on the Circulation The First is the Valves placed in the several Divarications of the Veins between their Capillar Extremities and Larger Trunks These are Membranes proceeding from the inner Coat of the Vessels in the Form of a Crescent or C. which was the Ancient Greek Sigma and are generally Double with their Concavity looking towards the Heart and readily give way to the Current of the Blood thither as is Represented Tab. 23. F. 7. But if by its Weight or any other Cause the Blood should Revert they oppose it and being Distended prevent its Return from the Great Trunks of Veins to the Lesser and at the same time hinder the Superincumbing Blood from pressing on the Inferior concerning which consult Tab. 23. Fig. 6. Another Considerable Artifice in Nature is the Conveying great Quantities of Refluent Blood from several Parts of the Trunk by particular Channels instead of discharging it by the next and most immediate Passage into the Neighbouring Current Dr. Lower has well Observ'd that the Heart is not placed in the Center of the Body but inclines to its Upper Part which Position is necessary to Drive the Blood in its Systole to the Head with more Force then is required to make it Descend to the Feet to which its own Weight and Fluidity do's not a little Conduce Now the Heart being seated so near the Upper Part as that Two Parts in Three of the whole Fabrick appear to be below it there must be a like Inequality of Blood sent to the Inferior Parts to that which Ascends to the Superior And this we see Confirm'd by comparing the Diameter of the Blood-Vessels Descending with the Ascending the Former being much Larger then the Latter This great Disproportion of Blood in the Upper System to that of the Lower seems to threaten a great Disturbance in the Animal Order but is prevented by the Provident Care of the Author of Nature in the Manner we are now about to Describe The Intercostal Arteries App. F. 3. which arise from the Lower System are accompanied with Veins that Return the Blood they Exported which do not enter into the next Large Trunk according to the ordinary Process of Nature in other Parts but are all United into One Channel and sometimes Two which Ascends by the Side of the Aorta and Empties it self into the Descending Trunk of the Vena Cava there Discharging all its Refluent Blood which had it been Inserted into the Ascending Trunk it must have added so great a Weight that the Blood could not have past up to the Heart which it now easily do's Beside these the Mammary Veins likewise Empty themselves into the Subclavian so that all the Blood Arising from the Parietes of the Thorax the Back and its Muscles as well as those of the Scapulae returns again to the Heart by the Upper Trunk of the Vena Cava tho' it was sent thither from the Lower Trunk of the Arteria Magna Another Contrivance of this Nature is Observable in the Vena Porta which Receives the Blood from the Stomach Omentum Spleen Pancreas Guts and Mesentery sent thither by the Coeliack and Mesenterick Arteries which large Quantity had it Enter'd into the Vena Cava immediately below the Liver or Kidneys its Weight so far beneath the Diaphragm must have Hindred its Ascent wherefore the Vena Porta not unlike the Azygos of the Thorax before Noted carries up all the Blood by another Channel and Discharges it into the Extremities of the Vena Cava within the Liver where it is Diluted and Propell'd by the Refluent Blood from the Splenick Vein and afterwards assisted in its Ascent by the Contraction of the Diaphragm Here I cannot forbear making a Digression and presenting my Conjectures of the Use and Office of the Spleen since it ministers in this Part of the Animal Oeconomy The Arteria Splenica is not only very large in Proportion to the Magnitude of the Spleen but has a Remarkable Tortuous Passage to it Tab. 36. F. 1. whence we may conceive as the Quantity of Blood sent to the Spleen is very great so it s Impetus is very much Abated Next the Communications between the Extremities of its Arteries and Veins are very Large as appears by the Prompt Exit which Water pour'd into one Finds by the other and the Inflation of the Veins which is easily made by Blowing into the Arteries when the whole Spleen and its Veins become Distended with it The Lymphe-ducts of the Spleen we have Observ'd Tab. 36. Fig. 1. to Arise from the Vesiculae at the Extremities of its Veins and Discharge their Contents into the Neighbouring Lymphatick Glands whence it is sent into the Receptacule of the Chyle Its Nerves are Distributed thro' its whole Substance and serve to preserve its Tone and Regulate the Separation of its Lympha and Nutritive Juice But the most exact Scrutiny of Anatomists could never yet Discover any Excretory-duct arising from this Viscus and indeed the Patent Communication of its Vessels seems a convincing Proof that no such Excretory-duct can Exist but must appear very plain Besides it seems Extravagant and Unbecoming the Wonderful Providence of Nature to Separate any particular Juice in the Arteries here to be instantly Refunded into the Veins and we can hardly conceive the Blood can suffer any Alteration in a Place where the Transit from the one to the other is so Ample After these Considerations Premis'd if the Problem be Propos'd What can be the Design of the great Architect of our Bodies in the Fabrication of so Large and Remarkable a Part without any Fluid Secreted in it besides its own Nutritive Juice and Lympha I believe our Hypothesis will enable us to give a sufficient Reply to this seeming invincible Difficulty with which Learned Men have exceedingly perplex'd themselves I conceive then the Spleen is Design'd by Nature as a Diverticle to receive a large Proportion of Blood to be Refunded by its Veins into the Porta and promote the Reflux of the Blood Imported thither from the Stomach Guts Pancreas Mesentery c. by whose slow Progress thro' the innumerable Glands of those Parts it returns Thick and unfit for Motion And this seems but Necessary that a new Quantity of Blood charg'd with a Copious Serum should be Infunded into this Refluent Liquor before it Arrives at the Liver to dispose it to pass the Extremities of the Vena Cava and add a fresh Impetus to its Languid Motion caus'd by its Long and Tortutous Progress This I take to be the Use and Office of the Spleen and seems to have all the Circumstances the Laws of Mechanism require for this Purpose The Novelty of which Opinion will I hope be no Prejudice to its Reception in the Minds of Candid and Impartial Men. Having thus Represented the Circulation the Order of Nature leads us to Respiration which serves in conveying the Blood from the Right to the Left Ventricle of the Heart and Impregnates it with
Capillary Veins and from thence into the greater Branches next into the Trunk of the Vena Cava and so into the Right Ventricle again In the mean time the Three Tricuspid Valves in the Right Tab. 22. Fig. 6. and the two Mitral Valves Tab. ead Fig. 12. in the Left Ventricle of the Heart oppose its return into the Vena Cava and Vena Pulmonaris and the Semilunary Valves of the Arteria Pulmonaris Tab. ead Fig. 14. and Aorta Tab. ib. Fig. 13. prevent its Reflux into the Ventricles The Structure and Position of which Membranes are sufficient alone to lead all Observing Men into a compleat Knowledge of its Motion and Progress The Circular Motion of the Blood was first Explain'd and the whole Demonstrated in a Treatise expresly Writ upon that Subject and Published in the Year 1628. by our Learned and Ingenious Dr. Harvey To omit all disputes here how far this was known to Cesalpinus Columbus Servetus or any of the Anatomists or Virtuoso's of the last Age. But the Manner how this Animal Liquor is transmitted from the Arteries to the Veins has remained hitherto a Secret and afforded Matter of Controversie Some pretend this is done by some blind Imperceptible Meatus in the Carnous Parts and perplex themselves to give Irrational and Chimerical Accounts which we shall not here lose Time to enumerate or refute But the late great Improvement of Microscopes has put an end to all these uncertain Conjectures by discovering to our Naked Eye that the Veins and Arteries are but one continued inflected Tube and the Blood passes from one to the other in an uninterrupted Current which Unity of the Blood-Vessels by a Parity of Reason we infer extends to the whole System and will hardly be questioned by those who consider the Prompt Passage of Mercury and other injected Liquors from the Arteries to the Veins or see the Globules of Blood passing these Angustia and reverting with incredible Rapidity in the Fins of Fishes App. F. 4 5. which curious Discovery ought not to be reputed the least Advancement which this Part of Natural History has receiv'd The great Engine which sets all this Motion on Foot is the Heart Tab. 22. Fig. 9. by whose repeated Elastick Contraction the Blood is driven to the remotest Parts thro' the Arterial System App. Fig. 3. and forced to continue its Motion back thro' the Venous Channels This Elastick Force is primarily seated in its own Muscular Fibres whose Spiral Contortion Tab. 22. Fig. 2 3. is very well described by Dr. Lower in his Book De Corde but the Pendulous Position and the Fibres which compose its Great Arteries i. e. the Pulmonaris and Aorta assist very much and the Heart taken out of the Body and held up by the Arteries will continue the least gentle Motion imprest on it for a considerable Time which Effect can only be ascribed to the Elasticity of the Arterial Trunks by which it is suspended The Heart is the immediate Instrument but what is the Vis Motrix which forces its Fibres to a Contraction is a far greater Difficulty and one of the most Abstruse Inscrutable Mysteries of Nature It is in this respect our Bodies differ from Artificial Machines the Former having in themselves a perpetual Principle of Motion which the Latter by no Invention of Men can arrive at In my Opinion the Heart of an Animal bears a great Analogy to the Pendulums of those Artificial Automata Clocks and Watches whilst its Motion is perform'd like that of other Muscles the Blood doing the Office of a Pondus The Observation of the Curious Mons. Peyer in Parergo Septimo seems to favour this Opinion who tells us He has with Pleasure seen the Heart renew its Contraction by blowing into the Thoracick Duct when the Parts have began to grow stiff after Death The like Motion of the Heart I have more than once observ'd to be restor'd by blowing into the Veins of a Dog and pouring warm Water on it or applying the Palm of the Hand not long after its Cessation Besides the Quantity doubtless the Quality of the Blood has a Share since all Distempers which alter the Mass at the same Time create a Hurry and Disorder in its Motion To explain the Action of the Blood in this Case and the Influence it has over the Motion of the Heart we must consider its Nature Constituent Parts and the Alterations it is disposed to receive This Animal Fluid consists of Two Parts Serous and Globular The Distinction of these Parts of the Blood is evident to the Naked Eye after its Stagnation in any Vessel but is clearly evinced by the Microscope in its Circulation thro' the Tails and Fins of Fishes and other Transparent Parts in the same manner as is Represented Appendix Fig. 4 5. where the Globules seem to Swim in the Serum in this state of Mixture Now the Blood being in this manner a Heterogeneous Liquor Compos'd of Particles of various Magnitude and Figure must be subject to an Intestine Motion but the great Rapidity of its Current thro' the Arteries and the Angustiae in the Extremities of the Blood-Vessels not admitting any Retrograde Motion to be there made it is deferr'd till it arrives in the Great Veins where its Progress is retarded and the Room more spatious and the Intestine Motion there Commences which arises to a Greater or Less Height as the Blood is more or less Charged with Incongruous Parts The Alteration which the Blood by this means receives has no inconsiderable Share in the Heart's Contraction and tho it be not the prime efficient Cause yet we cannot deny but that it is Partial and Incitative as appears in Fevers and several other Distempers where the whole Mass is Accelerated and the Pulse more frequent Besides all these Causes the Brain by its Nervous Trunks sent to this Part which are very Thick and Tense yet lie very loose contributes much to this Action And here we may observe not only these of the Heart but the whole System of Nerves which serve the Viscera in the Thorax and Lower Belly have their Propagines very Numerous and Tense notwithstanding which they lie Loose or Free in their Progress from the Brain to their respective Parts both which concur in disposing them to Receive and Retain all Impressions from their Extremities This Faculty beginning to Exert it self even while the Foetus is in Vtero grows Familiar and Natural and from this early Habit and Practice of the Infant they after perform their Duty Sleeping or Waking without the least Advertence but this by the by And now if what has been Noted shall be thought sufficient to give ground to Hope Future Enquiries may discover more Adequate Causes of this great Phaenomenon we have obtained our Desire and shall leave these Hints to be improv'd by Men of more Industry and Leasure Before we leave this Subject we must not omit to Remark some Observable Artifices of Nature for the better carrying
Veins which Frame a Reticular Body as may be Demonstrated either by Injecting them with Mercury or Inflation Hence it Appears the Uterine Tubes not unlike the Corpora Cavernosa Penis Clitoridis c. have their Reticulated Sides Extended and their Internal Cavities of Consequence Enlarg'd upon a particular Stop of the Refluent Blood but whether this Stop or Retardation of the Blood in the Veins made in the time of the Coitus which for some Reasons we are enclin'd to suppose or as De Graaf intimates Five or Six and Twenty Hours after neither our present Occasions nor Opportunities will allow us to Examine Fig. 3. A A The Falloppian Tube Open'd according to its Length B C C Its Internal Membrane Divided and Expanded D D A Probe Inserted into its Beginning near the Fundus Vteri which is not yet Divided The rest of the Adjacent Parts of this Figure are Explain'd Tab. 51. Fig. 4. Fig. 4. The Inferior or Back-part of the same Impregnated Vterus c. Exprest Fig. 1. Its Vessels here being Injected with Wax A A The Fundus Vteri somewhat Enlarg'd by reason its Veins are Injected with Wax B B The Veins fill'd with a Dark Colour'd Wax C The Arteries with Red Wax Both which Vessels become Distended by Injecting of their Large Trunks on either Side D Part of the External Membrane of the Vterus deriv'd from the Peritonaeum Rais'd from the Cervix Vteri E That Part of the Peritonaeum call'd Ligamentum Latum Vteri F The Ovaria of the Left Side G G The Falloppian Tubes also fill'd with White Wax and very Tortuous in this Position their Extremities being drawn from the Ovaria H The Round Ligament of the Left Side I I The Broad Ligaments like Batt's Wings joining the Falloppian Tubes to the Ovaria where the Blood-Vessels passing to and from the Ovaria are Exprest K K The Vasa Spermatica cut off These Spermatick Veins and Arteries are not only Inosculated in their Large Trunks with the Hypogastrick Veins and Arteries of the Vterus but those of the Right Side of the Vterus are Inosculated with the Left in such Manner that by Injecting of Wax into one of the Spermatick Veins it will not only fill the Hypogastricks but the Spermatick Vein also of the contrary Side The like will not happen by Injecting Wax into the Arteries because their Trunks are Smaller than the Veins But Mercury readily passes from the Arteries of one Side to those of the other THE FIFTY-FOURTH TABLE SHEWS the Abdomen of a Woman open'd after Seven Months gone with Child A A A A The common Integuments of the whole Body divided and turn'd off B B The proper Integuments of the Abdomen viz. The Muscles and Peritonaeum in like Manner divided C C. The Fundus Uteri very much enlarg'd and in this Subject enclines more towards the Right Side than the Left D D D The Colon and Parts of the small Gutts as they appear above the Fundus Uteri d d The Muscular Compages of Fleshy Fibres call'd the Ligamentum Coli well Exprest E That Part of the Fundus Uteri towards the Collum minus F F F The Veins of the Uterus very much Dilated As the Time of the Birth draws on so the Thickness of the Uterus is still said to encrease and the Trunks of the Veins become still more and more distended The Trunks of the Arteries of the Uterus are also at that Time proportionably Dilated These Blood-Vessels of the Uterus are inosculated with those of the Placenta as may appear by the Passing of Mercury from One to the Other so that if you pour it into the Hypogastrick Arteries of the Mother it will pass into the Veins of the Placenta as well as those of the Uterus And on the contrary the Mercury will pass from the Arteries of the Placenta to the Hypogastrick Veins of the Mother as also into the Veins of the Placenta Hence it appears there is a Circulation of Blood between the Mother and Foetus and it seems as if the Blood-Vessels of both did Germinate and Inosculate with each other But this requires too much Speculation for my Occasions to admit of a farther Enquiry at present Therefore I shall here only speak of some Phaenomena which offer in Child-bearing If the Fundus Uteri remain Tumifi'd after Child-bearing or an Abortion the Flux of Blood proves very great and sometimes destructive to the Mother because the Uterus do's not Collapse and by that Means close the Orifices of the Broken-off Arteries of the Mother The like Flux also happens from the same Cause when but Part of the Placenta comes away in the Partus in which Case the remaining Part ought to be remov'd as soon as possible THE FIFTY-FIFTH TABLE IS the Abdomen of the same Woman Open'd Represented in the Precedent Table A A A The Fundus Uteri after a Crucial Section Expanded B B Inferior The Inside of the Skin Cover'd with Fat B B Superior C C The Inside of the Peritonaeum D D Part of the Colon above the Fundus Uteri E E The External Convex Surface of the Placenta free'd from the Fundus Uteri F G H The Asperities F Little Hollownesses G and Tubercles H of the Uterus which receive and were receiv'd by the like in the Placenta I K Part of the Chorion cleaving to the Internal Concave Surface of the Placenta L Part of the Urinary Membrane or Allantoides M Part of the Amnios made bare as it Appears fill'd with its containing Liquor Tho' this Membrane which immediately Involves the Foetus Appears in most Parts very Transparent yet here are a vast Number of Blood-Vessels every where dispers'd thro' it In divers Parts of the Amnios in Cows I have more than once Observ'd Various Clusters of somewhat Opacous Bodies which I am apt to think are a Congeries of Glands and help to Separate from the Blood Part of the Contents of the Amnios in which the Foetus mov'd and is receiv'd by its Mouth towards the time of the Partus N Part of the Chorion Rais'd from the Amnios and Left to the Uterus it self on the Right Side Part of the Liver Appears above the Intestines immediately under the Ensiformal Cartilage THE FIFTY-SIXTH TABLE THE Abdomen and Uterus of the same Woman Figur'd in the Two precedent Tables Open'd after Seven Months gone with Child A The Placenta Uterina free'd from the Upper Part of the Uterus and drawn towards the Right Side so that its Internal Concave Surface next the Amnios Appears Cover'd with the Chorion under which the Arboreous Disposition of its Blood-Vessels are elegantly Exprest B Part of the Chorion free'd from the Amnios and Rais'd with the Placenta to whose Concave Part it Adheres and it s continued H on the Umbilical Rope C Part of the Urinary Membrane free'd from the Amnios and cleaving to the Chorion D D The Uterus with the Chorion Divided Cross-ways and Expanded The Inequalities of the Internal Surface
and from the Mixture of these two Juices is compounded a proper Menstruum by which the Parts of the Aliment are dissolved and receive their first Transmutation within the Body In this Action which is a Dissolution of the Texture of the Alimentary Mass the Aerial Parts included in its Pores now escape from their former Prisons and being rarified distend the whole Body of the Stomach and this I take to be the true Reason why most Men have less Appetite at some distance of Time viz. when this Intumescence is made than immediately after they cease from Eating From the same Cause arise frequent Eructations great Inflation from divers Meats such as Old Pease Cabbage Roots Herbs and other Vegetables which very much disturb decay'd debilitated Stomachs I am apt to suspect the Stomachick Menstruum may excite an Intestine motion of the Particles of the Mass in Digestion which yet I do not think fit to call Fermentation fearing so bold a Term may mislead us into a False Idea of a greater Conflict than really happens The Intumescence or Dilatation of the Stomach has two Effects First to compress the Gall Bladder and Pancreas and oblige their Ductus Excretorii to spue out their Contents into the Duodenum next to retard the Refluent Blood and by this means dispose the Muscular Fibres of the Ventricle to a Contraction The Reason of this last Hint will appear by what we have offer'd concerning Muscular Motion in the Introduction to our Myotomia Reformata For the Cause of Hunger which is an observable Phaenomenon belonging to this part I conceive it to be an Irritation of the Stomach arising from a copious Quantity of this Menstruum when it wants Matter to act upon This conjecture seems more probable since it is Natural to discharge the Spittle out of the Mouth which comes into it at that Time rather than suffer it to descend into the Stomach and we may perpetually observe a depraved Appetite does follow a Vitiation of the Saliva as in Scorbutick Habits Salivations by Mercurial Medicines and such like Cases When the Mass is sufficiently prepar'd and reduced to a Pultaceous Consistence the Stomach by the help of its Muscular Fibres contracts it self and expels its Contents thro' the Pylorus into the Duodenum where the Digested Mass is mixed with the Bile and Pancreatick Juice forced to discharge it self here as was just now described which Volatilize Subtiliate and Separate the more Fluid and Fine Parts of the Aliment from the more Impure and Gross and here it is that Chylification is first made perfect Now the Bile abounding with Lixivial Salt is apt to intangle with the grosser Parts of the Chylaceous Mass and its Saline Quality not only cleanses the Cavities of the Guts from the Mucus Excreted by their Glands App. Fig. 40. to smear their Inmost Coat and defend the Ostia of the Lacteal Vessels from being injured by Extraneous Bodies which may happen to pass that way but Stimulates the Intestines in their Peristaltick Motion The Peristaltick or Wormlike Motion of the Guts being thus Accelerated by the Acrimony of the Bile the Contents of the Intestines are carried on and the Thinner and more Fluid Parts fitted for the Pores of the Lacteal Vessels is absorbed by them and the Thicker move on more slowly till by the many Stops they meet with in the Connivent Valves all the Chyle is at length absorbed and the Remains being meerly Excrementitious are only fit to be excluded by Stool This Vermicular Motion of the Guts is perform'd by the Alternate Contraction of their Longitudinal and Transverse Fibres App. Fig. 39.40 which at the same Time convey the Digested Mass thro' the Intestinal Tube and express the Chyle into the Orifices of the Lacteal Vessels adapted to receive it whose Progress from the Intestines till it is discharged into the Mass of Blood next presents it self to our Consideration By the reciprocal Action of these differing Fibres and the Apposition of the Connivent Valves Tab. 39. Fig. 2. the Chyle is forced into the Lacteal Vessels Tab. ib. Fig. 1. and hence it is we cannot make any Fluid pass from the Cavity of the Guts into the same Vessels when the Peristaltick Motion ceases A farther Use of the Contraction of these Muscular Fibres is to Accelerate the Chyle in its Progress till the Lympha derived from the Arteries of the Guts joyn with it which is done before it leaves the External Surface of the Intestines by this Addition the Chyle is diluted and assisted in its Progress towards the Mesenterick Glands in the Cells of which it is a Second Time Mixed with a Juice or Lymphatick Liquor there Secreted from the Arteries and so carried on to the Vasa Lactea secundi Generis These Vessels resembling Pipes convey the Chyle from hence all emptying themselves into the Common Receptacle or Cistern the happy Discovery of which we owe to the Observation of Mons. Pecquet It is here the Lympha returned from the Inferior Limbs and adjacent Parts is mixed with the Chyle App. Fig. 11. which not only serves to dilute but promotes its Ascent thro' the Thoracick Duct Fig. ib. to the Lest Subclavian Vein Fig. ib. where this Channel empties its Contents into the main Current of the Blood If we consider in this Duct its several Divisions and Inosculations resembling the Veins of the Testicles its numerous Valves looking from below Upwards its advantageous Situation between the Great Artery and Vertebrae of the Back together with the Ducts discharging their Refluent Lympha from the Lungs and the other Neighbouring Parts we shall find all conduce to demonstrate the utmost Art of Nature used in furthering the Steep and Perpendicular Ascent of the Chyle which Beautiful Order is Represented App. Fig. 11. and cannot but equally Create in us Delight and Admiration Having traced this Animal Juice to its Reception into the Blood with which it is at last Circulated and Assimulated we shall proceed to the Blood it self whose Circular Motion the various Artifices of Nature for adjusting the Proportions and other subordinate Contrivances the Manner and Cause of the Contraction of the Heart and Arteries Respiration with the whole Theory of the Lympha and Glandular Secretion in the Order of Nature follow The Refluent Blood in the Upper and Lower Trunk of the Vena Cava meeting in the Right Auricle of the Heart is thence expelled by its Contraction into the Right Ventricle when the Heart is in its Diastole but by its Systole or Contraction it is thence driven into the Arteria Pulmonaris from whose Capillary Vessels it passes into the Extremities of the Vena Pulmonaris and thence returning is discharged into the Left Auricle and Ventricle of the Heart From whence it is again by the Systole driven into the Aorta by whose Branches it is convey'd thro' the whole System of the Body But when it arrives in the Capillary Arteries it do's not stop there but passes into the like
this Artery is Exprest 24 24. The Divisions of the Arteries of the Arm below the Flexure of the Cubit 25. A Communicant Branch of an Artery Arising from the Trunk of the Artery of the Arm above its Flexure at the Cubit which is Inosculated with the Arteries of the Cubit below In some Subjects you will not find This Communicant Branch as here represâ—â—dâ— in whom there are divers Smaller Branches of the same Kind By these 〈◊〉 Branches of the Upper Part of the Brachial Artery with those of the Cubit the Blood still passes tho' the Trunk 23 is firmly Ty'd which is done In taking up the 〈◊〉 as it 's call'd when 't is Wounded in the Cause of an Aneurisma Besides firmly Tying the Trunk of the Artery above the Place where it is Wounded it is also Necessary to tie it in like manner below least the Blood Convey'd by the Communicant Branches to the Inferior Trunk still pours out at the Wound of the Artery from below in a Retrograde Manner 26. The External Artery of the Cubit which makes the Pulse near the Carpus 27. The Arteries of the Hands and Fingers 28 28. The Descending Trunk of the Arteria Magna 29. The Arteria Bronchalis Springing from one of the Intercostal Arteries It sometimes Arises immediately from the Descending Trunk of the Aorta at other times from the Superior Intercostal Artery which Springs from the Subclavian These Bronchial Arteries Inosculate with the Pulmonary Arteries as I have elsewhere taken Notice and which I sâ—re find is mention'd and Figur'd by the Accurate Ruysch Epist Anatom 6. Fig. 5. c c c. 30. A Small Artery Springing from the Fore-part of the Aorta Descendens passing to â— Gulaâ— Prysch tells us of Branches of Arteries from the Superior Intercostal which 〈◊〉 the Gula. 31 31. The Intercostal Arteries on each Side the Arteria Magna Descendens 32. The Trunk of the Arteria Caeliaca from whence Springs 33 33. The Hepatick Arteries and 34. The Arteria Cystica lying on the Gall-bladder 35. The Arteria Cerenaria Ventriculi Inferior 36. The Pylorica 37 37. The Epiplaica Dextra Sinistra and Media Springing from the Coronaria 38. The Ramifications of the Coronary Artery which embrace on the Bottom of the Stomach 39. The Câ—â—râ—ria Ventriculi Superior 40 40. The Phrenick Arteries or the Two Arteries of the Diaphragm that of the Left Side Arising from the Trunk of the Arteria Magna the Right Springing from the Caeliacae 41. The Trunk of the Splenick Artery Arising from the Caeliaca This is Contorted in the Adult as it appears Tab. 36. 42. Two Small Arteries going to the Upper Part of the Duodemum and Pancreas the Rest of the Arteries of the Pancreas Spring from the Splenick Artery in its Passage to the Spleen 43. The Trunk of the Arteria Mesenterica Superior Turn'd towards the Right Side 44 44. The Branches of the Superior Mesenterick Artery freed from the Small Guts here the Various Anastomoses the Branches of this Artery make in the Mesentery before they arrive at the Intestines may be observ'd 45. The Inferior Mesenterick Artery Arising from the Arteria Magna 46. A Remarkable Anastomosis of this Inferior Mesenterick Artery with the Superior 47 47 47. The Branches of the Inferior Mesenterick Artery as they pass to the Intestinum Colon 48 48. Those of the Rectum 49 49. The Arteries of the Kidneys 50 50. The Vertebral Arteries of the Loins 51 51. The Spermatick Arteries which descend to the Testes are so Small as to escape being Fill'd with Wax 52. The Aneria Sacra 53 53. The Iliaci 54 54. The Rami Iliaci Externi 55 55. The Iliaci Interni which are here Larger in the Foetus proportionably than in the Adult by Reason of their Conjunction with the Two Umbilical Arteries 56 56. The Two Umbilical Arteries cut off 57 57. The Epigastrick Arteries which Ascend under the Right Muscles of the Abdomen and are Inosculated with the Mammariae as above Noted 58 58. Branches of the External Iliacâ— Arteries passing between the Two Oblique Muscles of the Abdomen 59 59. Branches of the Internal Iliack Arteries which Convey Blood to the Extending and Obturating Muscles of the Thighs 60 60. The Trunks of the Arteries which pass to the Penis 61 61. The Arteries of the Bladder of Urine 62 62. The Internal Arteries of the Pudendum which with those here Exprest of the Penis make the Hypogastrick Arteries in Women The External Arteries of the Pulendum Arise from the Upper Part of the Crural Artery which is immediately below the Epigastricks 63. The Penis Distended with Wind and Dry'd 64. The Glans Penis 65. The Upper Part or Dorsum Penis cut from the Body of the Penis and Rais'd to Show the Corpora Caevernosa Penis 66 66. The Corpora Caevarnosa Penis Fred from the Ossa Pubis and Ty'd after Inflation 67. The Two Arteries of the Penis as they Appear Injected with Wax in each Cavernous Body of the Penis 68. The Capsula and Septum of the Corpora Cavenosa Penis 69. The Crural Arteries 70 70. The Arteries which pass to the Muscles of the Thighs and Tibiae The Nomination of each Muscle in this Place would be Tedious and of no Use wherefore I shall pass Them by here as I have done in the Arms it being sufficient we know the Progress of the Great Trunks to avoid Wounding them in Chirurgical Operations or to find them on Occasion We shall begin first with the Description of the Trunk of the Arteries of the Arm. So soon as the Subclavian Artery has past the Claevicula it marches thro' the Axilla wherefore it 's call'd Axillaris whence itâ— Trunk Descends between the Masculus Brachiaeus Intermu and Externus on the Inside of the Arm and is Divided below the Bending of the Cubit as you see it Exprest in the Figure it Parting with Several Branches to the Neighbouring Muscles and Parts it Passes by Their Distribution not being alike in any Two Subjects I have hitherto Examin'd or in the Right and Left Sides of the same as appears in this Figure Tho' the Progress of their Large Trunks are commonly Uniform yet in that too they vary considerably and the Trunk of the Artery at the Flexure of the Cubit sometimes runs Collateral with the Vena Basilica tho' it most commonly passes Under that Vein Of this Those that Let Blood ought to take Notice and that the Vessel they See or Feel has no Pulsation before they thrust their Launset into it Nor can I omit a Useful Observation in this Place which is That the Operator before He applies his Ligature on the Arm should first feel for the Artery because afterwards its Palsation cannot be so easily Discover'd the Reason of which is Obvious After Amputation above the Elbow the Trunk of the Axillary Artery only affords any Considerable Flux of Blood In Amputations below the Elbow we find Two sometimes Three and Four Considerable Trunks which may require Tying
Glandulous Membrane T. 14. F. 3. Fermentation of the Aliment in Chylification Introd Fermentation of the Blood in its Vessels v. Intestine Motion of it Fibre of a Muscle T. 64. F. 1. Fibula v. Bones Fistula Lachrymalis its Cause and way of Cure T. 11. F. 5. Fistulous Ulcer in the Upper-part of the Thigh how Cur'd T. 72. Foramen Ovale Describ'd Ap. F. 3. Fornix Ap. F. 30. its Roots T. 10. F. 1. Ap. F. 30. Crura Ap. F. 30. G. GAll-bladder T. 37. F. 2. T. 38. F. 3 4 5. its Duct T. 37. F. 2. T. 38. F. 3 5. Internal Membrane of the Duct T. 38. F. 3. Valves in it how made and their Use ib. Gall-ducts Enter it none into the Bladder prov'd T. 38. F. 3. Gangleon in the Nerves T. 10. F. 6. Ap F. 27. Gargareon v. Uvâ—la Ginglimus T. 96. F. 1. Glands Adipose v. Omentum Axiliary Ap. F. 1. their Use Tumours in them how Cauâ—'d ib. Inguinal Ap. F. 1. their Use Causes of Tumors in them Cases related One where it Weigh'd Six Pounds Lachrymal T. 11. F. 1 3 5. their Ducts T. ead F. 5. Lips Ap. F. 8. Lymphatick Ap. F. 13 14. those of the Neck Tumid in Scrophulas and their Cure F. 2. Lumbal Ap. F. 10 11. Maxillary T. 15. F. 1. Ap. F. 19. their Arteries Veins Nerves Salival-duct Ap. F. 15. Miliary v. Skin Mucilaginous of the Vertebrae T. 10. F. 8. their Use ib. Parotide T. 12. F. 2. Ap. F. 1 2 33. a Remarkable Case of an Abscess in it Ap. F. 2. its Salival-duct T. 12. F. 2 3. Ap. F. 1 33. Symptoms and Cure of it when Wounded Ap. F. 2. Piliferous T. 4. F. 6. Pinial T. 10. F. 1. Ap. F. 31. its Use ib. Pituitary T. 9. F. 2 3. Ap. F. 26. Renales ib. T. 42 50. in a Foetus T. 63. their Composition and Vessels Describ'd T. 42. Subclavian Ap. F. 12. Sublingual T. 15. F. 2. Ap. F. 19. their Blood-Vessels Nerves Salival-duct Ap. F. 19. Skin or Sudoriferous T. 4. F. 6. Thyroid T. 15. F. 2. T. 24. F. 7. their Use Colour and Compactness T. 24. F. 7. Glans Penis T. 48. F. 1 2 3 4 5. Glottis how Compos'd Ap. F. 20. Gula or Gullet T. 24. F. 1. Gums T. 13. F. 1. View'd with a Microscope F. 10. H. Haemorrhoids how Caus'd T. 39. F. 7. Hairs View'd with a Microscope T. 4. F. 7 8 9 10 11 12. their Rise T. ead F. 6. how Nourish'd and their Composition ib. Hairy-Scalp T. 5. F. 1. its Piliferous Bodies and Miliary Glands ib. Number and Largeness of its Blood-Vessels Noted ib. Hearing how perform'd Ap. F. 17. Heart in Situ T. 21 24. in a Foetus T. 63. taken out T. 22. F. 1. cut Transversly F. 9. it s External Membrane F. 1. Fibres T. ead F. 2 3 4 5. how to prepare and show them F. 2. The Right Auricle T. 22. F. 1 2. Open'd F. 6 8. Left Auricle T. ead F. 1 2 7 8. The Right Ventricle T. 22. F. 8 9. Left Ventricle T. ead F. 7 9. Columnae Carniae F. 7 10. their Origin Composition and Use F. 7. Valves Semilunar or Sigmoidal F. 8 13 14. Mitral or Tricuspid F. 6 7 12. the Septum F. 7 9. a Sinus between the Ventricles F. 2 3. Coronary Vessels F. 8 11. Nerves F. 8. Glands at its Basis T. 21. Helix Auriculae T. 12. F. 1. Hernia of the Intestines how Incident to Women T. 50. Hircus Ariculae T. 12. F. 1. Humour of the Amnios v. Amnios Humors of the Eyes T. 11. F. 19 20 21 22 23 24. Hymen how Fram'd and its different Appearance T. 51. F. 3. Imperforated in a Married Woman the History of it Hypochondrium T. 1. Hypogastrium T. 1. I. ILia T. 1. T. 32. Fig. 1. R R. Inous v. Bones of the Ear. Infundibulum T. 9. F. â— 3. Ap. F. 26. its Connection to the Glandula Pituitaria T. 9. F. 2. Inguina T. 1. Intestine Motion of the Blood in its Large Vessels Introd Of the Chyle Introd Intestines T. 33 40. F. 1 2. their Fibres Describ'd Ap. F. 39. Glands their Kinds Disposition and Use Ap. F. 40. Duodeman Ap. F. 38. its Membranes External and Muscular ib. Perforated by the Biliary and Pancreatick Ducts T. 36. F. 1. Reason of its Curvation ib. Iejuam T. 39. F. 1 2. Ap. F. 39. External Membrane T. 39. F. 1. Origin of it ib. Muscular Membrane ib. Arteries Veins Nerves ib. Ileum T. 39. F 3 4 5. Valvulae Conniveâ—â—â—s how made their Order and Use T. 39. F. 2. Coecum T. 39. F. 4 5. T. 40. F. 1. Colon T. 33 39. F. 4 5. its Cells ib. Valves and how Caus'd ib. Ligament T. 40. F. 1. T. 54. Compos'd of Fleshy Fibres and their Use ib. Blood-Vessels T. 39. F. 4 5. Reason why the Excrements can't return ib. an Experiment illustrating how it happens in Iliack passions ib. Rectum T. 3â— F. 6 7. its External Coat whence deriv'd F. 6. Blood-Vessels ib. Fatty Appendages of it ib. Internal Coat and its Composition F. 7. its Diseases ib. Iris its Inner 〈…〉 â— 11. F. 17. v. Eye K. KIdneys in Situ T. 41. in a Foetus Conglomerate T. 63. taken out T. 42 43. F. 1 2. T. 50. their Adipose Membrane T. 42. Proper Membrane T. 43. F. 1 3 5. Pelvis T. 43. F. 1 2 3 4 6 7. Glandulous Part T. 43. F. 3. View'd with a Microscope F. 5. Tubuli Urinarii T. ead F. 3 4 5 6. Carunculae Papillares T. ead F. 4 5 6. Emulgent Arteries and Veins T. 42 43. F. 1 2 3 4 5. Nerves Lymphe-ducts and their Use T. 43. F. 5. Manner of their Secretion ib. Stones in them how they cause Pain ib. Ill Effects of their Laxity Related in a Case ib. L. LAbyrinth v. Ear. Lachrymal Bone v. Bones of the Upper-Jaw Lachrymal Ducts v. Glands Lachrymal Lacteal Vessels T. 39. F. 1. T. 40. F. 5. Ap. F. 10. their Valves T. 40. F. 5. Rise Progress and Use T. 39. F. 1. Lactiferous Vessels in the Breast T. 19. F. 1 3 4 5. their Beginning Form and Orifices F. 4. Lambdoidal Suture v. Suture Lâ—mina Spiraâ—u T. 90. F. 8. Larynx its Fore-part T. 24. F. 5 7. Back-part T. 24. F. 6 8. Ap. F. 20. View'd Laterally Ap. F. 22 23. its Cartilages v. Thyroidal Annular Arytetenoidal Epigloâ—â—â— Ligament Annular of the Wrist T. 64. F. 8. T. 67 69. Ap. F. 1. Of the Ancle Ap. F. 1. how Compos'd T. 81. Imbanding the Tendons of the Fingers T. 67. Between the Ulna and Radius T. 68 71. Between the Tibia and Fibula T. 82. Round of the Thigh-bone Fasten'd to the Acetabuâ—â—m and its Use T. 74 99. F. 2. Broad Covering the Joint of the Thigh and Hip T. 79. Investing the Knee T. 84. Of the Ancle Joint T. 82. Joining the Bones of the Tarsuâ— T. 82. Of Ossa Carpi at their Articulation T. 71. Reaching from the Os Sacrum to the Appendix of the Ischium T. 72.