bones to whose Nourishment besides the Salt Tartareous Particles of the Blood there concurs the Marrow made before out of the Blood as also in the Sinews which are not nourished only by the Blood communicated to their outward Tunicle through invisible little Arteries from the continuation of those Arteries that pass through both Membranes of the Brain and Spinal Marrow but also by the Salter Sanguineous Particles first prepar'd by the Concoction of the Brain XXIV But in this Nutrition from the Blood three Degrees are to be observ'd 1. When the Body is so nourish'd as to grow by that Nourishment 2. When it is nourish'd and remains in the same Condition 3. When it is nourish'd and decays XXV Now that the Cause of this Diversity may be more plainly known we are to consider That there are Four Things necessary to perfect Nutrition 1. The Alimentary Juice it self 2. The Apposition of this Juice 3. Then its Agglutination 4. And lastly Its Assimilation The Alimentary Juice is the Blood which is forc'd by the Beating of the Heart through the smallest Arteries to the Parts that are to be nourish'd and is thrust forward into their Pores by which means the Substance of the Parts does as it were drink it in And because in these Pores something of Humor tending toward Assimilation remains over and above hence it comes to pass that the convenient Particles of the new-come Blood more agreeable to that Humor are mingl'd with that Humor sticking there before and being there concocted by the convenient Heat and proper Temper of the Parts are by degrees agglutinated and more more assimilated to the Substance of the Parts and are so prepar'd and dispos'd by the Vital Spirit continually flowing into the Parts together with the Arterious Blood that they acquire Vitality and become true Particles of the Parts endu'd with Life and Soul equally to the rest XXVI If now while that Nutrition is made the smaller Particles of the Parts by reason of their moister Temperament or cooler Heat stick but softly to each other then upon their first Apposition by reason of the great Plenty of Alimentary Humor flowing in by the impulse of the Heart they easily separate from each other and admit more Nutritive Humor than is requisite to their Nutrition from the Plenty of which being agglutinated and assimilated happens the Growth of the Parts by degrees because more is appos'd and agglutinated than is wasted But when by the increase of Heat the smaller Particles are dry'd up and become hard and firm as in Manhood then they no longer separate one from another by reason of the Alimentary Juice forc'd in and the Juice that is pour'd into the Pores in great quantity is vigorously discuss'd by the more violent and stronger Heat that no more can be appos'd and assimilated than is dissipated whence there follows a stay of Growth wherein the Substance of the Parts will admit no Excess or Diminution of Quantity Lastly Those smaller Particles of the Parts are not only dry'd up by that same stronger Heat and the Pores are streightn'd so as to admit less Alimentary Juice but the Alimentary Juice it self by reason of the Heat dimimish'd by Time and Age and consequently a worse Concoction of the Bowels grows weaker and less agreeable to the Substance of the Part it self and then as in Old Age the Parts themselves decrease and diminish For the unaptness of the Pores in the Parts and of the Nutritive Juice it self as also of the concocting Heat and the small Quantity of the said Juice are the reason that less is appos'd than is dissipated Now ââ¦his Decrease is chiefly and most manifestly observ'd in the softer Parts whose smallest Particles are moister and more easily dissipated as the Flesh the Fat c. But it is less observable in the Bones and other harder Parts whose smallest Particles are more fix'd and not so easily dissipated XXVII Here by way of Parenthesis a Question may be propos'd Whether Old Men grow shorter than they were in their Prime This many affirm and confirm by Ocular Testimony Spigelius absolutely denies it For says he That they grow shorter I deny but that they grow leaner I grant For the Bones according to which the Length of the Body is extended being hard and solid Bodies are neither diminish'd by Age nor the Force of any Disease But the Flesh is wasted and consumed as well by Age as by many other Causes So that if they
into the Lungs XIV The First which is the largest Vessel of all appointed for conveying of Air and thick Vapors is the Trachea or Rough Artery furnish'd with many Productions call'd Bronchia XV. The Second and Third are two large Blood-bearing Vessels viz. the Pulmonary Artery and Vein which being divided into small and almost invisible Branches hardly discernable but by the help of a Microscope and intermix'd one among another run through the whole Bladder-like Substance like an Artificial Net opening one into another with innumerable mutual Anastomoses Through the little Branches of the Artery a Spirituous Blood dilated into Vapor forc'd out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs and in them somewhat condens'd by the cold breath'd-in Air passes into the little Branches of the Vein and so distils into the Left Ventricle neither in a Natural Condition of Health does any thing of Blood seem to flow into the Bronchia or Vesicles so as to die them of a Bloody Colour But if by the corrosion of any sharp Humor a strong Cough or any other violent Cause there happen to be an opening of those Vessels at any time then the Blood flowing out of them into the Vesicles out off those into the Bronchia is cast forth by Spittle and causes a spitting of Blood In the mean time in that same Passage of the Blood through these Vessels the serous Vapors which together with the Blood in the Right Ventricle of the Heart are attenuated into a thin Exhalation transpire in great Quantity through the thin Tunicles of the small Vessels and mix'd in the small Vessels with the cold breath'd-in Air and by that somewhat condens'd are expell'd with the same by Expiration into the Bronchia and so forth of the Body by which means the Blood is freed from a great part of the serous Vapors of which a remarkable Quantity is chiefly conspicuous in cold Weather and Winter-time when the Vaporous Breath proceeding from the Mouth being condens'd by the external Cold occur to the Sight and moisten every thing upon which they light XVI However here arises a Doubt Whether all the Blood passes through the Anastomoses of the said Vessels Also Whether many Ends of those Sanguiferous small Vessels end in the Substance it self of the Lungs and whether the Arteries pour their Blood into it and the Veins convey it out again as we have said that there is a Circulation in most other Parts Which that it is so the Reasons alledged in those Places seem to confirm but the Eye sight contradicts it in the Lungs by which we find the whole Parenchyma to be almost altogether without any Blood neither is there any thing of Blood worth speaking of to be found in its Substance though it transmit eight nine or more Pints of Blood in the space of an hour otherwise than happens in the Liver Muscles or other Parts that transmit much Blood in which there is a great Quantity of Blood found without the Vessels Moreover should that Blood be poured forth without the Vessels into the Bladdery substance of the Blood it would partly fill the Vessels appointed to receive the Air and so render them unfit for Respiration partly occasion frequent Spittings of Blood which nevertheless are very rare and manifestly happen when the Vessels being broken or corroded the Blood bursts forth into the Bladdery Substance or the Bronchia and never but upon the opening of those Vessels Some perhaps may wonder that I should say that the Substance of the Parenchyma should be void of Blood that is that no remarkable Quantity of Blood should be seen therein when it is nourish'd with Blood like all the rest of the Parts and seeing that Hippocrates writes They who spit Blood spit it out of the Lungs and seeing there is also much Blood found in the Lungs of those that are hang'd To the First I answer That the Lungs are nourish'd with Blood like the Arteries Veins and Nerves which Vessels take to themselves out of the Blood and Spirit that passes through them what is convenient for their Nourishment and also receive what is necessary for them through invisible Passages and little Arteries Moreover the Lungs and that chiefly too are nourish'd by that Blood which is convey'd through the Bronchial Artery And then again We must distinguish between a very little Blood which serves for the Nourishment of the Lungs and a great deal of Blood requisite for the Nourishment of the whole Body The one may be infus'd through invisible Passages into the Bladdery Substance and yet be hardly ever seen The other by reason of its extraordinary Quantity cannot pass but through some conspicuous Conveyance and it is of the former not of the latter that Anatomists speak when they talk of the Passage of the Blood through the Lungs To the Second I say That Hippocrates in the fore-cited Aphorism speaks of the whole Lungs in general as it consists of its own Substance Vessels and Membranes and not particularly of the proper Substance of the Parenchyma only And so when he says that the Blood is spit from the Lungs he means that Blood which is spit from some corroded or broken Blood bearing Vessels running through the Substance of the Bowel To the Third I say That the Blood which is found in the Lungs of such as are hang'd did not flow out of the proper Substance but into the Vesicles out of the Vessels broken by reason of the Obstruction of the Circular Passage XVII Frederic Ruysh describes another peculiar Artery hitherto overseen by all the Anatomists found out by his own singular Industry which he calls the Bronchial Artery which chiefly seems to convey the Blood to the Nourishment of the Lungs or the Rough Artery or the Bronchia This saith he we thought fit to call the Bronchial Artery for that creeping above the Bronchia it accompanies them to the End It takes its Rise from the hinder part of the great descending Artery about a Finger's breadth more or less above the uppermost Intercostal little Arteries arising from the descending Aorta and sometimes two Fingers breadth above the aforesaid Arteries Sometimes also I have found it to have its Original below those Arteries for Nature delights in Variety Sometimes it rises single sometimes double so that oft-times the Great Artery being taken out of a Carkass the Intercostals and Bronchials being cut away the remaining little Trunks of the Bronchials seem to counterfeit the Rise of the Intercostals Hence it obliquely runs under the Lungs and accompanies the Bronchia under the Veiny Artery to the very End till becoming no bigger than a Hair it vanishes out of Sight In the Lungs of Men I have frequently observ'd that Artery to creep through the fore-part of the Bronchia which I have seldom seen in the Lungs of Brutes XVIII Besides the foremention'd Blood-bearing Vessels by the Report of Bartholine Olaus Rudbeck asââ¦res us That
he has observ'd certain diminutive Lymphatic Vessels creeping along the Superficies of the Lungs which also Frederic Ruisch affirms he has seen and farthââ¦r that they empty their Liquor into the Subclavial Axillary and Iugular Veins XIX Little diminutive Nerves proceed from the Sixth Pair which some will have to be dispers'd through the external Membrane only but Riolanus has observ'd to teââ¦d toward the inner Parts and Bââ¦rtholin has always observ'd them to accompany the Bronchia from the hinder Part besides a little Branch that creeps through the outward Membrane from the fore-part Thomas Willis asserts That those little Nerves together with the Blood-bearing Vessels are distributed through the whole Lungs and ââ¦each both the Channels of the Bronchia the Veins and Arteries sending their Branches every way But I cannot persuade my self that there should be such a great Quantity of Nerves dispers'd through since Reason teaches us they must be very few and very small by reason of the obtuse Feeling of that Bowel as has been already said Riolanus and Regius indeed allow to its exterior Tunicle an exquisite Sense of Feeling as deriv'd from the Pleura contrary to Reason and Experience as we have already demonstrated XX. The Office of the Lungs is to be serviceable for Respiration XXI Now Respiration is an Alternative Dilatation and Contraction of the Breast by which the cold external Air is now forc'd into the Lungs and then cast forth again together with the Steams and Vapors that by the Reception of the cold Air and the Expulsion of it together with the Serous Vapors exhaling through the thin Tunicles of the Blood-bearing Vessels from the Spirituous Blood driven forward into the Lungs and collected together in the Windings of the Vesicles that the hot Blood spirituous and dilated into a thin Breath proceeding from the Right Ventricle of the Heart may be refrigerated and somewhat condens'd in the Lungs and many Serous Vapors separated from it that so it may more readily descend into the Left Ventricle of the Heart and there be dilated and spiritualiz'd anew and be wrought to a greater Perfection XXII For because the Blood breaking forth from the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs is much dilated very light and requires twenty times a larger Room than condens'd Blood which the left Ventricle cannot afford hence there is a necessity that that same Vapor seal'd up be again condens'd into the Thickness of Blood and so become heavier partly that by reason of its being more heavy it may descend to the Left Ventricle partly that being by that means more compacted it may more easily be comprehended by that Ventricle and so be dilated anew For as in Chymical Stills the Liquor being reduc'd into a thin Vapor cannot be contain'd in so small a Room or Vessel as it was contain'd in before Attenuation nor cannot be gather'd together and again distill'd to a greater Perfection of Spirit till that Vapor lighting into a cold Alembic be again condens'd into Water and flows through the Neck of the Alembic to be receiv'd by another Vessel and after that to be again distill'd So the Blood in the Right Ventricle of the Heart being rarifyd and become Spirituous of necessity must be some what condens'd again by the Refrigeration of the Air suck'd in to the end that being so made more ponderous and possessing less Room it may flow to the left Ventricle and refresh the fervent Heat of the Heart with a new Refreshment Moreover beside the foresaid Refrigeration the cool suck'd-in Air affords another Benefit that it presses forth out of the small Pulmonary Arteries into the smaller little Veins the Blood which is thrust forward into the Lungs and by the said Refrigeration prepar'd for Defluxion and now ready to go forth by means of the Distension of the whole Bowel and consequently the great Compression of the Vessels and from these Arteries drives it forward through the great Pulmonary Vein into the Left Ventricle of the Heart which is the Reason that so little Blood stays in the Lungs and so little is found therein when a man is dead XXIII Whence it is manifest what it is that kills those that are hang'd or strangl'd For besides that the Serous or as others say Fuliginous Vapors for defect of Respiration are not dissipated the Spirituous and Boiling Blood forc'd into the Lungs is not refrigerated nor condens'd whence the Lungs are over-fill'd and distended with an over-abounding vaporous Spirit so that there can be nothing more supply'd out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart as no more Air can be forc'd into a Bladder which is full already and by reason of its extream Lightness nothing or very little can descend to the Left Ventricle so that it wants new Nourishment and has nothing to pour into the Aorta and so the Circulation of the Blood is stopp'd and the Heart faints away for a double Reason and then the Blood not flowing to the Brain by and by the Brain ceases its Function and generates no more Animal Spirits or forces them to the Parts and so the Sence and Motion of all the Parts fail And hence it is apparent why in a Stove that is over-heated many times we fall into a Swoon because the Air being suck'd in cannot sufficiently condense the vaporous Blood for want of Cold so that the Lungs become fill'd with that Blood and afford but little or no condens'd Blood to the Left Ventricle to be dilated anew XXIV That this is the true Reason of Respiration it appears from hence That Animals which have but one Ventricle of the Heart have no Lungs and the Reason why the Birth does not breathe in the Womb is because the Blood is not mov'd by the Lungs from the Right to the Left Ventricle so that it wants no Condensation in the middle way or Compression made by Inspiration only the Lungs grow for future Uses And then the Reason why we are constrain'd to fetch our Breath quicker when the Blood is heated by Fevers or Exercise or any other Causes as when we suck in a hotter Air is this to the end that by frequent Respiration there may be a swifter and more convenient Refrigeration and Condensation of the Blood XXV But the said Refrigeration does not come to pass in the Lungs because the Air breath'd in is mix'd with the hot blood forc'd from the heart into the Lungs as was the Opinion of Ent and Deusingius and is still the Judgment of many other Philosophers at this day but because the cool Air entring the Bronchia and Bladdery Substance of the Lungs cools the whole Lungs as also the Blood contain'd in its Blood-bearing Vessels as Wine contain'd in Glass-Bottles and set in cold Water or Snow is cool'd without any Mixture either of the Snow or Water Some indeed think that though it be not much yet there is some of the suck'd-in Air which is mix'd
necessity it can never diminish but by Antiperistasis will rather augment the Heat of the Blood in those Vessels 2. Because that in the Birth which is enclos'd in a hot place there must be a greater Heat and yet no such urgent Necessity of Respiration but that the Lungs themselves lie idle 3. Because those that are expiring breath forth a colder Breath To the First I answer That a moderate Cold does not cause that same Antiperistasis only that Antiperistasis happens in vehement and sudden Refrigeration But such a vehement Cold cannot be occasion'd by Inspiration in the Breast which is a hot Part To the Second I answer That the Heat in the Birth is not come to such a Perfection as to want the Refrigeration of Breathing To the Third That the Air breath'd forth by dying Persons does not feel so hot as that which is breath'd forth by healthy People because that through the Weakness of the Heart the Blood which is forc'd into the Lungs is not so hot at that time and for that the Bowel it self does not heat so much for which reason also the Air breath'd in is less hot and so the Breath seems to be colder to Healthy People that stand by who are sufficiently warm whereas that Breath of Dying Men does not come forth without some Heat which it had acquir'd from the Lungs though less than the Heat of the Skins of those that feel it XXVIII The same Author after he has rejected the Refrigeration of the Lungs concludes That the Use of the Lungs is to carry about the Blood and is a kind of a Vessel appropriated to the Circulation of the Blood Which if it were true then in the Birth inclos'd in the Womb and not Breathing as also in Fish that are destitute of Lungs there would be no Circulation of Blood because that same Vessel is either wanting or else lies idle Which Opinion Iohn Majow refutes by producing an admirable Experiment in his Treatise of Respiration XXIX Malpigius will have the Lungs to be created not for Refrigeration but for a Mixture of the Sanguineous Mass that is to say That all the smallest Particles of the Blood the VVhite the Red the Fix'd the Liquid Chylous Sanguineous Lymphatic c. should be mingl'd exactly into one Mass which Mixture he supposes to be but rudely order'd in the Right Ventricle of the Heart but exactly compleated in the Vessels of the Lungs and for this he brings many Arguments which however are not so strong as either to prove his own or destroy the ancient Opinion For the most exact Mixture of the Blood is occasion'd by Fermentation by which all the Particles are dilated into a Spirit or thin Vapor but this Fermentation is perform'd in the Heart forbid in the Lungs where Fermentation is forbid and the dilated Mass of the Blood is condens'd Moreover if the Blood expell'd out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart were necessitated to acquire an exact Mixture in the Heart where must that have its exact Mixture which is forc'd out of the Left Ventricle into the Aorta or that same Blood which neither in Fishes nor in the Birth inclos'd in the Womb ever enters the Lungs Malachy Thruston desirous to bring something of Novelty upon the Stage of this Dispute excuses the Heart from the Office of Sanguification and imposes that Office upon the Lungs because that the Lungs being distempered as in a Consumption all the Parts being nourish'd with bad Blood grow lean and consume As if the same thing did not happen when the Liver Spleen Stomach Kidneys Mesentery and the like Bowels which are known not to make Blood are affected with any Ulcer or very great Distemper Afterwards he adds That the Chylus is but rudely mix'd in the Heart with the Blood but most exactly in the Lungs and there ferments boils is subtiliz'd and acquires its Fluidness and is chang'd into true Blood But these things are repugnant to Reason For shall cold Air breath'd in produce Effervescency and Subtility of the Blood in the Lungs when Cold hinders Effervescency and thickens the Blood as daily Experience teaches us in the Cure of hot Distempers And whence I would fain know has the Womb that Effervescency and Subtility of the Blood where the Lungs lie idle Then he produces two great Opinions as he thinks the one from Phlebotomy the other from Sighs By Phlebotomy says he Apoplectic Persons and such as are hardly able to fetch their Breath and are almost choak'd feel great Ease Because that by that means the Blood which was hastning toward the Lungs or else heap'd up there before is drawn off another way and so the Lungs by degrees are freed from that Burthen But I shall not grant the Learned Man his Argument True it is that in such Distempers we let Blood freely that the Heart may be weaken'd and that that being weaken'd less Blood may be forc'd to the other Parts and so that Blood which sticks next to the Lungs or Brain and stops up the little Passages may have the more time to flow out and empty it self and so the Cause of Suffocation is remov'd from the Lungs For Example If many People are gather'd together in any Room and would crowd altogether out at the door they stop one another but the less they that are behind press forward the sooner they that are before get forth Thus it happens in an Apoplexy Asthma or any such like Affection For in these Distempers the stronger the Heart is and the more Blood it sends from it self the more are the Lungs Brain c. obstructed and stuffed up but the more the Heart is weaken'd by a moderate Abstraction of the Blood and the less forcibly and the less Blood it sends to the Parts obstructed so much the more easily the Blood which already stops up the Passages being dissolv'd and attenuated by the Heat of those Parts flows farther and the Obstruction is open'd to the Ease of the Party griev'd But this makes nothing for Thruston's Opinion as neither does his Argument taken from Sighs For Sighs do not happen as he thinks by reason of the stronger Effervescency of the Chylus in the Lungs but by reason of the weaker and slower Respiration which they who are thoughtful and sad forget to exercise so frequently as they ought and consequently a Refrigeration not sufficient of the Blood forc'd into the Lungs from the Right Ventricle of the Heart so that the vaporous and dilated Blood remaining in too great a Quantity and therefore flowing more slowly into the Left Ventricle and keeping the Lungs distended perplexes the Patient who is therefore constrain'd by deep Sighs and the introducing a good Quantity of cold Air to condense that vaporous Blood to the end that it may flow more swiftly out of the Lungs through the Pulmonary Vein to the Left Ventricle of the Heart and may be also more swiftly expell'd by reason of the larger distension
any other Symptoms of Life At length when he was just ready to be carry'd to the Grave he came to himself upon the Bier and liv'd many years afterward 4. In the Year 1638. a certain Woman at the upper end of Nimeghen-City fell into the River where at that time rode the greatest part of our Navy and carry'd away by the swiftness of the Tide passed through the whole Fleet under Water and within a quarter of an hour after when no body thought but that she had been dead rose again at the lower end of the Fleet and was taken up alive and safe by the Sea-men 5. In the Year 1642. a Citizen of Nimeghen's Wife sitting at the Brink of a Well fell in backward with her Head downward and her Feet only above Water in which condition she was above half an hour for want of due Help but at length being drawn out of the Well and laid in her Bed for dead after she had lain for two hours without any Signs of Respiration or Symptoms of Life she came by degrees to her self and the next day coming to me committed her self to my Care and by Administration of due Remedies was restored to her former Health To these Testimonies of my own lest they may not seem sufficient I will add three more out of other Authors which are of great moment 6. The First is a Story out of Platerus of a Woman who being condemn'd for killing her Child was thrown into the Rhine bound hand and foot who after she had continu'd under Water above half an hour was at length drawn out again with Ropes and breathing a little at first came to Life again and being perfectly recover'd was marry'd and had several Children To which Platerus adds two Stories more of the same Nature 7. The Second is a Story reported by Iohn Mattheus from an Inscription upon a Stone in the Church of the Holy Apostles at Cologne where it is related how that certain infamous Persons open'd the Grave at Midnight of a certain Woman that was buried the Night before for the lucre of her Rings and Bracelets which she carry'd with her to her Tomb but when thââ¦y came to lay hands upon her she came to her self and revived thereupon the Robbers in a Terror fled Upon which the Woman making use of the Lanthorn which the Thieves had lest behind went home Now no question this Woman was not dead but lying without Respiration was taken for dead 8. A Third remarkable and sad Example of a Woman that was buried for dead and afterwards reviving again is related by Diââ¦med Cornarius and Matthew Hessus and by us from them recited l. 1. at the end of the 25th Chapter And several other Stories of this Nature are to be found in Levinus Lemnius Hildan Iames Crastius and several others XLIII Which are suffiââ¦ient to convince us that a man may live sometimes for some time without Respiration There remains only to give an Account of the Reason of it Galen by many strong Arguments drawn from Experience and Sence tells us That the Heat of the Heart is the Cause of the necessity of Respiration For so long as the Heart by its Heat attenuates the Blood and sends it dilated out of the Right Ventricle of the Heart into the Lungs there is a necessity for that Refrigeration which is occasion'd by Respiration that the hot attenuated Blood may be again condens'd and so fall into the Left Ventricle Which Reââ¦rigeration being deny'd the Vessels of the Lungs are presently fill'd with vaporous Blood and the Bladdery Substance with a serous Vapour neither can any thing descend to the Left Ventricle so that a man is presently choak'd Now from this Foundation there follows another that is to say as often as the Heart is overmuch cool'd or the Heat and Motion of it is so oppress'd by Morbific Causes that it begets no Effervescency oâ⦠Dilatation of the Blood flowing in then also there is no need of any Refrigeration for the cause of the Necessity being taken away the Necessity it self is taken away and so long a man may live without Respiration Now in all the aforesaid Stories and Accidents even by the cold Water alone the whole Body and the Lungs are so refrigerated that that same Refrigeration is sufficient to condense and cool the Blood which is forc'd out of the Heart into the Lungs or else the Heart is so refrigerated and contracted by the extraordinary Fear and Cold together that it ceases almost to beat and so a Fit comes as seem'd to happen to those Women in the Fourth Fifth and Sixth Story Or else the Heat of it is so oppress'd by Malignant Vapors and Humors that it absolutely gives over dilating the Blood and driving it forth by Pulsation Now the sending forth of Blood to the Lungs beating there is no need of Respiration so that a man may want it and yet live he not continuing long in that Condition that is till the innate Heat be quite extinguish'd But then a man lives without Sence or Motion like Flies Frogs Lizards and other Beasts in the Winter which lie for dead without Respiration because the Heat of the Heart is oppress'd and as it were extinguish'd and wants no Refrigeration Which being so what shall we say to Galen's Words cited in the beginning of this Question who says 't is impossible for a living man to breath But Galen himself foreseeing this Difficulty flies to Transpiration which is made through the Pores of the whole Body and supposes that to be the lowest and meanest sort of Respiration or rather its Deputy which in such Accidents he believes to be sufficient to support Life But this Subterfuge will not serve the Turn For when the Heart and Humors are not stirr'd then the whole Body is presently refrigerated and neither is the hot Vapour expell'd nor the cold Air admitted to the Heart And therefore we must rather conclude that the first Opinion of Galen is true of the common manner of living but not of such rarely happening Accidents as those before mention'd where Things fall out quite otherwise CHAP. XIV Of the Trachea or Rough Artery See Table 11. I. THE TRACHEA or Rough Artery by some call'd the PIPE or CANE of the Lungs is a Channel which descends from the Iaws to the Lungs and enters them with several Branches through which the inspir'd Air is suckt in and the same Air expir'd is breath'd out again with the Serous Vapours and Steams for the Refrigeration and Ventilation of the Vital Blood and the Production of the Voice and Sounds II. It is seated in the fore-part of the Neck resting upon the Oesophagus and so descending from the Mouth to the Lungs III. About the Fourth Vertebra of the Breast it is divided into Two Branches each of which enter the Lobe of the Lungs of their own side These are again subdivided into two Branches and those also into others till
infus'd by God and governing all the Animal Actions of the whole Body and yet be able to perceive all those things which are done in the extream parts in the least space of a moment even in the very point of time they are acted Moreover they do not believe the Seat of the Rational Soul to be so small in Man and yet in Brutes which are destitute of that Soul to be three times as big Furthermore they cannot apprehend why the Seat of the Soul should not be ascrib'd as well to the Heart as to the Brain seeing that all the Motions of the Animal Spirits and the Brain it self proceed from the Heart which when it ceases to beat all the Animal Actions fail as it happens in a Syncope and in Wounds of the Ventricles of the Heart Concerning this Matter in our Age sharp and furious have been the Contests on both sides as if they were contending for the safety of their Country and daily most terrible Paper-Disputes arise eager indeed and vehement but vain and frivolous by which the Minds of young People are more disturb'd than taught But setting aside these unprofitable Contests let us enquire into the more sensible Action of the Brain it self III. Aristotle teaches us that the Office of the Brain is to temper the heat of the Heart Which Opinion though most reject Spigelius nevertheless endeavors to assert it for Rational Galen attributes to the Brain the Office of generating and making Animal Spirits With whom most of the Modern Philosophers agree For this is most certain that the Animal Actions are not at the first hand perform'd by the Brain it self but by the Animal Spirits made in the Brain by means of which the Soul in well dispos'd Organs executes its Actions and so the Brain is the Instrument which generates those Spirits These Spirits Zabarel Argenterius Helmont Deusingius and some others as well Physitians as Philosophers confound with the vital Spirits and affirm that they differ from them not in Specie but only in certain Accidents and therefore it is that Spigelius says Not that there is here a certain mutation of the vital Spirits which destroys their whole nature but only a certain alteration of the Temperament Eââ¦t agrees with Spigelius and supports his Opinion with these three Arguments 1. The Birth both feels and is mov'd in the Womb without the aid of any Animal Spirit in regard that no Maternal Nerve runs to the Birth 2. A most subtil Spirit cannot be made in a cold Brain and full of mucous Filth for Cold stupifies the Spiriââ¦s and hinders their Actions 3. The Nerves themselves derive their Life and Heaâ⦠from the Arteries which are conspicuously diffus'd through them To these Arguments others add one more that the most subtil Spirits never descend to the lower parts but always tend upwards and exhale and hence although there should be allow'd any Animal Spirits to be so subtil they would never descend into the Nerves but would always fly upwards through the Pores But though these things seem specious enough at a distance yet they neither prove nor confirm the said Sentence To the First I answer That the Birth in the Womb is neither mov'd with an Animal Motion nor feels until the first delineaments of the Brains and Nerves are arriv'd and increas'd to such a Bulk Firmness and Perfection that the Brain may be able to generate Animal Spirits sufficient and that those Spirits may be conveniently convey'd to the sensitive and moving parts and because it requires some Months to attain that perfection therefore the Birth does not move it self until the Woman have gone out half her time that is about the fourth Month and a half For what Spirits are generated before that time are very few and weak and the rest of the Parts themselves of the Body unapt for Motion or Sence Nor does the Motion of the Birth proceed nor is it perform'd by the Spirits or Maternal Nerves running to it of which there are none that enter the Birth but by the Spirits and Nerves generated in it self To the Second I say that there is no considerable Magnitude requir'd for the making of Animal Spirits but rather a Mediocrity of Heat such as is sufficient in the Brain though it be much less than in the other parts And there is a necessity for that lesser Heat which they call Cold to asswage the Heat of the Arterious Blood and in some measure to thicken its Volatile sulphurous Spirits that so the Animal Spirit may separate it self more pure from the salt Particles and may flow into the Nerves no longer beset with superfluity of viscous Vapors Moreover it is to be understood that although the Brain be said to be colder than other parts yet that it is not absolutely cold only that the Temper of it is less hot than of many other parts and that the proper confirmation of it is such as is most fit for the generation of Spirits Lastly the natural Temper of the Brain inclining to Cold is not such as stupifies the Spirits nor renders them unapâ⦠to perform their Actions in the Parts but its preternatural cold Temper excluding the Blood and natural Heat by a too close constriction of the Pores is the cause that for want of convenient Matter few Spirits are generated therein and that those already generated with great difficulty and in small quantity flow through the streightned Pores and Nerves Which is the Reason that then the Actions fail by degrees not because the Actions are stupify'd as is vulgarly believ'd but because very few are generated flow into the parts For the Spirits endure no Stupefaction for Drowsiness is nothing else but a rest of the Actions in the Sensory Organs by reason of the scarcity of the Animal Spirits To the Third I answer that although the Brain and Nerves are nourish'd with Arterious Blood it does not thence follow that the Animal Spirits generated in the Brain are nothing different from the Blood and Vital Spirits generated in the Heart and carry'd through the Arteries for the nourishment of the Parts for this is as much as if a man should say The Stomach is nourish'd by the Arterious Blood generated out of the Chylus therefore the Chylus concocted therein is nothing different from the Blood Or thus The Heart changes the Chylus into Blood therefore the Blood which is generated therein is nothing different from the Chylus Or thus The Bread is turn'd into Chylus and the Chylus into Blood therefore the bread differs nothing either from the Chylus or the Blood To the Last I say That the Animal Spirits would easily exhale out of the Brain and Pith unless they were there with-held in their cool Work-house which hinders their sudden Exhalation and would flow into the Nerves which are of a firmer Substance and thus all Chymical Spirits are best kept close in cool Vessels and hinder'd from exhaling Moreover that they would not descend
the Brain were altogether untouch'd without any Damage Being thus far satisfy'd I thought good to dissect another who dy'd without any external Cause to be seen in whom there was found a thick and viscous Humor resting upon the Net like contexture the Ventricles of the Brain being neither fill'd nor obstructed Hence reasoning with my Self I judg'd it consentaneous to Reason that the Apoplexy was generated in the Arteries either obstructed or compress'd for that then the Brain receiv'd no Spirits from the Heart through the adjoyning Arteries which occasion'd an absolute necessity of its Motion and Sence And a certain Person observing these things as I suppose affirm'd that the Apoplexy was caus'd by the intercepting the Passages that are common to the Heart and Brain Thus if the Cause of the Disease of all Apoplectics were more diligently enquir'd into it would be found to proceed not from the compression or obstruction of the beginning of the Nerves in the third or middle Ventricle but solely from the compression or streightning of the Arteries tending to the Brain even then when the Apoplexy is caus'd by a rammassment of serous Matter collected in the substance of the Brain it self or between the Meninxes Which Webfer affirms that he has found to be true by experience upon several Diffections Who erroneous however conjectures this to happen by reason of the deny'd entrance of the Animal Spirits when it is manifest that the stoppage of the Arteries is the cause of it for seeing that in an Aposteme of the Brain the Orifices of the nerves are not clos'd by the quantity of Serum or Pus collected in the ventricles much less will it happen through any far slighter Collection Again that it does not happen through any Flegm that fills the Vessels of a sudden occular view teaches us in the Dissections of Apoplectics in whose Ventricles never so great a quantity of Flegm is to be found in the Ventricles and moreover because the Apoplexy is caus'd by the sole compression of the little Arteries of the wonderful Net without any detriment to the Brain much less to the Ventricles as appears by the foresaid Relations of Fernelius and the Story of Webfer of the Woman that was hang'd and yet came again to her self In which Particular Martian also agrees with us I find says he three Differences of the Apoplexy according to the Doctrine of Hippocrates Of which though there be various preceding Causes yet in reality they are all the same as consisting in the standing of the Blood by which means all Motion and Action of the Spirits are taken away For as the same Author observes when the Blood is not mov'd it is impossible but that the Motion of the Body must cease Therefore when the Blood is depriv'd of Motion not only the Motion of the Spirits is intercepted which is caus'd by the Blood but at the same time and together the generation of the Animal Spirits which is perform'd in the Brain is vitiated and interrupted for want of Matter the Veins or Arteries being intercepted for it is well known that the Animal Spirits are generated out of the Vital As to that Cause of the Apoplexy which Malpigius and Fracassatus propound when they alledge this Distemper to proceed from the stoppage of the straining through of the Serum growing in the Cortex of the Brain this Opinion if rightly explain'd will agree with the former already laid down For if the concrescible Serum as they call it that is to say if the Saltish Particles of the Blood being stopp'd in the Cortex of the Brain through the depression of the Cranium stuffing up of Flegm or any other Cause cannot be separated by straining through then also is the ingress of the Vital Spirits or Arterious blood into the brain put to a stop and thence for want of Matter for generation of the Spirits and defect of the Cause that pushes them forward when generated any farther Generation ceases as also the pushing forward of the Animal Spirits into the Nerves and thence the Apoplexy or any other Lethargic Drowsiness though the Passage of the same Spirits out of the brain it self into the Nerves may be free at the same time XIII As to the second Difficulty there is a great difference between the Generation of Animal Spirits of which we here discourse and their Determination and the Place wherein or from whence the Determination is made For because the Mind determines from the common Sensory the Spirits adhering to the Substance of the brain this does not hinder but that those Spirits may be generated in the Substance of the brain and thence be determin'd by the superior Command and Power of the Mind to these or those Parts Nor is it consequential from hence that the Spirits should be generated in that place from whence the Determination of the Mind sends them away at pleasure A Prince sitting in his Throne appoints his Subjects to these or these Offices or Places but thence it does not follow that the commanded Subjects should be born in the King's Palace or reside in his Throne for that the Beams of his Command extend themselves to the utmost Limits of his Empire He therefore that shall to the purpose explain the manner how the Appointment of the Spirits is transacted by the Soul will light a fair Flambeau for the discovery of greater Mysteries In the mean while this second Objectson makes nothing against our Opinion and therefore as most probable we conclude that the Animal Spirits are generated in the Substance of the brain it self CHAP. XI Of the Animal Spirits IN the foregoing Chapter it has been declar'd that the Office or Action of the Brain is to generate Animal Spirits and that they are elaborated in the Substance of the Brain it self now it remains that we enquire of what sort and what those Noble Spirits are and how they are generated However by the way observe that when we discourse of Spirits as here and l. 2. c. 12. we do not speak of certain incorporeal Spirits or of the general Spirit of the whole World by which the Platonics alledge that all things have their Being but of a certain most subtil Vapour which is produc'd out of Sulphur and Salt by the Concoctions of the Bowels and varies according to the variety of the Matter out of which it is extracted and the various manner of extraction which endow it with different Qualities I. The Animal Spirits are invisible Vapours most thin and volatile chiefly elaborated out of the Salt Particles of the Blood and some few Sulphury chiefly volatile and that in the Brain serving partly for the Natural partly for the Animal Actions As for those that deny that any Animal Spirits are to be allow'd specifically different from the Vital as Huffman Deusingius and several others endeavour to uphold we think it an Opinion not worth refuting and therefore to be rejected seeing that the one is compounded
are that flow into those Kernels so much the more would be their Swelling and the Compression of the Veins and thence a greater Effussion of Tears but in Joy the said Spirits flow in great plenty to the Parts and yet in Joys Tears are very rarely shed or if they do burst forth 't is but in a very small quantity Contrary to this in Sadness fewer Animal Spirits flow into the Parts whence there must a be less Swelling and Pressure and yet Tears burst forth in greater quantity Lastly if it be objected that the Salival Liquor may be separated in sufficient quantity out of the Arteries through the Kernels and therefore the Lachrymal Juice I answer that the Parotides and Kernels of the Jaws are remarkably large and very numerous and furnished with many and more remarkable Arteries so that a more plentiful separation may more easily be made through them then through the slender and incomparably fewer Glandules of the Eyes endued with few and almost invisible little Arteries He therefore that more considerately weighs these things will easily observe that the Opinion of Nicholas Stenonis does not contain the true Cause of Tears and that unwilling Tears can never be deduc'd from it nor those which are occasion'd by swift Running Smoak and Dust c. nor bloody Tears which proceed rather from some Corrosion of the little Arteries and Veins which by reason of the narrowness of the Vessels can burst forth but in small quantity XIII Thus have many Men strangly mistaken the Fountain of this same Lympha and while they endeavour'd to discover it have fill'd much Paper with Conjectures Now let us try whether we can contribute any Light to a thing that lies veil'd under so much Obscurity Which before we undertake to perform we think it necessary to distinguish between the Lachrymal Humors and that same Lymphatic Humor which is poured forth out of the Glandules through the Diminutive Lymphatic Vessels for the moistning of the Eyes and smoothing of the Parts For this is the difference between them 1. This is more lympid and thinner than the other 2. This flows out of the Lymphatic Vessels of the Glandules the other from the Ventricles of the Brain 3. This is neither so sharp nor so salt as Tears are found to be both by the Tast and their Corrosion 4. There is but a small quantity of this nor does the quantity of it offend the Eyes as Tears does which bursting forth in great quantity many times very much prejudice the Eyes 5. This does not corrode at all but is grateful to the Eyes whereas many times Tears corrode the Cheeks and many times consume the Glandulous Lachrymal Caruncles themselves seated in the Corners of the Eyes which being eaten quite away with their little Vessels the Flux of Tears would cease or stop if the foremention'd Opinion of Stenonis were true whereas on the Contrary the Flux is then more unvoluntary and in greater quantity not to be stop'd XIV This Distinction thus premis'd we come to speak of the Tears themselves beginning with their Definition Tears are the more thin and serous Particles of the Flegmatic Humors Collected in the Brain flowing from the innermost Parts of the Eyes The Causes of the Expulsion of those Serous Particles through the Lachrymal Holes are five 1. The Plenty of Flegmatic Serous Humors collected in the Brain 2. Their suddain Colloquation or violent Agitation 3. The Contraction of the Brain and its Membranes 4. The insufficient Covering of the Lachrymal Hole by the Glandulous Caruncle 5. The Obstruction of the Spungy Bones in the Nostrils And of these Causes for the most part two or three concur and therefore we must particularly explain how those Tears burst forth in divers cases XV. In Sadness the Membranes of the Brain together with the Brain it self are contracted and hence the Serous Humors of the Arterious Blood which gain something of Viscosity from the Humid and Viscous Bowel are pressed forth out of the Kernels of the Cortex and the Substance of the Brain it self and Pituitous Kernel and the small Glandules interwoven with the Choroid Fold into the Ventricles and out of them through the Papillary Processes and the Narrownesses of the five representing Bones into the spongy Parts of the inside of the Nostrils which not being able to pass through them by reason of their quantity and viscousness the more thin and serous Particles burst forth through the narrow lateral Lachrymal Holes into the larger Corners of the Eyes and washing the Bodies of the Eyes and breaking forth make Tears But the thicker and more viscous Particles causing an Obstruction in the Spungy Bones of the upper Parts of the Nostrils are evacuated by degrees as well through the Nostrils as through the Palate And the less that Obstruction of the Nostrils grows the less becomes the Flux of Tears for that being remov'd the thinner and more serous Humors descend directly to the Palate and Nostrils neither is there any necessity that then they should be prest forth through the Lachrymal Holes by reason of the Passage being stopt so that then the Flux of Tears ceases till by reason of new plenty of descending Humors a new Obstruction happens XVI By reason of the same Obstruction Tears frequently burst forth in the Murr and sometimes upon violent Sneezing XVII There is the same reason for Tears that break forth in violent Laughter for from that alternate Contraction of the Muscles of the Head as also of the Brain and its Membranes the aforesaid serous Humors burst forth in great quantity out of the Brain and Kernels aforesaid into the Ventricles and out of them into the Mamillary Processes which Humors flow down to the Nostrils and Palate and by reaof their thicker Particles cause an Obstruction in the fungous part of the Nostrils Which is the reason that then the thinner and more serous Particles their free Descent being stopp'd bursting forth through the Lachrymal Holes flow from the Eyes and that so much the more easily by how much those Holes are so much the less exactly shut by the Glandulous Caruncles that lye over them Hence it comes to pass that according to the closer or looser shutting up of those Holes and the more or less plenty of Flegmy Humors abounding in the Brain some People shed Tears when they laugh and others not and because that Concussion of the Body or alternate Contraction does not last long hence it comes to pass that People do not shed many Tears when they laugh There is the same reason why young and stout Men who are not easily disturb'd with Grief nor have their Brain contracted besides that the Glandulous Caruncle that covers both Lachrymal Holes is stronger and larger seldom or never weep On the other side Old People Infants and Children easily shed Tears because that in the one the Glandulous Caruncle is drier more unequal and more contracted in the other softer and less
firm and so weakly covering the Lachrymal Hole that it gives way to the least violence of the Internal Serous Humors and so procures an immediate Passage for the said Lachrymal Humors To which we may add another Humor that both the one and the other are subject to Grief that arises from Irksomness Love or Anger by reason whereof the Brain contracting its self with its Membranes presses forth the petuitous and serous Humors and expels them through the Sieve-representing Bones Cartesius alledges another Cause of this Matter but not so true for he ascribes the whole thing to the plenty of Blood from whence several Vapors are carried to the Eyes But this Opinion has been sufficiently refuted already Now to tell you how it comes to pass that some weep upon vehement Motion or the riding of swift Race-Horses of this there are three Causes 1. Because the Glandulous Kernels being mov'd from their Places by the violent Motion do not exactly cover the Lachrymal Holes 2. Because those Caruncles are contracted by the troublesome Reverberation of the cold Air. 3. Because those pituitous Humors through violent Agitation flow easily from the Head and descend in a greater quantity than usually through the Sieve-like narrow Passages And the same thing also happens when the Glandulous Caruncles of each Canthus being contracted by the greater Cold of the Air alone especially if suddain the Lachrymal Holes are not well covered and therefore give a free Passage to the Tears XVIII Onions Mustard Errhines and Sternutories provoke Tears by reason that through their attenuating and cutting Acrimony the Humors in the Head are properly attenuated and rendred more fluid Properly the Brain with its Membranes contracts it self by reason of the troublesome Vellication that twinges the Eyes and Nostrils and by that means presses forth and expels the pituitous Humors contain'd therein which glide the more easily through the Lachrymal Holes because the annate Tunicle of the Eye and the Glandulous Caruncles that cover the Holes being twing'd by the same Acrimony are also contracted and so give free passage to the descending Humors XIX Dust Straws Smoak c. that pain the Eye are also the Cause of shedding Tears because that upon the twinging of the Conjunctive Tunicle which is the most sensible the Glandulous Lachrymal Kernel adjoyning to it is contracted in both Eyes but chiefly in that which is most afflicted and so the Hole is uncovered Also the Brain with its Membranes is contracted by reason of that same sad Sensation and by means of that same Contraction pressing forth the serous and pituitous Humors contain'd in its self and its Ventricles expels them through the Mamillary Processes toward the Sive-like Bone and the Nostrils of which the thicker Particles flow forth through the Nostrils the thinner and more fluid through the Lachrvmal Holes XX. Now to tell you why Tears continue so plentiful in Grief so that many People weep for several days together that happens for this reason for that the Brain being contracted with Sadness is refrigerated and cannot duly perform its Work of Concoction so that a great quantity of serous Humors are separated in this Glandulous Bowel from the Blood which is carried thither for its Nourishment and many crude Humors are also generated at the same time which are continually press'd forth by that Contraction and expell'd out of the Ventricles toward the Nostrils But when the Mind refrains from thinking of the sad Accident and the Contraction hereupon relaxes that Effussion of Tears ceases but upon the return of sad Thoughts the Tears burst forth again by reason of the same pressing and squeezing as before But because so large and moist a Bowel has humid Nourishment in great quantity hence it is certain that many and moist Excrements cannot but be generated therein of which there is a long and most plentiful Increase as in Catarrs and the Pose as we found in a Woman dissected by Us in the Year 1663. who had long liv'd in a great deal of Grief and Sorrow and had a thousand times complain'd of a Heaviness in her Head and was very apt to weep and shed Tears in abundance whose Brain was so moist that a viscous Serum distill'd out of the Substance of it squeez'd by our Hand as out of a Spunge dipp'd in Water besides that the Ventricles were also sufficiently fill'd with it To this we may add that the Vapors carried from the lower Parts of the Body to the Head and so wont to be expell'd through the Pores of the Body when it comes to pass that the Pores are streightned by that Refrigeration and Contraction of the Brain and its Membranes cannot be expell'd but being thickned are squeezed toward the Nostrils together with the rest of the Humors which greatly encreases the quantity of Tears By reason of the same bad Concoction of the Brain it comes to pass that many times the Tears are salt and sharp and corrode the Cheeks and for the same reason it is that sharp and salt Catarrhs happen which by their Acrimony corrode the Teeth and exulcerate the Chaps and other Parts because that by reason of their Crudity the salt Particles are more fix'd and not sufficiently dissolved nor exactly mix'd with the rest of the serous Particles Which being so four Doubts remain to be unfolded 1. How it comes to pass that People in sorrow receive great ease from weeping and that they find themselves almost choak'd through sorrow of Mind and are oppressed with Heaviness in their Heads upon the shedding of Tears are very much reliev'd The reason is because that in heavy Sorrow the Brain is many times so contracted that the Evacuatory Passages are streightned so that neither the pituitous and serous Humors can flow out nor the Arterious Blood conveniently flow in whence it appears that fewer Spirits are generated therein and fewer Animal Spirits consequently flow out from thence to the rest of the Parts Through the scarcity of which the detention of the Excrements with all in the Brain several inconveniences happen to Persons in those doleful Conditions their Heads grow heavy their Ratiocination and Judgment grow benum'd most parts tremble the Sight grows dim the Respiration becomes slow with deep Sighs and profound Sobs difficulty of Swallowing and the Orifices of the Heart are streightned so that they can neither expel nor receive the Blood hence an extream Anxiety which with all the other Inconveniences diminishes again and the sorrowful are extreamly eas'd when the Evacuatory Vessels being loosned the serous and pituitous Humors flow through the Eyes like Tears in great quantity from the Brain and also are evacuated through the Nostrils Palate and Mouth which consequently gives a freer access of Arterious Blood to the Brain a more plentiful Generation of Animal Spirits and a larger Influx into the Parts XXI 2. How it comes to pass that in extraordinary Sadness a Man cannot weep yet perceives the foresaid Anxiety with
20. as also Iulius Casserius de Org. Visus and Plempius in his Ophthalmographia CHAP. XVIII Of the Organs of Hearing and Hearing it self I. AS the Eyes the Beholder of the wonderful Works of the Supream Deity and the Discoverers of what is to be desired or avoided are placed in the upper part of the Body so for the understanding of Wisdom and all sorts of Knowledge the Organs of Hearing are placed on each side not far from them in Latin Aures by the Greek ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã and ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã to give us notice of imminent Good or Evil which cannot be discern'd by the Eye either in the Dark or through the Interposition of thicker Bodies or the distance of the Place seated in a high part of the Body the more easily to receive the Twirlings and Circulations of the Air in Motion diffuss'd through the upper Parts of the wide Concavity II. The Supream Architect created two perhaps that if any Defect should befall the one the other might supply its Office or else be placed one on each side of the Temples for the better distinguishing of Sounds on the Right or Left Side of the Body The outward Part expanded like a winnow which is not primary but an assisting Organ of Hearing first collecting and receiving Sounds is by the Greeks properly call'd ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã by the Latins Auris the upper parts of which are call'd Wings by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã but the lower and soft Lobe of the lower Auricle retains the ancient Name of Lobus still III. The Ears of Men are but small semicircular and neatly fram'd and fashion'd with various Protuberances and Concavities in which the sound being receiv'd together with the Air it does not presently slip out again but stops a little and is somewhat broken to the end that thence it may the ãâã directly and with less Violence enter the inner most Caverns of the Ear. Insomuch that they who are depriv'd of this part by any unfortunate Wound hear much less distinctly and with more confusion receiving the Sounds of Words like the Murmuring of a Stream Hence it is that they who are Deafish clap the Hollow of their Hands to receive a louder Sound of the Air in Motion for the greater benefit of their Hearing IV. Of these Protuberances the outermost by reason of its winding and turning Figure is called Helix and the other opposite to it Anthelex that which looks toward the Temples because it is hairy in some People like a Goats Beard is call'd Tragus or Hircus and the Part opposite to it to which the lower Auricle is appendent is call'd Antitragus which is also hairy in some People V. The innermost of the Cavities which is as it were the Porch of the Auditory Passage it self by reason of the yellow Excrement therein contracted is by some call'd Alvearium the outermost which is the bigger from its winding and turning Concha by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã the third which is comprehended between the Helix and Anthelix has hitherto no peculiar Name allow'd it VI. From the Shape and Bigness of the outward Ear the Ancients have drawn several Observations Aristotle and Galen makes Ears of a moderate bigness and arrected to be a Sign of the best sort of Men. Polemon Loxus Adamantius and Albert asserts that Quadrangular and Simicircular Ears of a moderate Magnitude declare a Man Stout Honest and of great Parts Large Ears denote Sotrishness Imprudence and Talkativeness but a great Memory and moreover they presage a long Life as Rases and Pliny relate out of Aristotle Very small Ears testifie a Fool a Person of ill Condition thievish and Libidinous as Aristotle Galen and Polemon relate Short and extended Ears as in Dogs as also short and compressed both are Signs of Folly according to Polemon Adamantius and Albert out of Loxus Long and narrow Ears shew a Man envious and wicked according to Polemon Albert and Conciliator Ears over-round and not well hollowed betoken a Man Indocible but when hollowed exactly a Person docible as the same Authors testifie When the inferior Lobe of the Ear is joyn'd to the Flesh of the Jaw-bone it signifies a vain Fool by the Testimony of Avicen VII The Ear consists of various Parts of which some are common others proper The common Parts are the Cuticle a very thin Skin and a nervous Membrane under it and a little Fat in the Inferior Lobe The proper Parts are a Gristle Muscles and Vessels VIII The Gristle constituting the upper and larger Part of the Ear to keep the Ear expanded and open sticks fast to the Stony-bone by means of a strong Ligament arising from the Pericranium For this reason in Men it is almost immovable and there are few Men can move their Ears at Pleasure though Schenkius brings some few Examples out of others which Motion is perform'd by the benefit of four Muscles only Casserius talks of six which are very slender and being hardly conspicuous rest upon this Gristle which Galen by reason of their extraordinary slenderness calls the Lineaments of the Muscles IX The first of these Muscles common to the Ear and both Lips drawing the Ear downward to the side is implanted in the Root of it under the Lobe and is part of the slender four-square Muscle moving the Cheeks and Skin of the Face The second lying upon the Temple Muscle and moving the Ear upward and forward descends near the beginning of the Muscle of the Front and being made narrower by degrees is inserted into the upper part of the Ear. The third raising the Ear though very little toward the hinder Parts rises above the Mamillary Process with a narrow beginning from the hinder part of the Head and then becoming broader sometimes with two sometimes with three Tendons enters the Root of the hinder Gristle The Fourth being of the same use with the former and proceeding with a broad Original from the Mamillary Process vanishes into a Tendon of which there are some that make three Insertions into the Root of the Gristle In Cows Horses and several other Brutes these Muscles are large and frequently more which is the reason those Creatures move their Ears very strongly and are able by that means to shake of Flies and whatever else proves troublesome to those Parts X. The Vessels belonging to the Ear are threefold 1. Little Arteries from the Carotides of which one that is bigger than the rest creeping through the Tragus and Anthelix and ascending the upper part of the Iaw affords vital Blood to each of the Teeth with which sharp Humors sometimes flowing down are the cause of most cruel Pains in the Teeth which we have seen wonderfully cur'd by an actual Cautery to this shooting forth of the Arteries in the Anthelix which is observ'd by Bauhinus And Riolanus reports that he saw a Person at Paris
who got a great deal of Money by this way of Cure as we observed another who practised the same Cure in Gelderland 2. Very small diminutive Veins that run from the Ear to the Jugulars 3. Two little Nerves that creep from the second Pair of the Pith of the Neck along the sides and hinder Region of the Ear to which is joyned a small Branch from the harder Portion of the fifth Pair proceeding through the Blind-hole XI Without side there stands adjoyning to the Ears various little Kernels thick and remarkable call'd Parotides not only behind the Ears but also under the Ears and upon each side Between these two of a considerable bigness resting almost one upon another Of which the lesser by Sylvius and Stenonis is called Conglobata the larger composed of many glandulous Fragments is called Conglomerata and both manifestly demonstrated by Stenonis in the Head of a Calf These Kernels support the ascending Vessels and because they receive the serous Humors separated from the Arterious Blood and send them down through certain lymphatic and salival Vessels and sometimes heap together a great quantity of flegmatic Filth hence they are vulgarly called the Emunctories of the Brain Besides these in the Space below the lower Jaw there are several other Kernels wherein several Distempers breed which however are not described under the Name of Parotides but by Wharton are called Iugulars Of these there is a great number but all very small Nor are they seated only in the Neck but descend to the Thorax from the Pen-resembling Process along the lower Seat of the Jaw by the sides of the Thyroides between the Spine and the Pectoral Vessels and are so far conspicuous in new born Infants but scarce visible in Persons of mature Age. Of these Steno discourses very accurately in his Anatomic Observations XII The inner Part of the Organ of hearing is contain'd in the Process of the Bone of the Temples partly for the safer Defence to prevent the Injuries of accidental Violence by reason of the hardness of the Place partly for the better preservation of the Sound for which this place is most proper by reason of its hardness and dryness In this lower part there are several things that occur to be considered that is to say several Cavities of which four are called by peculiar Names The Auditory Passage the Tympanum or Drum the Labyrinth and the Cochlea also the Membrane of the Tympanum two Muscles four little Bones the Air contain'd and the Vessels XIII The Auditory Passage is said to be that same Den which beginning from the Shell of the extream part of the Ear tends toward the inner Parts and is cloathed with a slender Skin and Pericranium to the very Brinks of the Tympanum It ascends somewhat upward with a winding Course partly to prevent any thing from crouding from without into the Air and to hinder these things which are slipt in or gathered together withinside from being carried easily downward Partly that the more vehement Impulse of the mov'd Air may be somewhat broken and so strike the Tympanum with less sorce XIV In this Passage some yellow choleric bitter thick viscous Humors happen to be gathered together resembling the softer sort of Wax by the Ancients call'd Cerumina and by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã from the Colour of which resembling Wax the Passage is call'd the Bee-hive or Alveare and by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã XV. Withinside toward the end of the Auditory Passage a certain nervous Membrane orbicular and pellucid is observed as to its Situation obliquely looking downward like the inner Covering of the Ear which by reason of the little Nerves that it receives and which proceed under it feels most exactly and is thin and very dry to the end it may sound the better yet somewhat thick and sufficiently fââ¦rm to the end it may not easily suffer damage from the Air crouding in XVI This Membrane is by Hippocrates called the Pellicle or little Skin of the Auditory Passage by Aristotle the Meninx by Galen the Covering but by the Neoterics by reason of the Cavity under it the Membrane of the Tympanum XVII Iulius Casserius believes this Membrane arises from the Pericranium others ascribe its Original to the Pia others the Dura Mater others to the little nervous Pair of the fifth Conjugation expanded Bauhinus thinks it consists of its own proper Substance different from other Membranes and therefore that it derives its Original from no other but is generated out of the Seed in the first formation of the Parts Or if it must be said to proceed from any other part that then it ought to be deduced from the Periosteum to which in the Head of an Infant it is seen to stick very close For which reason it seems to Veslingius to be a certain Expansion of the Periostium who likewise reports the same to be sometimes observed double and to be frequently covered with a little Crust from the Excrements condensed about it XVIII It adheres to the Orbit or surrow of the bony Ring that lyes under it though in the upper Region of the auditory passage there be a broader connexion whence it happens to be somewhat bow'd in the middle to the end the sound may be the better and more perfectly receiv'd in that kind of Concavity XIX But to the end it may more loudly resound there is stretched over the back of a certain strike like the strings that goes cross a Drum This the Anatomists generally report to be transversly annexed to it But Iulius Casserius has well observ'd that this same string is neither annexed to it ââ¦or extended under all of it but scarcely under a Third Part. XX. Anatomists are at variance about the Nature of this string Bauhinus thinks it to be either a Nerve or a Ligament or else a mixture of both Eustachius says it is a little Nerve from both the small branches of the fourth Paire Vesalius affirms it to be a Nervous Body Volcherus Coiter agrees with Bauhinus with Vesalius accords Fallopius and Casserius from whom Rolfincius seems not to vary XXI It is indu'd with two slender little Muscles for the motion of the small Bones Or as Riolanus will rather have it to limit the bending backward and forward of the Membrane of the Tympanum Which motion is manefestly perceiv'd when the Ears are erected to hearken more attentively after any thing Of these one which is external arising with a broader beginning from the upper and more inward Cavity of the Auditory Passage and by degrees becoming more contracted and contiguous with a most slender Tendon to the Membrane of the Tympanum is carry'd as far as the little Hammer extending the Membrane together with the Hammer upward and outward The way to find this out Eustachius describes in these words Cut the Stony-bone in that place where it is mark'd with a
Fibres in the Veins when the streight ones are only requisite Which was Lindans Mistake for if the streight ones are to be admitted much more the Transverse and Oblique Spigelius and Plempius observe that these Fibres may be demonstrated by boyling the Trunks of remarkable Veins in large Animals Deusingius believes that by means of these Fibres the Veins attract the Blood and carry it to the Heart and affirms that the Meseraics also draw the Chylus But these are meer Imaginations contrary to Reason and Experience IV. That the Tunicle of the Veins has little or no Sence of Feeling appears by the opening of it in Blood-letting at what time if there be any Pain it proceeds from the Skin and other adjoyning sensible Parts that adhere to the Vein Riolanus reproves Bauhinus for saying the Veins do not feel citing out of Plutarch that Marius felt an extream Pain upon the cutting his Warts and farther that the swelling of the Hemorrhoids causes a most sharp Pain But this Pain was felt in the Skin and adjacent Parts not in the Vein We have also ordered Warts to be cut which have been very painful till the Vein has been freed from the Incumbent Membranes but no longer V. Besides the foresaid proper Tunicle a Vein has also another improper and common with the neighbouring Parts in the Breast from the Pleura in the Abdomen from the Peritoneum in other Parts from the next Membrane the more to secure it being annexed to the neighbouring Parts in the length of its Progress This Tunicle it puts off when it enters the Perenchymas of the Bowels and the Substance of the Muscles or other Parts VI. The Vein is nourished with the Blood which flows through it with which by reason few salt Spirits are mixed there being nourished with a moister Juice the Substance of it becomes more soft The manner of its Nourishment see l. 6. c. 1. VII Here arises a Question why the Veins do not beat seeing they receive the Blood from the Arteries and carry it back to the Heart I answer that the Motion of Pulsation in the Arteries is continued to their very Extremities But by reason of their Divarications the violence of it is diminished more and more by degrees and toward the ends is but very weak if it does not cease altogether so that there can be no Pulsation in the Veins Besides the Blood gently gliding out of the small ends of the diminutive Arteries and entring the narrow Orifices of the Veins presently flows into the broader Veins so that then all violent Motion ceases and consequently all Pulsation See the Comparison concerning this Matter l. 2. c. 8. The Veins more inwardly are furnished with several Valves Membranous and thin however close and compact and are sometimes single like a little Half-moon or double two opposite one to another as is observed in some of the larger Vessels Sometimes threefold triangularly opposed one to another These are all so situated as to give free passage to the Blood flowing through them to the Heart but preventing its Reflux from the Heart And therefore the Valves of the Veins of the Head look downward but the Valves of the lower Parts look upwards VIII The Number of the Valves is infinite neither can they be all discovered by the Anatomists Yet some have taken an accompt of the most conspicuous which they reckon to be a hundred and eight But that is nothing in the lesser Veins there are Myriads of Veins not to be discovered but that they are there is apparent for that the Blood is so restrained by those Valves that you cannot force it back with your Finger into those Parts from whence it flow'd IX The Bigness of the Veins is very various In general the soft hot and most moving Parts have the bigest Veins because the most Blood is required from them the hard colder and less moving Parts have smaller Veins for the contrary reason The biggest of all by reason of its remarkable Hollowness is call'd Vena Cava which is as it were the main River of the Blood into which the lesser Veins like lesser Streams discharge their Blood The bigger sort are by Hippocrates called Blood-powrers because that being broken or cut they powre forth a great deal of Blood the lesser he calls Capillaries as resembling so many Hairs Some few Veins proceed unaccompanied but most have an Artery that runs along with them frequently jigg by jowl rarely spread under it but more frequently by resting upon it Many at their Extremities unite with the ends of the Arteries by Anastomasis but the Capillary ends of most vanish in the substance of the Parts X. The Veins differ 1. In respect of their Substance some having a thicker some a thinner Tunicle 2. In respect of the Bigness some large some indifferent some Capillââ¦ry 3. In respect of the Figure some streight some arch'd others winding 4. In respect of their Situation some in the Head some in the Breast others in the Abdomen or Joynts 5. Others in respect of their Connexion some to the Flesh some to the Arteries others to the Nerves Bones and other Parts But in regard there is but one use of the Veins to carry Blood to the Heart there can be no difference observed from hence XI The Number of the Veins some think to be greater than that of the Arteries others equal which is a hard thing to determine seeing it is impossible to discern all the Productions either of the Veins or Arteries If you mean the main Trunks then they are equal Three main Arteries and three primary Veins the Porta Cava and Pulmonary To which if we add the Umbilical then we may the umbilical Arteries to their Number And as the latter are the Productions of the Iliac Arteries so is the former the Product of the Vena Porta XII No Man questions but that the Veins have their material Beginning from the Seed But whether they first proceed from the Liver or the Heart is much disputed Most affirm that they rise from the Heart Hence Epigelius The Veins saith he are so intermixed with its Parenchyma that hardly any Anatomist could be hitherto perswaded but that they arise from the Liver But these Disputants are all out of the way for every Part is said to spring from another three manner of ways Either by way of Generation Radication or Distribution In respect of Generation a Vein cannot be said to spring from another Part seeing that all the solid Parts Heart Liver and Veins c. are all formed at the beginning out of the Seed one before another not one by another Not in respect of Radication seeing that a Vein has no Roots to conveigh alimentary Juice for the Nourishment of its Parts drawn from Matter forreign from the Body of Man nor the ends of the Veins be said to be Roots but only their beginnings through which the Blood which has
inner Parts ââ¦f the Bones through the little Arteries of which more by and by Two things are here to be noted 1. That the Marrow is plainly destitute of feeling though formerly Paraeus thought otherwise 2. That it is not enveloped with any Membrane in the Cavity of the Bones By which Mark Hippocrates distinguishes it from the Spinal Marrow The Spinal Marrow says he is not like the Mââ¦rrow which is in the other Bones for only this has Membranes which the other Marrow has not This Marrow is very useful to the Bones for that the tartareous Particles when they are near to fixation quickly congeal into an Icy Hardness so that the Bones would become very brittle and never grow to their due Magnitude unless that marrowy Fat penetrating the whole Bone did not temper and sââ¦ften the extream Hardness of the tartareous Particles and so provide that in the Growth of the whole Body that the tartareous Particles do not separate but still continue new Intermixtures with fresh Particles till the Bone have attained its Perfection Which growth surceases when by reason of the increasing Heat of the Body these Particles are so drved up that they can no longer be mollified by the marrowy Fat nor extend themselves Whence it comes to pass that the more the heat of the Body encreases the less the Body shoots out in length because the bones which are the Basis's and Props of the Body become more and more dry and hardââ¦ed and the Marrow grows thicker and less moist Hence it comes to pass that Insants grow much in a short time Children less and Youth less than they and aged Persons never grow at all by reason their Marrow is less in quantity and less moist and oyly and their dryness of their Bones causes them to be more brittle and easily broken Now the Tartareous Particles are separated from the Arterious Blood by the mixture of the Animal Spirits which that they flow in great quantity to the Periostea the quick Sense of the Periostea testifies Vid. l. 3. c. 11. After which separation the Particles are opposed to the Bones by the help of the marrowy Fat which moistens them V. But the Blood flows to the Periostea and inner Parts through the Arteries and the less useful remainder flows back again through the Veins To which purpose those Vessels not only terminate with their Extremities in the Periostea but also penetrate the Bones themselves and pour forth Blood into their innermost Concavities to be changed into Marrow which is the proper Nourishment for the Bones And though their Ingress is not discernable in all yet in the larger Bones of the Shoulder and thigh it is apparent where the Cavities are perspicuously pervious as far as the Marrow affording passage to the Arteries Besides their Ingress into the Bones appears by the Sanguinous Juice which is form'd in the Deplois the middle spungy Table of the Skull and in the inner spungy Substance of the Ribs of Infants and many other Bones which could never come thither through any other Channels To this add the Observation of Spigelius who at Padua in a great Rottenness of the Shin-bone saw the substance of the Bone perforated by the Arteries at what time Plempius was present by his own report I my self in the Year 1665. had a young Man in cure whose Shin-bone in the Fore-part was corroded with an extraordinary Rottenness After I had taken away the Flesh about it with the Periosteum I perceived in the inner Cavity which reached to the Marrow a little Artery beating very quick whereas no Man could dream of an Artery in the hardest Place of all the Bone nor was the Artery continuous with the Flesh for that was taken away and yet the Pulse remained for many days in the inner rotten Cavity of the Bone Which makes me believe that these Arteries are seldom conspicuous in the hard Part of the Bone when Men are at their full Maturity perhaps because the Arteries being pressed by the hardness of the growing Bone at length vanish all together and where they are somewhat bigger than ordinary those People by reason of some ill Humors in their Bodies are easily subject to Rottenness in their Bones by reason of the sharp and corrupt Blood poured into them through the Arteries which by the Infusion of good Blood when Bones are broken afford Matter for Callosity However this shews Platerus's Error denying that the Arteries never enter the Bones and how much Galen was in the Right who allows to every Bone a Blood-bearing Vessel bigger or lesser according to the Proportion of the Bone Now that the Bones harden by reason of the increasing Heat is plain from those Men who are born and bred in hot Countries for by reason of the great external Heat and the Internal sooner increasing within they are generally shorter dryer and leaner the Humidity of the Body being sooner wasted On the other side they who inhabit cold and most Countries and eat and drink plentifully they grow tall by reason of the flower increase of their Heat and Drought as we find by the Danes Norwegians Muscovites c. Now that Growth is hindred from the Increase of Heat and Drought is apparent from hence that Ladies to prevent their Lap-dog Puppies from growing take away their Milk and moist Food and feed them with Wine or Spirit of Wine which causes a quicker increase of the natural Heat and renders the Alimentary Blood more dry and sharp by which means the Bones being dry'd more suddenly the Puppies cease to grow VI. The officient Cause of the Bones is the vivific Spirit seated in the Seed which Galen calls the Ossific Faculty disposing the more Tartareous Parts of the Seed for the Materials of Bones These Spirits therefore may be said to be the Essential form of the Bones which some Physitians will have to be their cold and dry Temper but Aristotle will have it to be the same Rolsinch finding that the Bones were still the same in dead Bodies as in living believes the formal Cause of the Bones to be no more known than the formal Cause of a Stone But what if we say that the vivific Spirit is the Form of living Bones and their cold and dry Temper together with their own Conformation the Form of living Bones As for their accidental Form it is their Shape and Figure whether round flat streight or crooked according to their various use VII As to the Time of their Formation Aquapendens believes that the Bones are first generated among the other Parts resting upon Galens Argument at the beginning of the Chapter Harvey believes them not to be sooner generated than other Parts of which many turn into Bones of the Birth as in the Teeth Neither is there any thing to be seen in the first Principles and Beginnings of Formation but a soft slimy gluteous Substance that approaches no way to the Constitution or Nature of Bones which Constitution
Vessels Muscles 446 455 The Eye-brows 448 F. The Face 440 Fat 13 Fat folke less fit for Venery 207. Why less active 334 The Feet and the Parts of them 493 Females whether begot by the Left Stone 148 Fermentation 27 The Fibres in general Flowers in Women the cause of them 168 The Tendril Fold 132. The Net-resembling Fold in the Womb 176. The Choroides Fold 398. It s progress and use ibid. The Forehead 441 The Fornix 397 398 The Frog-Distemper 486 Frontal Muscles 441 Function of the Brain 420 Function of the Parts 3 G. Gelâ⦠Animals grow fat 207 Genitals of Men and Women how they differ 185 Glandules of the Kidneys 120. Of the Mesentery 49. How passed by the Milky Vessels 59. Of the Breasts 282. Of the Larynx 369. Of the Gullet ibid Of the Tongue 483 Glissons Experiment 82 Gonorrhea the Cause of it 143. Gonorhea simplex the Cause of it 192 The Gristles in general 610 Gristle Scutiform of the Larynx 367 Angular and Guttal of the same 368 The Gristle of the Ear 464 Growth 341 The Gullet its Connexion Vessels Substance 370 c. Its Motion 371 Gums 478 The Guts 42 H. Hare of the Eye-lids 447 Hair its generation 374. The roots of it a Heterogeneous Body its form efficient Cause 375. First Original 376. Variety of Colours whence 377. Whether part of the Body 381. Whether it contributes to the strength of the Body 383 Hang'd People how kill'd 358 The Hand 493. And the Parts of it 494 Dr. Harvey's Opinion touching Conception 213 215 217. Concerning the Uterine Liver 236. His Opinion and two questions concerning the Birth 276 The Head in general 373 Heart in general 305. c. Its motion 312 c. The true Cause 316. Unnatural things bred therein 324. The Office of the Heart 329. Glissons new Opinion ibid. The Helix 463 Heat of the Blood 335 Hermophradites 183 Hernia varicosa Carnosa 133 Herophiius's Wine-press or the Forââ¦ular 385 Histories of Conception 217 c. The hollow Vein and Veins united to it above the Diaphragma 540. Below the Diaphragma 54â⦠The Horny Tuincle 45â⦠The Huckle-bone 589 Humors whether Parts of the Body 4. The four Humors always in the Blood 342 Humors of the Eye 459. Whether sensible 462 Hunger what and whence it proceeds 29 The Hymen whether or no 177. Whether a sign of Virginity 178 The Hyoides-bone 480 Hypothyroides Muscle 368 I. Ideas how imprinted in the Seed by Imagination 197 Jejunum Gut why Empty 110 Imagination of the Face of it 292 Indications of the Ancients taken from the Ear 463 Infants Bones how constituted 606 The Infundibulum or Funnel 413 Jugular Kernels 376 K. The Kidneys 116. Their Vessels 117 Their Substance 119. Malpigius's Discoveries ibid. Their use 120. Observations three 121. Whether they concoct Blood 125. Whether Wounds in the Kidneys be Mortal 126. Deputy Kidneys what 127 Kicking of the Infant in the Womb the Cause of it 275 276 L. The Labyrinth 468 The Lachrymal Kernel 415 The Lachrymal points 417 Larynx its Figure Vessels Bulk Substance Gristles 367 Laurentius Bellinus's fleshy Crust 482 Learned men deceived by Old womens tales 273 Ligament Ciliar 459 Ligaments in general 611. Of the Head of the Iaws Hyoides Bone and Tongue 612. Of the whole Trunk ibid. Of the Scapula's Arm and Hand 613. Of the Leg and Foot 614 Likeness of Features whence 198 Liquor in the Amnion what it is 250 c. The Liver 78. Whether a Bowel 79. Worms and Stones in it 85. The functions of it 108 109 112. The Office of the Liver 83. Sometimes joyned with the Lungs 185. Glisson's Experiment 82 The Long Marrow 406. It s difference from The Spinal Marrow ibid. The Lucid Enclosure 397 Lungs their bigness substance c. 350. Preternatural things in them 351. The colour in a Child before it is born 352 Division Lobes 353. Several Observations concerning them 354. Their motion 362 c. Lympha what 74 75. Difference between it and the Serum 76. Whether nutritive 348 Lymphatic Vessels 69. Of the Liver 81. Lymphatic Iuice the use of it ibid. Lymphatic Vessels in the Testicles 137 Of the Lungs 357 M. Males whether begot by the Right Stone 148 Malpigius's Observations of Blood 349 Materials of the Hair 378 Maxillary Kernels 376. Processes 408 The Mediastinum 303 Melancholly 342 Membranes in general 519 Membrane of the Muscles 17. Of the Drum 465 Meninxes of the Brain Dura Mater its Holes Vessels c. 384 385. Pia Mater 387 407 The Mesentery 48 The Mesenteric Milkie Vessels 58 Milk what 285 c. Whether Animal Spirits the matter of it 291 Mesue's Story concerning Milk ibid. Observation concerning it 293. Why dry'd up upon Weaning 294 Milkie Vessels to the Bladder of the Womb 122. To the Vice-Kidneys 123. Milkie Utrine Vessels a question concerning them 252. Milkie Vessels of the Breasts 283 Monstrous Births the reason 247 Mother Fits the cause of them 171 Whether from the Sweetbread juice 172 The Mount of Venus 179 Muscles 17. c. Of the Eur 464 466. Of the Cheeks Lips and lower Iaw 477. Muscles in general 497. Of the Head 503. Of the Arms and Shoulders 505. Of the Scapula 506. Assisting respiration 507. Of the Back and Loins 509. Of the Abdomen 510. Of the Radius 511. Of the Wrist and hollow of the hand ibid. Of the Fingers and Thumb 512. Of the Thigh 513. Of the Leg 515. Of the Foot 516. Of the Toes 517 The Mirtle-form'd Caruncles in Womens Privities 178 N. The Nails 607 The Nameless Bones 597 The Nameless Tunicle 457 Navel string what It s Situation 256. It s use 257 The Neck 372. Strength of the Body judged by it 372 The Nerves in general 548 c. Of the Neck 557. Of the Breast and Bââ¦ok 559. Of the Loins 560. Proceeding from the Os Sacrum 561. Of the Arm and Hand 561. Of the Thighs and Feet 563 Nerves within the Cranium 410. Second third fourth fifth Pair 414 415. Turn-again Nerves ibid. Of the Nostrils 472 Net The wonderful Net 413 Nose It s Figure Bigness Bones and spongy Bones 470 Nostrils 471 The Nut of the Yard 151. Of the Clitoris 181 The Netform'd Tunicle 459 The Nymphe Their Substance Vessels Use and Observation concerning them 180 O. Oesophagus vid. Gullet Old Men whether they grow shorter 342 The Orbicular Bone in the Ear. 467 Order to be observed in Dissecting the Brain 419 Organs of Hearing 463 Organs of Smelling 470 Original of the Principles of the Blood 337 The Os Sacrum 589 Oval Hole in the Heart 327 The Oval Window in the Ear. 468 Ovaries in Women first discovered 156. How the Eggs descend from them to the Womb 159. Womens Stones to be rather called Ovaries 158 P. The Palate 478 The Perastates 139 Pannicle fleshy 16. 383 Parenchyma of the Liver 84 Part of the Body what 3 Net Organs 4 Principal which ibid. Subservient which 8 Noble which ibid. Ignoble which ibid. Parts
superficial contiguous or disjoyn'd white or ruddy livid violet or other colored soft or hard high or low quick or slowly coming forth External or Internal CHAP. III. Of the Causes of the Small Pox. THE Causes of the Small Pox are External or Internal Concerning which there are various and great Contentions among the most Eminent Physitians so much the more vainly eager because of little or no use in regard that whatsoever be the cause of the Distempers the cure is still the same Avicen and most of the Arabians the first most accurate Describers of these Diseases refer the material Cause to the Impurity of the Mothers Blood slagnant in the Woman with Child and with which the Birth was nourished in the Womb. Which Corruption they write lyes dormant so long in the Body till by vertue of some specific efficient Cause it be provoked to a fermentaceous Effervescency and being powred forth into the Mass of the Blood it sets it all in a boiling Condition and by that means separates that Defilment adhering from the Birth to some minute Particles of the Body and being so separated pushes it forward together with the Particles of the Blood so defiled by it to the Extream Parts of the Body and there raises up those Wheals as in new Wine the Heterogeneal Parts are separated from the Homogeneal Parts of the Wine by Fermentaceous Ebullition Avenzoar seems to differ somewhat from Avicen for observing that the Birth in the Womb without hazard of Life can hardly be nourished by the impure menstruous Blood restagnant therein but with some other Blood good of it self only by reason of its Fellowship with the menstruous Blood defiled by its Superior Corruption and farther that Men in the Womb must be nourished either with some such menstruous Blood or some other impure Blood and for that reason contracted that Impurity from the first Nutrition of the Parts Hence it was that the Arabians believed that all Men were subject to the Small-Pox in regard that Impurity was again to be separated from the Parts So that if that Specific Fermentaceous Effervescency be strongly and efficiently performed at the first coming of the Small-Pox then that Impurity becomes totally evacuated and then the Person to whom that Disease happens lives free from that Distemper all the rest of his Life as when Butter is once by a strong Churming separated from Milk turning sowr no Churming how violent soever can separate any more Butter from it But if that Effervescency be not violent enough that Impurity happens not to be totally expelled and so the same Person when the Reliques of that Defilement ferment again upon some other Cause may happen to have the same Distemper a second and third time but rarely a fourth Duncanus Liddelius stoutly defends the Opinion of the Arabians which is also followed by Fracastorius Amatus Forestus and several other Physitians and among the rest by Thomas Willis Lib. de Feb. c. 15. Where among other Reasons for greater Confirmation he adds these Words In the Womb of Woman says he as in most other Creatures there is generated a certain Ferment which being communicated to the Mass of Blood gives it Vigor and Spirit and causes it to swell at certain Periods of Time and procures an Expulsion of the Superstââ¦ous Blood But at the time of Conception when the Flowers cease to ââ¦low the chiefest Part of this Ferment is expended upon the Birth and the Particles of it heterogeneous from some of the rest as it were somewhat of foreign Substance are confused with the Mass of the Blood and Humors where they lye dormant a long time Afterwards being stirred and provoked by some evident Cause they ferment with the Blood and make it first boyl and then congeal from whence various Symptoms of this Disease arise Gentilis rejects this Opinion of the Arabians not believing the Birth to be nourished in the Womb with any Impure Blood nor that so much Impurity could abide for so many years in Men grown up and old People when they are seized with the Small-Pox after so many Purgations by Sweat Fevers Itches and other intervening Diseases besides the Cure of the Great Pox nor can he think but that Women must be cleared of those Impurities in so long a time by their monthly Evacuations Mercurialis complies with Gentilis who also asserts that the Small Pox is a Hereditary Disease and consequently that there is hardly any Man who can escape them because all Men are born of Parents vitiated by this Distemper and he endeavours to confirm this Opinion of his by several sinewy Reasons which however Daniel Sennnertus overthrows by others much the stronger Fernelius observing something occult in the Productions of the Small Pox besides the various Reasons propounded by Gentilis and others affirms that they are produced by sââ¦me Celestial and hidden Causes which when Infants and Children are less able to withstand than People grown up Hence he says it happens that the one are much more Subject to this Disease than the other But this Opinion of Fernelius is notably refuted by Mercurialis Lib. de Morb. Puer Sennertus grants the Small Pox to rise and be thrust forth by some certain and determined putrid Ebullition of the Humors but he will have this Ebullition to arise from three Causes from the Malignant Air from the Mothers Blood and vitious Nourishment and labours in a large Explanation of his this his own and the Opinion of the Arabians and Fernelius But to speak the truth none of these Opinions please me Not that of the Arabians because besides the Reasons alledged by Gentilis there is this one more For that seeing that Defilement contracted from the Mothers Blood is asserted to be common to all Men there would be no Man excused from this Disease which is contrary to Experience when several that have liv'd to an extream old Age never had the Small-Pox in their Lives as we have known several in our own Family Besides if the Impurity of the Menstruous Blood communicated to the Birth were the Cause of the Small-Pox why are not those Women themselves subject to it whose Flowers stop beyond the Course of Nature especially they who never had their Courses in all their Lives yet for all that were fruitful and had several Children of which Women there are several Examples to be found in Trincavellius Guainerius Bertinus Marcellus Donatus Ioubert Fabricius and several others Besides that private Defilement of every Woman could very hardly infect others by Contagion or excite a latent Contamination in the Bodies of others to a like Ebullition If you say it may then give me a Reason why all they that fit by and attend upon People when the Pox is come forth and endure their Stenches are not infected with the Small Pox though they never had them before Why has not that Contagion infected me that am near seventy years of Age who have visited thousands in the height
of that Distemper endured their Stenches and handled their Ulcers Why some upon the Sight at a distance of a Person that has newly had the Small-Pox are presently seized by the Distemper It being a thing almost incredible that the Contagion or infecting Contamination flowing from the Sick Patient should fly at such a distance from the Sick to the Sound and Healthy and so infect him and leave those untouch'd that are always conversant in the Room Nor do I understand that which Thomas Willis adds for the Confirmation of his Opinion that that same private Contamination being provoked by some Cause serments with the Blood and makes it first boyl and then coagulate For since Ebullition always causes a greater Attenuation I do not comprehend how that can cause Coagulation Moreover if such a spontaneous Coagulation were necessary after Ebullition Physitians at the beginning of the Distemper would ill apply attenuating Diaphoretics as being a hindrance to that Coagulation and afterwards they would as erroneously prescribe thickning things as Lentils Tragacanth Figgs c. which would cause too great a Coagulation Both which are repugnant to Experience when both the one and the other are successfully made use of in the Cure of this Distemper Nor does the Opinion of Fernelius please me for he according to his Custom deduces occult Celestial Causes in occult Diseases from the Influences of the Stars But how uncertain and how frivolous all those things are which are deduced from those Influxes either by Astrologers or Physitians is apparent from what we have wrote in our Treatise De Peste Lib. 1. Cap. 8. Neither can I approve the Opinion of Sennertus For he proposes three Causes of vitious Fermentation yet by means of that Specific Malignancy which remains in the Small-Pox cannot be explained and why by vertue of that vitious Fermentation procured by those three Causes the Small-Pox should be occasioned rather than other malignant putrid and pestilent Fevers or the Itch St. Anthonies-Fire Cancers or such like Diseases As to the External and Primary Causes of the Small-Pox by which the Internal Humors are moved Physitians agree the chief of them to be 1. A peculiar Disposition and depraved Quality of the Air to which belong the more remarkable Mutations of the Seasons as the hot and moist Constitution of the Spring and Autumn the Southern Winds and warm Constitution of the Winter 2. The Perturbation of the Blood and Humors to which belong immoderate Exercise frequent Bathings Anger Fear and Over-eating c. 3. Contagion for Experience tells us that this Disease is caught by Contagion For out of an infected Body continual Steams flow forth which being received by other Bodies presently like Poyson ferment with the Blood and excite the latent and homogeneal Seeds of the same Distemper and dispose them into the Idea of this Disease and thus those Contaminations flowing forth are not only communicated by immediate touch but at a Distance But by all these Causes whether good or bad Disposition or Quality of the Air perturbation of the Humors or Contagion that Malignant Specific which we observe in the Small-Pox is not sufficiently made out nor wherefore it operates more in these than upon those Subjects and in these than at those Seasons For many times we have observed hot or moist and hot with moist Seasons and Constitutions of the Air many times bad Diet as in Famines and Sieges which has occasioned aâ⦠vast Corruption of Humors in the Body many we find continually indulging their Appetites which Willis numbers among the Primary Causes of this Distemper and yet no Small-Pox ensued On the other side in temperate Seasons and in cold Winters they have raged Epidemically among those who have used moderate Diet and fed upon the best of every thing and have seized upon Bodies replenished with good Humors and that many times first of all before any other Body has been ill to communicate the Contagion merely upon some Fright and by the Force of Imagination Seeing then that notwithstanding all the Causes propounded by Physitians the true and Specific Essence of the Malignity which is in the Small-Pox nor the peculiar and determinate Corruption of the Blood nor the Cause and Manner of Specific Fermentation can be explained I think we are rather to conclude that the next Causes of the Small-Pox as well the Internal as the External which move the Internal are occult as are also the Causes of the Pestilence it self and cannot be unfolded by Us. And therefore it is better to acknowledge the Weakness of our Knowledge then to betray our Ignorance by so many Disputes and various Conjectures that are grounded upon no Foundation For who can pretend to give a true and perceptible Reason of so great a Matter For these are in the Number of those Mysteries which the Chief Creator is not pleased to let us know exactly CHAP. IV. Of the Didgnostic Signs THE Small-Pox are not easily discerned before the Wheals themselves betray the Distemper But they appearing never so little then the Sight is easily Judge of the Disease Seeing therefore it is of great moment in reference to the Cure to know before the breaking out of the Wheals whether it be the Small-Pox or no the Signs of their coming out are first to be inquired into and observed The Signs foretelling the Small-Pox to be at hand are various A Fever sometimes more intense sometimes more remise with a low Pulse quick unequal and a Heat for the most part not very violent An Oppression of the Heart with Melancholy and a Palpitation often returning and sometimes a fainting Fit Head-ach Deleriums or Ravings sometimes Epileptic Convulsions frequent Sneezing Sleep more heavy than usual and unquiet Dreams of Thunder Fire and Flames Waking with a Fright difficult Respiration with frequent Sighs continual Gaping Pain in the Back and Loyns and Pulsation in the Spine Heaviness and Weariness of the whole Body a Pricking and as it were Itching in the Skin and in the Nostrils a Red Face Dimness of Sight yet Brightness and Itching of the Eyes Tears without any force sometimes Bleeding at the Nose Swelling of the Face Driness of the Mouth Hoarsness with a little dry Cough trembling of the Extream Parts small Red Spots in the Skin But these Signs are the more certain the more rife the Small-Pox are or if there be any suspition of having caught them as if the Person has been to visit any one that was Sick of that Disease or had been frighted with the Sight of any one newly recovered But there is no certain Sign of the Small-Pox at hand to be taken from the Urine For that in this Distemper the Urine for the most part resembles that of sound People If the Small-Pox besides the outward Skin have seized the Inner Parts then you must judge which Parts they are by the Disturbance of those Parts For if the Stomach be infected it will appear by Vomit and Pain in the Heart
two handfuls Seeds of Lettice Parsley Dill an Êij Fat Figs. noÌ vij new Milk and Water an ãâã ij boyl them to the Consumption of the third part then strain them After he had used this Apozem two days he voided every day much viscous and tough Matter together with his Urin and after he had made use of two of these Decoctions he was quite freed from his troublesome Distemper ANNOTATIONS THere are various Causes of the difficulty of making water Inflammation Imposthume Stone in the Bladder the Flesh grown over a cold Distemper of the Bladder and Sphincter thick and viscous humors either mixed with Urine or sticking close to the Bladder and it's Sphincter with several others of the same Nature of which the two latter are the most frequent But all in particular do not only cause a difficulty of Urine but sometimes absolutely stop the Urine as it happened to the Boy before mentioned which they who cut off the Stone had viewed and thought he had the Stone and judged him to be cut But I believing his Distemper arose not from the Stone but from a thick and tenacious Flegm that stopped up the Bladder and the passage of it as I had observed had frequently happened to younger Children rather chose to begin the Cure with attenuating lenifying and Diuretic Medicaments seeing that many times such Medicaments expel little stones also But in this case when Children cannot swallow ungrateful Medicines I have known flowers oâ⦠Camomil boyl'd in new Milk with Figsâ⦠do a great deal of good especially iâ⦠after the boiling and the straining the said Flowers be lay'd to hot to the Region of the Hair and the Decoction at the same time given to drink Forestus in the same case commends Pellitory and Chervil boiled and applied hot to the Region of the Hair with Butter and Oyl of Scorpions Mercurialis applauds Garlick bruised and applied to the Bladder Amatus of Portugal extols a Turnep hollow'd and fill'd with Oyl of Dill and then roasted in the Embers afterwards bruised and laid on OBSERVATION VIII Suppression of the Courses JOan Elberty a strong Maid of about twenty four Years of Age complained that her Purgations had stopped for four Months so that she was in a very bad Condition tortured with pains in her left side and Head sometimes troubled with Suffocations and her Stomach quite gone After I had ordered her an attenuating and heating Diet and forbid her all things that generate tough and viscous Humours the sixth of Ianuary I Purged her with Electuary of Hiera Picra then I prescribed her this Apozem to drink three times a day â Roots of Lovage Master-wort Fennel stone Parsley Valerian an ⥠s. Sassafrass-wood Êiij Nep Mag-wort Peny-royal white-Mint Fever-few an one handful Flowers of Camomil half a handful Seeds of Lovage wild Carrots Gith an Êij Laurel Berry Êj s. Tartar of Rhenish-wine Êvj stoned Raisins ⥠ij common Water q. s. boyl these for an Apozem of two pints The 11th of Ianuary I Purged her again with an Infusion of the Flowers of Senna and Agaric with a mixture of Hiera Picra The next day I prescribed her another Apozem to drink like the former â Root of Master-wort ⥠j. of Elecampane Valerian Parsley an ⥠s. Dittany round Birth-wort an Êiij Mug-wort Nep Savio Foverifew Rue Peny-Royal an one handful Southernwood Flowers of Camomil an one handful Seeds of Parsley Gith Lovage wild Carrots an Êj s. red Vetches ⥠j. s. common Salt and White-wine an equal parts make an Apozem for two pints Fourteenth of Ianuary I prescribed her this Electuary of which she was to take the quantity of a Filberd before she drank of her Apozem â Specier Diacurcume Cremor Tartar Trochists of Myrrh Hoglice prepared Steel prepared an Êj seeds of Parsley Nep Venetian Borax an Ê s. Salt Prunella Eastern Saffron an â j. reduce all these into a very fine Powder to which add Oyl of Iuniper Amber an â j. of Dill drops vij Electuary of Hiera Picra ⥠s. Syrup of preserved Elecampane Roots q. s. make an Electuary Moreover because she felt a hardness at the bottom of her Belly about her Navel I prescribed this Sere-cloth â Gum Opoponax Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar Emplaster de Cumino of Melilot an Êij of Castor Pulverized Êj mix them and make them into a Roll to be spread q. s. upon red Leather The nineteenth of Ianuary she was let Blood in the Saphena Vein of the left Foot and bled indifferent well The last Apozem was repeated again which she took together with her Electuary till the twenty eight of Ianuary at what time her courses came down very copious after that she was very well in Health ANNOTATIONS A Long suppression of the Courses is oft-times the Cause of very great Distempers For from hence arise Suffocations of the Matrix and the pale Colours of Virgins hence Palpitations of the Heart Vertigo's terrible pains in the Head Joynts Back and Loyns Fevers Swooning Fits Coughs difficult breathing Cholic and Nepheretic pains and lastly the evil continuing long Melancholy Passions swelling of the Bowels and Dropsies Therefore the Cure is not to be delay'd for the longer the Courses stop with so much the more difficulty are they provoked to come down The Cause of this Distemper is the Narrowness of the Vessels of the Womb which again are accompanied with several other Causes as Obstruction Constipation Coalescence or growing together Compression and Settlement But the most frequent Cause is an obstruction occasioned by thick and viscous humors Which thickness and viscousness is either in the Blood it self when it is too cold or viscous or else when Excrementitious Flegmatic and Melancholy Humors are mixd with the good Blood and with that good Blood carried to the Veins of the Womb where they cause the Oppelation But this Obstruction and Viscousness of the Humors as it is more or less or has been of longer or shorter Continuance so the Cure is performed by gentler or more violent Medicaments with more ease or more difficulty But in the Cure of our Patient we were forced to use the stronger Medicaments as well in regard of the cold season of the Year as the greatness of the Obstruction For she was wont to eat green Fruit and course Meats that beget a viscous and cold Nourishment which had gathered together a great quantity of the thick and crude Humors OBSERVATION IX An incurable Hoarsness A Holland Boor in a quarrel between Carters had received a wound with a Knife in the right side of his Neck near his Throat The wound was soon cured by a Chyrurgeon After some Months he came to me to prescribe him something for an Extraordinary hoarsness with which he began to be troubled so soon as he had received the wound and which the Physitian who had had him in Cure together with the Chyrugeon could no way remove with all the Looches Lozenges and Decoctions which they
very heartily to the Company about her pale Death came and interrupted her Discourse ANNOTATIONS THIS Rupture was so narrow that it was a wonder how the Intestine could fall through it it being almost impossible to put it back as it was of it self and empty through so narrow a Passage much less distended with Wind. Such a narrow Rupture I once saw before in one that was opened Wherefore they do very ill who endeavour to force back the Guts through such narrow passages like your strolling Hang-men of Mountebanks for that by such a force the Gut may be sooner broken then reduced both Reason and Experience teach us Bursten Guts therefore must be gently handled and first we must endeavour with Cataplasms Fomentations and other proper Topics to dispel the Wind and drive it back and then without any violence to attempt the reducing of the Gut which if they will not do there is no way but dilatation of the Peritonaeum OBSERVATION XL. Difficulty of Urine GErard Driessem a Merchant about fifty Years of Age was troubled with a difficulty of Urine so that his Urine did not only drizzle from him with great difficulty and Pain but also very often came not forth at all The cause was a certain viscous and tenacious Slime which at times falling down in great quantity to the Bladder did so besiege the Sphincter that it stopped both it's own and the passage of the Urine This Slime descending through the passage of the Yard and coming forth was tough and many times might be drawn out in ropes with the Fingers many times it stuck so obstinately to the passage that there was a necessity of loosening it and drawing it forth with a long Silver-Headed-Bodkin this Malady had been familiar to him for many Years and sometimes seized him three four and five times a Year and between the Intervals he voided a great quantity of slimy Flegm many noted Physitians had used several Remedies for the cure of this Malady but all in vain which Physitians vary'd in their opinions concerning the cause and generation of that same tough and slimy Flegm as also about the place from whence it descended so Periodically In the mean while the Patient could neither be cured by others nor by my self The Malady therefore increasing he found the greatest benefit and ease by the following Potion which he took very often and by means of which his Pains were mitigated and his Urine provoked and because it rendered the Urinary Passages Slippery he voided that thick and viscous Flegm more commodiously with more ease and less Pain and in greater quantity â Oyl of sweet Almonds ⥠j. s. the best Malmsey-wine ⥠ij Iuice of Pome-Citron newly pressed ⥠s. mix them for a Potion ANNOTATIONS SEnnertus among other Causes of a Dysury reckons up one not much different from that already rehearsed Many times saith he a white and as it were a milkie Matter is copiously voided with the Urine and causes a heat in making Water which is sometimes voided in so great a quantity that where it settles it fills up half the Chamber-pot and such a voiding of Water many times continues very long Concerning its Generation I have known several varieties of Opinions and that some have taken it for a mattery Substance bred in the Kidneys But if the whole Kidneys should be dissolved into Matter it could not amount to so great a quantity as is sometimes voided every day for several Weeks together My Opinion is that this matter proceeds from Crudity and vitious Concoction first of the Stomach then because the Error of the first Concoction cannot be mended in the second of the Liver where the Chylus and afterwards the Blood is left raw and uncleansed from the Salt and tartarous Parts which ought to be separated in the first Concoction which being afterwards attracted by the Kidneys and transmitted to the Bladder cause Pain in making water especially toward the end while something of the said Matter sticks pertinaciously to the Neck of the Bladder and the Extremity of the Urinary Passage For the Cure of this Malady there are many things very prevalent which temper and dulcifie the Acrimony and render the Urinary Passages slippery to afford a freer Passage for the thicker Matter as Oyl of sweet Almonds newly extracted which is very useful in this case Malmsie-wine the drinking of which alone as Sennertus writes cured a certain Person that was troubled with a terrible Dysury The Decoction of Cammomil-flowers in Cows Milk with which Forestus writes he knew an old Man cured Or that Decoction with which we cured a Child Ob. 7. Also the Decoction of Marsh-mallows Mallows Figs Licorice and the like Fernelius's Syrup of Althea more especially Turpentine mix'd with Sugar and swallowed in a Bolus which cuts the thick Humors attenuates cleanses expels softens and mollifies the Passages OBSERVATION XLI Spitting of Blood MOnsieur Ioannes a Priest of Craneburgh in the Year 1636. February the 16th sent me this Letter Doctor THE Fame of your Knowledg and Experience haâ⦠over-rul'd me to desire your Advice in my Distemper For a long time a violent Cough has troubled me which will hardly permit me to rest moreover about a Month since this Cough was accompanied with a spitting of frothy Blood which ever since I have continually spit sometimes in a less sometimes greater quantity which Spitting is very troublesome to me I have lost my Stomach so that I can eat nothing unless it be some small Trifle mix'd with Vinegar or some other Acid. If you have any proper Remedy I beg you to impart it to us Your most Devoted Ioannes Sacerdos The same day I sent him this Answer Reverend Sir I Received your Letter to which according to the shortness of the time I send you this short Answer you have been long troubled with a sharp and salt Defluction upon your Lungs from whence your vehement and continued Cough has derived it self At length some Vein of the Lungs being opened by the great quantity of distilling Humors or broken by the force of the Cough pours out that Blood which you spit out frothy from your Lungs This Malady cannot be cured unless the descent of the Catarhs be prevented and the Cough allay'd to which purpose I have here sent you some Remedies First seven Pills to take to morrow Morning which will gently purge you Secondly A Conditement of which you are to take after you have purged the quantity of a Nutmeg Morning Noon and Night for several days together Thirdly A Looch to lick when your Cough afflicts you Fourthly Lozenges to let melt in your Mouth as often as you please as well in the Day as Night-time To these four I have added a little Bag what is in it you must put in a new earthen Pipkin and heat it over the Fire without any Moisture then put it into the Bag again and lay it to your Head as hot as you can endure it letting it lye
after they asswage the Pains and carry away noxious Humors Paraeus tells us of one who when all other Remedies would not prevail was at length cured with drinking ⥠iiij of the Oyl of sweet Almonds mix'd with White-wine and Pellitory-wall-water and then swallowing a leaden Bullet smear'd over with Quick-silver This we also saw our selves of a Trooper who being troubled frequently with the Cholic swallowed three or four Pistol Bullets which coming out again he was presently rid of his Distemper OBSERVATION LI. A Wound in the Head THomas Gravener about sixty years old but a good strong Man of his age a Trooper under Captain Conyers an English Officer upon the fourteenth of November playing with some others in the Lieutenants Quarters by what Misfortune I know not fell backward and broke the hinder Part of his Head against the Pavement which made a slight Wound in the Skin which the Chyrurgeon slighted and only laid some sort of Plaister to it But immediately after the Fall the Trooper grew sick at his Stomach and had an Inclination to Vomit besides he had a slight giddy Pain in his Head yet not so but that he walked the Streets for the three or four first days but upon the sixth day his Face and all his Head began to swell very much The twenty fourth day of November and the eleventh after his Fall about Evening I was sent for I found the Patient very weak with his Face so swell'd that he could not open his Eyes for the Swelling and under his Eyes were black and blew Spots Thereupon having examined the whole Case more diligently from the beginning of the Fall I concluded he would dye in regard that by the Signs his Head seemed to me to be cleft and that the Blood being extravasated between the Meninxes and the Cranium was there putrified and that therefore this Blood which the Chyrurgeon should have drawn out at first by a Perforation of the Cranium would be the Cause of his Death The Chyrurgeons therefore that had him in Cure Mr. Edmunds and his Son observing their Mistake as also the Troopers Wife and Friends earnestly desired that the Operation might yet be try'd and notwithstanding all my Perswasions to the contrary I stood by while it was done Thereupon that Evening the Hair being taken off and a Cross-like Incision made in the place affected the Cranium was laid bare to a good breadth The next day the Tents being taken and the Wound more narrowly look'd into we found a long Fissure in the Skull which Cranium was immediately trepan'd But then we found the Blood which the Wound had bled sticking to the thick Meninx not coagulated or putrified but altogether dry'd up so that it stuck like a clammy Powder the more close to the Meninx and Cranium which was a most certain Sign of Death by reason that the Blood so dry'd could in no manner flow forth So that upon the twenty sixth of November he fell into a deep Sleep and the next day he dy'd ANNOTATIONS COntusions and Wounds in the Head are never to be made slight of For sometimes they deceive the quickest Eyes so that such as seem to be nothing dangerous bring a Man into the greatest hazard of his Life We have observ'd some who after the tenth nay fourteenth and twentieth day after a slight Wound in the Head have felt little or no pain yet of a suddain have been taken with an Apoplexy Convulsions or some terrible Distemper which contrary to expectation has ended their Days Thus a Servant of the Sieur Morignan a French Gentleman falling from his Horse upon his Head had no outward Wound to be seen the first day his Head aked and he was so very Giddy that he could not stand from the second to the twelfth he felt no harm but went about his business The twelfth day he complain'd of a Giddiness of his Head the fourteenth about noon he fell down with an Apoplexy and within a few hours Expir'd In the same manner a Servant of Captain Lucas a Captain of Horse in a Scuffle among certain Souldiers received a slight blow upon the Head with a Cudgel whence ensued a very great swelling without any wound for the first few days he was Giddy after that he complained of a Heaviness of his Head the thirty second day an Epilepsy took him and the forty sixth after the blow he Dyed Convulsive Valeriola also tells a Story of a Woman that having received a very slight Wound with a Pot in her Forehead for two days seemed to aile little or nothing The third day a terrible Fever seiz'd her her face swelled all over with a Redness and Inflammation soon after a Delirium and Convulsion afflicted her to all which Evils upon the fifth day Death put a final end Her Head being open'd there appear'd a Chink in her Skull which was hardly conspicuous a very great Inflammation within the Skull the hard Meninx swelled black and blew and covered with a great quantity of Putrefaction In such cases therefore it is better to lay bare the Skull at first and if need be to perforate then by lingring to expose the Patient to mortal danger OBSERVATION LII A Fissure of the Skull PEter ab Ewjick a Trooper under Captain Conyers about thirty four Years of Age being talking to the Lieutenant with his Hat off in the Yard belonging to his quarters a Servant of the House threw down out of an upper Window a peice of Wood of ten or twelve Pound weight which fell accidentally upon the Troopers Head Immediately the Trooper fell down Speechless and was carry'd into the next Room for dead where for an hours space he appeared so Apoplectic that every Body thought he would have dy'd at length he came to himself but rav'd all that day and the next Night the Chyrurgeon that was sent for perceiving nothing but a slight superficial Wound thought there was no danger and promised to cure him in three or four days However Mr. Cooper not confiding in that Chyrurgeon upon the third day desired me to see him I found him without Pain sound in his judgment with a slight Wound in the fore-part of his Head yet hardly Penetrating his Eyes also were surrounded with black and blew so that so few Symptoms appearing the Chyrurgeon and all the standers-by made slight of the business But I having examined the business from the beginning certainly affirmed that the Skull was either broken or slit and therefore that it was absolutely necessary to make a preforation as soon as possible that the Extravasated Blood might be let out and that there was no dallying till more terrible Symptoms ensued when Art and Industry would be too late so that at length my Advice was followed First therefore after we had loosen'd his Belly with a Glister the same Evening upon the sinister Bone of the Bregma an Incision large enough was made in the form of the Letter T. and the Skull triangularly
and Sternutories Hence says Hippocrates Sneezing frees the Person that is troubled with a Hickup But if these things nothing avail and that the sharp Matter will not be thus removed then the Acrimony of it is either to be mitigated thus in Forestus we read that a certain old Woman when no other Remedies would prevail was cured with Looch Sanum or else to be concocted and mitigated together To which purpose a Decoction of Camomil-flowers and Seeds of Dill Cumin Figs or drinking of Malmsey or other soft Wine neat and pure Or else the Matter is to be concocted and at the same time the acute Sense of the Stomach is somewhat to be blunted and then Treacle Mithridate and chiefly Philonium are mainly contributory Sometimes we read of Hickups cured by suddain Frights and Variola confirms the same OBSERVATION LV. A Wound in the Head and an opening of the Skull with a Trepan LAmbert N. a Dutch Gentleman about twenty four Years of Age Young and strong the seventh of March as he was managing a sprightly Horse was unawares thrown out of his Saddle and knockt the hinder part of his Head against the Carriage of a great Gun yet so that no Wound appeared outwardly Presently after his fall he fell a Vomiting and was taken with an extraordinary dizziness which ceasing for some time he mounted again and rode home But no sooner was he alighted in the Stable but being again taken with a dizziness he fell down upon the Flower and his memory being as it were quite lost he neither knew what had befallen him nor how he fell from his Horse nor where he was At the same time a Camp Chyrurgeon being sent for after he had shav'd off the Hair behind the left Ear somewhat upward where the Patient complained of no Pain made a slight incision which no way concerned the Pericranium and the next day took about a pint of Blood out of his left Arm. The twelfth of March the Pains increasing I was sent for at what time I found that the Patient complained of most sharp Pains in his Head yet there was no Fever in the place affected besides the Wound which the Chyrurgeon had made I perceived a slight and soft Tumour so that by the feeling a Man might easily conjecture a depression or Fracture of the Skull the Chyrurgeon had hitherto laid on a defensive of Bolearmoniac whites of Eggs and Vinegar mixt together for fear of an Inflammation which because it was misapply'd in this case I threw away and ordered Linnen Cloaths four doubl'd and dipt in the following Fomentation and gently squeezed to be clapt warm over all his Head and to be shifted three or four times a day â Betony Rosemary Thyme Sage Marjoram Vervain an M. j s. Flowers of Stocchas Camomil Melilot an M. s. Lawrel berries Comin seed an Êiij White-wine q. s boil them according to Art to lb iij. add to the straining Spirit of Wine ⥠vj. mix them for a fomentation But in regard the Patient had not gone to Stool in four days I gave him a gentle Purge which gave him five Stools the same Evening after the fomentation several times applied appeared in the place affected a Tumour about the bigness of half a Hens-Egg which being perforated there flow'd out Black Blood therefore the next day sending for a more skilful Chyrurgeon I advised him to open the Skull But the Patient and his Friends being extreamly against it we staid two days longer till the fifteenth of March which was the ninth day from the fall by which time there appeared in the same place a Tumour bigger then the former so that then with the Patients consent I ordered the Skull to be laid bare about the Evenings and in regard the Wound was near the temporal Muscle there was an Incision made cross-wise to the very Bone it self somewhat toward the hinder part of the Head by the Lambdoidal Suture presently gushed out a large quantity of Blood black and coagulated which was expelled by the strength of Nature through the Lambdoidal Suture which by the Incision we had in part laid bare and had stuck between the Cranium and the Pericranium the Cranium thus laid bare and the Pericranium scraped the Wound was filled with dry Wool the next Night the Pain being somewhat mitigated the Patient slept a little the next day the Cranium was Trepan'd but scarce a Dram of Blood flowed out upon the opening of it which till then had stuck between the Cranium and the Hard Meninx and by this time was in some Measure coagulated from thence I judged the Patient to be in great danger when I found coagulated Blood and believ'd there might be more which still lying hid under the Cranium could not come forth and for that the Meninx being gently squeezed nothing followed The seventeenth of March a Fever seiz'd him the next Night followed Convulsions so strong that four robust stout Men could hardly hold his Arms and his Thighs Moreover he slept not at all raved altogether was very thirsty and when Drink was offer'd him Drank very greedily the next day he remain'd in the same Condition so that because of his Delirium and his Convulsions his Wound could not be bound up thus raving he both Dunged and Pissed in his Bed and more then that he bit off a peice of the tip of his Tongue with his Teeth of the Pain whereof when he came to himself he very much complained these three mortal Signs the Delirium the Fever the Convulsions continued till the twentieth of March at what time the Convulsions remitted but the Fever and raving contiued that day the Chyrurgeon with a flat obtuse and oblong Instrument which I ordered to be provided on purpose compressed the Meninx a little and between the Meninx and the Cranium thrust in his Instrument about the breadth of two Fingers separating the Meninx from the Cranium by depressing it every way round about to the end that if any coagulated Blood lay there concealed it might the more conveniently be evacuated but when he put down his Instrument upon the Meninx toward the Back-part by chance he litt upon the place where the cause of all the mischeif recided out of which there came out about half an ounce of black Blood purulent and watry The twenty first twenty second and twenty third of March the same Instrument being every day thrust in a good quantity of Blood and watry putrified Matter was brought away in the mean time the Delirium abated very much and the Patient took several naps The twenty fourth the Meninx being pressed downward nothing came out then the Delirium was very slight and the Patient rising out of his Bed sat two hours by the Fire then also the flesh began to grow up from the lower Bone about the Meninx in the hole of the Cranium he could hardly eat because of the Pain in his Tongue of which he had bit of the tip with his
Galbanum dissolved in Vinegar ⥠j Soft and whitish Bedellium Êij Powder of Feverfew Êj s. Myrrh â j. Mix them for a Plaister Forestus affirms that a Plaister of Galbanum alone has done Miracles but that he had found by daily Experience the extraordinary benefit of the following Magisterial Emplaster which he spreads upon Leather edg'd about with Galbanum to make it stick the better â Gallia Moscata Alipta Moscata Storax Calam. Pure Laudanum Mastic an ⥠Lignum Aloes Xylobalsamum Galangal Cyperus Carpobalsamum an Êiij Red Roses Êj s. New Wax lb. s. Turpentine q. s. Make a Plaister according to Art OBSERVATION LXVII A Burstenness in the Groin with a Gangrene THomas Adeler an English Trooper about sixty years of age had had a burstenness in his left Groin for many years In the Year 1637. in September the Gut which fell down into the Burstenness being distended with a great quantity of Wind hapned to break so that the Ordure fell down into the void Space of the Burstenness This presently caused a Gangrene of the Part with an intollerable Stench by which means the Part being putrified and broken the Ordure of the Belly came forth at that Hole never at the Fundament Being sent for though I thought him incurable yet I ordered Spirit of Wine with Mel Rosatum and Oyntment Egyptiacum to be applied to the Part till the Gangrenous Parts were separated from the sound Parts Then we found that the Gut was not only broken but quite broken off the one Part from the other and that the upper Part hung out and gave passage to the Excrement The end of this Intestine afterwards grew fleshy and acquired a kind of a fleshy Ring and this Ring cleaved afterwards so fast to the neighbouring Flesh so that for the future the Intestine remained always fix'd and open in that Part and gave passage to the Excrement So that we ordered him to carry a little brass Pot so ordered and hung as to give him the least trouble that might be and thus in all other Parts sound and healthy he walk'd abroad where-ever he pleased and in nine years that he was forced to carry about him that troublesome Burthen he was never sick ANNOTATIONS THis is a tare and remarkable Example I never thought before that a broken Gut could grow to the adjoyning Flesh in the Groyn till I was a Witness of it in this Patient True it is that if a Gut happen to break among the fleshy Muscles of the Abdomen such a Coalition may sometimes happen as Plater observes A certain Captain says he being wounded in his Belly voided his Excrements through a Pipe which was left there after the Wound was cured and was for many years afterward alive and well The Cause of which when I examined I found that Wounds of the Guts if they seem to trace the fleshy Portions of the Muscles of the Abdomen after the Lips of the Wounds of the Guts and muscly Flesh are glutinated on both sides there may be a Passage made for the Excrement to come forth and be prevented from falling into the Cavity of the Abdomen and that those Wounds although they cannot be consolidated yet they are not Mortal which though very seldom happens sometimes in other Parts as in the Bladder Iohn Hornung also a Physician of Heydenheim tells a Story of a Country Man whose right Gut upon a Wound in the Abdomen came forth opened with a broad Wound nor was it put back by the Chyrurgeon but the Wound of the Abdomen being cured hung out as long as the Man lived retaining its natural Colour yet somewhat more thick and more fleshy and through this Passage it was that the Excrement came always forth with an extraordinary Stench forsaking the common Road of the Fundament OBSERVATION LXVIII A Pining Consumption caused by a vitiated Stomach MOnsieur de Nassau a Captain of Horse in the Flower of his Age in the Year 1637. during the Siege of Breda in September as he lay in his Bed all in a Sweat hearing some Troops of Horse march by his Window leap'd out of his Bed opened his Casement and stood looking out for some time and by that time became suddenly overcool'd by a North Wind at that time cold and tempestuous fell into a violent Distemper Presently he complained of an extraordinary Griping in his Belly about the Region of his Stomach he had also withal a slight Fever with a violent Cough which brought up much clammy flegmatick ill-coloured Matter yet without any Pain in his Breast Several of the most eminent Physicians were sent for who by his Spittle his Cough and other Symptoms concluded that his Disease was a real Consumption and that incurable and told the Prince of Orange that he would suddenly dye As for the Pain in his Belly those they unanimously agreed to be the Cholic Passion caused by the suddain Cold. To asswage this Pain which they call'd the Cholic they used several Remedies for a long time which gave ease sometimes but never cur'd which they affirmed was impossible to be done To abate his Cough they made him an Issue in his Left-arm and gave him the following Apozeme to take for many Weeks â China Roots the best ⥠j. Leaves of Scabious Colts-foot Betony Pimââ¦ernel Plantain an m. j. Cordial Flowers an one small Handful ston'd Raisins ⥠j. Licorice shav'd Êij Anise-seed â iiij Boil them in Barley water of the second Decoction q. s. to lb ij For an Apozeme For an ordinary Looch they gave him equal Parts of Syrup of Poppy and Cumfrey Also they prescribed him a cold Diatragacanth in Tablets and to loosen his Belly they gave him this small Potion â Rhubarb choice Êj Yellow Saunders â s. Decoction of Barley ⥠iij. Infuse them all Night and to the Straining add Manna of Calabria ⥠s. For a Potion This gave him one or two Stools Now when they had had the Gentleman two Months and a half and all their Physick did no good insomuch that the Gentleman was reduced to Skin and Bone and his Strength every day more and more decay'd they would give him no more Physic but gave him over for incurable Then I was thought of and the Gentleman was brought from Breda to Nimeghen in a Man of War The Gentleman gave me a full Accompt of his Distemper and what had been done to him and shewed me the Receits that had been prescribed him and which he had taken So that when I had considered all things I could not be of those Physicians Opinion For by his Spittle and Cough he shewed no Signs of a Consumption for though he brought up tough and ill-coloured Stuff yet neither was it Matter nor Blood The Pain of his Stomach was no Cholic as being fixed in his Stomach and not accompanied with Wind but twitching the Ventricle with extream Pains by Intervals not wandring through the Guts Therefore I judged the Cause of this Pain to be a
engenders the Stone and causes the Gout is the Sal Tartar which is more sharp and four times more abounding in Rhenish-wine than in French or Canary or any other Wine which tartareous Salt not being well digested in some Bodies is separated from the Mass of Blood and with the Serum carried to the Kidneys and so hardens into Stones and being expell'd into the Joynts causes most dreadful Torments For the Nature of Salts is by corroding other Bodies to reduce them into Atoms and associate to themselves This Corrosion is the Cause of the Gout for while the tartarous Salt corrodes the nervous and membranous Parts and endeavours to associate them to its self those cruel Pains are excited which are mitigated by an Afflux of watry Humors for Salt dissolv'd with much moisture looses its Acrimony But you 'l say why does not this Salt cause as great Pains in the Kidneys as in the Joynts because the most subtle and acrimonious part of it is dissolved by the continual Passage of the Urine and carried away with the Urine through the Bladder but the thick gravelly and earthly Substance remains which does not offend so much by its Acrimony as by its Bulk and roughness Now the reason why the German Wines abound with Tartar is because the very Soil of Germany it self where the Vines grow aboundeth with Tartar nor is there any Plant which sucks up the salt and tartarous Parts of the Earth more than the Vine And therefore it is that in many Places of Moravia Austria Bohemia and Hungaria where the Soil is such that most Men are troubled with the Gout or Stone in the Kidneys and Bladder or both Lastly that Wine engenders the Gout is apparent from hence for that the Forbearance of VVine cures it Of which the Physicians bring many Examples and M. Donatus himself confesses that he was cured of the Gout by leaving off VVine for two years OBSERVATION LXX An Extream Pain under the Sternon-Bone LIeutenant More in the Flower of his Age in Ianuary felt a most terrible Pain which extended it self in a right Line from the top of the Aspera Arteria to the upper Orifice of the Stomach all along the Sternon-bone and so cruelly tormented the Person that he could not move himself one way nor other He neither had any Cough or difficulty of Breathing his Lungs and Aspera Arteria were perfectly free nor did his Gullet pain him in swallowing neither lastly was there any thing to be seen outwardly The Pain lay under the Sternon where it is fastned to the Mediastrinum or in the Membrane annexed to it withinside which was thus occasioned The Patient the Evening before had been hard drinking a strong sort of French Wine at a great Supper and with that and a very great Fire all the time in the Room had over-heated himself to a great degree After which going home at Midnight in a Sweat of a suddain by the way he was taken with a violent Cold for it freezed very hard hence the Pores being presently shut the hot and sharp Vapors being condensed and congealed stuck to the inner Membrane of the Sternon-bone which almost numb'd that part with the sharpness of the pain that was still encreasing by the motion of the Breast For the Cure of this Malady I loosened his Body with a Glister and then prescribed him this Sudorific to take warm â Treacle â iiij Extract of Carduus Ben. and Angelica an â j. English Saffron gr vj. Of Treacle-water ⥠ij Oyl of Anise gr iiij Mix them for a Potion Upon this he sweat very well but the pain continued as before After he had sweat I applied the following Cere-cloth to the place affected â Powder of Castor Cloves Benjamin Saffron an â j. Galbanum dissolved in Wine ⥠s. Melilot Oxicroceum Êiij Mix them and make a Cere-cloth to be spread upon Leather as long as the Part affected four Fingers broad and anoint the same with Oyl of Nutmegs distilled After this Cere-cloth had stuck six or seven hours to the Part the pain began to abate very much so that the Patient could move himself with more ease The next day he took a Purge and had five Stools which done after the Cere-cloth had stuck on three days the pain went quite off and the Gentleman went abroad well in Health But afterwards in February having over-heated himself with drinking of Spanish Wine the same Cere-cloth cured him again in three days OBSERVATION LXXI The Head-ach PEter Ioannis an Ale-brewers Servant a strong Fellow in Ianuary when it freezed very hard was taken with a terrible pain in his Head otherwise ailing nothing by reason of which pain he could take no Rest night nor day for several Days and Nights together which not only caused the loss of his Stomach but also a Delirium nevertheless the Patient was so obstinate that he would take no Physic only by much perswasion he would admit of Topics Thereupon for present ease I prescribed the following Fomentation with which being warm I ordered his Head to be fomented and Napkins four times doubled and dipt in the Fomentation to be laid all over his Head and to be shifted as they grow cold and this is to be continued all the Night long â Rosemary Vervain Betony Thyme an m. j. Marjoram m. j. s. Sage m s. Flowers of Cammomil and Melilot an m. j. of Dill and Stoechas an m. s. Seeds of Cummin and Dill Lawrel Berries an ⥠s. White-wine q. s. Boil them to lb iij. To the Straining add Spirit of Wine ⥠iiij For a Fomentation The next day the pain was much abated but in regard the Patient refused all manner of Physic the Fomentation was continued for two days by which time his Sleep returned and the pain went almost all off only some remainder of pain in his Fore-head a little above his Nose with some Obstruction of his Nostrils which proceeding from a tough Flegm closely adhering to the Ethmoids-bone I prescribed him a sneezing Medicine of the Juice of the Root of Betony which when he had drawn up into his Nostrils first opened with a Quill he voided from his Palate and Nostrils a great quantity of tough Flegm and so was quite freed from his intollerable pain ANNOTATIONS I Confess this Course of curing without any Evacuation or Diversion preceding was not so safe for that the flegmatic Humors collected in the Brain and attenuated by the hot Fomentation might have easily fallen upon some noble Bowel not without great danger but in regard the great abundance of Humors threatned either an Apoplexy or a Delirium or a Lethargy and the Intensness of the Pain a Fever and for that the Patient refused to take any Physic not so much as a Glister nor would suffer Blood-letting I was forced for the prevention of greater Mischiefs to proceed as I did to Topics remembring the Saying of Celsus 'T is no matter whether the Remedy be safe when there is no
the Nerves or too much Relaxation so that being oppressed with weight they are extended with Pains but this sort of Gout is not so terrible For the second Cause of the Gout proceeds from the salt sharp and tartarous Humors separated from the Blood and thrust forward upon the Joynts Therefore says Sennertus I must conclude that a sharp salt subtil Humor nearest to the Nature of salt Spirits is the Cause of the Gout Let any Man call it by what other Name he please Choler or Flegm mixed with Choler Salt or Tartar so the thing be rightly understood In vain therefore Physicians have hitherto sought for the Cause of the Gout in the Heat and Drougth of Choler or the Moisture and Cold of Flegm for they are not the first but the second Qualities which induce those Pains that is the Salt and the Acrimony which corrode and gnaw those Parts Therefore says Hippocrates 't is not hot cold moist and dry that have the acting Power but bitter and salt sweet and acid insipid and sharp which if rightly tempered together are no way troublesome but when alone and separated one from the other then they give the Vexation and shew themselves c. In the Cure of the first in regard the Cause proceeds from a depraved Disposition of the Brain therefore the Brain is to be evacuated and corroborated to prevent these Excrements from gathering any more in that place The Parts affected also are to be corroborated with Topics warming the Parts dissipating and drying up the crude Humors In the Cure of the hot Gout the salt Humors are to be evacuated and purged away by inward Medicaments before they be pushed forward into the Joynts and that their Generation may be prevented Topics also must be made use of to temper the Acrimony of the salt Humors to dissolve dissipate and evacuate by transpiration those Humors the Forms of which I shall give in another place OBSERVATION XCIV A Pain in the Stomach with Vomiting PEtronella Beekman a Maid about twenty seven or twenty eight years of age the nineteenth of Iune was taken with an intolerable Pain in the upper part of her Belly which extended it self sometimes to the Right sometimes to the Left but most to the Sides She had a Vomiting likewise sometimes more gentle sometimes vehement which brought up all her Meat Sometimes her vehement Vomiting brought a Pint or a Pint and a half of black Water with some tough Flegm At the top of this Water swam certain little Bodies about the bigness of a Filberd in Colour and Consistence resembling Butter When these came up she had some ease for two or three hours but then her pain returned again She had no Fever no Tumor in her Spleen no Obstruction in her Kidneys and she made Water without trouble but very thick neither did she void any Gravel either before or after nor was there any Distemper to be perceived in her Womb where all things proceeded according to Nature nor had bad Diet been the cause of her Distemper but what that buttery Substance should be I could not certainly tell for my Life only I conjectured that it might be some corrupt Choler preternaturally chang'd into that Substance However the first thing I did was to stop her Vomiting to which purpose I caused her Stomach to be anointed with Oyl of Nutmegs and applied a warm Cataplasm to it of Mint Red Roses Nutmegs Cloves Mastich Olibanum sowre Ferment and Vinegar of Roses but all to no purpose The next day her Pains and Vomiting having very much weakned her I gave her a corroborating Medicament of Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae Treacle and Cinnamon-water and Syrup of Limons equal parts to take frequently in a Spoon which stay'd with her The twenty first of Iune I applied to the Region of her Stomach a corroborating Plaister of Tacamahacca Galbanum Cloves Benjamin and the like The twenty second I gave her a gentle Purging Draught which she presently brought up again then I ordered her a Glister which gave her two or three Stool but her cruel Pain and Vomiting continued still The twenty fourth I gave her one Scruple of Pill Ruffiae which stay'd with her and gave her three Stools about Evening and then because the Plaister was troublesome I took it off and applied in the Room a Linnen Quilt filled with Mint Wormwood Sage Flowers of Cammomil Melilot Dill Nutmegs Cumin-seed Fennel and Dill-seed which Quilt was boiled in strong Wine and applied to her Stomach The twenty eighth she took another Glister The twenty ninth about night I gave her two Scruples of Philonium Romanum prepared with Euphorbium in a little Wine which caused her to sleep that Night four hours whereas she had not slept till then from the beginning of her Distemper the next day her Pain returned nevertheless the Philonium seemed to have endeavoured some Concoction for that she began to belch which gave her some ease wherefore about Evening I gave her two Scruples of Philonium The first of Iuly she belched more freely therefore that Evening I gave her Philonium again The next day her Pains abated and her Vomiting ceased and at Noon she supp'd a little Broth which was the first Nourishment she had taken since her Sickness Iuly the third she took Pill Ruffiae to loosen her Belly The fourth of Iuly her Pains encreasing I prescribed her an Amigdalate but she brought it up again Therefore the sixth of Iuly I gave her two Scruples and a half of Philonium which caused her to rest indifferently The next day her Pains abated so that at night the same Dose of Philonium was again given her as also the next Evening The ninth of Iuly in the Morning she took Pill Russiae and in the Evening Philonium again and so for three Evenings more one after another by which means her Pains and Vomiting ceased her Appetite returned and she recovered her Health The twenty third of November she was again taken with the same Pains and Vomiting thereupon after I had purged her Body with Pills I gave her Philonium again which gave her ease and so continuing the use of Philonium for twelve Evenings together and loosning her Body every day with Pills at length I mastered the Obstinate Disease so that for six years together I knew her safe and sound from that and all other Distempers OBSERVATION XCV A Bastard Intermitting Tertian Ague HErman N. in the Vigor of his Age in the beginning of March was taken with a Bastard intermitting Tertian Ague which began with a great Coldness and ended in a violent Heat it came every other day but at uncertain hours sometimes sooner sometimes later During the Fit his Head ach'd violently and he was very faint his Stomach was gone and his Strength much wasted After he had taken many things in vain from other Physicians coming to me I gave him half a Dram of lucid Aloes reduced into Pills which gave him five Stools afterwards I
Liniment and then cover the Head with the following Quilt â Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram an â ij Martiate Oyntment Êij Castoreum Powdered â s. For a Liniment â Leaves of Marjoram M. j. of Rosemary Sage and Flowers of Melilot an one little handful Cloves Nutmegs an â j. Castoreum â s. Beat these into a gross Powder for a Quilt XIV Let him have a good Air a light Room moderately warm and Perfumed with Castor Peny-royal Rosemary Sage Thime Marjoram Baum c. let his Food be easie of Digestion Condited with Rosemary Betony Marjoram Hyssop and the like Let him avoid Milk Pulse and Fruit Garlic Onions Mustard Radishes c. Let his Drink be Barley-water with Majoram Hyssop Rosemary and the like boil'd in it sweetened with a little Hydromel or Honey and aââ¦omatiz'd with Saffron Let him sleep as little as may be and make his natural Evacuations come forth in due order HISTORY VIII Of the Profound Sleep call'd Carus A Stout young Man having fallen from a high Place upon his Head was seized with a deep sleep being put by his Friends who thought him drunk into his Bed he continued so for two days There was no Wound appeared in his Head which was defended by a good strong Cap only in the top of his Head there was a Contusion not very big his Pulse beat well nor did he shew any Signs that his Heart was affected he breathed freely If he were prickt he shrunk up the prickt Member In the mean time no noise nor pulling him by the Hair nor other means would wake him I. How far this Patients Head was affected the profound sleep sufficiently shew'd II. This sleep is called Carus which is a profound sleep with an injury to the Animal Actions III. 'T is no Apoplexy because the Person breaths freely nor Lethargy because there is no Fever and the Patient cannot be waked wherein it differs from Coma since the Patients in that Distemper are often waked and move their Limbs from one place to another IV. The cause of this is a depression of the upper Skull and the Bones of the Bregmâ⦠caused by the Fall by which the Brain being depressed the Brain is hindered in its Motion which injures all the Animal Actions Besides that the Choroid-fold being obstructed by the Compression hinders the Passage of the Vital Spirits to the Brain and consequently the Generation of Animal to supply the wast of Spirits in the Organs of the Senses into which the Animal Spirits having not a free Influx by reason of that Compression the actions of the Parts fail and thence that deep sleep V. This Carus is very dangerous and threatens an Apoplexy if not taken care of in time VI. The Cure consists in raising the depressed Skull 2. In corroborating the wakened Brain 3. In taken care of the whole Body to prevent the flux of many Humors to the Head or any other Disease from breeding at that time in the Body VII Therefore a Glister given take eight or nine Ounces of Blood out of the Arm. Then proceed to Denudation and if need require Perforation of the Brain VIII The same day the Glister is given and the Vein opened toward the ââ¦kull in the place where the Contusion ââ¦ppears must be laid bare with a Crossââ¦ike Incision made in the fleshy Parts The next Morning raise the Bone with ââ¦roper Instruments But for fear least ââ¦y that violent Contusion some little Veins should be broken in the hard Meninx which may have poured forth any Blood between the Meninx and the Cranium which corrupting there should afââ¦erward be the Cause of unexpected death the safest way would be to Perforate the Skull in the firm Part next the depressed Part to give ââ¦he extravasated Blood an easie Exit and for the more easie raising of the depressed Skull IX The Skull being raised and the wound stopt according to Art let this Fomentation be clapt warm about his Head still shifting it as it grows cold â Betony M. iiij Marjoram Rosemary Vervain Fennel Leaves of Lawrel Baum Thime Rue Flowers of Stoechas Camomil Melilot an M. j. Common Water q. s. boil them according to Art adding toward the end White-wine lb j. Make a Fomentation of ãâã iij. X. Anoint his Fore-head with this Liniment â Oyls of Amber Rosemary Marjoram distilled an â j. Castoreum pulverised gr ix Martiate Unguent Ê ij XI The Patient being rous'd from his sleep which uses to happen after the raising of his Skull give him this Purging draught â Leaves of Senna Ê iij. Rubarb Ê j. s. white Agaric Ê s. Anise-seed Ê j. Decoction of Barley q. s. Infuse them then add to the straining Elect. Diaprunum solutive Ê iij. XII The Body being Purged let him drink twice or thrice a day a draught of this Apozem â Succory Root ⥠j. s. of Fennel and Acorus an ⥠s. Herbs Betony Dandelion Borage Baum Rue an M. j. Rosemary Marjoram Flowers of Stoechas an M. j. Orange and Citron Peels an ⥠s. Currants ⥠ij Water q. s. For an Apozem of lb j. s. XIII Instead of the Apozem he may now and then take a small quantity of this or such like Conditement â Specier Diambrae Ê j. Roots of Acorus Condited Candied Orange-peels Conââ¦erve of Anthos and pale Roses an ⥠s. Syrup of Stoechas q. s. XIV If he be bound at any time in his Body let him be loosened with Glisters Or else take the following Mixture and hang it up in a little Bag in a Pint and a half of small Alâ⦠and give him a draught or two every Morning â Leaves of Senna ⥠j. s. Rubarb Ê ij Root of Iallop Ê j. Anise Ê ij Leaves of Marjoram Carduus Benedict an M. s. XV. Keep him in a good temperate clear Air let his Meats be of easie Digestion and spaââ¦ing at first His Drink small his Exercises moderate little Sleep at first especially But let his natural Evacuations duly proceed either spontaneously or provoked by Art HISTORY IX Of a Catalepsis A Young Maid her Evacuations being obstructed and frequently liable to Uterine Suffocations being taken of a suddain remained void of Sence and in that Posture as she taken waxed cold keeping her Eyes open and fixed but seeing nothing if the standersââ¦y moved her Arm upwards or downward or side-ways it remained as they laid it if they set her upon her Feet she stood if they moved her Body forwards she put out her Foot if they turned her Head on one side so it stood all this while she breathed freely when this fit had lasted an hour she came to her self but remembered nothing of what had happened Two days after she was taken with another Fit which went off of it self I. THat the Seat of this Distemper was in the Head the terrible Molestation of the Animal Actions declare as the Uterine Suffocation shewed the Distemper of the Womb. II. This Affection is called a Catalepsis and is a sudden and very great
2. The next things required are to hinder the Defluxions of Catarrhs to the Lungs 3. To reform the cold ill Temper of the Head and Lungs 4. To change the Flegmatic Disposition of the Body and abate the cold Humors abounding in the whole XIV In the first place let him take a common Glister or a Suppository Let him use a thin Diet and Sawce his Meat with Hyssop Sage Betony Saffron Anise Fennel Raisins and the like XV. Let him often take a Spoonful of this Syrrup â Syrup of Hyssop Horehound Preserved Ginger and Roots of candied Elecampane an ⥠s. Compounded Magistral Oxymel ⥠j. Mix them Also in the Morning and about five a clock in the Afternoon let him take one dram of this Powder in a little Malmsey Wine Hydromel or Broth. â Roots of Elecampane Êj Root of Florence Orrice Seed of Bishops-weed an Êj Benjamin Saffron an â j. Musch gr j. White Sugar Candy Êiij To which add Oyl of Anise drops iiij or v. XVI The Fit ceasing let him be purged once a Week with Cochiae or Golden Pills Hiera Picra or some Phlegmagog Infusion Blood-letting is not convenient XVII Upon other days let him use this Apozem â Root of Elecampane Fennel an ⥠j. Acorus and Licorice sliced an Êv Marjoram Scabious Venus Hair Hyssop white Horehound Savine an M. j. Iuniper Berry ⥠s. Anise and Fennel-seed an Êij s. Raisins cleansed ⥠ij Water q. s. Boil them to lbj. Add to the Straining Magistral Oxymel Syrup of Stoechas Horehound an ⥠j. Mix them for an Apozem XVIII Also let him often take a small quantity of this Conditement â Specier Dianthos Diambr an Êj Root of Elecampane candied conserve of Flowers of Sage Anthos an Êv Syrup of Elecampane q. s. Mix them for a Conditement XIX To evacuate the Flegm out of the whole Body Decoctions of Saffafrass and Sassaperil are very proper adding at the end some proper Cephalic and Pectoral Ingredients to corroborate the Head and Lungs Also let him wear a Cephalic Quilt upon his Head and lastly let him make an Issue in one Arm or in the Neck XX. If the Patient mend upon the use of these Medicins for removal of the farther Cause of this Mischief let him take every other day in a Morning a Draught of this medicated Wine â Root of Elecampane dry ⥠s. Of Florence Hyssop Ialop an Êj s. Hyssop white Horehound an M. s. Iuniper Berries ⥠s. Anise and Fennel-seed an Êj s. white Agaric â v. Lucid Aloes â iiij Tye them up in a Bag and hang them in four or five pound of White-wine XXI For preservation let him use this Bolus twice a Week for three Weeks together â Venice Turpentine Êiij white Sugar Êij Mix them for a Bolus to be swallowed in a Wafer moistned in Malmsey Wine XXII His Diet has been already prescribed His Drink must be small his Sleep and Exercise moderate and let him be sure to keep his Body soluble and regular HISTORY V. Of the Quinancy A Young Man about thirty years of Age fleshy strong and Plethoric having overheated himself with hard Labour and being very thirsty drank a large Draught of small Ale brought him out of a cold Cellar So that not able to endure the Coldness of the Drink in his Chaps he was forced to take the Pot from his Mouth Soon after he felt a certain Narrowness with a Burning in his Chaps and from thence some kind of Trouble in Breathing and Swallowing which still more and more increased After seven or eight hours a strong Fever seized him with a strong thick and unequal Pulse and the Difficulty of Breathing and Swallowing encreased to that degree that he could hardly breath either sitting or standing and his Drink presently flew back out at his Nostrils His Mouth was dry with an extraordinary Thrist which because he could not swallow no Drink could allay His Tongue looked of a dark Colour and being depressed with an Instrument in the hinder Part an intense Redness appeared but no remarkable Tumor was conspicuous because it lies in a lower Place The Frog-like Veins were thick and tumid His Speech so obstructed that he could hardly be heard Restless he tumbled and tossed and was mighty covetous of the cool Air Without there was no Swelling but an unusual Redness about the Region of the Chaps I. THis terrible Distemper is called Angina or the Quinancy Which is a Difficulty of Breathing and Swallowing proceeding from an Inflammation and Narrowness of the upper Parts of the Throat Larynx and Chaps and always accompanied with a continued Fever II. This is no bastard Quinancy Swelling of the Tonsilae with Redness caused by a Catarrh but a real Angina bred by a meer Inflammation III. The anteceding Cause of this Malady is Redundancy of Blood which being stirred by the original Causes and copiously collected in the Chaps and Muscles of the Larynx and there putrifying becomes the containing Cause But the original Causes were hard Labour and cold Drink the one exciting the Heat the other chilling too soon IV. For the Body and Heart being heated by hard Labour the Blood was rapidly moved by the strong and thick Pulsations of the Heart and swiftly pass'd through the Vessels but the Blood in the little Veins about the Chaps being thickned by the coldness of the cold Drink and the Roots and Orifices of the little Veins being likewise so streightned that the Blood sent continually from the Heart was not able to circulate through those Passages which caused a Detention of much Blood therein thence proceeded the hot Tumor which streigthned the Passages of Respiration and Swallowing and the Blood now no longer under the Regulation of the Heart became inflamed and putrified and part of it communicated to the Heart kindled a continued Fever about seven hours after when the Matter was sufficiently enflamed and the effervescency was become grievous to Nature V. The Fever made the Respiration more difficult because the boiling Blood required more Room and by that means encreased the Tumor and Narrowness of the Passages besides that the feverish Heat requires more Respiration VI. His dryness of Mouth and extream Thirst proceeded from the hot Vapors exhaling partly from the Inflamed Part next the Mouth partly from the Heart and lower Parts by reason of the Fever Nor can he swallow his Drink because the upper Part of the Ossophagus is so compressed and strengthened by the inflamed Tumor that nothing can pass that way so that the Drink is forced to find another Passage back through the Nostrils VII The Intense Redness that appears in the Chaps proceeds from the abundance of Blood in those Parts which being denied free Passage through the Frog-like Veins is the Cause that they are swell'd too VIII The Speech is disturb'd by reason of the Inflamation of the Muscles of the Larynx and Difficulty of Breathing IX There was no Tumor conspicuous without because the whole Inflamation lay
which insinuates it self and its Vapors into the spungy Substance of the Cheeks besides that there is a hot Exhalation from the inflam'd Lungs themselves with which fierce Vapors break forth out of the Chaps and lighting within the Mouth into the Cheeks make them much hotter and encrease the Redness VIII The continued Fever proceeds from the Blood putrifying in the Lungs and communicated continually to the Heart which did not appear at first till after three hours that the Blood being encreased in quantity and heat began to putrifie and be inflamed and then the Mouth became dry by reason of the fervid Exhalations drying the inside of the Mouth The Pulse was strong and thick by reason of the quantity and heat of the Blood Unequal because of the unequal Mixture of the putrid Particles sometimes more sometimes less communicated to the Heart IX At the beginning of the Fever the Difficulty of breathing encreased almost to Suffocation because of the greater quantity of Blood forced into the Heart by stronger Pustles partly because the Blood now putrifying and boiling in the Lungs wants more room and therefore causes a greater Compression and Contraction of the Bronchia X. The Pain in the Head is caused by the sharp Humors caused by the Wine excessively drank and vellicating the Membranes of the Brain partly by the hot Blood and its sharp Exhalation forced by the Motion of the Heart into the same Membranes somewhat chill'd by the Cold of the Nocturnal Air. XI This Disease is very dangerous by reason of the Difficulty of breathing and the Excess of the Fever Besides that the Bowel is affected which is next the Heart and without the use of which it cannot subsist XII Therefore in the Method of Cure a Vein is first to be opened in the Arm and a good quantity of Blood to be taken away and the same Bleeding to be repeated twice or thrice if need require which though it weaken the Party yet it is better he should be cured weak than die strong XIII In the mean time let his Belly be moved with some ordinary Glister as the Infusion of Rhubarb Syrup of Roses solutive Succhory with Rheon Decoction of Pruens or solutive Electuary Diaprunum or some such gentle Purgatives for stronger must be avoided XIV To quench his Thirst give him some such Julep â Decoction of Barley lbj. s. Syrup of Poppy Rheas of Violets Pale Roses an ⥠j. XV. This Apozem may be prescribed to take of it three or four times a day â Roots of Succory Colts-foot Asparagus Grass an ⥠j. Sliced Licorice ⥠s. Violet-leaves Endive Coltsfoot Lettice Venus Hair Borage an M. j. Flowers of Poppy Rheas p. ij Four greater Cold Seeds an Êj Blew Currans ⥠j. Water q. s. Boyl them to lbj. s. Then add to the Straining Syrup of Poppy Rheas of Violets and pale Rases an ⥠j. For an Apozem Of the same Syrups equally mixt with a little Saffron added may be made a Looch to alleviate the Cough XVI If the Inflamation come to maturation which will appear by the purulent Spittle and the Diminution of the Fever then first let him take abstergent Apozems of Elecampane Horehound Hyssop Scabious c. also Looches of Syrup of Venus Hair Horehound Hyssop c. And when the Ulcer is sufficiently cleansed then come to Consolidation XVII Let the Patients Diet be Cream of Barley Chicken and Mutton Broth with cleansed Barley blew Currans Endive Lettice Damask Pruens and such like Ingredients boiled therein or Almond Milk For his Drink small Ale or the aforesaid Julep HISTORY VII Of Spitting Blood A Lusty Young Man accustomed to a salt hard and sharp Diet having many times exposed himself bare Headed to the Cold of the Winter Air and thence contracted first a terrible Pose with a heavy Pain in his Head was after molested with a violent Cough caused by sharp Catarrhs descending upon his Breast that brought him to spit up a great quantity of Blood and that not without some pain At first a Physitian being sent for let him Blood in the Arm and took away a good quantity which appeared cold very thin and ill coloured and something but very little coagulated the Blood-letting stopped his spitting of Blood for two days but afterwards it returned again His Appetite failed him and his strength decay'd but he had no Fever I. THE Primary Malady that afflicted this Man is called by the Greeks ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã by the Latines Sanguinis Sputum or spitting of Blood II. In general it is a Symptom of Excrements flowing from the Lungs and the Vessels belonging to it but the Disease which follows that Symptom is a Solution of the Continuum III. The Part Primarily affected is the Lungs with it's Vessels which appears by the Cough and the Blood spit out with the Cough which comes away without Pain because of the little sence of Feeling in the Lungs The Pose and falling down of the Catarrhs shew the Head to be affected in like manner Secundarily and the other Parts suffer nothing but only as they are wearied by the violence of the Cough and weakened by that and the Evacuation of the Blood IV. The anteceding Causes are the sharp and crude Humors descending from the Head to the Lungs which vellicating the respiratory Parts by their Acrimony cause a terrible Cough and by their Corrosion a Solution of the Continuum The Original Causes are the External Cold the obstruction of the Pores of the Head and what ever others that cause a Collection of crude Humors or an endeavour to expel them being colected V. Disorderly Diet and ill Food bred a great quantity of bad and sharp Humors in the Body and made the Blood it self thin and sharp hence many sharp Vapors were carry'd to the Head which wont to be evacuated through the usual Passages and Pores which being stopped and contracted by the Cold the Humors likewise condensed with their viscous Slime beset the Spongy-bones of the Nostrils and so caused the Pose which was attended with a heavy Pain in the Head while the detained Humors distended the Membranes of the Brain afterwards descending to the Aspera Arteria and Lungs they induced a violent Cough and Corrosion of the Vessels upon which ensued a Solution of the Continuum while the Vessels were broken and opened by the Violence of the Cough VI. That the Blood abounded with bad and sharp Humors appeared from hence that being let out of the Veins it was thin and ill colored VII This spitting of Blood returned again because that when the opened Vessels are emptied there is some time required before they can be filled again but no sooner are they swelled with more Blood but it bursts out as before VII Now the reason why the Blood stopped for two days after the Blood-leting was because by that Evacuation the Heart was debilitated and the Pustles grew weaker so that less Blood was forced out of the right Ventricle
of the Heart into the Lungs But after two days the Heart gathering strength and filling the little Vessels of the Lungs with Blood the violence of the Cough easily forced it out again IX The Appetite was lost through the continual Agitation of the Cough and weakness caused by the Evacuation of so much Blood which caused a Debility of the whole Body and Bowels together with the Stomach Besides that bad Diet had bred several crude Humors in the Stomach which had dulled the Appetite and weakened Concoction X. The decay of strength proceeded from loss of Blood and the Bodies being wearied by the violent Agitation of the Cough XI This Disease is very dangerous 1. In respect of the Part affected since no man can want Respiration 2. In respect of the Cause which is partly a Corrosion partly a Rupture of the Vessel 3. In respect of the difficulty of the Cure which requires rest which is not to be expected in the Respiratory Parts Neither can the Solution be taken a part but the Flux of the Catarrhs and the Cough must be cured together Therefore says Faventinus Blood being spit from the Lungs with a Cough the broken Vein cannot be closed but with great difficulty For when any little Vessel of the Lungs is opened or broken an Ulcer follows which brings a Consumption that soon terminates in Death All the hopes of this Patient consisted in his Age and strength XII In the method of the Cure the Cough is first to be allay'd 2. The Blood to be diverted from the Lungs 3. The broken Vessels to be consolidated 4. The descent of the Catarrhs to be prevented 5. The crude and sharp Humors to be hindred from gathering in the Head 6. The deprav'd Constitution of the Blood and Humors to be amended XIII After Glystering or some Lenitive Purge given at the Mouth Blood-letting is most proper which is to be repeated as necessity requires especially when the Patient perceives any heaviness in the lower Part of the Breast for the Blood-letting hinders the repletion of the Vessels of the Lungs and their being forcibly opened by the quantity of Blood XIV To thicken the Blood and the Catarrh and allay the Cough â Haly's Powder against the Consumption â ij s. Red Corral prepared â j. Decoction of Plantain ⥠j. Syrup of Comfrey ⥠s. Mix them to be drunk Morning and Evening Let him often in the day use the following Looch and Amigdalate â Syrup of Comfrey dry Roses Coltsfoot an Ê vj. Of Poppies Ê iij. Mix them for a Looch â Sweet Almonds blanched ⥠ij s. Lettice Seeds ⥠s. Decoction of Barley q. s. Make an Emulsion of lb j. with which mix with white Sugar q. s. For an Amidgdalate XV. To divert the Catarrh make an Issue in the Arm or Neck and apply Cupping-glasses to the Scapula and Back And to prevent the Collection of crude Humors let him wear a Cephalic Quilt composed of Ingredients to heat and corroborate the Head dry up the Humors and open the Pores and to open the Passage of the Nostrils let him take some gentle Sternutory XVI When the Cough is thus removed and the Blood-spitting stopped proceed to the farther consolidation of the corroded and broken Vein To which purpose the Patient must be gently Purged by Intervals to evacuate the sharp Humors by degrees In the mean time let him drink this Apozem thrice a day â Barley cleansed ⥠j. Roots of the greater Consownd Tormentil Snake-weed sliced Licorice an Ê vj. Sanicle Herb Fluellin Winter-green Colts-foot Egrimony Ladies Mantle Plantain an M. j. Red Roses M. j. Heads of white Poppy ⥠ij s. The relicks of prest Grapes ⥠iij. Figgs No. v. Make an Apozem of lb j. s. Instead of this he may take the quantity of a Nutmeg of this Conditement â Haly's Powder against a Consumption Ê j. s. Coral Prepared Blood-stone Harts-horn burnt an â j. s. Conserve of Red Roses ⥠ij Syrup of Comfrey q. s. XVII His Diet must be of good Juice and easie Digestion and somewhat of a clamy Substance as Veal Lamb Mutton and Broths of the same ordered with Barley Rice Reasons c. More especially Goats Milk Let his Drink be sweet Ale not too small let him not any way strain his Voice and for his Body let him keep it so soluble that his Stools may be easie HISTORY VIII Of a Consumption A Lusty Young Man twenty two Years of Age having for a long time lived disorderly at first felt for some time a heavy pain in his Head which seeming to abate about Winter presently he began to be molested with a Defluxion of sharp Humors to the Lungs and thence with a violent Cough which brought up every day a great quantity of thick tough Flegm after he had been troubled with this Cough for some Months at length he brought up Blood mixed with his other Spittle and about three Weeks or a Month since purulent matter was observed to be mixed with his Spittle sometimes without sometimes mixed with Blood of which he hauk'd up every day more and more However his Spittle had no ill smell he had also a continual slight Fever but attended with no signal Symptoms his Nostrils were dryer then usually and out of which there came little or nothing to speak of he was much Emaciated and very Feeble His Appetite lost or very little and his Cough frequently interrupted his sleep I. SEveral Parts of this Young Mans Body were affected The Head as appeared by the Pain therein and the Catarrhs The Lungs as appeared by Cough and Spittle and the Heart as was manifest by the Fever and consequently the whole Body was out of Order II. This Disease is called Phtisis or a Consumption Which is an Atrophy or wasting of the whole Body proceeding from an Ulcer in the Lungs with a sleight lingring Fever III. The remote Cause of this Disease was disorderly Diet which bred many sharp and viscous Humors in the Body and the going carelesly uncovered in the Winter time bred a cold ill temper in the Head which contracted and stopped the Pores of it by which means the Vapors ascending from the lower Parts condensed in the Brain and for want of passage begot a heavy Pain in the Head being as yet more ponderous than acrimonious and lodged in the less sensible Ventricles of the Brain IV. The same Humors with their viscosity had obstructed the usual Passages of the Nostrils and Palate and so finding no other way fell down upon the Lungs and Aspera Arteria which caused the Cough at what time the Head-ach abated because the condensed Humors having found out a new Channel were no longer troublesom to the Head V. By the Acrimony of the Catarrhs some Corrosion was made in the Lungs and thence the violence of the Cough preceding an effusion of Blood mixed with the Spittle yet not very much because none of the larger Vessels were either corroded or dilacerated by the fury of
by reason of the extraordinary Prostration of the Strength and Vital Actions The External Parts are cold for want of hot Blood from the Heart There is a cold clammy Sweat in regard the thin Vapors which otherwise used insensibly to exhale through the Pores of the Skin are suddenly condensed by the sudden want of Heat and so sticking viscous to the Skin begets a cold Sweat Nor is there hardly any Respiration to be perceived for that the fainting Heart sends no hot Blood to be cool'd in the Lungs besides that the Motion of the Heart and Brain failing few or no Animal Spirits are sent to the Respiratory Muscles VII The Syncope ceasing the Languor of the Heart remains by reason of the great quantity of Flegm contained in the Stomach which flows out at the Mouth with a kind of nauseating VIII This is a dangerous Malady as well in respect of the Principal Bowel affected as in respect of the Cure in regard of the Weakness of the Patient IX The Cure is as well to be begun during the Syncope as when it is over X. During the Syncope the extream Parts are to be rubbed with Musk Amber Benjamin green Baum bruised and such other odorous Smells are to be held to the Nostrils either alone or mixed with Wine or Spirit of Wine A little of Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae Spirit of Wine Cinnamon-water or Hippocrass is to be powered down his Mouth with a Spoon and the Region of the Stomach to be somented with this Epitheme warmly applied â Rosemary Baum Mint Leaves of Laurel an M j. Nutmegs Cinnamon Cloves an Êj s. Fennel Seed Êij Generous Wine q. s. Boil them according to Art to lbj To the Straining add Spirit of Wine ⥠ij For an Epitheme XI When the Syncope is past the Flegm accumulated in the Stomach is gently to be removed To which purpose let him take this Bolus â Electuar Hiera Picra Êij for a Bolus Or this Powder â Root of Ialap Cinnamon an â j. Diagridion gr iiij Make them into Powder XIII Afterwards to strengthen the Heart and Stomach and gently to purge away the Flegm this medicated Wine is very proper Of which let the Patient take a Draught every Day or every other Day â Root of Elecampane ⥠s. Acorus Galangale an Êij Baum Marjoram Tops of Wormwood an M. s. Orange Peels Iuniper Berries an M. s. Fennel and Anise-seed an Êj s. Agaric Lucid Aloes an Êj Choice Cinnamon Êij s. Cloves â ij Put these into a Bag to be hung in lbiiij Of odoriferous White-wine XIV In the day time let the Patient now and then drink a little Hippocrass or Hydromel after a little Bag of Cinnamon Nutmegs Ginger Cloves and Grains of Cardamum has been hung Or take now and then a small quantity of this Conditement â Specier Diambrae Sweet Diamosch an Êj s. Orange-peels Roots of Elecampane Ginger condited an ⥠s. Conserve of Anthos ⥠v. Oyl of Cinnamon and Cloves an gutt ij Syrup of preserved Ginger q. s. For a Conditement Or let him use these Tablets â Choice Cinnamon â ij Mace Cloves White Ginger an â j. Specier Diambrae Êj Sugar dissolved in odoriferous Wine ⥠iij. For Tablets XV. Outwardly apply this little Bag to the Region of the Heart and Stomach â Cloves Cinnamon Nutmeg Storax Benjamin an â j. s. Leaves of Marjoram and Rosemary an M. s. Reduce them into a gross Powder to be sowed into a little Bag. Lastly that which is called the Amber Apple or Storax Benjamin Grains of Cardamom Cloves or other odoriferous Spices somewhat bruised and ty'd up in a thin piece of Silk or put into an ivory or silver Box perforated will be very proper to smell to XVI When the Patient begins to recover Strength let him take a spoonful or two of this Mixture â Strong Rhenish-wine ⥠iiij Cinnamon-water ⥠j. Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae Êvj Confection of Alkermes Êj s. Perl'd Sugar q. s. to a moderate Sweetness For want of this Composition let him take a little generous Wine or Spirit of Wine or Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae XVII Let his Chamber be strewed with odoriferous Herbs as Baum Thyme Marjoram Rosemary c. or else be perfumed with Cephalic Spices His Diet must be sparing easie of Digestion and very nutritive as the Juices and Gravies of Chickens and Partridges Gellies of Mutton Veal and Hens prepared with Baum Rosemary Sage Roots of wild Raddish Anise and Fennel-seed Nutmeg Cloves Pepper Ginger Cinnamon c. His Drink must be midling Wine Hydromel or Ale moderately taken tinctured with a little Wormwood Nor will it be amiss to take now and then a little Wormwood-wine or Hippocrass or a spoonful of Matthiolus's Aqua Vitae or Spirit of Juniper Wine Cinnamon or Fennel Wine His Sleep and Exercise must be moderate and gentle and his Excrements must have their due and regular Course HISTORY X. Of the Palpitation of the Heart A Lusty young Man about thirty four years of Age but somewhat Scorbutic and for a long time accustomed to salt Meats dryed in the Smoak and pickled in Vinegar and other Food of hard Digestion many times complained of a troublesome Ponderosity in his left Hypochondrion Afterwards about three or four hours after Meals he felt a strong Palpitation of his Heart accompanied with a strong Pulse very unequal and sometimes intermitting for two or three stroaks together at what time he was seized with an extraordinary Faintness This Palpitation lasted for half an hour then ceased again after which slight but frequent Palpitations often return'd His Appetite was indifferent and his Stomach digested well He slept also very well only sometimes he was troubled with frightful Dreams I. THE Part most manifestly affected in this Patient was the Palpitation of the Heart which is a disorderly and over vehement Motion of the Heart II. The Proximate Cause is a salt and sharp Humor mingled with the Blood which being mixed with the Chylus concocted out of sharp and salt Food and three or four hours after Meals poured forth into the hollow Vein and sliding with it into the Heart causes a disorderly and vehement Fermentation in the Chyle which is to be turned into Blood For the sharp and salt Particles of the Chylus together with the Veiny Blood impregnated with that sharp Humor falling into the Heart too much augment the Fermentation whence that vehement and disorderly Dilatation and Contraction of the Heart which causes that Inequality and strong beating of the Pulse III. Now in regard there are many fixed and thicker Particles mixed with the thinner Particles of that salt and sharp Humor which cannot be so soon dissolved and attenuated in the Heart therefore while the Heart is busied in the Dissolution and Dilatation of them the Pulse intermits for a stroke or two whence arises the Faintness for that no Spirits are forced to the Parts while the Pulse ceases IV. This vehement Palpitation lasts half an hour
Secondines suppressed 91 Sennertus of the Small-pox 6 Sheeps-dung expells the Measles 38 Small-pox may sometimes scize the same Person twice or thrice 32 Small-pox and Measles both together 39 Smelling lost 200 201 Sower things hurtful in the Small-pox 15. b Spitting of Blood 89 110 222 Spleen obstructed 55 137 144 Stomach decayed 84. Fowled 161 Stone 131 Strength of Imagination 29. a Sudorificks how to be used in the Small-pox 15. a Superfetation 114 Suppression of the Courses 48 Swelling in the Fore-head by a Fall 97 Swoonings dangerous unless the Pox appear presently 31. a A Syncope 226 T. Of the Therapeutics Cure 10 Thunder-strook 157 Timorous People must avoid coming near those that are sick of the Small-pox 30. a Topicks when useless 23 a. When useful 33. a Toothach 43 65 202 Trembling 188 Tumors in the Mouth 204 205 V. Virgins Milk proper to take off the red unseemly Colour 23. a Vomiting 77. With pain in the Stomach 155 Urine suppressed 58 88 Uterine Suffocation 121 159 FINIS Definition of Anatomy Subject Different consideration of the Body Generally Difference of shape Difference of Stature Very tall People Dwarfs Difference of colour Particular consideration of the body Definition of a part What continuity is What a function is What vse ãâã Things that make up the whole Where the humors spirits be parts of the Body Actions proceed from Solids Solids ãâã not without the humors Division the ãâã Spermatic Sanguine and Mixt. Dissimilar Parts Organical Parts Parts not Organic Principal Parts Subservient parts Noble Ignoble The uppermost Venter or Cavity The middle Venter The lowermost Venter Limbs A Division of the Work Nomina The lower Venter Epigastrium The Region of the Navel Hypogastrium The Share Perinaeum Loyns Buttocks Abdomen The containing parts Cuticle Sometimes double Original The Use. The Skin It s Substance The Difference Whether the Instrument of Feeling The Temper The Figure Motion Nourishment and Vessels The Pores Hair Colour The Use. Fat The Substance The efficient Causes Fat Kernâ⦠ãâã ãâã thâ⦠The Temperament Whether it has any peculiar Membrane The Fatty Membrane Whether any part of the Body Colour The Plenty of it Aââ¦eps or Suet. The ãâã Pannicle Situation Connexion Colour Zas's absurd Opinion of the vse The Membrane of the Muscles The Bones Muscles Oblique descending The Linea Alba. Obliquely Ascending Musculi Recti The Pyramidal Muscles Their Office Transverse Muscles The Action of the Muscles of the Abdomen The Peritonaeum It s Duplicity Its Vessels The Caul The Description It s Substance and Connexion Its Vessels It s Interweaving The Gladules Corpora adiposa It s Situation The Bigness The Weight It s vse The Stomach Definition Membranes Fibres The inner Tunicle Temperament The Number Figure Situatiâ⦠The Bigness The Bottom The Stomach The Pylorus The Vessels Its Nerves Its Arteries Its Veins Vas breve It carrys nothing from the Spleen to the Ventricle The Triangular Space It is moveable Wounds of the Stomach mââ¦tal A rare Observation That Stones grow in the Ventricle It s Action The Chyle The manner of Concoction Fermentation twofold The manner of Fermentation The force of Fermentation The reason of Chylification The Colour of the Chyle Whether it may be red What iâ⦠Hunger Whether from sucking Whether from an acid Iuice Whether from the Iuices of the Arteries A Story The truâ⦠Cause An Objection Canine Appeââ¦ite The Ferment What is the chylifying Heat The manner of Chylification The time for Chylification Fat things abate hunger The ãâ¦ã diments and ãâã of ãâã The Order of Chyliââ¦ication The Order of Meats An Objection Whether Choler be generated in the Stomach a To wiâ⦠that serous or lymphatick Iuice of which Choler by means of the Fermentum in the Gall. Bladder iâ⦠bred See more hereof in Synopsis Medicinae l 4. c. 8. Sect. 10. § 14. ad 36. Salmon * This is to be understood ãâã the ãâã before ââ¦pressed ãâã we have hinted iâ⦠the Mââ¦rgin of the former Pââ¦ragraph Salmon Whether part of the Chylus be carried to the Spleen * How true this Passage is I leave to those who have read what I have formerly ââ¦it in my Synophs Medicinae l 4. c. 8. sect 10. § 14. ad 36 but besides what we have there spoken we have had several Iââ¦cterical Patients in whom none of this has bin true but their Stools have bin as numerous as before and in some more numerous and in most of them of as good a colour as formerly Moreover I have near a hundred times seen the Excrements Chylous white and sometimes like Clay void of all manner of reddish or yellowish Colour yet the Person not only free from the yellow Iaundice but also in good Health Salmon Whether the Chylus enters the Gastric Veins ââ¦he use of ãâã Chylus A second ââ¦igression Whether aâ⦠parts are ãâã by the Chylus The ãâã Whether they dâ⦠ãâã ãâã to the rââ¦king the Chyle The length The reason of the length Their Circumference Their Substance and Tunicles Whether they have an attractive force Nerves and Arteries Veins The Milly Vessels Temperament Their ãâã Their Motion An Observation 1. 2. The Division The thin Gut The Duodenum The Substance Situation The Jejunum Situation and bigness The Ilium Gut Situation and bigness The thick Guts The blind Gut Connexion The Use. Situatir It s Ligament Connexion Bauhinus's Valves The Use. The Intestinum Rectum The Bigness Connexion The Fundament Haemorrhoid Veins Arteries Nerves Situatiâ⦠and vse The Division Membranes Bigness â⦠Shape ââ¦ts Rise It s Kernels The use of the Kernels Observ. ãâã Observ. ãâã Observ. 3. The Opinion of Riolanus Its Nerves Its Arteries Itâ⦠Veins Milkie Vessels The definition and situation Shape Connexion It s Substance It s Colour It s bigness It s weight Its Nerves Arteries Veins Lymphatic Vessels The Exit of the Chanel Whether the Chanel be an Artery The Office of the Sweetbread A Digression The use of the Sweet-bread Iuice The Generation of the panoreatic Iuice The Effervescency of the Choler ãâã ãâã ãâã ãâã The Name The Description The Original How they pass the Glandules Their Valves Their Use. A Proof The impulsive Cause Whether ãâã Chylus ââ¦e attracted The Description The Great Lymphatic Chanel The Discoverers The Receptacle of the Chyle The Receptacle of the Lympha The Number The Shape The Bigness The Wiââ¦ness Ductus Chyliferus of the Breast Two Chanels Two or more Receptacles of the Chyle The Insertion Its Valves The way to discover it Lewis de Bill's Circle The vse The ascent of the Chylus The impulsive Cause Whether the whole Chylus ascend to the Subclavial Whether the whole Chylus ascend through the Mesaraic Veins to the Liver The Definition The Discoverers The Names The Substance Their Number Colour and Shape Their Valves Bils's Error Their Situation Their Rise From the Lungs Their Insertion into several Parts Their Insertion inthe Veins Bils's Error Whether the Lympha be the same with the
chylous Iuice The ââ¦tation What sort of Liquor the Lympha is Whether Water Whether a Vapour of the Blood Whether the Lymphatis Vessels are Veins Whether composed of Animal Spirits and Acids Whether Alimentary What sort of Liquor it is Whether the Serum The difference between the Lympha and the Serum The Impulsive Cause The Cause of the Dropsie call'd Ascites 1. Observation 2. Observation Lobes Bigness Substance As to the truth of this Hypothesis see our Synopsis Medicinae lib. 4. cap. 8. Sect. 10. §. 14. ad 36. where we have by indubitable Reason strong Arguments and matter of Fact prov'd that there is no Choler or Bââ¦le separated from the Blood in the Liver Salmon Whether the Liver may be call'd a Bowel Colour of the Liver The Temperament It s Membrane The Ligaments It s ãâã Its Arteries The Veins The Choler Vessels The Lymphatic Vessels The Intermixture of the Vessels The Passage of the ââ¦lood out of the Porta into the Cava Glisson's memorable Experiment The Office of the Liver Whether it be a Streiner The true office None wounded in the Liver escape Worms and Stones in the Liver * I once saw the Liver of a great Drinker of Canary which when it was cut in two with the Knife abounded with many thousands of Worms and above a quart of small living Worms were taken from it this man usually drank two three or four quarts of Canary in a day and that for some years together by reason whereof he grew fat and dyed suddenly without any premonitory Sickness indeed the whole Substance of the Liver was nothing but Worms Salmon The Liver sometimes joyned with the Lungs A History Another Rarity where no Liver or Spleen could be found Two passages in the right and hollow part of the Liver * Rather a kind of Lymphatic Iuice fââ¦r in the place above-cited of Synop. sis Medicinae it is there demonstratively proved that there is ãâã such thing in Nature as the separation of Gall from the ãâã but a kind of Lymphatic Iuice which by the Fermentum of the Gall-bladder is changed into Gall. Salmon The Gall-bladder Situation Membranes It s Fibres Two sorts of Vessels The division The bottom Stones sometimes found in it Observation * I have twice in my life seen Patients afflicted with a green Iaundice the one I cured the other dyed being given over by other Physicians as uncurable The Patient whom I cured was all over of a yellowish green he which dyed was of a dark or deep green The cause or reason for this Distemper is rendred in our Synopsis Medicinae lib. 4. cap. S. Sect. 10. § 26. ad 36. to which I refer you Salmon The Neck Whether any Valves in it * This is something of the Doctrine which we have maintained in the places aforecited of our Synopsis Medicinae which thing is worthy the serious consideration of all the Sons of Art and it is without doubt the same kind of Iuice which being conveyed to other parts as the Amygdalae maxillary Glandules Womens Breasts Piss-bladders Pancreas Seminal Vessels and Pores of the Skin by the Fermentum of the same parts is converted into the Humor proper to the same as Spittle Milk Urine and Iuice Seed and Sweat Salmon The way of the Choler to the Bladder â That is the Serous or Lymphaphatic Iuice which by the Fermentum of the Bladder as aforesaid is changed into the Choleric Humor for several and various intentions of Nature Salmon The vse The Bilary Porus. The Valves Whether two sorts of Choler Differences of Choler * Or rather Iuice for the generating of Choler as aforesaid Salmon The way of the Choler into the Bilary Porus Sylvius his Opinion The Choler is taken from the Substance of the Liver The Ductus Cholidochus It is for the most part solitary Its Valves Glisson would have it to be a Sphincter Muscle An Objection ââ¦swer'd An unusual Constitution A white Gall-Bladder An Argument for the Passage of Choler through the bilary Pore Whether the Choler ââ¦ows continually The unuââ¦ual Chanel A Digression * That is to say the Iuice generating Choler more specially because the same Iuice cannot be brought from other remote Parts at the same time Salmon What Choler is a That is to say the said Iuice is prepared and fitted in the Liver for Separation to be received into the Gall-Bladder and there by the Fermentum inherent to be perfected and made that choleric Iuice which is bitter and so sent into the Iejunum Salmon The Mââ¦ion of Cââ¦ler Whether Choler be generated in ãâã Parâ⦠The Place generating Choler depends upon the inner Tunicle of the Gall-Bladder the Choler residing therein A new Opinion * This Opinion of Sylvius comes very near the Truth if it be considered as to the Particles or Matter of which Choler is generated But as to the Ways and Passages leading that Matter to the proper Place I am very confident he is wide from the Mark For the Passages out of the Liver into the Gall-Bladder whiâ⦠are indeed Strainers are evident in many Persons to the ãâã Eyes but with a Microscope they appear famous So ãâã deny them a man must absolutely deny his Senses Salmon * I beg the Diversion of the Author in believing of this since the contrary can be prov'd by ocular Demonstration Salmon The Insertion of the Hepatic Artery into the Branches of the Porus uncertain Whether Choler be only separated and not generated * This Assertion of the learned Author agrees with Truth it self and with what we have before in several places declared concerning this matter and without doubt in this Sense he is always to be understood when he speaks at any time of the Separation of Choler from the Blood in the Liver viz. That it is a certain Substance intended for Choler but not Choler it self The which Substance or Iuice is neither Yellow nor Bitter nor Choler nor contains any Choler till it is transmitted thereinto by the proper Ferment of the Part. Salmon Colour and Tast. Variety of Colours from variety of Humors confirm'd by Observation Whether the Choler ascend to the Liver through the Porus. The use of the Choler It s chief vse is for Fermentation The names Unusual Situation The number The Connexion * Not many months ago I had a Child under my cure who had a Spleen so large that it covered almost the whole Abdomen and reached down to the left Groin it was so apparent that it might outwardly be felt being above nine Inches in length and about seven Inches in breadth The Child died and was opened by which we were confirmed in the extravagancy of this Bowel Salmon The bigness Lean people most subject to ãâã Spleens Small Spleens The Shape ãâã Colour Membraces Various Lymphatic Vessels form'd like a kind of Net It is furnish'd with Fibres Its Vessels Its Arteries Its Veins Highmore denies the great number of the Veins Its Valves It s Aââ¦
be two Souls in Man The sensitive Soul what The Architectonic or Vegetative Soul subsists in a Man with the Rational Soul The Seat of the Vegetable Soul where Whether in some parts more than in others Willis not congruous in this matter to Reason What the Vegetative Soul is This Soul is the vivific Spirit produced out of Corporeal Matter The Opinion of Regius Willis's Opinion Willis Refated Willis his Explanation of this Soul The Authors Animadversions The form of the Soul is different from the Matter it inhabits Willis his little diminutive Soul Willis his Absurdity The Affections or Passions of the Soul Whether the Soul be nourish'd What this Life or Soul is the Philosophers ignorant The Uterine Liver The Definition It s Original When the Umbilical Vessels begin to grow Harvey's Observations of the beginning of the Placenta in ãâã Abortive Whether coagulated Blood Aquapendeat's Opinion The number of Placenta's It s Substance It s Colour Shape and bigness The Superficies The Ingress of the Navel Its Vessels Whether any Anastomoses between the Vessels of the Womb and Cheese-cake Wharton's Opinion Whether any Veins and Arteries in the ãâã Whether any Nerves in the Cheescake The Place of Adhesion The Opinions of the Ancients Opinion The Name deriv'd What the Cotyledons are In what Creatures to be seen Cotyledons in Brutes The use of the Placenta in Women The Placenta supplies the Office of some other Bowels Why the Placenta sticks to the Womb. An Objection The Blood flows from the Womb into the Uterine Liver A Watery Milky juice flows from the Womb to the Amnion Secundines The Chorion The Urinary Membrane Amnios The Caul on the Head The Conââ¦tion of the Membranes in Twins The reason thereof and of monstrous Births The Original of these Membranes Their true Original Alantoides What it is Iââ¦s Origiââ¦al Situation It s vse It s Shape and Bigness Whether any Allantois in Women A milkie Liquor within the Amnion The Filth sticking to the Birth What the Liquor in the Amnion ãâã ãâã iâ⦠bâ⦠ãâã Wâ⦠Sâ⦠Whether any Steam It is an Alimentary Humour What sort of Liquor it is Whether it proceed from ãâã ãâã Hoboken's Opinion A Difficulty concerning the milkie Uterine Vessels and the Umbilicals Vanhorn observ'd 2 milkie Branches descend towards the great Artery c. Curveus hiâ⦠mistake The passage of the Iuice Ent's Opinion confuted That this milky Iuice does not come from the Breasts The Opinion of Veslingius touching the use of this Iuice The Amnios Urinary Membrane and Chorion stick close one to another The Opiââ¦ion of Riolanus The urinââ¦ceous Humour sepââ¦rated from the Liquor of the Amnios in Brutes where it is collected iâ⦠the Alantois What the Serous Humour is The mistake of Deusingius The mistake of Riolanus The Name The Naââ¦el what it is It s Situââ¦tion Its Vessels The Umbilical Vein The Use. Its Valves The Error of Courââ¦eus The Umbilical Vein in Brutes The Umbilical Arteries These Arteries hard to be found in the Embryo for the first Months yet form'd and grow together The Use. The motion of the Blood through the Navel No Anastomoses No Union of the Umbilical Veins with the Arteries The Umbilical Vessels do not rise from the Uterines Whether form'd before the Heart How these Vessels pâ⦠through the Membranes Dorsal Roots The Urachus or Urinary Vessel It is pervious in large brute Animals How it is observed in Mankind Why it is not conspicuous without the Abdomen Observation The Urine flows from the Birth through the Urachus Bartholin in an Error The Opinion of Courveus The Opinion of Maurocordatus The Pipe of the Navel-string Some few Nerves Knots like little Bladders full of a whitish Iuice Predictions from thence The cutting of the Navel-string When cut to be left of a just Length The Nourishment of the Birth in the Womb. First Digression The Birth is nourished by the Mouth and Navel Nourishââ¦nt by Apposition Nutrition by the Mouth and Navel The proof of Nouââ¦ishment by Apposition Proof of Nourishment at the Mouth Observation An Argument from sucking Confirm'd by Hippocrates With what matter it was nourished at Mouth Taken in by degrees and swalloââ¦ed not forc'd A Question The proof of Nutrition by the Umbilical Blood It is carryed in the same manner in a Chicken Riolanus deceived Whether Tapping iâ⦠a Dropsie may not more safely be done in the Navel it self In what the difference consists Variety in the whole Difference in the Head Difference in the Breast Difference in the lower Belly Difference in the Ioynts How the Birth is contained in the Womb. The Inversion of the Birth Change of Situation The Opinion of Fernelius Digression How long the Birth remains in the Womb. Children born within the sixth Month. Children born in the fifth Month. They cannot live that are born in the eighth Month according to Hippocrates The reason of the variety in the time of Delivery Paulus Zachias Learned Men too much deceived by old Womens Tales Error in Womens Reckonings What happens near the time of Delivery The cause of Expulsion A natural Birth Unnatural Nature expels the Birth out of the Womb through the Uterine Sheath Something 's admirable to be observed The cause of the ãâã ãâã of the ãâã Not the narrowness of the place Not the Corruption of Nourishment Not defect of Nourishment Whether abundance of Excrements The true cause A Similitude The ãâã of Refreshment and Respiration is the cause of Calcitration The Opiââ¦on of Harvey and two Questions Harvey's other Question That Birth may live a while without Respiration An Objection All in an Error who write of Respiration and crying in the Womb. The cause of ãâã and dead Births The Breast The strusture of it The Figure The largeness of it It s Division Containing parts The proper The contained parts Their place The names The bigness A consideration of the bigness Their number Their Situation The shape and colour Glandules A large Glandule The Teat Where the Milky Chanels terminate The exquisite sense of the Teat It s Colour It s bigness The Areola Vessels Nerves Arteries Veins ãâã Lymphaticks Lymphatick Vessels The Milky Vessels Whether the Chylus be carryed through the Arteries to the Breasts The Office First digression Milk what The matter of Milk Whether out of Menstruous Blood Absurdities from the former Opinions Whether out of Alimentary Blood An Objection Why the Veins swell in the Breast Whether made of crude Blood Whether out of the Arterious Nervous Blood Whether out of the Serum Whether out of Fat. The Chyle is the Matter of Milk How the Chylus is chang'd into Milk The Milky Iuice made more perfect Why the Milk fails in Effusions of the Blood Why Women that give Suck want their Courses Mesue's Story Whether the Animal Spirits be the Matter of Milk A notable Question The true Cause An Observation Why the Milk increases the fourth day after child-birth A Question Why the Breasts are dry'd up upon weaning What
Division of the Name The Bigness Whether immoderate Venery diminishes the Brain Whether Men or Women have most Brains The Shape The Substance The Colour and Softness The Fibers The Cortex and Pith or Marrow How the Matter of the Animal Spirit is separated from the Brain Whether the Shell be separable from the Marrow The Temper of the Brain Its Arteries Whether the Arteries enter the Substance of the Brain The Veins The Anastomoses of the Vessels Its Nerves It s Division It s Motion Whether the Brain move by its own proper motion The necessity of the said Motion What Organ it is The Seat of the Animal Faculties The Prââ¦minency of the Brain Snakes taken out of the Brain The Brawny Body The Lucid Septum Veins Ventricles The two upper Ventricles The Fornix The Choroid Fold It s Rise Progress It s Use. Slime or Snot The Progress of the superfluous Blood from the Fold Rolfinch's Mistake concerning the Cause of a Catarrh The third Ventricle The Buttocks The Testicles The Pineal Kernel Sand and Gravel in the Kernel The Use of this Kernel The Choroid Fold The Cerebel It s ãâã It s ãâã It s Substance ãâã ãâã The Vermicular Processes Varolius's Bridge The Cistern Where the Seat of the Memory Its Parts The fourth Ventricle Calamus Scriptorius The long Marrow The difference between this and the Marrow of the Bones It s Motiââ¦n It s Substance Its Vessels The Coverings ãâã Division It s Cavity The Coverings The Mamillary Processes Their Number Their Original Little Pipes The Channels for the Flegm Their Coats The Use of them Not Odoratory Nerves Nerves within the Cranium The seven Pairs The first Pair Optic Their Coats The Course or Substance of the Strings The Pituitary Kernel Its Vessels It s Situation It s Substance It s Divison It s Bigness The second Pair moving the Eyes The Third Pair The fourth Pair serving to the Taste The fifth Pair serving to the Hearing The Vagous Pair The Turn-again Nerves The intercostal Fold The Mesenteric Folds Why the Bowels have their Nerves from the 6th Pair The 7th Pair moving the Tongue Whether these nervs differ from others in substance and composition The Office of the Brain The Action of the Brain Whether generated in the Cavities of the Falx Whether generated in the Pineal Kernel Whether generated in the Choroid Fold Whether generated in the exterior Arteries Whether generated in the Substance it self of the Brain Two Objections The Cause of the Motion of the Brain The Reason of the Apoplexy The second Objection answered The Definition of Spirits The Opinion of Glisson concerning the Matter The Opinion of Cartesius The Matter out of which the Animal Spirits are generated Whether Air concurs with the Matter The separation of the Spirituous salt part The separation of the salt part from the sulphury Affinity of Particles The separation of the Spirituous from the thick part The diversity of Spirits in thinness thickness The Passage thro' the Pores of the Nerves Why these Spirits do ãâã corrode by reason of their Acrimony The Difference between the Animal Vital Spirits The twofold Use of these Spirits Objection What these Spirits contribute to nourishment The progress of Nutrition The Parts of the Face The Forehead The Muscles of the forehead Muscles of the hinder part of the Head The Number The Figure Their Colour The Bigness Their Consent The Light of the Eye Whether diseas'd Eyes be contagious No Inquinations issue from the Eyes Two sorts of parts of the eyes The Orbits The Figure and Largeness The Coats Their holes A Sign of the French Disease The Eye-lids The Vessels Muscles The Ciliar Muscle What is ãâã Motion Observations taken from the Eye-brows Canthi The inner Canthus The Cilia The Lachrymal Points The Eye-brows â⦠Tears in Sadness In the Murr and Sneezing In Laughter Onyons Mustard c. From Pain in the Eye Whenee the great quantity of Tears Why Men in great Sadness cannot weep Wherefore only Man weeps The Arteries Veins Muscles Their Original The Innominate Tunicle The upper Muscle The Humble Muscle The Bibitory Muscle The Indignabund The first Oblique Muscle The second Oblique Muscle The Trochlear A seventh Muscle in Brutes The Nerves Why the Eyes move together The Adnate Tunicle The reason of an Ophthalmy The Innominate Tunicle â⦠ãâã ãâã ãâã and Oxen. Proper Membranes Sclââ¦rotic The Choroides The Colours of it The Iris. The Apple of the Eye The Ciliar Ligament The Retina The Humors of the Eye The Watry ãâã The heaâ⦠of iâ⦠Whether a Part of the Body Whether an Excrement The use of the watry Humor The Vitreous Humor The Vitreous Tunicle It s use The Crystalline Humor The Cobweb Tuni cle The use of the Crystalline Humor Whether Parts of the Body Whether these Humors are sensible The Action of the Eye Definition of Sight The Organ of Hearing Their Number Their Magnitude and Figure Helix Anthelix Tragus Antitragus Alvearium Concha Indications The Parts of the Ear. The Gristle The Muscles The Vessels The Parotid Glands The inner Organ of Hearing The Auditory Passage Ear-wax The Bee-hive The Membrane of the Drum It s Rise It s Connexion The String It s ãâã It 's Muscles The use of the Membrane The Tympanum or Drum The four little Bones By whom discover'd The Hammer The Anvil The Stirrup The Orbicular Bone The passage from the Tympanum to the Iaws An Observation The Holes The Oval-Window The Round Window The Labyrinth The Cochlea The Innate-Air Veââ¦ls Nerveâ⦠Use. The Definition Whether Hearing be an Action Soâ⦠The Generation of Sound Differences of Sound The Organ of smelling The Description of the Nose Figure and Bigness It s Skin Bones Spungy Bones The Use of the spongy Bones Filling of the Nose Gristles Muscles The Nostrils The inner Membrane Vessels conveighing Blood Lymphatics Nerves The definition of Smelling Scent Whether Smells are Substances The efficient Cause of Smells Difference of Odors The Organ of Smelling Whether by the Nerves Whether by the Papillary Process Whether in the Membranes The true Organ of Smelling The Medium of Smelling The manner of Smelling Smelling is only in breathing Creatures Why a Scent is grateful or ingrateful The Cheeââ¦s The Apple of the face The Bucca The Lips Pro labiae Mentum or the Chin. The Substance of the Lips The Vessels The Use. The Mouth The Use. Common Muscles The square Muscle The Buccinator Muscles proper to the Lips The Muscles of the lower Iaw The Temple Muscle The Digastric The First Mansory The second Mansory The external Wing-like The Gums The Palate It s Use The Uvula It s Use. The ãâã The Use. The Hyoides-Bone Muscles The Shape It s Substance The Exterior Membrane The seââ¦undary Use. The glutinous substance The Paplike-Body Fibers The Motion of the Tongue No Kernel The Connexion Its Vessels Nerves The Epigloits The Tonsils Its Muscles Genioglossum Ceratoglossum Myloglossum The little Kernels The Spittle Channels under
Opinion that the Chylus is not always white but that from red Nourishment it becomes red from green green But herein they mistake for were it not white of it self it never would be found always white in the Milky Vessels of the Mesentery and Breast but we should also meet with red green or any other Colour which was never yet observ'd by any Person True it is that frequently it appears sometimes more sometimes less serous and thin in the pectoral Chanel of the Chylus according as there is more or less of the Lymphatic Juice which flows in great quantity from all parts into the Chyle-bearing Bag which Limpid Juice when there is no Chyle continually and leisurely flows alone through that Chanel nevertheless the Chyle that appears in those Milky ways is never seen to be of any other Colour than white XXXIV Therefore tho' the whitish Colour of it may be something darken'd in the Ventricle and Intestins by many other thick Particles of the Nourishment tinctur'd with green red or any other Colour and intermix'd with it in such a manner that the Mixture cannot be discern'd it does not thence follow that the Chylus of it self has any other Colour than white For tho' in green Herbs the white or rather pellucid Colour of the spirituous and watery Parts be not apparent to the sight it follows not from thence that the spiritous and watry part of those Herbs is of a green Colour for if the separation be made by distillation it presently appears pellucid And so it is with the Chylus for being separated from the Mass which is tinctur'd with any more cloudy Colour mix'd with the acid Ferment of the Pancrââ¦as or Sweetbread it never appears of anâ⦠other Colour than white XXXV But because Chylification cannot go forward unless the Nourishment be swallowed into the Stomach it will not be amiss before we prosecute any farther the History of Chylification first to inquire into the cause of Hunger that so we may more easily attain to the more perfect knowledge of Chylification XXXVI What Hunger is there is no man but can readily give an account that is to say a desire of Food But what it is that provokes that desire and is the occasion of it has been variously disputed among the Philosophers XXXVII Anciently they held that it proceeded from the attraction or sucking of the emptied Parts and that the first emptied Parts suck'd it from the Veins the Veins from the Liver the Liver from the Stomach endu'd with a peculiar sucking Quality which act of sucking they thought occasioned that trouble which we call Hunger But this Opinion is now adays utterly exploded First for that according to this Opinion plethoric Persons would never be hungry Secondly because there can be no such attââ¦action by the emptied Parts through the Veins from the Liver by reason of the little Lappets or Folding-doors that hinder it XXXVIII Others observing that acid things create Hunger believ'd it to be occasion'd by the acid Iuices carried from the Spleen through the Vas breve to the Ventricle But this Opinion Modern Anatomy more curious has utterly destroy'd demonstrating in living Animals that the Blood descends through that Vessel from the Stomach toward the Spleen and so empties it self into the Splenic Branch but that nothing flows a contrary Course from the Spleen to the Stomach XXXIX Many there are of which number Regius who affirms that Hunger is occasion'd by the biting of the emptied Ventricle by certain sharp and hot Iuices continually forc'd through the Arteries into the Ventricle or its Tunicles which after the Expulsion of the Chylus not knowing what to gnaw upon prick the Ventricle whereby the Nerve of the sixth Pair being mov'd within it after a certain manner excites an Imagination of taking Nourishment for the relief of that pricking But this Opinion is from hence confuted for that the Blood of the Arteries by reason of the Dominion of the Sulphury Particles is by no means sowre but smooth soft and sweet so that it neither does nor can cause any troublesome pricking or corrosion neither in the Tunicles of the Ventricle nor of any other Parts tho' of most exquisite Sense as the Adnate or Conjunctive Tunicle of the Eye the Nut of the Yard c. Besides it would hence follow That by how much the more of this Arterious Blood is thrust forward to the emptied Stomach so much the more hungry a man would be but the Contrary is apparent in burning Fevers that such as in health have fasted two days together are no more a hungry whereas their Stomach is clearly emptied and the Blood continually flowing through the Arteries into the Stomach Then if Hunger should be provok'd by that Corrosion why does not that hungry Corrosion happen in such People We were about forty of us one time travelling together in our Return out of France at what time being becalm'd at Sea so that there was a necessity for us to tarry longer than we expected all our Provision Water and other Drink being near spent so that at length we were constrain'd to fast the third day not having a crumb of Bread nor a draught of Drink to help our selves but after we had fasted half a day or a little more there was not one that perceiv'd himself a hungry so that the third day was no other way troublesome to us but that it weak'ned us and made us faint Neither did the Arterious Blood occasion any hungry Corrosion in our empty Stomachs And thus not only Reason but also Experience utterly overthrows the aforesaid Opinion And therefore Ludovicus de la Forge vainly invents a way for this Arterious fermentative Liquor from the Arteries to the Stomach in Annot. ad Cartesii lib. de Hom where saith he It may be here question'd why that Liquor i. e. the Fermentative is carried through the Arteries to the Stomach and Ventricle rather than to other Parts To which I answer That the Arteries conveigh it equally to all Parts but the Pores of all the Membranes are not so convenient to give it passage as the Pores of the Ventricle Now that this feign'd Subterfuge is of no moment appears from hence That in the Membrances of the Brain and many others whose Pores are so convenient that the Blood may be able to flow in greater quantity through them than is convey'd to the Stomach yet there is neither any Corrosion or Vellication of the Part. Some that they may defend this Corrosion the better say That the Blood which is conveighed or flows to the Stomach is sharper than that which is conveighed to any other Part. But this no way coheres with Truth because all the Blood is one and the same which is sent out of the Heart to all the Parts of the whole Body nor is there any thing to separate the sharp from the milder Particles or thrusts 'em forward to these rather than to those Parts XL.
Others lastly to whose Opinion we think fit to subscribe assert that Hunger is occasioned by certain acid fermentative Particles bred out of the Spittle swallowed down and some others somewhat Salt or indigested Acids adhering to the Tunicles of the Ventricle and by that drawn to some kind of Acidity or remaining in it after the Expulsion of the Chylus stitching to the inner wrinkl'd Membrane especially about the upper Orifice and a Vellication troublesome to the Stomach which being communicated by the Nerves of the sixth Pair to the Brain thereby an Imagination of Eating is excited to appease the troublesom Corrosion XLI This Acrimonie is infused into those fermentative Particles by the Stomach when the sulphurous Parts are jumbl'd in the Iuices that stick to the inner Tunicle and the Salts are melted by the convenient Heat of the Ventricle to a degree of Fusion and so they turn Acid after a Specific Manner To which purpose the swallowed Spittle descending to the Stomach may be very prevalent for this hath a fermentative Quality in it self as we shall shew ye l. 3. c. 24. and to the same effect may also conduce the subacid Pancreatic or Sweetbread Juice being infused into the Duodenum if any Part of it shall rise toward the Stomach or shall transmit any acid Vapors or Exhalations from the Intestin to it XLII Here some Object and say if this be the Cause of Hunger then when the Stomach is full and Concoction and Fermentation are both busily employ'd Men would be most Hungry for then many more acid and fermentaceous Particles are called forth to their Work which must of Necessity pull and tear the Ventricle much more than the few before mentioned 'T is deny'd For the Particles to be fermented and fermented that is dissolv'd will be more but not the Fermentaceous or Particles dissolving Of which we have an Example in Leven'd Bread whose single Parts have no power to ferment another Mass of Flower because the acid Particles are no longer predominant but the Sulphureous as appears by the sweetness of the tast And so long as that prevalency of the sulphury Particles continues in the dissolv'd Particles so long they cannot become Acid or Fermentaceous for Sulphur is Sweet As appears in Fevers wherein acid Medicins are generally most plentifully prescrib'd for the subduing of the sulphury Predominancy And restoring the convenient fermentaceous Quality For when the Prevalency of the sulphureous Particles is overpowered by the Force of the salt Acids then comes the fermentaceous Acidity to be introduââ¦d So that there are not more acid sharp and corroding Particles in the full Ventricle concocting the Food or if there be they are so stain'd by the copious Liquor intermixt so that they can occasion no troublesom Vellication to the Stomach by which means the Hunger cannot be greater at that time but rather ceases altogether But when the Ghylus and with that the dissolv'd sulphureous Particles intermixt with the salt are gone off to the Intestins then the Remainder that sticks to the inner Tunicle of the Ventricle or is carried thither with the spittly Juice as being freed for the most part from the redundancy of sulphurous Particles grows sowre through the heat of the Ventricle and so begins to tear again and renews the Appetite which ceases again when that Acidity comes to be retemper'd by the Meat and Drink thrown into the Stomach and its Acrimony comes to be mitigated and blunted XLIII But if these fermentaceous Iuices are not only not moderated in the Stomach but that through some defect of the Liver Sweetbread or other Parts over sharp Humors are too abundantly bred in the Body or flow from the Head or some inferior Parts into the Stomach in so great a Quantity that their Acrimonie cannot be sufficiently tam'd and temper'd by the swallowed Food then happens that preternatural Hunger which we call Canine with which they who are troubl'd often vomit up undigested Meat together with sowre Iuices like the Iuice of Limon as they themselves confess and by reason of the gnawing Acrimony occasioned by the extream viscousness of the Humors remaining in the Ventricle presently become hungry again and fall to eat But if the fermentaceous Particles are in themselves very viscous or thicker and of a slower Motion then they require a longer time to elevate themselves and excite Hunger which chiefly happens when the acid Spirits less abound in the whole Body and consequently in the Spittle and that viscous Humor that sticks to the inner Tunicle of the Stomach XLIV Sometimes also it happens that Hunger is frequently diminished when bitter Choler ascends in too great Quantity into the Stomach as in cholerick Men in the Iaundise and several sorts of Fevers and therein by its Mixture corrupts not only the fermentaceous Relicks of the Nourishment remaining in the Stomach after the Expulsion of the Chyle but also the Spittle that flows to it The more remote Causes of lessening the Appetite are various as excess of Sleep and Laziness excess of Care and looseness of the Belly c. Overmuch Sleep and too much sitting still for that for want of sufficient Exercise of the Body the Humors also are not sufficiently stirr'd nor are the acid Particles conveniently separated from the Viscous so that they cannot be sufficiently roused up to Action In extraordinary Cares of the Mind hunger is not perceiv'd because the Thoughts are otherwise employ'd And as for loosness of the Belly 't is a certain Truth that the Ferment is vitiated XLV Now these fermentaceous Particles that excite Hunger as appears by what has bin said are acid or somewhat acid and are the same that promote the Conoction of the Stomach and ferment and dissolve the swallowed Nourishment Hence it is that Acids moderately taken increase the Appetite and cause a better Concoction of the Stomach Of which we have an Experiment besides our daily Experience in our Seamen who make long Voyages to the Indies For having fed upon thick and hard Meats for a long time hence it comes to pass that their Appetites are deprav'd and their Concoctions but weak which breeds a Scorbutic ill Habit of Body But when they come to Islands or Countries where they meet with plenty of Limons and other acid Fruits presently their Appetite is restored and all the concoctive Faculties that languished before are renewed together with their Strength through the said acidity and so in a short time they recover their former Health Therefore to keep the Seamen in Health in those long and tedious Voyages the Masters of Vessels are wont to carry along with 'em a certain Quantity of Citron Juice which they distribute now and then among the Mariners when they find their Stomachs begin to fail ' em XLVI Acid therefore are those fermentaceous Particles which excite Hunger which if they be wanting in the Stomach the Appetite fails nor can the Chylification be perfected but the Meat
Cholidochus already mentioned but had its Rise apart above the Neck of the Gall-Bladder where the Bladder begins to be streightened toward the Neck Besides that it was carried apart by it self to the Duodenum into which it was inserted about a Fingers breadth from the Insertion of the common Ductus Cholidoch is The next Year in another Body we observed something that was rare that is to say besides the usual Ductus Cholidochus another unusual Meatus or Chanel extended from the middle of the Gall-Bladder directly to that part of the Gut Colon adjoyning to it And thus sometimes we shall observe a Chanel to extend it self from the Gall-Bladder to the Pylorus and sometimes to the bottom of the Stomach But these are the unusual Sports and Varieties of Nature seldome to be seen XXX From what has been said it is apparent that Choler is made in the Liver and from hence flows forth from the Choler Vessels into the Guts It remains now that we speak something of its Generation and its Use. XXXI Choler then is a Fermentaceous Iuice prepar'd in the Liver out of the Venal Blood and specific splenetic Iuice XXXII It is generated as well out of the Sulphury and Unctuous Particles of the Venal Blood as the Salt and Acid Particles of the sowrish Liquor coming from the Spleen together with those that flow through the Vena Portae being beforehand Concocted mixed and prepared in the Liver after a specific manner For the sulphureous Juice altho' it be sweetish of it self being for some time concocted with the saltish Ferment grows bitter and changes its Colour Now that this is the matter of which Choler Consists the Art of Chymistry teaches us as being that by which but little fixed Salt and Water but much volatil Salt and Oyle may be extracted from the Choler of the Bladder if in its natural Condition XXXIII This Choler concocted in the Liver one Part of it being the thinnest remaining mix'd with the Blood is carried to the Vena Cava and therein infuses into the Blood a certain fermentative Quality by which it is made fit to be presently dilated in the Heart The other Part more bitter and more fermentaceous partly of a milder Quality flows through the Bilary Porus to the Intestins and partly forc'd into the Gall-Bladder from the Property of the Place and the Juice abiding in it becomes yet more bitter and sharp and acquires a stronger fermentative Quality XXXIV From the Ignorance of this Motion of the Choler some famous Physicians as Galen Lud. Mercator Helmont Krempsius Hoffman and others made a Doubt whether some Choler were not generated in the Stomach Heart Head and Kidneys as well as in the Liver and Gall-Vessels which seems to be prov'd by the Vomiting of Choler in the Disease call'd Cholera and the yellow Froth sometimes swimming upon extracted Blood the Bitterness of the Excrements contain'd in the Ears and the choleric Colour of Urines But their Mistake proceeded from hence that they thought Choler to be a meer Excrement and that it was all of it sent through the Gall-Vessels to the Gutts and from thence evacuated and were ignorant that in the Distemper called Cholera being forc'd out of the Bladder into the Guts the greatest part of it ascended into the Stomach and so was vomited up as also that a good part of it was carried to the Heart and mixed for Fermentation sake with the Blood and circulated with the Blood through all the Body and hence the Colour of it appeared in the Froth swimming upon the Blood and in Urines Hence also the Colour and Tast of it proceeded in the Excrements of the Ears tho' it be not generated in the Parts that evacuate those Excrements XXXV The property of Place conducing to the Generation of Choler depends partly upon the inner Tunicle of the Gall-Bladder it self which is endu'd with a peculiar fermentaceous Quality Partly upon the Choler residing in that Bladder which by a longer Stay being there fermented and Boyling becomes more sharp and bitter and by that means ferments and renders more sharp the fresh milder Choler flowing out of the Liver into the Bladder and so by continuance the sharper Choler boyling flows out of the Bladder and the milder taking its Room and staying there becomes more sharp Nevertheless the Choler acquires either a more intense or remiss Acrimony according as more or fewer and those more sharp or milder saltish and sowrish Juices flowing from the Spleen to the Liver and there are intermixt with the sulphurous Juice and are more or less concocted For if the Juice that flows from the splenetic Branch be either less in Quantity or less Sharp the Choler becomes less Sharp and less effectual to promote a Fermentative Effervescency which growing Clammy in the Choler Vessels of the Liver and Bladder as not being sufficiently attehuated by that weak Effervescency causes the Jaundice and many other Obstructions But if the Liquor that flows from the Spleen be too sharp then the Choler becomes too sharp and eager as well in the Vasa Bilaria of the Liver as in the Gall-Bladder and that Acrimony corroding too violently in the Fermentation causes great Pains Cholera's Dysenteries and other Distempers especially if a sowre Pancreatic Juice flow into the Intestins at the same time XXXVI Francis de le Boe Sylvius considering the very small and almost invincible Passages through which the Choler is conveighed from the Liver to the Gall-Bladder conceiv'd quite another Opinion of its Generation For he imagins Choler to be generated out of the most similar Parts of the Blood conveighed through the Cystic Arteries to the Gall-Bladder and penetrating by degrees through the Pores of its Tunicle into the Concavity it self and there presently changing into the same Nature with the rest of the Choler in like manner as a Iugg of Wine being poured into a Tub of Vinegar streight becomes Vinegar Regius is also of the same Opinion Philos. Natur. l. 4. c. 12. who nevertheless seems to acknowledg the Bilarie Roots extracting the Choler out of the venal Blood infused into the Liver But these three things destroy the Fiction of Sylvius 1. For that never any Signs appear of any Blood infused into the Hollow of the Gall-Bladder no not so much as the least Drop ever observ'd by any Anatomists whereas in all other Parts wherein any Juice Liquor or Spirit is to be made of Blood there are some marks of Blood that manifestly appear as in the Brain and Testicles 2. Because that Choler is generated in some Creatures that are said to be destitute of a Gall-Bladder as in the Hart the Fallow Deer the Camel c. In which Creatures it cannot be generated in the Vesicula Fellis out of the Blood that glides through the Arteries but being generated in the Liver it self flows through the Bilary Porus. 3. Because those Vessels are sometimes obstructed through which the
Choler is conveighed to the Porus and Gall-Bladder which is the cause of the Jaundice by reason of the great Quantity of Choler diffused over the whole Body when as it is apparent that no Choler was generated in the mean time in the Porus or empty Gall-Bladder tho the Cystic Arteries conveighed Blood sufficient to the Bladder as they used to do 4. Because that in Gluttons and great Drinkers the Jaundice proceeding from a hot Distemper of the Liver cannot be caused by the arterial Blood being chang'd into Choler which was equally both before and then carried ââ¦o the Gall-Bladder nor is there any Reason it should then be more copiously conveighed thither to be changed into Choler than at any other time 5. Because this Opinion seems to presuppose as if all the whole Mass of Choler were generated in the Gall-Bladder whereas it is all generated in the Liver before it comes to the Bladder As is apparent from hence for that very much Choler flows through the Porus to the Intestin which never comes near the Gall-Bladder and therefore could not be generated out of the Particles of the arterial Blood gliding into the Bladder 6. Because this Opinion seems also to maintain that real Choler does not pre-exist in the Blood and that the Particles of it being separated from the Blood flow down into the hollow of the Bladder and are there made perfect Choler But the Vanity of this Opinion we have at large demonstrated C. 10. artic de generat Suc. pancreat XXXVII Moreover what Sylvius in his Addition to his Disputation alledges for the Support of his Opinion do not seem to be of so much Weight as to establish his Doctrine For the Insertion of the Hepatic Artery into the Branches of the Porus does not prove it because the Insertion it self is as yet very much questioned as being grounded more upon uncertain Belief than certain Sight and therefore to be laid up among those Doubts which are not to be credited unless visible to the Eyes In like manner also his Experiment made in a Dogg by means of a little Pipe thrust into the Hepatic Artery and blowing through it into the Gall-Bladder is very uncertain even by the Confession of Sylvius himself Thes. 54. Moreover if the Wind could be so easily blown into the Concavity of the Gall-Bladder store of Blood might easily be also forc'd into it by the Protrusion of the Heart and the Cystic Arterys which never was yet observ'd by any Person XXXVIII But Malpigius absolutely denys the Generation of Choler l. de hep l. 3. believing that Choler is not generated out of any Blood by the Mixture and Concoction of several Humors in the Blood but that it is only separated from the Blood by means of the Glandulous Balls of the Liver it self and that such as it is it pre-exists in the Blood and therefore has need of nothing more than Separation Which Separation he thinks to be thus brought to pass Neither says he is there any Necessity for Suction to the End the Choler should be sent to the Intestins or Gall-Bladder through the Porus for a strong and continued Compression of the Glandules of the Liver caused by continual Respiration and the Impulse of the Blood running through the Arteries and the Branches of the Portae promote the Office of Separation in the Glandulous Balls and its Propulsion through the Branches of the Porus as it happens in other conglomerated and conglobated Kernels in the Parotides and the like XXXIX But herein the learned Gentleman is very much mistaken for there is in the Blood coming to the Liver and bilarie Vessels a certain Substance intended for Choler but not Choler it self As there is in the Nourishment a certain Matter out of which a Chylus is to be prepared by the mixture of a specific Ferment and the specific Concoction of the Stomach which is not the Chylus it self And in the Chylus there is the Substance of Blood but not the Blood it self And as these Humors the Chylus and Blood are made by specific Fermentations and Concoctions in the Bowels design'd for that purpose of those things which before they were not in like manner the yellow and bitter Choler is made out of sweet Blood and acid splenic Juice of which neither is yellow or bitter neither of 'em is Choler or contain any Choler in themselves being mix'd together in the Liver and fermented and concocted after a specific Manner And the chiefest part of it for some of the thinnest remains mix'd with the Blood is carried to the Vena Cava and the Heart is separated from the rest of the Blood being unfit to be changed into Choler and is carried to the Roots of the bilary Vessels and so by degrees proceeds to the Porus and bilarie Bladder In like manner as in Chymistry various Bodies are changed into Metals which before were not Metals And out of things void of Colour mixed and boyling together a new Colour is raised which was not in the Substance before as out of white Salt-Tartar and transparent Spirit of Wine is produced a red Colour And hence it may be certainly concluded that there is not any single Separation of Choler pre-existent in the Blood but a new Generation of Choler which was not before As to the Arguments which Malpigius alledges of the pre-existency of Urine in the Blood and other things too prolix to be here cited they are not of so much Moment as to prove that pre-existency of Choler in the Blood and single Separation from it when as there is not the same Reason for the Separation of the superfluous Serum pre-existent and the Generation of necessary Choler not pre-existent Of this see more in C. 10. already cited XL. The natural Colour of Choler is yellow the Tast bitter and somewhat tart the Substance Fluid But by several Causes all these three in a sickly habit of Body suffer Alteration as the Blood is either in a bad or good Condition or the splenetic Iuice conveighed to the Liver is more or less Salt Acid Sowre or Austere For hence arise many preternatural Qualitys of Choler and as they vary happen Fevers Cholerick Distempers Dysenteries Iaundice Colic Pains and several other Diseases Which Regner Graef affirms to arise only from the Corruption of the Pancreatic Iuice but contrary to Experience for the Dissections of Bodys that have been brought to the Grave by those Diseases frequently tell us that when the Sweetbread has been firm and sound the Cause of the Disease has lain hid in the Liver Bladder and other Bilarie Vessels tho' we do not deny but that the same Diseases may arise from a vitious Pancreas Hence there are several Alterations of the Colour of the Choler which is sometimes Pale sometimes Saffron Coloured sometimes Red sometimes Rust-coloured and sometimes inclining to Black Nevertheless Regner de Graef not considering the Flux of the splenetic Juice to the Liver has
Unions of the Vessels for want of humane Birth may be conveniently demonstrated in Calves newly Calv'd and Lambs newly yean'd CHAP. XI Of the Office or Action of the Heart I. PLato Galen and several of the Stoicks assert That the Heart is the Seat of the Irascible Soul But Chrysippus Possidonius and many of the Aristotelians not only of the Irascible but Concupiscible Soul From whom Hippocrates does not very much differ while he alledges That the Soul abides in the hottest and strongest Fire and plainly affirms moreover That the Mind is seated in the Heart of Man This was also the Sentiment of Diogenes as Plutarch witnesses and of Zeno according to Laertius To which Opinion Apollodorus also subscrib'd as Tertullian testifies and which Gassendus likewise among the modern Authors endeavors to prove Nor do the Sacred Scriptures a little contribute to the confirmation of this Doctrine Where we read That God is the Searcher of the Heart That out of the Heart issue evil Thoughts That Folly Wisdom Iudgment Counsel Repentance proceed from the Heart Whence the Prophet David thus prays Psal. 119. Give me Wisdom and I will keep thy Law and observe it with my whole Heart Incline my Heart to keep thy Testimonies The Lord hates the Heart which imagines evil Thoughts Besides this they produce several Reasons 1. Because the Heart first lives and moves and last dies and being wounded the whole Structure falls 2. Because it is seated in the middle and most worthy part of the whole Body 3. Because this Bowel only makes the Blood and vital Spirit and nourishes and enlivens every Part of the Body and that the Soul abides in the Blood is apparent from the Sacred Text The Soul of the Flesh is in the Blood 4. Because the Heart being out of order the whole Body suffers with it but when other Parts are vitiated it does not necessarily die with them 5. Because the Brain to which most ascribe the Seat of the Soul depends upon the Heart and the Motion of the Brain proceeds from the Heart 6. Because a Part of the Brain may be corrupted and taken away the Life and Soul remaining but no part of the Heart all whose Wounds are mortal 7. Because although Perception Thought Imagination Memory and other principal Actions are perform'd in the Brain it does not follow that the Seat of the Soul is in the Instrument by which those Actions are perform'd The Workman by the Clock and Dyal which he makes shews the whole City what time of the Day it is and numbers the Hours by the striking the Bell yet hence it does not follow that he himself abides or has his fix'd residence in the Clock 't is sufficient he affords the Clock what is requisite for the performance of the Action though he live in another place Thus the Soul may operate indeed in the Brain as in the Instrument but may have its Seat nevertheless in the Heart Hence Picolomini acutely alledges That the Soul is ty'd to us upon a double Accompt 1. By Nature and so abides absolutely in the Heart 2. By Operation as it sends Faculties to the Instruments by means of the Spirits discharg'd out of the Heart by the operation of which Faculties the Presence of the Soul is discern'd In the same manner Avicen will have the Soul with its Faculties abide in the Heart as in the first Root but that it gives its Light to all the Members That is to say that the Heart is the beginning of the Animal Faculties but makes use of the Brain as the Instrument of Feeling so that the Animal Faculty is radically in the Heart but by way of Manifestation in the Brain And these and some others like these are the Authorities and Reasons wherewith some going about to describe the Office of the Heart endeavour to defend their opinion which Cartesius nevertheless most strenuously opposes But they seem to be all out of the way who going about to describe the Office of the Heart presently fall a quarrelling about the Seat of the Rational Soul and prosecute it with that heat as if the whole Question depended upon that Hinge But we are going about to examine the Office of the Mortal Heart not the Seat of the Immortal Soul II. Now the Chief and Primary Action of the Heart in the whole Body is to make Blood and by Pulsation to distribute it through the Arteries to all the Parts that all may be nourished thereby This Office of Sanguification the most ancient Philosophers always ascrib'd to the Heart Thus Hippocrates calls the Heart the Fountain of Blood Plato in his Timaeus asserts the Heart to be the Fountain of Blood flowing with a kind of violence Aristotle asserts the Heart to be the beginning of the Veins and to have the chief power of procreating Blood But after them came Galen the Introducer of a new Opinion who excuses the Heart from the Function of Sanguification and ascribes it sometimes to the Liver sometimes to the Substance of the Veins and sometimes to both Vesalius Iacobus de Partibus Columbus Picolomini Carpus Bauhinus Ioubertus and several others imitate Galen with great Applause especially those who are meer Followers of the Flock that goes before going not where they are to go but where the Galenists go and had rather admire Galen's Authority than enquire any farther into the Truth But in this our Age the ancient Truth that lay long wrapt up in thick Clouds again broke forth out of Darkness into Light For ever since the Knowledge of Circulation has illustrated the whole Body of Physick it has been certainly found out That the Office of Circulation agrees with the Heart alone and that therein only this General Nutriment is made by which all the Parts of the whole Body are to be nourish'd and for that reason that there is a perpetual Pulse allow'd it on purpose to disperse that Nourishment and communicate it to all the Parts This Sanguifying Duty the most Famous Philosophers at this day allow the Heart so that there are very few left that uphold the Galenic Sentence of the Liver any longer Though Swammerdam has promis'd to restore the Liver to its former Dignity but upon what Grounds and with what Applause we longingly expect III. But Glisson revolts from both Opinions as well the Ancient one concerning the Heart as the Galenic Opinion concerning the Liver Who finding that the Seed being conceiv'd and alter'd by the Heat of the Womb the Vital Spirit that lay asleep is rais'd up from power to act and that then that Vital Spirit moves the Vital Juice in which it abides every where and also makes Channels and Passages for it self through the Seminal Matter moreover that Sanguineous Rudiments appear before the Heart Liver or other Bowels can be manifestly seen from all these things he concludes That the Blood is not generated and mov'd in the Heart but that the Heart and Blood are generated by