place to the Vertebra's BB. The great Kernel of the Mesentery which Asellius terms Pancreas into which all the milkie Veins are knit together CC. Glandules or Kernels placed between the Vessels which reach as far as to the Guts DD. EEE Part of the Mesentery which ties the thin Guts to the Back F. G. Part of the Mesentery which is fastned to the Colon from the right Kidney to the Liver G. H. The Membrane of the lower Call which in this place supplies the Office of the Mesentery fastening that part of the Colon which is stretched out under the bottom of the stomach unto the Back H. I. Part of the Mesentery knitting together the Colon drawn out from the Spleen to the streight Gut I. K. Part of the Mesentery fastning the streight Gut unto the Back L. The two Membranes of the Mesenterium drawn asunder by the Nailes between which Vessels are carryed and the Fat and Kernels are contained M. The first Membrane of the Mesentery N. The other Membrane of the Mesentery page 29 the word Iutestinum in Cicero for some midling bowel but because like a Circle it embraces the Guts round and gathers them together into the form of a Globe and cloaths them T is called also Mesaraeon Gaza in Aristotle translates it Lactes in a large sense thereby understanding that which involves and wraps up the Lactes that is the Guts and what ever is contained in them It is one but others divide it into the Mesaraeon or Mesenterium and the Meso-Colon The former being in the middle of the belly and knitting together the smal Guts the latter which knits up the Colon in the right and left side and in the lower part thereof cleaves to the right Gut It Figure is very near Circular and after it hath been narrow in its rise in its progress at the Circumference it degenerates into very many foldings that it might gather in the length of the Guts for one hands breadth of the Mesentry doth embrace more then fourteen handsbreadths of the Guts in a narrow space In the sides it becomes oblong especially on the left side where it descends to the Intestinum rectum Whereupon Galen made a threefold Mesentery a right left and middle It s Magnitude from the Centre to the Circumference is a span but its Longitude and Circumference is three ells It Arises at the first and third Vertebra of of the Loyns which is thought to be the Cause of that great consent which is between the Loyns and the Guts where Membranous Fibres are produced from the Peritonaeum which turn into strong Membranes Through which the Mesaraick Veins both the Blood and the Chyle-bearers being exceeding smal and numerous and by little and little running together into fewer and greater are disseminated But of these more largely in the first Manual Chap. 3. And after the same manner the Arteries from the Caliaca that they may carry arterial blood with heat to the Mesentery and Guts for the Nutrition and Fermentation of each of them and in no wise to draw chyle in a sound state of Body or other things as Varolius and Spigelius conceit And that the blood is Circulated even in the Mesentery by means of these Arteries I shall demonstrate hereafter against Riolanus It receives also Nerves from those which are carried from the sixth pair to the roots of the Ribs as also from the Nerves proceeding from the Vertebra's of the Loyns that they may give the sense of Feeling to the Mesentery as is manifest in the bastard colick and other pains and an obscure motion in distribution of the chyle It hath Kernels interposed to fil up the spaces and to cherish the heat but one greater then the rest it hath at its original which Asellius following Fallopius terms Pancreas different from the other Pancreas situate under the Stomach and Duodenum Out of this he fetches the Original of the milky Veins with probability enough because there they grow all into one and from hence are carryed both downwards and upwards to the Liver Add hereunto that it is in color like those Veins and the Veins themselves have in this place somwhat proper viz. that they are interwoven in the whole Body of this Pancreas with wonderful turnings twistings and twinings It is surrounded with Fat as in the Call which proceeds from fat blood slipt out of the Vessels and retained by the density of the Membranes and so congeled that it may cherish the Heat of those Parts and further the preparation of Chyle The Use of these Kernels is 1. To prop up and support sundry Distributions of the Branches of Vena porta and Arteria magna Hence it is that about the Centre of the Mesenterie are the greatest Kernels because there is the Distribution of the greater and more collected Vessels Moreover these Glandules or Kernels when they are at any time troubled with a scirrhous hard Tumor there follows a Leanness of the whol Body because they bear hard and lie upon the branches of the Vena portae and of the milkie Vein so that the Nourishment cannot be freely carried through the said Veins 2. To moisten the Guts with the Humors which they suck out of the Parts and promote Digestion by way of boyling as it were Which Use Spigelius denies because there are Animals that have not these Glandules and nevertheless are fat and others though they have these are lean Which may happen without any prejudice to my assertion because these former Animals have such good Juyce as needs no purification the latter have so little nutritive Juyce that it cannot sufficiently be depurated by these Glandules And therefore 3. They serve to suck superfluous Humors out of the Guts which was Hippocrates his Opinion I add 4. A peculiar Use viz. to receive that plenty of milkie Veins which passes that way and to keep some portion of the Chyle because 1. It is of like use with that greater middle Kernel and its substance is the same with that which exceeds this only in magnitude because greater milkie Veins pass that way 2. I observed that in Fishes especially in a Lump-fish male and female besides the great white one the others did also send forth a white Juyce 3. This being granted both Atrophia and other Diseases are better understood to which Opinion also Asellius seems to have enclined And whereas Riolanus makes the Seat and Root of al Kings-evil swellings to be in these Kernels and saith they never shew themselves on the outside of the Body except the Mesenterie be first diseased with the same kind of Swellings is not likely for 1. Though they may be remote and accidental causes 2. There is no communion between these kind of Swellings in the Head and the Kernels of the Mesenterie 3. Many have the Kings-evil swellings in whom these Kernels are perfectly sound 4. All would be subject to such Swellings because all have these Kernels 5.
that it will bear wounds for a season Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart run a darts cast after the wound received Of a Student at Ingolstade Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us who had both the ventricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen He recounts many like examples seen by himself and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies being wounded in the right ventricle Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument and yet it lived many months after Wee must therefore note 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases but because it lies far from the way of medicines it cannot hold out so well as other parts 2. That as Galen tells us if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof the party or Creature wounded dies of necessity but if they be in the Substance thereof it may live a day and a night but then Inflammation arising death follows 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood be undamnified The Heart is one in Number Theophrastus writes that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts an example whereof Galen relates in a man in his anatomical administrations It is situate in the middle of the body not considering the leggs as it is in brutes in which the Heart is in the middle for moveableness and Securities sake and in the middle of the Chest likewise where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs Now the Heart in respect of its basis is exactly in the middle that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side 1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained and from thence arises the Arteria magna hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side 2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side under the left nipple that it may give way to the Diaphragma now to the right hand it could not decline by reason of the Vena cava which ascends there through the middest of the Chest Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa those whose Heart is exactly in the middle use both hands alike As to its Magnitude In a man proportionably the Heart is greater then in other Creatures as also the brain and Liver According to the common Course of Nature it equalls six fingers breadths in length and four in breadth Otherwise the greatness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament For persons cold of Constitution and fearfull have great Hearts but such as are more hot and confident have little Hearts Of which see Donatus Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures as the Hare Deer Mouse Hyena Ass Weazel c. that they have a great Heart considering the proportion of their bodies The Philosiphers of AEgypt in ancient times as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart That the Heart of such Persons as are not wasted by any violent disease does every yeer grow two drams heavier till they become fifty yeers old so that a man of fifty yeers Age his Heart weighs an hundred drams but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth by a retrograde or back motion it looses every yeer two drams till it vanish away and the party die It s Figure is conick because it ends in a point It s upper part by reason of the full vessels therein is broad and round although not exactly and is called the Root and Head and Basis of the Heart the lower part being sharper is called conus mucro vertex cuspis and apex Cordis the cone point top of the Heart Hippocrates calls it the end and taile On the foreside the Heart is more bossie on the hinder side more flat In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold but broader and more drawn together according to others in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest and of a globous figure of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter It s Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium but to other parts by its Vessels they are joyned to the Basis the point being free and hanging dangling like a bell in the Steeple that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis or moved to the Sides It s Substance is first membranous like a Bladder in the Child in the Womb afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid thick and compacted parenchyma 1. That it might endure the perpetuity of the Motion for a fence and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat In the right side the wall is less thick because it sends blood only to the Lungs which have their venal blood not so subtile The strength of the left side is greater by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood to supply the necessity of the whole body In the point the flesh is thicker and harder not so much because it ought not to be moved as Riolanus conceives as because it is free contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner and destiture of Vessels and Ears In its Basis it is not so much softer as thinner whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres so mingled one with another and so compact that they cannot be easily discerned partly for strength partly for motion For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ventricles and the inner sides to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood This substance is cloathed with a Coat hardly separable for the greater firmness to which it grows in respect of the matter not of the efficient Cause There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart 2. And to moisten the
which nevertheless the opening of an Arterie may seem usless because 1 Vaporous and hot Blood is as well carried by the inner carotick Arteries unto the Brain from the Basis to the plexus retiformis as wel as by the external ones which are opened 2 The same Blood returnes through the jugular Veins according to the sure Laws of Circulation But seeing it did certainly profit the Patients I conceive it was practised rather by way of preservation then of Cure For the antecedent cause being somewhat evacuated by the outer Arteries the conjunct cause is easily extruded by the jugular Veins More over some external Vein or Arterie may be obstructed so that neither the latter can send nor the former receive unless they be opened Galen ads a third Coat in their inner Surface like a Cobweb for Thinness appearing in great Arteries about the Original Chap. 2. Of the ascendent Trunk of the great Arterie THe distribution of the Arteries which alwaies in a manner accompany the Veins wil be more easy and short because the dessemination of the Veins is already understood from what has bin said before The Arteria magna or crassa the great or thick Artery the mother of the other Arteries comes out of the left Ventricle of the Heart with a gapeing Orifice or vvide mouth where within the Pericardium or Heart-Bag it breeds from it self the Arteria Coronaria compassing the Basis of the Heart sometimes single sometimes double afterward going out of the Heart-bag t is divided into the lesser Trunk ascending and the greater Trunk descending The lesser and upper Trunk resting upon the Wesand does provide for all parts quartered above the Heart and is divided into the Subclavius Ramus dexter which is higher and much the larger and the sinister rising more low and going obliquely to the Arm. Afterward the whole Trunk sustained by the Thymus divides it self into two Carotides or Sleep-arteries unequal which go right upwards The Arteriae subclaviae before they go out of the Chest for then they are termed Axillares when they are out from their lower part do produce the Intercostales superiores to the Intervals of three or four of the upper Ribs from their upper part 1. The Mammariae 2. The Cervicales 3. The Musculae From the Axillaris before it comes to the Arm in the lower part doth arise the Thoracica superior Thoracica inferior and Scapularis in the upper part the Humeraria The remainder goes from the Axillary on each side to the Arm. CHAP. III. Of the Arteria Carotides THe Arteriae Carotides do ascend upwards right to the Head by the sides of the Wesand being knit unto the internal Jugulars for the internal Veins do not accompany the Arteries When they come to the Fauces before they enter the Skul they give branches to the Larynx and the Tongue and then a division is made into the outer and inner branch The outer being the smaller furnishes the Cheeks and Muscles of the Face and then at the root of the Ears 't is divided into two branches the one is sent to the hinder parts of the Ear whence arise two branches entring the lower Jaw to furnish the Lip and the roots of all the lower Teeth the other goes to the Temples the Forehead and the Muscles of the Face The inner at the saddle of Os Sphaenodes under the dura mater makes the Rete mirabile and then passes through the dura mater and sends forth two branches 1. The lesser with the Nerve optick to the Eyes 2. The greater ascending to to the side of the Glandula pituitaria and distributed through the pia maior and the substance of the Brain Chap. 4. Of the Arteries of the whole Hand THe Axillary Arterie is carried along through the Arm descending between the Muscles with a Vein and Nerve of the Arm which they count to be the fourth Under the bending of the Elbow it is divided into two fair branches the upper and the lower The upper goes right on through the middle to the Wrist where Physitions feel the Pulse afterward proceeding under the ring-shap'd Ligament it bestows branches upon the Thumb Fore-finger and Middle-finger The lower running through the Ulna to the Wrist furnishes the Mid-finger Ring-finger and little finger and so it proceeds to the Wrist whence we feel the motion of the Pulse beneath especially in lean persons or such as have a great Pulse But we better perceive the pulsing of the former branch because it is less obscured and hid by Tendons The FIGURE Explained This TABLE presents the distribution of the Arteria Magna or Aorta through the whole Body A. The Beginning of the Arteria magna arising cut of the Heart aa It s Trunk ascending from whence arise CC. The Arteriae Subclaviae and from these dd The Arteriae carotides which afterwards produce ee The Ramus exterior and ff The Ramus interior gg The Arteriae Vertebrales or Cervicales hh The Arteriae Musculae ii The Arteriae Mammariae kk The upper intercostal Arteries ll The Scapularis interna mm. Scapularis externa nn Thoracica superior oo Thoracica inferior pp. The Ramus axillaris Qq It s upper branch dispersed through the Arm to the Wrist Rr. It s inferior branch going also to the Hand These following Characters denote the Arteries which spring from the descendent Trunk B. The Trunk of the Artery descending aaaa The lower Intercostal Arteries bb The Phrenicae Arteriae C. The Arteria Caeliaca d. The right branch thereof e. It s left branch or Arteria Splenica sprinkled with very small twigs through the Spleen f. The Arteria Gastrica dextra g. The Arteria Gastrepiploica h. The Arteria Epiploica kk The Arteria Mesenterica superior ll The emulgent Arteries mm. The Spermatick Arteries nnnn The Arteriae Lumbares oo The Mesenterica inferior pp. The Rami Iliaci Qq. The Arteria Iliaca externa Rr. The Iliaca interna S. The Arteria Sacra tt Arteriae Hypogastricae going to the Arse-gu and the Privities uu The Hypogastricae which go to the Womb. XX. The Umbilical Arteries ZZ The Arteria Epigastricae 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria Cruralis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria pudenda 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscula inferior 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Arteria Muscula Cruralis external 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Muscula cruralis interna 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Poplitaeus Ramus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Ramus Suralis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Branches spent upon the Foot and its Toâ—s page 319 CHAP. V. Of the descending Trunk of the great Arterie THe Trunk of the Aorta or great Arterie descending is greater because it sends out branches from it self into the middle and lower belly as also into the Thighes In the Chest or middle Bellie two Arteries proceed from the greater Trunk I The Intercostales inferiores which go unto the Intervalls of eight Ribs and the neighbouring Muscles For it seldom happens that the Vein sine
all the rest do not fall in one moment And therefore we may suspect that the Diastole of the Arteries is caused by the impulse of blood and by their own proper dilatation and that both these causes contribute to the bloods motion Hence also it appears that this same impulse of the Blood is made only by the Heart nor does one part of the Arteries drive it into another for that part which drives by constriction that cannot in the same moment be dilated but all the Arteries are dilated in a moment And thus the blood is moved through the Arteries and out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the lesser Veins into the greater and the Vena cava it self the blood is moved also by Impulse For any Vein being bound in living Creatures it falls in and growes lank towards the Heart and it is filled in that part which is more remote from the Heart And this same Pulsion to the Heart seems to happen from any part of a Vein for a Vein bound or compressed in a living Arm it is not only sttretched in the part remoter from the Heart but also in the rest there of nearer the Heart it falls in and is emptied which nearer part if you also tie that also will be distended beyond the Ligature and will swell Now this Pulsion is caused by the Fibres whereof the Veins are constituted We conceive nevertheless that the veins do also draw least they should receive the blood without choice and that they may draw to themselves that which is most useful howbeit they seem to receive the blood more by Pulsion then by traction or drawing because the veins being bound are wonderfully distended In the Vena cava there is a certain Store-house of Blood wherein blood is treasured up for future Uses when it is more plentiful then that all of it need be sent unto the Heart And all these are Causes of the Natural motion of the blood To which the causes of the motion of the Chyle are not unlike for the Stomach contracting it self by its Fibres squeezes out as much Chyle as is digested And by that pressure it seems also to open the Pylorus for there seems not to be any spontaneous motion in the Pylorus such as is in the Stomach or the Guts The Chyle staies not long in the Guts but is presently driven out by the constriction of the transverse Fibres and while many fibres and which mutually follow one another do act the Chyle is pressed nor can it all slip downwards whereupon some of the pressed chyle slips into the milkie Veins yet least that the Chylus should slip too soon to the Fundament it is stopped by the constriction of the lower transverse Fibre and being thus shut and compressed above and beneath it is pressed through the wrinkled Coat of the Gut as it were through a strainer into the milkie Veins Now this same constriction of the transverse Fibres happens in all the thin or small Guts and in all the thick or round Guts in a certain order and at certain distances of time That the Chyle is moved through the milkie Veins into the Veins of the Portae into the Liver and somtimes also into the Vena cava by pulse a Ligature does shew It is also likely that Chyle is drawn out of the Guts and milkie Veins for it is moved more swiftly out of them then the Guts or Venae lacteae do seem to drive or force the same The Chylus in the Ramus mesentericus Vena partae and Vena cava being mingled with the blood is moved by the same cause which there as we have said does move the blood Now the Chylus is carried by peculiar Veins rather then by the Mesaraicks which contain blood because the Mesaraicks being to admit blood were to have their mouths opened into the Guts through which the blood would easily have slipt into the Guts Nor could the drawing Faculty prevent that inconveniency which is here much obscurer and much weaker then the expulsive Faculty As this Motion of the Chylus so also the circular motion of the blood hath its uses and conveniences of which the principal seem to be these That by the continual passage therof through the Heart the blood is also continually heated and whiles som blood goes through seldomer other blood oftner there is found in the Veins blood of all Qualities which while it is carryed into all parts and Nature unlocks and offers all the treasure to them they may be the better heated and receive that Nourishment which may be most convenient to feed and strengthen them But this motion does also contribute much to the preservation of the blood in its integrity free from corruption or putrefaction for Vitium capiunt ni moveantur aquae Unstirred waters easily corrupt which is also most true of the blood as we may daily see when the Vessels are obstructed It contributes also to the perfection of the Blood whilest by continual motion it is rarified and attenuated But it makes chiefly towards it perfection in that the blood is somtimes attenuated grows hot and is rarisied in the Heart and somtimes again it is condensed and congeales as it were in the Habit of the Body For no part in the Body is horter then the Heart and none less hot then the Habit of the Body And therefore there happens a certain Circulation as it were not unlike to that whereby the Chymists make their Spirits most subtile and perfect For the blood which is attenuated by heat after it is condensed by cold is able to persist in that thinness nor does it return to its old thickness from which degree of thinness in tract of time it attains to a greater by means of heat in which being again condensed by cold it comes to continue and so at last it becomes most fit for the making of vital Spirits For this end the blood is moved circularly but hath it not therefore elsewhere another motion Out of the smallest Arteries the blood is carried right out into the flesh that it may constitute the nameless humor the Ros Gluten and Cambium nor does it return hither from whence it came least the blood flowing through the least should hinder these humors from being gleued and assimilated to the parts It flows also somtimes chiefly because it is driven out of the Arteries into the flesh and frequently also the chief moving cause is attraction for the bones cannot without attraction receive the thicker part of the humor for their nourishment and leave the remaining thinner part thereof unfit to nourish them in the Vessels TABLE III. The FIGURE Explained AAAA The vulgar mesaraick Vein and Arteries derived from the Gate-vein called Porta BBBB The milkie Veins discovered by Asellius C. The Glandule or Kernel in the Centre of the Mesentery which Asellius calls the Pancreas or Sweetbread to which all the Branches
is moved That it is only one kinde of blood It is not moved up and down in the Vessels like boiled water But it is moved oâ—e of one part into another Which motion perfectly to understanâ— the motion of the Chylus must be sought into That meat which is first eaten hath the first place in the Stomach The Stomach closely embraces the same It is moistned with the moisture of the Stomach It is cut and minced by an acid humour Which comes from the spleer Afterward it is changed into Cream Tom. seâ— 3. â— sâ—â—nt â—â—tâ—r How soon or late it is concoctèd and distributed All at once or by piecemeal Being digested it is distributed into the Guts and milky Veins See the Figure of the milky Veins pag. 563. Not through the Meseraick veins Alwaies white By one Continued passage of the milky veins Not to the Spleen But to the Liver Gut of the Liver into the Vena Cava Out of the Vena cava into the heart Out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into Vena arteriosa But not through the Sepâ—â—â—â— interâ—…tium or partition of the Heart Oâ—â— of the Vena arteriosa into the Arteria venosa and the left Ventricle of the Heart But not through the foramen ovale And thence into the Heart the Arteria aorta and the rest of small Arteries Out of the Arteries the Blood by commen mouths Known to the Ancients Goes into the Veins As the store of Blood sent into the parts doth shâ—â— The pressing a Vein below the orifice in Blood-letting The Ligature of a vein in living Anatomies Dissection of a Vein in living Creatures The emptying of the Veins appearing in the Skin But the Blood doth not come out of the greater Veins into the lesser Sevulsory Blood-letting doth not argue it Nor the Arms falling away occasioned by a Ligature Nor the Varices But it flows â—â—â— of the smaller vessels into the Vena cava Out of the Vena cava to the Heart again Yea that Blood which hath already past the Heart Because the Meat affords not so much Blood as the Heart passeth through Viz. about half an ounce at every pulse So that the Blood 〈◊〉 circularly Which motion of the Blood was not unknown to the Ancients To Hippocrates in Foëtins Ediâ—â—on pag. 344. pag. 277. pag. 229. To Diogiâ—â—â— Apolloniata To Plato To Aristotle But in this Age found out â—…sh by Paulus Servita Publish'd in Print by William Harvey Now this motion is made through all the Arteries and Veins of the Body Yea of the Head Yea in the Child in the Womb. It goes out of the Arteries into the Veins By Anastomoses And through the Flesh And that motion of the Blood Is continual Quick So that the whole Circuit or round is performed in less than a quarter of an hour Nor do the Fits of Agues argue any other Nor the Exacerbations of Feavers This motion is also vehement Not of like vehemence in the Arteries and Veins Yet the same Quickness in both Yet of greater quickness when the Heart beats One portion of blood doth not allwayes go the same way The Vital Spirits are moved with the Blood The Animal Spirits motion through the Nerves cannot be observed But the motion of the Chylus easily through the milkie Veins What kind of motion that iâ— The Cause of the Bloods motion Is not an iâ—bâ—â—â— power thereof Nor is the blood carried by the Spirits Nor is it voided by reason of rarâ—faction only Put it is drive by the Vena cava into the Earlâ—t Out of it into the Heart Yet is it drawn also The cause of the motion into the left Ventricle is the same Aâ—d happens in both places at one moment The Blood is driven out of the Heart into the Arteries when the Heart is contracted The Cause of the Constriction of the Heart Which is performed by help of the fibres The Heart after its Constriction returns to its Natural state And then it is dilated The Blood is driven out of the greater into the lesser Arteries Yet it is drawn withall Not necessarily by dilatation of the Artery Nor doth Galens experiment shew any other thing Yet Galen hath certain tokens that the dilatation of the Arteries helps their motion De usu puls cap. 5. An sanguis in Art c. 8. But the impulse i here caused only by the Hart. Out of the Arteries into the Veins out of the smaller Veins into the greater It is driven By every Particle of the Vein And drawn So also by Pulsion the Chyle is moved out of the Stomach Through the Guts By the milkie Veins And also drawn Why not through the mesaraick Veins The motion of the blood serves for the utility of the parts And that it may be preserved And to perfect the Blood The blood which is carried to nourish the part is not moved circularly Nor is there any other motion of the Blood whereby the Valves of the Heart are shut Nor in Passionâ— of the Mind Yet there is another praeternatural motion thereof The occasion of this second Letter Answer to the Objections That in Blood letting the Vein does swest at the binding Not through Pain Not by straining the Vein But because the motion of the Blood is stopped Nor doe the Arteries swel because of the Ligature But the Veins swel also with two Ligatures and wherefore Why in blood-letting they unbind the Arm when the blood does not run apace Why much blood may be taken away And more out of the Arm then out of the Hand Why it flows out of a wounded Arterie not bound The Ligature being loosed the blood stops and sometimes it runs and why But is stopped by holding the finger in the Vein below the Orifice Also when the Vein is cut asunder in the middle and wherefore No parts receive Blood by the veins excepting the liver How and why the venal blood differs from the arterial How menstrual Blood is collected about the womb How they are carried out of the Womb into the Head How it comes that the Humors passing through the Heart do not cause great Inconveniences The Objections against circumstances Nothing hinders but that half an ounce of Blood may be forced out of the Heart at every pulse Nothing hinders but that the Blood may be circularly moved in the child in the Womb. A sign that it is so indeed Though there be Anastomoses of the Veins arteries yet Tumors may arise Not by Rarifaction But by constriction of the heart the blood is driven in the Arteries Not in the dilatation though sometimes blood go out therein And being driven by all parts of the Veins it returns to the Heart By this motion the Veins and Arteries may be nourished And the blood ventilitated better
be seen Pores or little Holes which seem to be the ends of the deferent Vessels ending at the Neck Columbus found those Vessels implanted like the teeth of a comb full of Blood By this Orifice the womb draws the Seed into it which being conceived it is said to be shut so close that the point of a needle cannot enter And therefore Physitians do vainly squirt Liquors thereinto with a Syringe and Whores endeavor in vain to draw out the Conception But it is opened in Superfoetation in the Ejection of a bad Conception without hurt to the Child which somtimes happens in the Emission of Seed but it is especially opened after a wonderful manner at the time of Child-birth when it ought to be widened according to the greatness of the Child so that the wideness is in a manner equal from the bottom of the womb to the Privity whereout the Child passes And this saies Galen we may wonder at but we cannot understand And he admonishes us upon this occasion that it is our duty to acknowledg the Wisedom and Power of him that made us But this Orifice as well as the womb does chiefly consist of wrinkled Membranes which being smoothed out will admit of unimaginable Dilatation Chap. XXX Of the greater Neck of the Womb. IN the Bottom of the Womb we have observed three things the Bottom it self the lesser Neck and the Orifice In the greater Neck also three things are to be noted The Neck it self the Hymen and the Mouth of the Bladder Of the Hymen we shall treat in the following Chapter The Neck or Channel of the womb is by Aristotle also somtimes called Matrix and the Door of the Womb Fallopius calls it Sinus pudoris the Privity It is a long Channel being hollow even when the Child is in the womb admitting both a Probe and a mans finger as may be seen in such as are new born It is situate between the external and the internal Mouth receiving the Yard like a sheath It s Figure The Neck is somwhat writhen and crooked also it is shorter and straiter when it is loose and fals together that the internal parts may not be refrigerated But it is straight and widened 1. In carnal Copulation 2. In the monthly Flux 3. In the time of Child-birth when it is exceedingly stretched according to the Shape of the Child whence also proceeds the exceeding great pains of women in travel and then as also during their Courses women are very much cooled It s Magnitude The length thereof is eight fingers breadth commonly or seven so as to be as long as a Mans longest finger It is as wide as the Intestinum rectum or Arse-gut But the longitude and latitude of this part are so various that it is hard to describe them For in carnal Copulation it accommodates it self to the length of the Yard and this Neck becomes longer or shorter broader or narrower and swells sundry waies according to the lust of the woman And when that happens the Caruncles swell with Spirits which fill them as appears in Cows and Bitcheâ—… desire Copulation but the Channel is made narrower and less as also in the Act of Generation that it may more close embrace the Yard and therefore its Substance is of an hard and nervous flesh and somwhat spungy like the Yard that it may be widened and contracted within the upper part is wrinkled when it is not distended but being widened it is more slippery and smooth Howbeit in the Neck of the womb also when it is distended there are many orbicular wrinkles in the beginning of the channel near the Privity most of all in the fore part next the Bladder less towards the Intestinum rectum on which it rests and they serve for the greater Titillation caused by the rubbing of the Nut of the Yard against the said wrinkles And in young Maids these wrinkles are straiter and the Neck narrower through which the Menstrual blood is voided also in grown persons that are yet Virgins But the wrinkles are worn out and the sides become callous by reason of frequent rubbing 1. In old women 2. In such as have used much Copulation or have frequently bore Children 3. In those that have been troubled with a long Flux of the Courses or of the Whites And in all these the substance does also become harder so that it becomes at last gristley as it were old women and such as have born many Children But in young Maidens it is more soft and delicate The Use of the Neck is to receive the Yard being raised and to draw out the Seed Finally beyond the middle towards the end of the Neck in the fore and upper part not far from the Privity comes the Insertion of the Bladder into sight that the Urin may there be voided by the common Passage It is as long as a knucle of ones finger without fleshy or rather covered with a fleshy Sphincter Pinaeus observes that it is black within of the same substance with the Piss-pipe in Men as any man may see now Riolanus that told us so Wierus hath noted in his Observations that the outer extremity of the Neck of the Bladder does not in all women appear in the same place in many t is seen above the outer straits of the neck of the womb under the Nymph in some few it lies hid inwardly in the upper part of the Privity But the entrance into the Bladder is sound on the back-side when the Membrane called Hymen is there of which we are now to speak Chap. XXXI Of the Membrane called Hymen THe Hymen or Membrane called Eugion is by others called the closure of Virginity and the Flower of Virginity because where it is there is a sign of Virginity Now whether or no there is any sign of Virginity ought not to be doubted For all Men find that marry Virgins that there is somwhat that hinders their Yard from going in unless it be thrust forward with great force and strength Whence Terence saies the first Copulation of a Virgin is exceeding painful And at that time for the most part blood issue with great pain more or less which Blood is also called â—…er of Viro. For by reason of the widening of the strait Neck of the Womb and the tearring of the Hymen all Virgins have pain and a Flux of blood in their first Copulation Younger Virgins have more pain and less Flux of blood because of the driness of the Hymen and the smallness of their Vessels but those that are older and have had their Courses have less pain and greater flux of blood for the contrary causes But if her Courses flow or have flowed a little before the Yard is easily admitted by reason of the Relaxation of those Parts whence there is little or no pain and little or no flux of blood And therefore Maids ought not to be married at that season least the
can be drawn towards the Point And therefore other whom he and Slegelius do follow conceive that it is extended long-waies that its walls being contracted it may expel the Blood But then the Orifices of the Vessels being drawn downwards in the lengthening of the Heart would be shut and a contrary motion would happen besides that living Anatomies do shew that the heart becomes shorter in its Systole Nor can it appear longer but shorter if either the point draws to the Basis or the Basis to the point Both forms serve for expulsion of the blood for whether you press a bladder ful of water longwaies or broadwaies you will squeeze out the water as soon one way as another 2. The inner walls are on each side drawn up to themselves towards the Ribs because they are contracted and straitned as we find by putting our Finger in But the outer parts being swelled seem to be made broader by reason of the contraction of all the parts blown up in the distension It differs therefore from Galens Systole which Leichnerus will have to be drawn likewise into it self the Longitude of the Heart being changed into Latitude For indeed and in truth the Diastole is when the heart is made wider either long-waies or broad-waies to the intent that it may be filled unless the inner parts be straitned 3. The foreside of the heart is lift up towards the Breast-bone especially obout the Basis For the Broad end or Basis of the heart smites the Breast where the Pulse is felt because that part is raised and nearest the Breast-bone in the Systole the Heart is vigorated and mettlesome not in the Diastole and then the Arteries are dilated and filled whereas the heart is emptied in the Systole and at the same time the Pulse is felt in the Wrist and the Breast at one and the same time But the Pulse is most of all discerned in the left side of the Breast because there is the Orisice of the Arteria Aorta 4. The whole heart becomes every where tight and hard 5. It is more contracted and straiter then within and less in bulke which we judg by our sight and feeling 6. It appears white especially in the more imperfect sort of Animals by reason of the voidance of blood in its Systole In the Perisystole when the heart is loose and soft before the Diastole follows and the heart is in its properstate 1. The point withdraws it self from the Basis and the Basis from the point in some persons 2. The lateral parts internal and external do extend themselves towards the Ribs 3. The foreside falls in the hinder part is depressed especially above at the Orifice of the Aorta according to the accurate Observation of Walaeus The other Perisystole which goes before the Systole is hardly by any notes discernable from the Diastole In the Diastole which Backius tells us begins in the middle way to Dilatation and ends in the middle way to contraction 1. The upper side is lifted up and swolne by blood flowing in on either hand by the Venal Vessels the swelling proceeding by little little to the point But it doth not then smite the Breast as Laurentius and Rosellus would have it because the Arteries undergo the Systole and the heart ceases from expulsion for which cause it is not Vigorated 2. It is more flagging and softer because it suffers in its reception of blood 3. The fides remain more lank and extended and the Cavities remain wider and therefore when a man puts his Finger into a living heart he feels no constriction 4. It is red because of the thinness of the walls and the Blood received in which is Transparent 5. The Cone departing from the Basis in the Perisystole renders the heart more long that it may be more capacious to receive the blood That it is drawn back towards the Cone as many write our Eye-sight will not allow us to believe nor can it or ought it so to be It cannot because the Fibres are relaxed and not bent nor ought it because it must be enlarged to receive which you may in vain expect the Ventricles being straitned and revelled Nor do I assent to Des Cartes and Regius men of most subtile wits that in the Diastole the point draws near to the Basis in the Systole it departs therefrom for they confound the Perisystole or quiet posture of the heart in which the heart is soft loose and void of blood before the Diastole is performed after the Systole is ended Moreover Walaeus believes that those men were deceived who in a wounded living heart pretend to have seen blood expelled in the Diastole because they took that to be the Dilatation which was indeed and in truth the contraction The blood which goes out of the wound goes out in the Diastole not driven by the Pulse but because the way lies open downwards it gently slides out drop by drop The Efficient Cause of the motion of the heart is either immediate or remote The Immediate is twofold the Blood and the Pulsifick faculty Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty The Blood either remains in the same quantity as it flowed in or it is changed in quantity by boiling working and rarifying 1. Pure blood and sincere flowing in through the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa and remaining such only becoming more perfect and vital raises the heart into a Tumor like water in a Bladder or Skin-bottle which being for the greatest part distended because the plenty of blood is burthensome it raises its self to expel the same by gathering together its Fibres and this motion happens to the heart in this case as the motions of other Members viz the stomach Guts Bladder Womb which are extended by the reception of Chylus Whey Wine Blood c. which being expelled they fall again and like the Muscles which are stretched being swoln with Animal Spirits By this Blood the Heart is continually moved as a Mill-wheele is by the perpetual falling down of the Water which ceasing the Wheel stands still There is plenty of blood enough to distend it no◠so much furnished from the Liver as from the 〈◊〉 and descendent branches of the Cava running back from the remotest Veinulets or smallest branches of the Veins and it is continually forced along with Celerity and Vehemency according to the Demonstrations and Doctrine of Harvey and Walaeus I shall justifie what I now say with only one experiment If the Vessels which bring into the heart be tied and so stopt the Hearts motion ceases and there remains nothing but a Wavering and a Palpitation but the Ligature being loosned it recovers its motion Aristotle makes the Cause to be Blood which is not pure nor in so great quantity as to be able of it self to distend the Heart but boyling and working which boyling of the blood many have followed though explained after a different manner Caesar Cremoninus makes the cause to be the resistency of the
of the heart The V. TABLE The FIGURES Explained FIG I. Shews the Heart cut in sunder athwart A. The Basis of the Heart B. The Point of the Heart C. The right Earlet D. The left Earlet EE The Shape of the left Ventricle like an half Moon FF The Cavity of the left Ventricle GG The partition between the Ventricles FIG II. Shews the Vena cava with the right Ventricle dissected A. The Orifice of the Coronary Vein B. The Appearance of an Anastomosis between the Vena cava Vena pulmonalis CCC The trebble-pointed Valves with the Fiberkies wherewith they are fastned D. The Ventricle cut long-waies FIG III. A. The right Ventricle of the Heart opened BBB The Sigma-fashion'd Valves visible in the Vena arteriosa FIG IIII. AA The Arteria venosa dissected B. The Print of an Anastomosis between the Arteria venosa and Vena cava CC. The two Mitre-shap'd Valves D. The left Ventricle opened FIG V. A. The great Artery cut asunder near the Heart BBB The Semilunary Valves in the Orifice of the great Artery page 108 Their Motion is manifest to the sense in live Anatomies by reason of the blood rushing in and filling them wherewith they swell in living bodies and by their contracting themselves by means of their fleshy fibres contracted into themselves endeavoring to force the blood out into the Ventricles There are three parts of their motion Systole Diastole and the rest or pause which comes between them which cannot be discerned save in persons ready to die for they are performed so swiftly in sound persons that they seem to be confounded and to be performed all at once as in the discharge of a Gun all seems to be performed in the twinkling of the eye and in swallowing as Harvey informs us The Diastole is caused by the blood received from the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa The Systole is performed when the Earlets being filled do by contracting themselves expel the Blood into the Ventricles The Diastole and Systole of both the Earlets do happen at one and the same time When the right Earlet undergoes its Diastole at the same time the left Ear undergoes the same when the latter is contracted in the Systole the former also expels But the Diastole of the Heart and Earlets happens at different times as also both their Systoles The Systole of the Earlets happens at the same time with the Diastole of the Ventricles and contrarily and the constriction of the Earlets doth alwaies forego the Diastole of the Ventricles both in healthy persons and in such as are at the point of death But the motion of the former is more lasting then the motion of the latter When the left ventricle ceases the left Earlet still continues pulsing which being extinct the remaining motion is in the right ventricle and that ceasing the right Earlet proceeds panting being the last that dies save that when it ceases a certain trembling motion doth as yet continue in the blood which flows in by reason of the driving of the extream parts Their use is I. To be Store-houses to the Heart for they first received the Blood and Air that they may not suddenly rush into the heart whence the heart might be hurt and the Animal faculty suffocated And hence it is that they are placed only at the vessels which pour into the heart and not at the Arteries which void the blood forth II. To safeguard the vessels to which they are joyned III. To be instead of a cooling Fan to the Heart according to Hippocrates IV. According to Walaeus to be in place of a measure by which the vena Cava and Arteriosa do measure the blood into the heart for seeing all the blood was not to go out at every pulse but the greatest part was to stay behind to be further perfected nature joyned the Earlets to the heart as vessels which should give in so much blood to the Heart as was naturally to be cast forth at every pulsation For which cause he thinks it is that the right Earlet is greater then the left because the right Ventricle is more Capacious then the left and like-more is voided therefrom then from the left viz. sooty Exhalations and the Nutriment of the Lungs The CAVITIES of the Heart or its Ventricles Chambers or Caves c. are not three as Aristotle falsely ascribes to greater Beasts for three are not found no not in a Whale but only two as Walaeus and Sylvius have observed in the dissection of a young Whale Nor did Galen at Rome find more in an Elephant And by a very rare chance three were observed by Aemilius Parisanus at Venice in the Heart of a certain Coverlid-maker And Veslingius twice observed the like Also Walaeus saw a third Ventricle in the Heart of an Oxe Caesalpinus observed three in Birds and Fishes and the right Ventricle doth easily appear to be divided into two near the point by a certain thin Partition yet in truth both come into one Licetus understands that same third Ventricle of Aristole to be the Prominency of the right Ventricle turned in beyond the left so that the left Ventricle commonly so called is Aristotles middle Ventricle Conringius doth otherwise excuse Aristotle viz. that the right Ventricle in his account is whence the Cava arises the middle whence the Aorta springs and the left whence the Arteria Venosa or left Earlet arises which being the least of all is in smal Live-Creatures hardly visible But so there should be four Ventricles the Vena Arteriosa being added as at first sight may seem not three only There are therefore only two Cavities found in the Heart of a Live-wight the right and the left having their inner surface uneven and rough especially the left The Heart of a certain Polander cut up by Riolanus was perfectly solid having no Ventricles at all Many Pits are formed in them by the fleshy Fibres in the right more but narrower in the left fewer but deeper that they might contain the blood received in hence in the Constriction of a Living Heart they are lesser in the Dilatation wider The Pits are constituted and fenced by Those fleshy Particles termed Laâ—ertuli Musclekies somtimes round sometimes thin being five or more in the right two only visible in the left but very thick ends Veslingus observes that the larger have Pores which pass through them The use of them is according to some to be Ligaments of the Heart Massa counts them little Muscles Vesalius and Riolanus call them Columnae carneae fleshy Pillars which being contracted do further the Diastole of the Heart Parisanus saies by help of them the Heart contracts it self Walaeus also hath observed in live Dissections that they assist the Contraction or Systole of the Heart especially when it is strong and vehement at what time their swelling begins at their Basis and goes on by little and little unto the point Harvey saies they draw the Cone
Bauhinus Laurentius doth hardly once speak of them The occasion of Aquapendents finding of them was this he observed that if he prest the Veins or by rubbing endeavored to force the Blood downwards its course did seem to be stopped Also in the Arms of persons bound to be let Blood certain knots apper to swell by reason of the Valves and in some persons as Porters and Plough-men they are seen to swel in their Thighs like the Varices And here seems to consist the Cause of the Varices because thick Blood and by its heaviness unapt to move upwards being long retained in the Valves makes a dilatation of the said Valves for without the Valves the Veins would swel uniformly and all of an equal Bigness and not in the manner of Varices And because this Doctrine of the Valves in the Veins is known to few I shall propound the same more exactly according to my manner of handling rare subjects These Valves are most thin little Membranes thicker in the Orifices of of the Veins of the Heart in the inner Cavity of the Veins and certain particles as it were of the coat of the Veins because there the body of the Veins is most thin where thâ—se Membranes do go from it They are seated in the Cavity of the Veins but especially in the Veins of the Limbs viz. of the Arms and Legs after the Kernels of the Arm-pits and and Groyns Beginning presently after the rise of the Branches not in the Rises themselves Now there are two found in the inner orifice of the jugular Vein looking from above downwards the rest look from below upwards as many in the Cephalica the Basilica and in the Veins of the Legs and Thighs TABLE II. The FIGURE Explained This TABLE in Fig. 1. shews the Valves of the Veins in a bound Arm in Fig. 2. and 3. The crural Veins the inside outward with their Valves A. A Branch of the Vena Cephalica BF A part of the Vena Basilica D. The Vena Mediana E. A Branch of Vena Cephalica to which the Mediana was joyned HHHH Represent the knots in the Veins caused by the Valves there placed IK One Crural Vein LM The other Crural vein NNNN The valves of the Veins fil'd with Cotton-wool OOO The said valves of the Veins empty FIG V. Shews the single valves of the Vena Basilica looking upwards FIG VI. In the Crural vein opened double valves are seen page 30â— Now the Valves are so situate that they have their Orifices upwards towards the roots of the Veins and are shut beneath and alwaies look towards the Heart And the workmanship of Nature is remarkable in their situation in that they have their postures looking the same way one following another as knots in the Branches and Stalks of Plants that is to say they are not in a right line one against another or placed on the same side least the whole Blood should flow streight in through the free part of the vessel So the lower Valves do stop what the upper have let slip and if all the doors of the Valves had been disposed in one right line there had been little or no delay made in the regress Moreover they are situate at Distances according to the length of the vessel sometimes two three four or five fingers distance that if the Blood by some default should be compelled to flow backwards and should pass the upper Valves falling on upon the other Valves following it might be stopped and hindered As to their Magnitude they are greater where by reason of the plenty of Blood the Recourse is most vehement and therefore greater inconvenience was to be feared to happen either to the parts which would be too much oppressed or to the Heart least it should be destitute of Blood as we see in the Basilica and in the Crarâ—â— Vein at the Groyns The Number of all the Valves varies as also their distances for there are more Valves in those 1. Who abound with melancholly Blood or contrarily with very cholerick and thin Blood because both those humors do not only easily resist the Driver but when they are driven by their weight and tenuity they easily flow back 2. In great or more fleshy Bodies and consequently having more Veins 3. In such as have the broadest vessels 4. In such who have long and streight Veins for in such as are oblique the crookedness of the vessels gives some stop to the running back of the Blood Moreover the number of Valves in one and the same place doth not exceed two For they are seated at distances somtimes one otherwhiles two at most not aâ— any time three as we find in the Vessels of the Heartt because in the Heart a greater orifice is to be shut and the Ventricle underneath is larger yea and the greateâ— violence of the Blood in the hot Heart did require more stops But in the progress of the Veins their Branching diminishes their Magnitude and the blood is slower in motion Therefore where the Veins are yet pretty big and there is danger from the plenty of Blood there are two doors but otherwise but only one It s Figure likens the Nail on a Mans finger or the horned Moon such as you see in the sigma-shap'd Valves of the Heart It s Substance is exceeding thin but withall very compact lest they should break by a strong incourse of the blood And this is apparent from the Varices where they can contein the blood a very long time The Vse is I. To strengthen the Veins whereas the Arteries are otherwise made strong by the doubleness of their coats II. The chief use according to Aquapendent and most Anatomists following him is to stop the motion of heavy and fluid Blood which runs violently into the Arms and Thighs and Legs because of their downward position but especially in most vehement motion and exercise where through the power of exceeding heat the Blood would rush impetuously into the Limbs and so 1. The inner and more noble parts would be defrauded of their nutriment 2. The Veins of the Limbs would be too much stretched and in danger of breaking and consequently the Arms and Legs would be alwaies swelled But this use is rejected by Harvey because 1. In the Jugulars they look downwards 2. In the emulgent and Mesenterick branches they look towards the Porta and Cavae 3. There are none â—o the Arteries 4. Dogs and Oxen have the same in the division of the crural Veins in whom because of their going downwards there is no such thing as aforesaid to be feared 5. The Blood of its own accord is slowly enough driven out of the greater Veins into the lesser Branches and out of hotter into colder places And therefore according to his principles and the principles of Circulation the use of the Valves is III. Lest the Blood should move out of the great veins into the little ones and so
5. chap. de Usu pulsus The Conjunctions of the mouths of the Veins and Arteries are not visible to our Eyes and if you shall justly refuse to believe them as not credible enough you may be brought by other reasons dellvered by the Ancients to believe there are such things and not a â—â—lâ— by this plain token that in case a Man shall take any of those Creatures in whom the Veins and Arteries are manifest as an Ox an Hog an Ass an Horse a Sheep a Bear a Libard an Apeâ— or a Man himself and open many large Arteries in the said Creature he may draw all the Blood in its Body out through the said Arteries I have divers times experimented the same and finding alwaies that the Veins are emptied with the Arteries I did perswade my self that the Opinion was true concerning the common mouths of the Veins and Arteries and of the common passage of the Blood from one to another Yea it is a received and common opinion that the Arterial blood doth naturally enter into the smallest Veins to the end that the part might be nourished with arterial and venal Blood And that indeed and in truth the Blood doth naturally pass in living Creatures out of the Arteries into the Veins by those little mouths these signs do cleenly witness He that in living Dissections shall consider that Quantity of Blood which by the Arteries is conveighed to the parts and Veins can hardly perswade himself to think that it is all consumed in nourishing the parts especially if he shall consider that the Arterial Blood is thick enough and not a fourth part thinner than the Venal blood as I have often obsâ—â—â—ed when I have suffred both of them to grow cold and 〈…〉 whence we may justly conclude with Harvey that the Blood which is communicated from the Arteries to the Veins and Parts does a great part of it return back again to the large Veins Moreover when we open a vein in a bound Arm if you press that part of the swelling Vein with your Thumb which is neer the orifice betwixt it and the Hand or if you make such a ligature as the former betwixt the Hand and the Orifice you shall see that no blood will come forth whence it seems to follow that the blood comes from the Hand which flows from the orifice And seeing some pounds of Blood are drawn away by such a Blood-letting and so much cannot be contained in the lower part of the Veins of the Arm it must needs come thither from the Arteries which are not stopped by that Ligature above the orifice as their Pulse remaining entire doth testifie But that we might see the same with our Eyes we have divers times in great living Dogs freed the large Vein and Artery in the groyn from such things as did hinder their sight which may be easily done if they lie not beneath the Muscles and we bound the said vein with a thred and we observed that part of the Vein which looked towards the Vena cava to empty and fall in and the other part towards the Foot exceedingly to swel so that in regard of its fullness it seemed harder than the Artery it self but the ligature being loosed the Blood presently moved upwards and the fullness and hardness of the Vein was very much abated And the Artery being bound that part thereof did wonderfully swell which was nearest Aorta and the other part more remote did fall in through emptiness nor did the Vein then bound evidently swell And this we did many times and the effect was still the same And that we might have no scruple remaining and might observe withall what was done within in the Vein we did lift up the Vein and Artery being thus made bare and under them we firmly bound the Thigh it self that the Blood might not move upwards or downwards by any other Vein â—ave that which we had lift up Theâ— the Vein being held up and also shut with a Thred as is expressed in this Figure we opened it above and below the Thred with a small orifice Now immediately from that part of the Vein which was farthest from the Heart the Blood flew out violently plentifully and in a full stream but that part of the Vein which was on the other side of the thred towards the Heart did only drop out a few drops whence it seemed to us to be a cleer case that the Blood did not come downwards from the greater Vessels but upwards out of the smaller Vessels into the greater Especially when having made another Ligature upon the same Vein further from the Heart betwixt the foresaid Orifice and the Foot of the Beast we saw no blood at all come from that Orifice whence before it issued with such violence For we conceived those drops which sell from the Orifice neer the Heart might proceed from Blood which possibly was in the Vein when it was opened or which it might continually receive from some small Branch of the crural Vein situate above the thred but this cause will anon appear more evidently It is easie to make this experiment without any opening of a Vein in such persons as have the Veins of their Arms very Conspicuous In whom if you stop the Vein near the Hand with one Finger and with your other hand force the blood upwards and the whole Vein wil appear empty â— which wil soon after be filled when you take away your lower Finger but not if you take only your upper as Harvey also observed in the 13. Chapter of his Book For the upper Blood goes into the greater Veins and the Valve hinders it from descending which will hardly let anything pass by unless the vein be so far widened that a great space remain between it and the Valves Seeing therefore the Blood comes out of the Hands and Feet and they do not breed new Blood so as to supply the whole Body therewith we doubt not but that the Blood in those parts continually and naturally goes into the Veins and out of the lesser Veins into the greater TABLE I. The Explication of the FIGURE A. The right Leg of the Dog B. The left Leg of the Dog CD The Ligature made under the Vein and Artery which fast binds the Thigh expressed in the right Thigh least the confusion of the lines might disturb the Spectator in the left Thigh E. The Crural Artery F. The Crural Vein G. The String wherewith the Vein is tied and born up H. The Needle through which the thred goes I. The upper part of the Vein which flags upon the binding K. The lower part of the Vein swelling after the Ligature L. The drops of Blood which fall leisurely from the orifice in the upper part of the Vein M. The stream of Blood continually spinning â—â—â— of the 〈…〉 part of the Vein 〈…〉 page 362 Nor do I fear that the Arterial Blood cannot be contained in the single coat of
cause then that the Veins being straitned by the Blood sliding back or by some other means when the blood cannot by its force make it self way it lifts the Vein up which falls again when that forcible endeavour is abated or the Vein gives a freer passage to the Blood flowing through the same But I do not conceive that the blood which is once carried for examples sake to crural Veins is continually carried the same wayes but that when it is returned to the Heart it is mixt with that blood which comes out of other parts and is so promiscuously distributed to the parts of the Body for so the parts may be the better nourished if they have alwayes new blood out of which they may draw that which may best serve to nourish and strengthen them so Plants do best grow when they are transplanted into new Soils This is the whole Manner of the Bloods motion and also of the motion of the Vital Spirits seeing they are mingled with the Blood I have often endeavoured to search out the motion of the Animal Spirits but I could not eisewhere observe it save in the Muscles which seemed to them to be distended broadwayes and deepwayes and being cut asunder to tremble and pant For the Nerves being bound neither swell nor are they extended and being cut in sunder they shew no other motion save that they contract themselves And it is a very easie matter to bind the Nerves of the sixt pare which freely wander through the Chest But the motion of the Chyle through the milkie Veins is most manifest Now it is not so continual as that of the Blood because there is not alwayes a supply of Chylus And when it wanders out of the Guts through the milkie Veins it goes quicker than the Blood it self and the Veins being bound do swell immediately And therefore they do not long appear in live Anatomies nor are they found in dead Carcasses unless some obstacle do hinder the motion of the Chyle And in that being bound they do not so swell as to grow hard it seems to be a Sign that the motion of the Chyle iâ— not so vehement as that of the Blood peradventure because â—hâ— Chyle is to be moved through a smaller space the â—ike violence of motion was not requisite But it is now time to enquire into the Causes of these motions and first of the motion of the Blood Whatever the Cause is either it must be moved by â—â— inbred vertue of faculty or by some motion which must â—â— referred to carrying drawing or thrusting That the Blood is moved in this manner by its own proper Vertue we cannot observe either from the Blood received in a Basin or shed into the body which that it should be in a moment corrupted is hard to say nor can we see such a spontaneous motion â—â— any inanimate thing And whereas Harvey relates Chap. 4. that when the Earlet was still he observed the motion of the Blood I likewise have observed the same and likewise when the Heart was quiet but withall that motion was imparted to the Blood from the Vena caâ—â— and that in the Heart from the Earlet as we shall see anon That the Blood is here carried by the Spirits cannot by any Argument be proved and they by their lightness should move the Blood upwards which we see here to be moved downwards and sidewayes And therefore it remains that either the blood must be drawn or thrust That the blood is thrust forwards Men of excellent wits do conceive because the Hearts heat immeasurably rarifying the same it requires a greater place and that therefore it dilates and lifts up the Heart and seeing it cannot be contained in the dilated Heart it is poured with such violence into the Vena Anteriosa and the Arteria Aorta that it distends all the Arteries and makes them pulse And they bring this Argument for their Opinion that the Heart of an Eel or any other Animal when it leaves pulsing if it be warmed by Fire held under it it is seen to pulse again But whether may not that pulse happen because the Spirit being by that heat made more lusty can better assist that cause which moves the pulse in the Heart just as when the Guts and Muscles are heated in a live Dissection in which nevertheless there is no ebullition the motion seem to be restored For there is indeed only a certain light Rarifaction proceeding from a certain warmth in the Heart no ebullition or sudden diffusion And truly I have often seen in strong Doâ—s that the Blood doth nâ—â— leap out of the Heart by reason of Rarifaction whâ—â—â— Heart the tip being cut off when through the Efflux of blood it was not half filled being set upright it was nofilled by rarifaction but the Constriction following that portion of blood which was left in the Heart was spirtâ—â— out above four Foot 's distance so that my self and others by me for many were present were bespattered there with whence it is manifest that the blood is driven by the part It is also driven because the blood being so changed is troublesome to the Heart and those parts For if the whole Hearts or the tip thereof living and Dissected or other greater particle be pricked with a Pen-knife or â—â— Pin as often as it is pricked so often it will move it self as by Natural motion though it seem long ago to have lost all motion And that the Blood is driven by the Vena cava into the right Earlet of the Heart I have manifestly seen in the dissection of live Creatures for in all motions of the Heart the first beginning of Motion is sâ— or no because the Cava was knit to the Earlet and the Heart we â—ut-the Heart and the Eaâ—let quite off i◠〈…〉 Dâ—â—s â—â— the Vena 〈…〉 and we observe that 〈…〉 the Vana cava did a very little pulse and at every time did send forth a little Blood And therefore the Vena cava hath certain fleshy fibres for the most part about the Heart which elsewhere you shall not find in the Vena cava but they may be seen very evidently in the Vena cava of a Man an Oâ— a Dog Now the motion of the Vena cava is most evident neer the Heart yet for the most part I have observed it also in live Dogs all along that passage from the Liver and from the Jugulum as far as to the Heart The right Earlet drives that Blood which it receives by a certain tension and constriction into the right Ventricle of the Heart for also in the Earlet the motion or constriction is a little sooner than it is in the Heart And the right Ventricle of the Heart being cut open as far as to the Earlet at every constriction there manifestly appeared somwhat to be droven out of the Earlet into the Heart which also Harvey observes in his
when the heart is dissected But that upper side must needs fall in least the heart being emptied by foregoing constriction should admit a Vaccuum But when out of Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa new blood is forced into the heart and the Blood contained therein is rarified by heat then the upper side rises and the other sides as we said before remain extended And so the heart is then in its dilatation nor is there any other dilatation of the heart save this to be observed In the Particles of a live heart dissected and taken out of the Bodie there is no other dilatation then a remission or slackening from Constriction Indeed in those particles where constriction is ceased there remains a seeing kind of Palpitation but that is another kind of motion proceeding from the spirit conteined in the flesh and seeking its way out such as may also frequently be seen in the muscles whole or dissected in Creatures dissected presently upon their death So that the Dilatation and Constriction of the heart happens after the same manner as that of other parts the Stomach Gutts Bladder Womb which are distended by what is sent into them which when they have voided they return to their naturall state Now we cannot better observe this motion of the Heart then in those Beasts which have only one ventricle in their Hearts or if they have two when the Animals begin to languish otherwise when the Creatures are strong the motion is hardly discerned because of its Swistness also because the two ventricles present those motions doubled and because the Cone of the right ventricle seeing it is less high then the left when it is drawn back to the Basis it makes an oblique motion But let us return to our business and let us see further how the blood out of the Arteries near the Heart is spread through the Arteries of the whol Body now it is done by a manifest Impulse or driveing or any Artery being bound at the Ligature it swels very much and is stretched to an extream hardness Notwithstanding the Heaviness of the Blood furthers its motion downwards and therefore the Heart seems to have been placed neerer the Head then the Heels It is also likely that the Blood is drawn into all the Arteries to the end that they and their neighbouring parts may be nourished with convenient Blood But that the Arteries should draw by being widened there seems no necessity for the Blood may be driven forward only by impulse and the Arteries may drive the same for an Artery being broke and an Aneurisma made in the Flesh the Aneurisma in the flesh is perceived to pulse after the same manner as the Artery wherein manifestly the flesh doth not draw the blood by dilatation but the blood is driven into the same A miserable example whereof we latlely saw in the most expert Dr. Johannes Elemannus in whom an Artery breaking the Aneurisma possessed a fourth part of his Chest And the like was observed by Riolanus in the 6. Book of his Anshropologia chap. 12. And that indeed the pulse of the arteries is caused by the Impulse of Blood the waving creeping pismire pulses seem to shew and many others which manifestly imitate the motion of the Blood in the artery True it is indeed in that Book of Galen whether blood be contained in the Arteries in the last words it is asserted that an hollow Reed being thrust into the arteries and the artery tied above the Reed the artery doth not pulse beyond the ligature though the blood may be driven through the Reed But I suspect that place is mained and wants somwhat because after the manner there described the operation can very rarely and hardly succeed for a free artery is there prescribed to be opened out of which when it is open every body knows what a world of blood leaps out so that either the Creature will die or through its weakness no arteries at least not those more remote can pulse But suppose the place is perfect and that the operation shall succeed as it is there described it may happen that the Creature quite languishing because of the flux of Blood the pulse might be felt on this side the Reed because the Reed being thrust in rendring the artery more narrow might in part stop the blood so that it might easily fill the artery and lift it up So I have many times seen arreries which shewed either a languishing or no pulse manifestly pulsing when they were compressed not very far from the Heart But Galen observed no pulse beyond the Reed because through the Reed much narrower than the artery the artery received little blood And that such a thing might easily happen I have observed in a Rabbit into the Aorta whereof it being tied on each side we thrust a little Reed but because the ligature being loosed the Beast died we thought it not worth the while to bind the artery above the Reed and we thought we saw some pulse as far as to the Reed but we could perceive none beyond the Reed Moreover we could never make that experiment succeed because it is not easie to find a convenient Artery and when it is found and duly opened the Creature most speedily dies either because of Bloodshed or which may seem strange by Convulsions So that we can see no other but that the Blood being forced may pass through the Arteries and that by it also the Arteries may be distended nor seems it necessary to call any other Cause to make the Arteries pulse seeing the forealleadged Cause may suffice Yet Nature is wont frequently to call more assistances to the performance of her works then do indeed to us seem necessary who cannot alwaies dive into her Secrets So here some tokens are observed by Galen that besides that dilatation they receive from the impulse of the Blood the Arteries do also endeavor their own dilatation That all the Arteries of the body both in sound persons and Creatures and in live Anatomies do pulse in one and the same moment but nothing that is moved to distance can be every where at one moment and therefore not at the same moment make distention every where The Guts when blown up by Anatomists or Pudding-makers are seen to be distended in the parts neer the Blower first before the remoter parts are distended True indeed it is that the Arteries are not empts as the Guts but they are distended being partlyfilled with blood yet seeing that blood which comes out of the Heart must thrust forward that which is next it and that again that which is next it and so forward untill the Arteries be filled and distended every where it doth not seem though the motion be performed out of a wide into a narrow place that it can be performed in one moment just as we see twenty stones which the Boys set in a row the greatest first when the first is beaten down
dissected But if they speak of the Child in a Womans Womb I avouch that sometimes I have not seen the two umbilical Arteries but only one Arterie and one Vein ascending together with the Vrachus to the Navil where the Arterie is again divided into two which afterwards go unto the sides of Os sacrnm And that indeed those Vessels of the Heart are united in a Child in the Womb that the blood may pass that way out of the Vena Cava into the Aorta Waterfowl as the Duck Goose and such like do seem to teach us which because they cannot often breath under the water noâ— dilate their Lungs nor consequently admit the blood that way they have those unions of the vessels of the Heart when they are grown up Which also Harvey notes in his 6. Chapter Also they deny the frequent Anastomoses of the Veins and Arteries for if such there were they say tumors would not arise by Fluxion and Congestion of Humors As if Rivers though they have outlets receiving over-great plenty of water may not overflow the neighbouring fields nor can the blood shed out of the Vessels because it congeals easily return into them again Moreover Tumors are many times caused for as much as by reason of Obstruction the bloods passage is stopped and because by heat and pain it is drawn into the flesh Now those Tumors seem rather to favour the Doctrine of the bloods circular motion because they happen through cold bruising and all stoppage of the passages of the Body and because with Aqua vitae or some such medicine the Humors and the Tumors being often made fluid it is by this motion of the blood drawn into the Veins and the Tumor by that means sooner cured then by repulsion revulsion concoction or dissipation Touching the Cause of the Bloods motion difficulties do also present themselves unto us and when we deny that the blood according to the Course of Nature is so suddenly and vehemently rarified in the Heart as to be able to move the Heart the blood of the whole Body and the Arteries themselves those famous men the Ring-leaders of this opinion do suppose that they do hereby prove it In that while we are cold all the Veins of our Body are contracted and can hardly be seen where as afterwards when we grow hot they do so swell that the blood contained in them seems to take up ten times so much space as before it did As for me this truly is my Opinion and thus I perswade my self that seeing they have now divers times so diligently endeavored in Publick to perswade men to embrace this their Opinion of Rarifaction and have diffected and lookt into the Hearts of Living Creatures nor have yet dared to say that they could sensibly perceive any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart I say my Opinion is that they could not indeed and in truth observe any such Rarifaction of the blood in the Heart and as they would in this place maintain And it will be easie for him that is a little verst in live Dissections to see that there is no such rarifaction And therefore though it might be proved that such a Rarifaction of the blood does sometimes happen praeternaturally yet ought not the cause of the Natural motion of the Heart Blood and Arteries be therefore attributed thereunto Yet in the Example which they propound I do not see what certainty there is that the blood by reason of its Rarifaction does possess ten times more space then before For might not that same Tumor of the external Veins easily arise because whereas before the veins were contracted and straitned through cold they could not receive much blood and therefore they could not swell Which cold and straitning of the vessels being afterwards taken away and the Veins being loosned by heat they might admit much blood which is driven into them by the heart and so appear full and swelling That this is not the least cause of the tumor of the Veins persons that are feauerish seem to teach us who if they thrust their arms into the cold have not their Veins so swelling but if they keep them warm under the cloaths they have them very full and swole which tumor if it came from Rarifaction it ought to be in both cases alike seeing that in them the bloods Rarifaction proceeds from an internal cause Nor do I conceive that it is also void of Question and undoubted that when we are first cold and afterwards grow hot the inner Veins as well as the outer do swell For it is much to be suspected that the inner parts do possess less blood and heat before because by that cold wherewith before they were not hurt if when we are so heated we drink cold drink they are wonderfully weakened Doubtless as the inner veins are oftentimes the treasury of the blood wherein the blood is stored up for future uses so may the external Veins be the like treasury and they appear to be when they so swell as aforesaid These men themselves when they observed that this also was much against their Opinion that we asserted that the blood was manifestly poured out at the constriction of the Heart they avouch that that is not the constriction but the dilatation of the heart which we mean But that we were deluded by a certain appearance because in our constriction there was a constriction only at the Basis but about the tip a true Dilatation which Invention when others saw that it could not hold least they also should seem to desert their cause they invented that there is a constriction indeed in the Cavity of the whole Ventricle but in the pits and passages of the sides especially in Dogs there is a certain kind of Extension and true Dilatation But truly the upper part of the Heart is not seen to be dilated when the lower is contracted save when the Creature is dying and that the waving motion of the Heart is caused by the impulse of the blood Nor can we observe one Dilatation or Constriction of the Pits another of the â—avity of the Ventricles Only a certain progressive motion is observed in a large Heart because the Dilatation or constriction doth evidently begin at the basis and sensibly proceeds to the tip although 't is performed all welnear in a moment And that I might be perfectly assured that the Heart was contracted within likewise on all sides having cut off the tip of each Ventricle â— put my thumb and fore-finger into the living heart of a Dog and a Rabbit and I manifestly felt the sides of the Heart to press my fingers to the middle partition equally in the middle tip and Basis and that the pits in greater Beasts became to Sense not bigger but lesser And soon after the Constriction abating that the sides of the heart above beneath and in the middle were loosned and the pits did feel evidently larger But in
the Septum or partition wall it self no motion is felt save that the Spirits seeking egress make a kind of Palpitation when in Creatures at the last gaspe the motion of the right Ventricle ceases the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle Now they would have it nevertheless that naturally the blood is poured out in the widening of the heart and not in the Constriction or straitning thereof because in the wounded Heart of Living Creatures the blood is seen to come out when the Heart is dilated And this is sometimes true but that which they thence collect our very Senses teach us to be untrue For either the Dog or other creature is placed with its Head and breast elevated and the belly low and so the wound is inflicted into the Heart in which case seeing the blood which enters through the Vena cava and Arteria venosa into the Heart is higher then any wound of the Heart it as soon as it is entred which is at the beginning of the Dilatation flows out not because of the Pulse but of its own heaviness and therefore it is not by any force made to flie out to some distance as it happens in the Pulse of the Arteries But if as it ought to be the dog be laid on his back his head and belly resting on the same plane and the wounded Heart be raised with a mans fingers as long as there is any strength in the Heart it sooner by Constriction casts out the blood it hath received at a distance then the whole Heart is filled or widened But when the strength of the heart decayes and that it seldom straitens it self or not at all because the Earlets are more strong and do still continue pulsing even when the Heart quite gives over the blood being driven by the Earlets enters the heart is there collected and when more is come in then the Heart can contain it goe out at the wound not with violence as it must do to cause Pulsation but with a gentle motion drop after drop So that our Sense can perceive no strong motion of the blood save in the Hearts Constriction Now they will have the blood to return through the Veins into the Heart only because the blood being forcibly driven to the Parts as water poured into an horn does regurgitate or abound back upwards and so is carried back unto the Heart But I have already shewed tokens that the blood is either drawn or driven by all the parts of the Veins besides which I have also these following in that the Heart being taken out of the body the motion of the blood and that swift enough is still seen in the Veins And if a Vein yea a milkie one be tied in two places that same Ligature being only loosned which is nearest the Heart while the parts are yet hot the Chvle will still be moved to the Liver the blood unto the Heart which could neither by any step be driven from the Heart through the Arteries nor from the Guts through the Venae lacteae nor would it by its own fluidity more rather upwards then downwards But let us answer the remaining objections They suppose if the blood should be moved so swiftly that the Veins and Arteries could not conveniently be nourished But a dog can quench his thirst drinking at the River Nilus and running as he drinks but here the parts stay at the brook side and whatever they have drawn from the blood they treasure up in their own substance least it should be washed away by the running by of the humor Also they conceit this Motion is not useful for the blood Seeing it may sufficiently be conserved since it abounds with native heat by respiration and transpiration Yet most certain it is that the blood is yet more ventilated if it be speedily moved and its smallest Particles also agitated with this motion So the water of a lake or standing pool though it be gently moved and fanned on the Surface yet is it corrupted when in the mean while Rivers that are totally and in all parts agitated are found to continue most uncorrupt and wholsom These are the things most excellent Bartholine which I thought fit to joyn to the former that I might satisfie those who cannot receive a new opinion wherin they observe any difficulty or obscurity who many times have neither mind nor time to enquire exactly into the bowels thereof But in my Judgment we ought not to deny things manifest although we cannot resolve such as are difficult But I never was disposed to contend and quarrel with any man about words There are very many excellent things about which time may be spent which many times also is not sufficient for our necessary occasions Also from a Scoffer that seeks after her Knowledge does hide her self away but to him that is studious of the truth she comes to meet and presents her self to his view Farewel most Learned Bartholine From the University of Leyden in Holland the Kalends of December 1640. FINIS The Subject of Anatomy Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man The Dissection of other Animals is useful to an Anatomist and why The division of the whol Body of Man â— What a Part is What is the proper acceptation of the worâ— Part. What is ment by the Action of a Part. What by the â—â—â— Which Part of the Body is first generated Why the Vessels were to be made before the Bowels Division of the Parts In respect of their End The principal Parts The Beginning or principle of Radication The Original of Dispensation Parts subservient or ministring In respect of their Matter A similar part what it is and how manifold How many sorts of Flesh there are The Number of the Similar Parts What a Spermatical Part is What a Sanguine Part. What a dissimilar part is Organical parts conâ—… a vision â—â— This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Manuals The division of the Body according to the Regions The Reason of the Order Why Dissection is begun in the lower Belly What the lower Belly is The Parts of the lower Belly and their Names All the Parts which aâ—e to be examined in this Book The Scarf-skin What it is Whether the Scarf-skin be made of seed Or of Blood Or of the Excrement of concoction Laurentius and Archangelus confuted The true matter of the Scarf-skin The Efficient Cause thereof Vse The color of the Scarf-skin It s number It s Connexion What the Skin is Piccolhomine â—s refuted Galens Opinion touching the matter of the skin Aristotles Opinion The Opinion of others The true matter of the skin AScar what it is The efficient cause of the skin The Action of the skin It s Vse It s Connexion Its Vessels What fat is The difference between Pinguedo and Adeps Fat is not a part of the Body what parts have Fat and what not It is not made of Chyle
whether through a fault in Nature or because the Goat was camed I have more then once found intertwisted ropes of Worms in other Membranes of the Liver It is fastned by three strong Ligaments 1. To the Belly by the umbelicalis Vena or Navil-vein which after the Birth is in grown Persons dried up and turns to a Ligament least the Midriff should dangle too much and should hang too low down 2. Above to the Midriff on the right side by a broad membranous and thin Ligament but yet a strong one arising from the Peritonaeum which the Midriff undercircles and this is called the Ligamentum suspensorium or hanging Ligament 3. Also above to the Diaphragma but on the left hand by another Ligament sprung from the Peritonaeum round and exceeding strong Also in its after-part where the Vena cava passes iâ— cleavs by its bunchy side to the Peritonaeum Riolanus reckons these three Ligaments for one because he contends that the umbelical Vein is dried up which being carried through a duplicature or folding of the Peritonaeum hath for its Companion the Membrane it self which being rouled back over the Liver runs out upwards downwards to the Diaphragma it self which it invests and fastens But it is al one case For Ligaments are termed sundry because they fasten and suspend divers parts of the Liver although the two latter arise from the Peritonaeum Now therefore according to his reckoning there will be two Ligaments â—â—â— one only the former from the Umbelical and the other from the Peritonaeum The fourth Ligament annexed to the mucronata Cartilago at the Cleft of the Liver is no pecular one but must be reckoned as part of our second Ligament It hath a Substance red and soft so that with a little stick it may be beaten off and separated from the Vessels interwoven either when it is boyled or being raw spred about the Vessels like congealed blood for which cause it is termed Parenchyma that is to say an Effusion or shedding forth of blood because it is poured about the Vessels and fills the spaces between them in some kind of fishes it seems to be a congealed Fat out of which an Oyl is boyled to burn in Lamps Yet is it hardly corrupted for Riolanus hath observed that a Liver having been accidentally kept a year together hath remained uncorrupt In substance it is most like an Oxes Liver and being boyled differs not there-from neither in consistence color nor tast and therefore our flesh is more like that of Oxen then of Swine The Color of a sound Liver is ruddie but if it be quite void of blood or boyled we may rightly say with Gordonius that it is whiteish as in an Embryo before affusion of blood be made But we shall find it very large and red in Children new born of a good Constitution I have demonstrated it to be yellow in the fish called a Lump In a Lamprey it is green which makes Bronzerus dispute touching the Principallity of the Liver though the blood be red whether it have contracted its color here or in the Heart or from it self In some sick persons as those which have the Dropsie it is very pale as also the Spleen and Kidneys Now those Vessels in the Liver are the Roots of Vena portae and cava with a few to a mans first thinking but upon serious Examination according to the Observation of Walaeus an innumerable company of small Arteries interposed of a whiter color dispersed from the Coeliaca through the saddle part thereof partly that they might nourish the Liver and warm it throughly with the heat of the heart the branches of Vena portae assisting likewise to the same intent partly that by the motion of the Pulse and the necessity of running back it may assist and provoke the passage of the blood out of the Liver according to the conjecture of Slegelius For whereas Galen tells us that the Liver is cooled by the Arteries that is not consonant to truth For they are hot and by their motion further the blood and draw it to those parts wherein they are implanted which appear distinct the flesh or Parenchyma of the Live being taken away how they are carried this way and that way without order among which also small branches are disseminated which afterwards unite into one common Passage and so carry Choler into the Gall-bladder Now it is conjoyned with the Roots of Porta that there the Blood may be separated from the Choler But more Roots of the Porta are spred up and down here and there through the lower part of the Liver very few through the upper part Contrariwise more of the Roots of the Cava are carried through the upper and tuberous or bossie part thereof and fewer through the hollow or saddle part To these must be added the Roots of the Milkie Veins Asellius did somtimes observe their trunk to be in the Liver But he did not precisely add the place which I have determined to be in the third Lobe The Anastomoses or Conjunctions of the Roots of Vena Porta and Vena Cava are peculiarly to be observed For rejecting those who altogether deny the Union of these Veins or who conceive that they are obscurely and hardly known among whom Harvey and Riolanus are lately come upon the stage the former of whom could no where find any Anastomosis either in the Liver Spleen or any other Bowel though they had been boyled till the whole Parenchyma would crumble in peices and was separated like dust from all the strings of the Vessels with a needle Only he observed this one thing in a fresh Liver viz. that all the branches of Vena Cava creeping along the bossie part of the Liver have Coats like selves full of infinite little holes as being made for the draught of the Body to receive such Blood as settles there but that the branches of the Vena Portae are not so but are divided into boughes and that every where the branches of both do run out to the highest Eminency of the bossie side of the Bowel without Anastomoses But the Porta hath likewise very many holes great and little as the Cava hath some of which will admit the probe others not only they make certain Cavities covered with a thin Membrane Whence it is apparent that the blood is staied by those closed holes and not strained out some of them being covered with a Coat Riolanus inspired by the same Spirit doth strongly oppose the Anastomoses of the Vena Cava and Portae least he should be forced to admit the Circulation of the Blood in that Place He was afraid that the concocted liquor should be confounded and mixt with the unconcocted And what if they be confounded and jumbled together The Chymus being changed into imperfect blood is confounded coming out of the milky Veins with that which is contained in the Cava for both of them are to be perfected in
performed the more unprofitable and thicker part of the Chyle which is made first in the Stomach and finally perfected in the thin Guts is thrown out into the thick Guts and voided at the Fundament but the more laudable and thin part is drawn in by the milky veins spred up and down in the Guts and â—…le altered and from them by means of a power proceeding from the Liver it receives the first Rudiâ—… of Blood and is then called Chymus The greatest question is whether the Liver draws it or it is forced thither It seems to be drawn by the heat of the Liver as Chaf or Straw is drawn by heated Amber and as Blood is drawn into the outward parts by hot Fomentations Which is here visible by Ligatures and live dissections in which the attraction of the Liver is so great that the milky Veins are speedily emptied There is not the same necessity that it should be forced thither as other have thought because the beginning of the Motion or moving principle should either be without the Chylus or within it It cannot be in it 1. Because nothing thrusts or drives but that which is alive 2. The Chyle newly drawn out of the Vessels doth not move it self 3. It is void of Appetite 4. It should alwaies be driven downwards not up to the Liver Nor can it be in any thing without it 1. Because the Meseraick Arteries have enough to do to drive out their own blood and the Veins have work enough to receive it 2. And the milky Veins are exceeding small 3. The proper Fibres of the Veins do serve more for strength then for driving 4. The Stomach indeed and the Guts are contracted but they are not able to expel the chyle for their motion is obscure and though it were evident yet it would not presently follow that it must drive into the Liver 5. Those Bowels being contracted on all sides and shut up as much Chyle is retained as is expelled 6. The Abdomen doth oft-times rest according to our desire and pleasure being apt to be moved by the Muscles but the motion of the Chylus is performed continually and swiftly viz. the due time of distribution being come 7. The dreggy Chyle should be sent unto the Liver without difference as well as the pure It is therefore principally drawn by the Liver howbeit some construction of the Guts is secondarily assistant thereunto This Chymus being attracted in the Roots of the milky veins as in the place where is by the Parenchyma or Substance of the Liver as the Efficient cause with the assistance of the internal heat of the Chyle changed into a new substance of blood Now it gains a Redness like the substance of the Liver not so much from the flesh of the Liver alone which it self ows its color to blood shed about it which it layes away when it is washed or boyled and in some other Creatures we find it of a green color as from its own proper and adventitious Heat as Grapes are red which vanishing away the redness ceases as it happens in blood-letting Nor is that a sufficient cause seeing in healthy bodies it continues afterwards red and therefore we must take in light as another Cause of which there is a great quantity in red colors subsisting even without Heat unless the subject happening to be dissolved it come to be extinguished and exhale Hence it is that boyled blood becomes black and putrid blood is duskie Hence also by how much the more Natural inbred light any man hath the more he shines with bright blood contrariwise in Melancholick persons the same being darkned the blood grows black and dark That light and fire are the cause hereof appears in Oyl of Sulphur by the mixture whereof Liquors become red Now this Heat and Light is partly planted in the liver and the Chyle it self springing thereout by reason of its previous preparation and partly kindled therein either by reason of the nearness of the Heart and bordering parts or by reason of the Arterial blood derived from the Heart and Spleen The more crude Blood being thus made is not distributed to nourish the Liver or the Body which Office is performed by the Hepatick Arteries but by insensible Anastomoses of the flesh and Vessels it is expelled into the Roots of Vena cava where by longer tarriance it is more elaborated and soon after with the returning blood of the Vena porta and the Arteries it is poured out into the Trunk of cava going all straight along through the upper part of the Trunk to the heart that it may there attain its last accomplishment whereby it becomes fit to nourish all the Parts Not any thing returns this way to the Liver the Valves hindering which in the Liver look outwards in the Heart inwards as the whole Fabrick and Ligatures do testifie By these it is that the Cava alwayes swells towards the Liver and is empty towards the Heart Afterwards the Nourishment of all the Parts of the Body being accomplished by the Capillary Arteries because all the blood is not consumed which by continual Pulsations is sent forth nor can that which is superfluous return the same way by reason of the Valves of the Heart seated by the Aorta which lets any thing pass from the Heart but admits nothing back again and because any Artery being tied is full and swels towards the Heart but is empty and lank towards the Veins Therefore it must needs return as it were by a circular motion out of the smallest Vessels back again into the greatest Veins and the Trunk it self of the Cava and thence into the Heart As it passes through the Liver other blood there newly bred is joyned with that of the Vena porta and that which is redundant from the Arteries for the restoring of that which is spent and so the Circulation is again repeated Mean while as hath been said Choler is drawn out of the blood by branches of vessels terminating into the Gal-bladder and Choler-passage But the wheyish part is because of its thinness retained a while that the blood may more easily pass every where and afterwards it is sent away partly to the Kidneys with the wheyish blood which according to Galen is not concocted in the Kidneys but because the Serum is an Excrement of the Liver the Kidneys do only separate the blood from the whey and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder whence the Urin does afterward partly go into the Skin and passes out by sweat and insensible Transpiration CHAP. XV. Of the Receptacles of Choler viz. the Gall-bladder and Choler-passage ON the right hand and hollow part of the Liver for the Reception of two sorts of Choler thick and thin two Conduits or Passages are engraven The Vesica biliaria or Choler-bladder and the Canalis biliarius or Cholerchannel Galen himself knew as much when he said that from the Liver a twofold cholerick Excrement was
and with very many Vessels variously interwoven whose proper flesh is as it were congealed blood shed round about the Vessels 2. In the Spleen there are very many textures of the Vessels and infinite Anastomoses Now there are no where such textures and plications or foldings of the Vessels save for a new elaboration as may be seen in the Brain Liver Stones Duggs c. 3. It appears from the Scituation of the Ramus splenicus which is far beneath the Liver out of the Trunk of Vena porta where part of the Chymus is attracted or of the Chyle which hath some disposition towards blood If therefore it receives matter there of which blood is made why therefore shall not the Spleen make blood 4. Nature is wont either to double the Parts of the Body and set one on each side as appears in the Kidneys Stones Lungs Duggs Organs of the Senses c. or if she makes only one she is wont to place it in the middle as the Heart Stomach Womb Bladder Nose Tongue Mouth c. Therefore the Spleen must needs be another Liver 5. Diseases of the Spleen as well as of the Liver do hurt Blood-making or Sanguification 6. Somtimes the Situation of the Liver is changed so that it is in the left side and the Spleen on the right 7. The Liver failing and growing less the Spleen is augmented and assists the Liver as is known by many Examples whence the Spleen hath been often seen in Dissections to be greater and redder then the liver 8. T is unlikely that so many Arteries enter into the Spleen for the sake of Excrements but rather to digest concoct thick Blood that so by contrary thinness the stubborn thinness of the said Blood may be overcome 9. In a Child in the Womb the Spleen is red as is the Liver by reason of the cause aforesaid 10. Such as the Diseases of the Liver are such in a manner are those of the Spleen 11. And the Diseases of the Spleen and Liver are cured well near with the self same Remedies 12. If Authorities are of force enter Aristotle in the 3. Book of the Parts of living Creatures Chap. 7. where he saith that the Liver and Spleen are of a like Nature also that the Spleen is as it were an adulterate Liver and where the Spleen is very little there the Liver is Bipartite or of two parts and that all parts in the Body almost are double Plato calls the Spleen an express image of the Liver Others call it the Livers Vicar the left Liver c. The Author of the Book touching the use of Respiration hath confirmed this as also Apbrodisaeus Araeteus and others Archangelus makes another use of the Spleen to be to make more plenty of Blood If any shall demand To what â—nd serves the Blood which the Spleen makes Some conceive it serves to the same end with that of the liver viz. to nourish the whole body and to assist the liver But he was of Opinion that this was not done save when necessity requires in some defect or Disease of the Liver But he conceives that ordinarily the Spleen is an Organ to make blood to nourish the Bowels of the lower Belly as the Stomach Guts Call Mesentery Sweet-bread c. and that the Spleen it self is nourished with some portion of the said Blood and sends the rest to the parts of the body And he conceives that the liver makes blood for the rest of the parts especially the musculous parts And he proves it 1. Because the bowels of the lower Belly receive their nourishment from the Vena splenica or from the branches yssueing therefrom namely from the branches of Vena portâ— only and not from the Vena cava 2. Because those bowels are thick more earthy and base And such as the like parts are not found in the body besides and therefore these parts stood in need to receive such blood from the Spleen 3. And therefore the liver is greater because it makes blood for the whole body besides The Spleen less because it makes blood only for the lower Belly save when in cases of necessity it is forced to help the Liver 4. In Dogs the Spleen is long and thin because the Parts or Bowels of the lower Belly are smaller in a Dog and less wreathed and folded then in a Man 5. There is an evident difference between the Fat bred in the musculous Parts or those which are nourished by the Vena cava and that dirty and soon puâ—rifiing Fat which is bred in the lower Belly as in the Cal Guts Mesentery c. Hence arise so many Putrefactions in the mesenterick Parts And by how much an Humor is thicker as is the muddie Fat we speak of so much the sooner it putrifies As the dreggie fat doth sooner then the Fat in musculous parts So the Blood of the Spleen is more disposed to Putrefaction then that of the liver and this then the blood of the right Ventricle of the Heart Moreover the blood of the Arteries is less subject to Putrefaction then any of the former and the Spirit least of all 6 He believes this to be a most strong Argument that where a part is found having the substance of the Bowels there also there are Veins from the Vena portae or the branches of the Spleen but where a part is consisting of musculous flesh there are Veins which have their Original from Vena cava as appears in the Intestinum rectum in which by reason of its twofold substance Nature hath placed two sorts of Veins In the musculous Part there are the external Haemorrhoid Veins which arise from the Cava In the â—owellie or guttie substance there are veins from the Vena portae These and such like Reasons prevailed with my Father of pious Memory to prove that the Spleen drew Chymus by the Ramus spenicus Which Opinion was at that time embraced by most Anatomists as Varolus Posthius Jessenus Platerus Baubinus Sennertus and Riolanus in his first Anthropographia But that Age deserves excuse as being ignorant of what Posterity hath since found out For the milkie veins discovered by Asellius do shew that no Chyle thick or thin is drawn by the Mesaraick Veins or carried any whether but by the milkie Veins only to the Liver and not to the Spleen Moreover a Ligature in live Dissections declares that nothing is carried through the Mesaraicks to the Spleen but contrariwise from the Spleen to the Mesaraicks Yet I allow thus much to the foresaid reasons that there is a certain Generation of Blood made in the Spleen by the manner hereafter to be explained not of Chyle which hath here no Passages but of Arterial Blood sent from the Heart Hofmaannus and Spigelius bring the dreggie part of the Chyle through the mesaraick Veins unto the Spleen that it may be there concocted into Blood Who are in the same fault For the Arteries are ordained to carry blood to
to the stones we might very well say it is a wheyish substance which stirs up a sharp titillation and strong provocation and desire to Venery For I am not perswaded by the Arguments of Helmont that the salt of the Urin takes away the fruitfulness of the Seed if it be moderate seeing it helps the Seed both by its acrimony and fluidity or thinness of substance Little Birds indeed though very lascivious have neither kidneys nor bladder yet they have somwhat that supplies the Office of the kidneys viz. certain Caruncles or little parcels of flesh which resemble the kidneys which are continued with the Vena cava and Aorta Witness Aristotle and others Beverovicius artributes a kind of Sanguification or Blood-making to the kidneys 1. Because they have a Parenchyâ—â— and very many Vessels But they might have their Parenchyma because of their Vessels that they might not be intangled one with another And it was requisite they should have very many Vessels to the end they might plentifully purge away the Serum or wheyish part of the Blood so that through very many and very small outlets the Whey might be issued out into the Caruncles without any considerable quantity of Blood therewith 2. Because the Kidneys which in healthy persons are red clear solid according to the kind of the Disease become somtimes obscure and blackish somtimes whiteish otherwhiles loose brittle and as it were rotten and somtimes again hard and dried But that might happen because as some other parts so the kidneys might be sick or through sickness of the Body Concoction being somwhere hurt they could not be nourished with good blood 3. Because the Urins of persons troubled with the stone are crude But of that another cause is commonly rendred Viz. in that the kidneys being stopped the thinner part only of the Urin can make its way forth 4. Because persons troubled with the stone are wont to swell and look pale like those that are termed Leucophlegmatici But this may easily happen because the kidneys either through weakness cannot sufficiently draw the wheyish humor out of the blood or being stopped it cannot be duely expelled But if he or any other shall affirm that allowing the Circulation of the blood in these parts the blood is there somwhat more changed then it was in its simple Vessel I shall not disagree with them therein For themselves it is that they change the blood but it is for the rest of the body only that they purge out the wheyish Excrement Chap. XVIII Of the Capsulae Atrabilariae or Black-choler Cases THese Vessels are by most Anatomists neglected and not observed though they are evermore found in all Bodies what ever Archangelus saies to the contrary Nor must we say that these Capsulae are made of a superfluous Matter as a sixt finger uses to be We are beholden to Bartholomew Eustachius for the first discovery of these small Bodies who mentions them by the name of Kernels and after him Archangelus and Bauhinus Casserius cals them Renes succenturiatos Deputy-kidneys or Auxiliary kidneys I shall call them in regard of the use I allot them Capsulas atrabilarias Black-choler Cases Now these Cases are so scated that they rest upon the upper part of the kidneys on the outside where they look towards the Vena cava being covered with Fat and Membranes Their number is the same with that of the kidneys For upon each kidney there rests a Case I have once seen four of them of which the two greater being four square were seated above and the two smaller being round uneven and rough were placed beneath the emulgent Veins Their Magnitude is not alwaies alike commonly that on the right side is bigger then that on the left yet somtimes the latter is bigger then the forâ—… In a Child new born they are near as big as the kidneys peradventure because they are moister then ordinary and contain a more thin melancholy Juyce which because they do not strongly enough expel but treasure it up rather therefore these Cases are widened But in grown persons they are straitned and become less though they abound more with Melancholy partly because the Melancholy being gathered by degrees is through the strength of nature by degrees expelled partly because the Serum in hotter persons is dried up wherewith the new born Infant abounded and partly because as the Reins grow bigger they are compressed Yet I have once observed them in a grown person by reason of aboundance of black Choler twice as big as ordinary whereas commonly they are no bigger then a large vomiting Nut. They have an apparent internal Cavity both in persons grown and new-born babes compassing the inner circumference of the whole Case as it were in which they are found to contain a dreggie and black humor so that even the inner sides are coloured with the said blackness In Infants I have seen to my thinking wheyish blood in them I admire that Riolanus could not or would not see this Cavity for though he cries that it is so small that it will hardly admit a little Pea yet is it somtimes wider and alwaies so large as to contain many peasen compressed and we can thrust a Probe into it this way and that way without violence It contains therefore a large Cavity respecting the smalness of its Body Nor hath Nature ever labour'd in vain no not in the smallest spaces of the Capillary Veins It is a small matter which they can hold yet it may be counted much because it is successively received in and cast out again This Humor might have been indeed allayed and sweetned by the admixture of blood as Choler also might yet Vessels and Receptacles are ordained for both these Excrements that the blood might not be polluted In Shape and Substance they many times resemble the kidneys save that their substance is a little looser so that they seem little kidneys resting upon the great ones Which perhaps was the Reason that Casserius did call them Auxiliary kidneys But more frequently their substance is flat like a Cake howbeit hollow within and their shape is round-long and somwhat square Somtimes they are three corner'd seldom round for they are seldom seen in one and the same shape They are knit where they rest unto the external Membrane of the kidneys so fast that negligent Dissecters when they take out the kidneys leave them sticking to the Membrane of the Diaphragma or Midriff And this is the Reason that many observe them not They have Vessels Veins and Arteries derived to them from the middle of the Emulgents Somtimes also a Vein is sent thither from the kidney and somtimes also a branch near the Liver from the Cava is brought thereto somtimes also from the Vena adiposa and somtimes from all those places somtimes with a single otherwhiles with a double branch Somtimes they have a single Artery from the Emulgents somtimes a double
wholly different as the Womb with its Bottom Orifice and Neck the Hymen the Mâ—â—tle-shap'd Caruncles the Vulva with its Wings tâ—…itoris and the little Hillocks The XXV TABLE The Parts which in Women serve for Generation are represented in this TABLE in their Natural Order and Situation also the internal Structure of a Womans Dug is represented in the same TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AA The Liver in its proper Place B. The Gall-bladder with the Porus bilarius or Gall-passage C. A Part of the Gut Duodenum DD. The Pancreas or Sweet-bread in its proper Situation through which Vessels go into the Spleen E. The Body of the Spleen FF The descendent Trunk of Vena cava with its Branchings GG The descendent Trunk of the great Artery which is variously branched beneath HH The Emulgent Vessels II. The true Kidneys KK The Auxiliary or Deputy Kidneys LL. The Ureters going down to the Bladder MM. The Bottom of the Piss-bladder N. The Insertion of the Uracbus into the bottom thereof O. A Portion of the Arse-gut PP Praeparatory Vessels from both sides Q. The Rise of the Praeparatory Vessels from the Trunk R. The Place where the Trunks of the Cava and Aorta do branch themselves where an Artery goes over a Vein SS Portions of the Navil-arteries T. The Bottom of the Womb. VV. The Womans Stones XX. Vessels which carry the Seed from their Stones to the Womb. ZZ The Trumpets of the Womb by Fallopius so called or the blind Passage of the Seed YY The two upper Ligaments of the Womb resembling the Wings of Batts or Flitter-mice aa The two lower Ligaments of the Womb round cut off from the Share bb The Hollow of the Flank-bone or Os Ilij which is in Women larger then in Men. The Characters of the Dug explained ccc Vessels spred over the Surface of the Dug d. The greatest and middlemost Kernel e. The Nipple page 62 For we must not think with Galen Archangelus Fallopius and others that these Female Genital Members differ from those of Men only in Situation Which Opinion was hatched by those who accounted a Woman to be only an imperfect Man and that her Genital Members could not be thrust out by reason of the coldness of her temper as in Men they are thrust out by vertue of their greater Heat Howbeit the generative Parts in Women differ from those in Men not only in Situation but in their universal Fabrick in respect of Numbeâ— Surface Magnitude Cavity Figure Office and 〈◊〉 sufficiently manifest to a skilful 〈◊〉 to any 〈◊〉 that will compare what follows to what went before And the falsity of their Opinion is sufficiently apparent by means of the sundry Conjectures which they bring For some liken the Womb to the Cod of a Man and some to the Nut of the Yard Some will have the Neck of the Womb to answer the Mans Yard and others will have the Clitoris Which Conceits falling to the ground by their own weakness I shall proceed to explain the Parts The Spermatick praeparatory Vessels in Women agree with those of Men in their Number Original and Office c. I must now therefore only tell you wherein they differ They differ first in Magnitude These Vessels in women are shorter because of the short way they are to go but therefore they have many turnings and windings which make up the Corpus varicosum to the end the seed may stay long enough to receive due preparation In the next place they differ in their Implantation For in women they are not totally carried to the stones but they are divided in the middle way and the greater part goes to the stone and makes the Corpus varicosum and the lesser part ends into the womb into whose sides it is disseminated especially to the upper part of the bottom for to nourish the Womb and the Child therein and that by those Vessels some part of the menstrual blood may be purged forth in such as are not with Child For the lesser branch being tripartite is below the stone divided into three branches one of which as was said runs out into the womb the other is distributed to the deferent Vessel or Trumper of the Womb and to the round Ligament the third branch creeping along the side of the Womb through the common Membrane ends near the trueneck of the womb insinuating it self also among the Hypogastrick Veins with which and the Arteries they are joyned by Anastomoses Of which see Zerbus Fallopius Platerus and others who have shewn Riolanus and my self the way That is a rare case which is figured out by Beslerus viz. for the spermatick Arteries to be joyned by way of Anastomosis with the Emulgent Artery For this cause in women these Vessels go not out of the Peritonaeum nor reach to the Share-bone because the Stones and Womb are seated within These seminal Veins and Arteries are intertwined with many wonderful Anastomoses for the preparation of seed Yea and the Veins do receive into themselves the Hypogastrick Arteries of the Womb according to the Observation of Arantius and Riolanus Yet I remember the Arteries were wanting in a woman that had bore male Children and Franciscus Zanchez relates how they were turned into stone in a woman of Tolouse CHAP. XXVI Of Womens Stones NOw the Stones of Women though as to their use they partly agree with those in Men yet in many things respecting their structure they differ from them And 1. in respect of their Situation which they have within in the Cavity of the Belly two fingers breadth above the bottom in such as are not with Child and are knit by means of certain Ligaments above the same viz. to the end they might be hotter and consequently more fruitful since they were to work a matter of which alone Mankind was to be generated the seed of the man being added not as a material but an efficient Cause 2. In Magnitude which is not so great in women as in men unless very seldom For by reason of the encrease of Heat they are contracted after a woman is past fourteen whereas they are before that time distended more largely being full of a white Juyce 3. In their external Surface which is more uneven then that of a mans stones 4. In Figure which is not so round but broad and flat on the fore and hinder-parts Also the stones are within more hollow and more full of spermatick moisture 5. In Substance which some conceive to be harder then that of mens stones but others conceive and that more truly that it is softer and if you take off the Membrane you shall find them conglomerated or knobbed together of divers little Kernels and Bladders but seldom like those of men In some great sea-fish there is no difference of the stones of the Males and Females in substance but only in the size 6. In Temperament which is commonly accounted more cold and that the seed contained
compressed but the doubling would make it thicker But the Skin is exceeding tender easily rubbed off and apt to be pained when the Child sucks very freely Only in old women it grows thick Not is the Nipple any other where made of the Skin straitned or folded If the Nipples turn upwards a Male child is in the Mothers womb if downwards a Girl according to the Tradition of Hypocrates which hath not been as yet ratified by the confession of women with child As to Number there is one Nipple on each Dug Hollerius saw two Nipples upon one Dug which both yielded Milk Their Colour in Virgins is red in such as give suck it enclines to black and blew and in them also they are more sticking out by reason of the Infants sucking in such as are past Child-bearing the Nipples are of a black color They have a Circle round about them which is called Areola the little Parsley-bed in Virgins pale and knotty in such as are with child and give suck brown in old women black 'T is bored through the middle with very small holes for the Milk to pass through For The Use of the Nipple is to be instead of a Pipe or Funnel to put into the Mouth of the Infant whereout it may suck the Milk Secondly to serve for a pleasing Titillation whereby Mothers and Nurses are enticed the more willingly and with a certain Sense of pleasure to give their children suck The Dugs do inwardly consist of a Membrane Vessels Kernels or rather kernellish Bodies and Fat though the two last do chiefly make up the Dugs the Kernels and Fat lye concealed between the Membrane and the Skin Now the fleshy Membrane does fasten the kernellish Substance which it compasses unto the Muscles which lye thereunder The Kernels are many In Virgins more hard in old women consumed in such as are with child and give suck more swelling and pappie Yet there is one great one just under the Nipple which the other lesser ones do compass about and infinite textures of Vessels lye between them Riolanus hath observed a womans Dug to consist of one continued Kernel and not of many the contrary whereto we see in scirrhous and cancerous Tumors The Use thereof is to turn Blood into Milk And the use of the fat of the Dug is to encrease heat and to make the Dug of an even round shape And therefore such as have the Fat consumed by some Disease or old Age they hang ill favoredly like empty Bladders and are unfit to make Milk The Vessels The Dugs receive their Skin and external Veins from the Axillary which are called the Thoracicae Superiores the upper Chest-veins which in women with child and such as give suck are often black and blew visible They receive other internal Veins brought thither a long way that the Blood might be the longer therein wrought which are termed Mammariae Venae or Dug-veins which descend on each side one from the Trunk of the Axillary Vein under the Brest-bone to the Glandules or Kernels of the Dugs These are met by other ascendent Veins by the right Muscles of which before and therefore the Infant being born the Blood is carried no longer to the womb but to the Dugs and is turned into Milk And hence it is that women which give suck have seldom their Courses Hence also when the Children suck over-much Blood comes out at the nipples Yea it hath been observed that a womans courses have come away through her Dugs and Milk by her womb howbeit this is a rare chance But the Matter of Milk be it what it will cannot according to the Principles of the Bloods Circulation be carried by the Veins to the Dugs The Venae mammariae or Dug-veins do only carry back what remains superfluous after the Child is nourished and Milk made Moreover they are seldome joyned with the Epigastrick Veins and they are too few and small alone to carry so much blood from the womb as may suffice a Child that is a liberal Sucker Their Arteries proceed from the upper Trunk of the great Artery and from the Subclavian branches which are joyned after the same manner with the Epigastrick Arteries as was said of the Veins The Th racicae Arteriae or Chest arteries so plentifully and evidently that in cancerous Tumors of the Dugs a woman hath bled to death by them of which case I remember some Examples Hence it seems more likely blood is carried to the Dugs to make Milk which blood being consumed in fat and elderly women they are therefore none of the best Nurses Hence it is that women which give suck receive great damage by loosing their blood contrariwise they are advantaged by whatever may draw and provoke their blood to their Dugs as by rubbing them c. Now Prosper Martianus and Petrus Castellus do maintain out of Hypocrates that the matter of Milk is twofold viz. Blood and Chyle and that the greatest part of the matter thereof is pressed out of Meats and Drinks not yet digested in the Stomach into the Dugs by the Child swelling in the womb and after the Child is born by the passages made wide by sucking and that another small part is made of blood ascending from the womb which is rather to be reckoned as an Efficient cause by reason of its Heat then of a Material cause That Blood alone is not the matter of Milk besides the Authority of Hypocrates they prove because 1. Otherwise it were impossible that a woman should live voiding two pounds of blood every day in the form of Milk 2. When a woman gives suck her Courses flow which in the first moneths of her going with child are suppressed 3. When a woman left breeding Milk she would fall into a dangerous Plâ—thory or fulness of Blood 4. There would be no Child-bed Purgations at all the Milk being so violently carried into the Dugs the second day after Child-birth that it causes a Feaver 5. Nature would then have framed greater Vessels from the womb unto the Dugs 6. The Milk would not retain the smell and vertue or operation of the Meats eaten because these things are changed in the blood 7 The Blood collected into the Dugs does breed Madness Aphor. 40. Sect. 5. But that it depends upon the Stomach and the Chyle these following Reasons evince 1. The force and efficacy of Purgatives is after some hours violently carried into the Dugs as divers Experiments do teach Yea and our Country-women when children that have the cough suck at their breasts they drink pectoral Decoctions and believe that the sucking child does presently draw them 2. If a Nurse do swallow an hair in her meat and drink it comes into her Dugs according to Aristotle and sticking in the Nipples it causes the Disease Trichiasis or Hair in the Nipple 3. A branch of Cichory according to the Observation of Martianus hath come out of a womans Dug which she had
eaten the night before at Supper and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken the going down of the Milk and the swelling fulness of their Dugs Yea and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat while they give their children suck for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach not near the Liver or Womb excepting in beasts 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opinion and those of no small moment 1. There are no manifest passages from the Stomach to the Dugs which if any man can find I shall willingly acknowledg my self convinced Martianus indeed Castellus Vestingus and Horstius do talk of invisible passages like the milkie Veins which cannot be discerned in a dead body or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins which any body may discern A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoakie steams do pass through the Pores and not the Chylus nor blood according to Nature for if so then there were no use of Vessels Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors I willingly acknowledg that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes but she does it compelled and besides her customary Course whereas the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause whatsoever do not breed Milk but the action is hindred by the said Heat 3. Nurses confess that after they have drunk the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs and from about their Channel-bones and puts them to some little pain For there the Chest-arteries are seated and not the Stomach 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with undigested meat having been vsed to be nourished with blood before 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb before the use of meat a wheyish matter drops like Milk before they have eaten any meat 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates If a Woman want her Courses neither any shivering o Feaver following thereupon and she loath her Meat Make account that she is with Child 7. Cows when they eat grass after hay or hay after grass before the fifteenth day there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter according to the Observation of Walaeus yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day but their Blood more slowly Also our Nurses observe that after they have slept and their Meat is digested their Dugs make Milk which does not so happen if they want sleep 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and passages for the Answering of the contrary Arguments You are to Note 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk but not as the immediate matter thereof 2. That the Blood being plentifully evacuated by the Milk is bred again by plentiful meat and drink and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in as all Nurses do testifie Morcover such as are of a Sanguin complexion afford most Milk whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arteries into the Dugs is not turned into Milk but only the more wheyish part a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged then in the first moneths of their going with Child and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses and leave off by fits Also Women that give suck seldom conceive unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body that is to say full of good blood Our Women when they would wean a Boy if their Dugs swell they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk by straitning the Vessels that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large and are more and more widened by continual sucking 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives even by mediation of the Blood which conserves the color and faculty of the meats though sundry digestions have preceded though vapors alone be raised and the substance ascend not 8. That many things are performed in the body according to the singular constitution of particular persons yea and many things which rarely happen which is to be understood of the Milk which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous and of other things thence voided Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest especially the fift for to cause sense and they end in the Nipple Besides these Vessels the Dugs have also white Pipes according to the observation of later Anatomists springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower do alwayes meet together wherein Milk being made is preserved for use Whether or no they are nothing but widened Arteries becoming white because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels which I am willing to believe I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine They treasure up the Milk when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck and when that use is over they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins Their Use is 1. General in Women and Men to be safeguards to the Heart hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced according to Hypocrates Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder which performs the same Office which is Riolanus his Objection for the more noble parts require great fencing even by the smallest thing as the Eyes from the Eye-brows the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardium c. II. In women their use is to breed Milk to nourish the young Infant For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb and milk is the same blood only whitened so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk in place of red blood as Plato hath it Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently prohibit their Preists the use of milk as well as of Blood Now the Efficient Cause of
Heart that it may not be dryed by motion 3. To heat the water in the Heart-bag as the fat of the Kidneys doth according to the conjecture of John Daniel Horstius Somtimes it is quite hid with the said fat which Spegelius Riolanus Jessenius observed in a prince of Lunaeburg so that the by-standers are apt to be deluded and think there is no Heart It was nevertheless rightly said by Aristotle Galen and Avicenna that fat called Pimele could not grow about any hot part as the Heart the Liver the Arteries the Veins c. For this kind of Fat is easily melted by heat but in the mean while to steaâ— Adeps or Tallow which differs much from Pimele or Greasie fat in substance consistency and place as I have demonstrated in my Vindiciae Anatomicae from Pollux Suidas Erotianus and others may grow about such parts because it is not easily melted Which makes a sputtering when it is put to the flame of a Candle because of a watry substance mingled therewith according to the Observation of Jasolinus which hinders it from suddain congealing so that it is no wonder that it is not melted by the heat of the Heart Now this same Tallow is bred about the Heart either because the Heart being of a very hard substance is nourished with thick blood of which suet is bred or because Excrementitious dregs are bred of the Nutriment of the Heart or because the blood is much stirred as by the great Agitation of Milk better is extracted which is the opinion of Achillinus As for Vessels The Heart hath a Vein which is termed Coronaria the Crown-vein because it incircles the Heart and is somtimes double It arises from the Cava without the right Ventricle about whose Basis it Expatiates in a large tract from the right Eare and with a wide Channel it compasses about externally to the left Ear which it doth not enter but turns aside into the Parenchyma of the Heart Hence it spreads its branches downwards through the surface of the Heart but the greatest store through the left side thereof because the flesh is there thicker A smal valve is fastned in its original which grants entrance to the blood into the right Ventricle but will not suffer it to go out The III. TABLE The FIGURE Explained This TABLE shews the Situation of the Heart in the Body and the going out of certain Vessels therefrom A. The Heart in its natural Situation enclosed in the Heart-bag BB. The Lungs CC. The Nervous part of the Midriff DDD The flesby portion thereof E. A portion of the Vena Cava above the Heart going upwards F. Part of the said Vein peircing the Midriff G. The great Artery arising out of the Heart HH Its branches to med Carotides the Drowsie-Arteries I. The point of the Heart enclining to the left side of the Body KK The Nerves of the sixt Conjugation from which the recurrent Nerves do spring which distribute five branches to the Heart-bag the Heart L. The left Ear of the Heart M. The right Ear. N. The Vessels of the Heart-bag O. The Cartilago Scutiformis Sheild-fashioned Gristle P. The first pare of the Muscles of the Larynx in their proper place Q. The Situation of Os Hyoides R. The Aspera Arteria or Wezand S. The Axillary Artery about the Original whereof the Right-hand Recurrent Nerve begins page 98 As for its Use Some have perswaded themselves that it serves to nourish the external part because it is lesser then ordinary creeps about the external surface only and the Heart is nourished with Arterial blood Others will have it to nourish the whole Heart Licetus assignes its Office to strain the blood to the left Ventricle of the Heart which I wonder at Because 1. It is exceeding smal 2. It creeps about the External parts 3. It arises externally from the Vena Cava and not from the right Ventricle of the Heart Botallus seems to have acknowledged the same way whose opinion examined by Walaeus Others as Riolanus make it serve not so much for Nutrition as to repaire the fat but first it reaches farther then the fat 2. No branches thereof are to be seen in the fat 3. The fat may be generated from Vapors of the Heart without any Veins The true Use of the Coronary Vein is to bring back the blood of the other Veins when it returnes from nourishing the heart into the right Ventricle again which the Situation of the Valves doth hint unto us and the unfitness of this blood to nourish the solid substance or Parenclyma of the heart It hath two Coronary Arteries from the great one at the same place in its original before it passes out of the Pericardium furnished with a Valve which prohibits the regress of the Blood Through these because they are moved and Pulse blood is carryed to nourish the heart and Ears and here is made a peculiar kind of Circulation as Harvy teaches out of the left Ventricle into the Arteries out of them into the Coronary Veins out of which it slides into the right Ventricle being to be forced again through the Lungs into the left Ventricle Now some men perswade themselves and especially Hogelandius that the Blood which remains after Nutrition doth not all pass back through the Veins but that some particles thereof sweat through the Parenchyma into the Ventricles and cause Fermentation in the Generation of Arterial blood But 1. The Fermentation if there be any may be made by the reliques contained in the Cavities 2. The coronary Vessels do not reach unto the Ventricles 3. T is hard when the body is in health for the blood to sweat through so hard and compact a flesh unless the blood be very wheyish and the body of a thin Texture 4. Why doth not the blood sweat through the Skin which in some parts is very thin 5. No particle remains in the flesh save what is ordained for the nourishment thereof Nerves it hath likewise obscure ones from the sixt conjugation inserted into three places One being terminated into the heart it self Another into its Ears A third among its greater Vessels to cause sense and not motion according to Piccolhomineus because the Nerve being cut asunder the heart moves nevertheless The heart hath not many Nerves but a great Contexture of Fibres like to the Nerves which Aristotle perhaps reckoning for Nerves said the heart was the Original of the Nerves But that may be Materially true not formally Yet I have seen in the heart of a Sow the branches of the Nerves with intangled twigs towards the Cone or Point carryed from the Septum to the Wall of the Belly Yet that is false which Fallopius tells us that a great Squadron of Nerves is spread up and down the Basis of the heart resembling a Net For the motion of the heart is no Animal motion but a natural motion because the heart is no Muscle For the heart is moved without our will and
the Heart is perpetually to move 1. That it might preserve the Blood and all parts of the Body from putrefaction 2. That it may help the heat and Elaboration of the Blood 3. That it might kindle and stir up the vital Light 4. That it might send fitting nourishment to all parts This motion of the Heart is termed PULSUS the PULSE which is continual without ceasing raised by the influent Blood and the Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty there resident It consists of a Systole Diastole â—…systole Which must be diligently â—…ned by all their causes according as Ocâ—… Inspection of living Bodies and reason shall Dictate Systole being the proper and natural motion of the heart is a contraction and drawing of the heart into a narrow compass that the blood may by that means be forced out of the right Ventricle through the Vena Arterialis into the Lungs and out of the left Ventricle through the Aorta into the whole Body Diastole being an accidental motion is the widning of the heart that Blood may be drawn in through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle and through the Arteria venosa into the left Peri-systole is a certain rest and stop going between both motions when the Blood is about to enter into or go out of the Ventricles so smal in healthy persons that it cannot be discerned being very manifest in such as are at the point of death It is only one between the Systole and Diastole or between the Diastole and Systole This is the natural state of the heart Besides these motions two others are Observed 1. A certain Undation or waving towards one side according to the carriage of the right Ventricle as if it did gently wreath it self as we see in an horse when he is drinking of which Harvey speaks 2. A trembling motion of the Heart when it is cut in sunder The former depends upon the Situation of the right Ventricle The latter is preternatural to the heart not arising from other particles or smal Bodies sent in by the Coronaria which is then cut in sunder but from the remainders of the vital Spirits We are taught by the testimony of our Eyes that in every Diastole blood is plentifully received in and in every Systole plentyfully expelled both into the Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta This appears I say to our Eye-sight 1. By Ligatures or bindings in live Anatomies If the Cava and the Aorta with the Vessels of the Lungs shall be bound or pressed down with the Finger or any other Instrument on either side we shall manifestly perceive that the part of the Cava which is inserted into the Heart is made empty that in the Diastole of the Ear it is filled and thereby the Heart and that the other part of the Ascendent and Descendent Vein on this side the Ligature doth swel In like manner the Arteria Venosa being tied near the heart by the Diastole of the left Ear it is made void and empty on this side the Ligature where it looks towards the heart but towards the Lungs it arises and swels The Arterial Vessels of the heart do shew themselves in a contrary fashion For the Vena Arteriosa being tied it swels towards the heart because it is filled by the Systole of the right Ventricle the Arteria Magna being bound swels between the heart and the Ligature being filled by the Systole of the left Ventricle 2. Besides the Ligatures we may gather as much from the vessels being opened or wounded The Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta Arteria being opned by a Lancet at every Systole or Elevation and Contraction of the heart it pours forth plenty of blood as long as the heart continues strong for when it languishes it intermits some Pulses before it voids any Blood Now we observe no such thing when the Cava or Arteria Venosa are opened between the heart and the Ligature The IV. TABLE The FIGURES Explained This TABLE doth in some measure express the Systole of the Heart in a Living-Creature and the Circulation of the Blood FIG I. AA The Lungs drawn back B. The Aorta Artery bound and swelling towards the Heart C. An Orifice made in the swoln part D. The Vena Arteriosa tied in like manner swelling towards the Heart growing yellow where it looks towards the Lungs ee The Ears on both sides FF The Fore-side of the Heart being in the Systole somwhat hard and bent and with its sides extended its point being drawn back to the Basis or broad End gg The Coronary Vessels FIG II. Shews the form of the Heart in its Diastole and the motion of Humors in its vessels aa The Arteria Venosa without binding being ful towards the Lungs empty towards the Heart b. The left Ear which receives blood from the Arteria Venosa C. The Vena Cava tied empty towards the Heart ful towards the Liver d. The right Ear swoln or heaving E. The hinder-side of the Heart as it is in its Diastole flagging ff The hinder part of the Lungs which are bunching or Bossie FIG III. and IV. Represents the Inside of the Earlets or little Ears of the heart The third Figure Represents the left Earlet The fourth shews the Right aaa 3. 4. The Plane Membrane of the Earlet b. 3. The Orifice of Arteria venosa 4. The Orifice of Vena Cava cccc 3. The three-pointed Valves with seven Fibres in 4. the same with five only ddd The larger fleshy Pillars eeee The lesser fleshy Pillars Interwoven one within another with wonderful artifice fff Many-fold Cavities formed between the Pillars page 102 4. The swelling of the Heart and the Flagging thereof being Palpable and visible to the external sense do sufficiently demonstrate when it is made strait in the Systole that of necessity somwhat must be squeezed out as it were forcibly and that when it is widened in the Diastole it must needs be filled with humors 5. The Ventricles in the Diastole appear greater and in the Systole lesser 6. From the largness of the Vessels of the Heart the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa do open into the heart with wider mouths then to suffer only a smal quantity of blood to enter Also the Arterial vein and the Aorta are larger then to send forth nothing or only Spirits The Quantity of Blood which fills the Heart in the Diastole and which goes out by the Systole at every pulsaâ—… not be exactly measured beâ—…ies according to the different state of the heart and the temper of Animals their Age Sex course of Diet and Life c. It is apparent to our Eyes in live Anatomies that much is received and expelled But it moves not in and out in so great quantities in persons that are well in health when the Heart is more quiet and hath the command of it self The Antients supposed that a drop or two was enough at a time and that the blood did freely pass and repass
Heart and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition which afterward falls by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart as parts puft up with wind do of their own accord settle when the wind is out and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind settles again by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood which is like boyling water part whereof ascends and part descends Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit Primerose saies that blood just as Milk Honey and very many things besides doth exceeding swel and rise so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opinion 1. No boyling is of it self equal but the Pulse is somtimes equal 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen 3. In live Anatomies if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart pure blood leaps out abundantly not frothy nor boyling nor heaving and it continues as it came forth Nor can it in a moment of time either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling if it did boyl Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal you shall find no difference neither at the first nor afterwards This Harvey Walaeus and as many as have made trial can witness with me 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart nor ought it so to be Not the former because there is not so much heat in a sound heart nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated as Conringius hath observed Not the latter because the parts for whose nourishment it is ordained are not meerly spiritual 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same as Harvey hath taught us The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius and Henricus Regius who tread in his footsteps with equal commendation do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to proceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle another out of the venosa Arteria into the left because those two Vessels are alwaies full and their Mouths towards the Heart are open which drops because of their aptness to be dilated and the heat of the Heart and the remainders of blood therein burning presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended But because of the straitness of the Ventricles the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide therefore at the same moment of time it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without inwards and being agitated by heat it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood makes them beat the Pulse but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards and through them breaks into the great Artery which it widens and drives the next blood warmed and exâ—…led by the former pulsations into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body that they might be thereby distended And so they conceive the Diastole is caused And they say the reason of the Systole is because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart the Heart is in part evacuated and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter that so the Diastole may be repeated I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat such as we observe in the opening of a Vein and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally augmented but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk as to cause the motion of the Heart and that they should be cooled in the Arteries many Arguments besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood do disswade 1. Living Dissections in which neither when the Heart nor when the Arteries are wounded does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified but pure such as the Ear had forced out 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked is seen to pulse without any rarefaction of blood which is but imaginary 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off Walaeus observed that when by reason of the Efflux of Blood it was not half full it was nevertheless erected but not filled by rarefaction but when it was contracted that portion of blood which remained in the Heart was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet It is in vain to call in the outward Coldness of the Air as an assistant cause for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment the heat thereof being yet Vigorous as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and strong is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefaction of the blood A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space then then was necessary for its entrance 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves as he observes The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time and so the valves should be useless both which is repugnant to experience Moreover the valves must be both shut and open in the Systole of the Arterie 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries neither
reason or occular inspection will permit It is drawn hot out of the Arteries differing little or nothing from that which is contained either in the Heart or near it In the small Arteries there is indeed no Pulse felt but that is to be imputed to the smalness of the vessels and their distance from the Heart which forces the blood Nor ought it because it enters into the Capillary Vessels that it may nourish the parts with hot Blood not with such as is cooled and thickned before it is changed into the secondary humors And what use is there of rarefaction if it presently settle again The Experiments and Reasons which learned men bring to the contrary from an Eele and an hunting dog from the contraction of the members by Cold from palpitations from spirit of wine resembling the Pulse from vehement protrusion c. are easily answered if you consider 1 That a certain motion is restored even in Hearts that are dead by exciteing their heat as in Muscles 2 The Fault is in the Vessels contracted by Colds not in the Blood when they fall in and flag 3 Palpitations arise from plenty of blood as examples testifie suppression of the Courses and the cure by blood-letting 4 In the Heart there is an even motion different from that which raised by spirit of wine or any thing else 5. The protrusion by pure blood is more vehement if the faculty concur and the Fibres of the Heart be united 6. The Heart is in its Perisystole or very near it when in the point cut off no dilatation is observed if it continue still in the Systole the dilatation is not felt till the Diastole follow The pulsifick Faculty implanted in the Heart must needs be joyned with the blood as the cause of its motion either that it may guide the influx and egress of blood and assist the same which would otherwise proceed disorderly as I explain the matter or that it might of it self produce the motion according to the Opinion of the Ancients which cannot be conserved if the perpetual flux of the blood should be stopped That the Heart stands in need of such a faculty I prove 1. Because the Pulse would be alwaies unequal the influx being unequal unless directed by some Faculty 2. When the Heart in Feavers is more vehemently moved then ordinary through the urgency of heat and in dying persons Nature being at the last pinch and using all her might yet is the motion of the heart weak as appears by the Pulse because the inbred Faculty is either lost or weakned Contrariwise though the said Faculty be strong and the influx of the blood cease or be hindred after large bleedings or by reason of Obstruction of the Vessels either in the whole Habit of the Body or the passages thereof or near the Heart the Motion of the Heart fails And therefore both are to be joyned together as primary Causes 3. Any Particles of the Heart being cut off do pulse by reason of the reliques of this Faculty or Spirit remaining 4. The Heart being taken out of the Body or cut in pieces lightly pricked with a pin does presently pulse as Walaeus hath observed 5. It were contrary to the Majesty of the principal Part to be moved by another whether it will or no without any assistance from itself and so to receive a violent Impression Regius hath substituted the influx of Animal Spirits into the fibres of the Heart instead of Animal Spirits and Hogeland the little petite Atomes of the blood moved in the Parenchyma But we must know in the first place 1. That the motion of the Heart is Natural which lasts perpetually yea against our wills and when we are asleep and not Animal 2. That we exclude not the Spirits which are the Souls Servants and Instruments 3. The small Boddikies or indivisible Particles of the Blood have all dropped out in disâ—ected Hearts because the Vena coronaria was cut asunder And that if any reliques of the said Bodikies did remain they could not be excited to motion either by pricking alone or by raising heat unless a Spirit or Faculty be allowed which being extinguished though the pieces of the Heart be laid in never so hot a place they will never pant Among the Remote Causes there is 1 The vital Spirit as well that which is implanted in the Heart as that which comes thither from without with beat sufficiently manifest in live dissections and which warms the whole Bodie And that either not shineing with light as most will have it or shineing That a lightfull heat of the Heart is requisite in this case many things argue 1 The motion of the Elements is simple never circular and light moves it self and the humors with a circular motion 2 The Heart and the Blood are more quickly moved by light then otherwise they could be which in the twinkleing of an eye dazeles all things illuminates all things 3. There is in all particular parts besides the obscure principles of the Elements also a lightfull part propagated from the seed which ought to be preserved by a like flame kindled from the Heart 4 In Hippocrates to dream of pure and brightly shining starrs signifies Health of Bodie 5 No Homor although hot does pant and move it self unless a burning flame as we see in spirit of wine a Candle and other things 6 In Glow-wormes their hinder-part only pants and shines where their Heart is of whose light I have discoursed in my Second Book of the light of Animals Chap 11 and 12. That the vital spirit is really endued with light and that there is an inbred light in the Blood and Heart which helps forward the circular motion of the blood I have demonstrated in my said Treatise Lib. 7. Cap. 5. 23. Hâ—â—mont consents that the animated spirit in the left Ventricle of the Heart inlightned by the former light is the Mover of the Heart After Caimus and other ancient Authors Ent asserts the same thing touching the flame raised out of the Seed in the first bladder of the Heart raised by the heat of the Hen which hatcheth and first of all shineing forth when the Lungs perform their office yet he errs that in the external widening he begs in the Construction more inwardly he tends to the beginning for in the Systole all that illuminats is expelled and then it is vigorated in a narrow heart which is evident in optick tubes and hollow glasses I ad that in the Diastole of the left Ventricle it sets on fire and kindles by the Systole from the Lungs the vital flame 2. The Shape and Conformation of the Heart and Vessels being exceeding well fitted to receive and expell the blood Especially the fibres of the Heart and the fleshy columns These make not so much for the Strength of the Heart alone as for the motion For all the fibres being contracted greater and lesser in the walls and septum which according to Harvey
of the Lungs are without pain Howbeit Riolanus allots very many Nerves to the substance of the Lungs also drawn from the Implication and Contexture of the Stomach Nerves I also have seen many spred abroad within the Lungs proceeding from the sixt Pare and alwaies in a manner accompanying the Bronchia or Lung-pipes derived from the hinder part and only a little twig conveig'd to the Membrane from the forepart What the Action of the Lungs is Authors Question That they never move at all is Helmonts Paradox but serve only as a seive that the Air may pass pure into the Chest and that the Muscles of the Belly alone do suffice for Respiration But that they are indeed and in truth moved the cutting up of live bodies shews and Wounds of the Chest that they move long and strongly Moreover that they may be moved any one may try with a pair of Bellows Finally They ought to be moved for otherwise both the Heart would â—e suffocated and the motion of the blood in the Lungs would be hindred The Muscles of the Belly do indeed concur but secondarily because they are not joyned to the Heart and when they are moved Respiration may be stopped Yea and when they are cut off in a living Anatomy the Lungs are moved nevertheless But whether they are moved by their own proper force or by some other thing is a further Question Averrhoes who is followed among the late writers by John Daniel Horstius conceives the Lungs are moved by their own proper force not following the motion of the Chest for otherwise saies he we must grant that a violent motion may be perpetual But we are to hold that though the Lungs are the Vessel of Respiration yet they are so not by doing but by suffering For they have no motive force of their own as Averrhoes will have it because at our pleasure we can stop our breathing or quicken or retard the same nor do they receive the principle of their motion from the Heart or from the blood raising them as Aristole conceives and his followers For 1. The efflux of the blood out of the Heart is made by the orninary motion but the Respiration is voluntary 2. The Cause of the Pulse and Respiration would be one and the same and they would be performed at one and the same time But thirty Pulses answer one Respiration 3. While we draw in our Breath strongly and hold the air drawn in for a season the swelling of the Lungs should compel us to let our breath go because it lifts up the Chest according to their opinion 4. The Blood of the Heart doth not abide in the Lungs by an unequal retention so as to distend them but it is forthwith expelled according to nature 5. When it tarries longest in diseased Lungs it makes shortness of Breath or difficulty in breathing but no Tumor 6. In a strong Apoplexy the motion of the Lungs ceases the Pulse being safe and the Heart unhurt Nor are the Lungs raised up by the air forced in which when the Chest is lifted up because it hath no other space whither it can go to it is carried through the Aspera arteria or Wesand into the Lungs as Falcoburgius and Des Cartes conceive and Hogelandius Regius and Prataeus who follow him For 1. The air may easily be condensed as may be proved by a thousand experiments as by Cupping-glasses Weather-glasses Whips Trumpets Winds and infinite things beside and therefore it may be most straitly compacted about the Chest and compressed within it self as well by the internal subtile nature of the air and dispersed by Atomes easily recollected one within another as by the external impulse of the Chest whereby it may more easily be condensed then driven into another place 2 By the motion of the Chest or such a like body we do not see the lightest thing that is Agitated By an hole in a Wall all Chinks and Dores being closely stopped our Nostrils being stopped we may with our Mouthes draw air out of the next Chamber to which it is not credible that the air moved by the Chest can reach with a strong motion and though air may penetrate into the Chamber through some chinks and Rifts yet is it not in so great quantity as to stretch the Chest so much as it ought to be stretched in free Respiration The same experiment may be made in a Glass or Silver vessel applied close to ones Mouth 4. While I have held my Breath I have observed my Belly to be moved above twenty times the while But whether is the Air then driven Must it not needs be because all places are ful of bodies that the air next the Belly is compressed and condensed See more of this subject in my Vindiciae Anatomicae and in a peculiar Discourse Therefore the Lungs do only follow the motion of the Chest to avoid Vacuum And therefore only they receive the air drawn in because the Chest by widening it self fils the Lungs with air Now that the Motion of the Lungs arises from the Chest experience shews For 1. If air enter into the Chest being peirced through with a Wound the Lungs remain immoveable because they cannot follow the widening of the Chest the air insinuating it self through the wound into the empty space But the Chest being sound the Lungs follow the widening thereof to avoid Vacuum as in Pipes Water is drawn upwards and Quittor Bullets Darts and other hard things are drawn out of body through the avoidance of Vacuum 2. If the Midriff of a live Creature be peirced through with a light wound Respiration is stopped the Chest falling in But somwhat there is which hinders many worthy men from assenting to this cause of the Lungs motion because after the Chest is perfectly opened the Lungs are oftentimes moved along time with a vehement motion But according to the Observation of Johannes Walaeus Franciscus Sylvius and Franciscus Vander Shagen that is not the motion of Constriction and Dilatation which is the natural motion of the Lungs but it is the motion of an whole Lobe upwards and downwards which motion happens because the Lungs are fasten'd to the Mediastinum the Mediastinum to the Midriff and the Lungs are also seated near the Midriff whence it happens while the Creature continues yet strong that either the Lungs with the Mediastinum are drawn or by the Midriff driven the Diaphragma or Midriff not yet falling down nor loosing its motion which I observe in contradiction to the most learned Son of Horstius Now that this motion proceeds not from the inbred force of the Lungs doth hence appear in that alwaies when the Chest is depressed the Lungs are lifted up being forced by the Midriff which at that time rises a good height into the Chest and contrarywise the Chest being lifted up the Lungs are depressed And because the Lungs are the Instrument of Respiration Hence it hath these following Uses
this way and that way into very many and those inexplicable wreathings and Labyrinths From thence again having sent greater branches by the sides of Vena portae and somtimes also twigs to the Vena Cava they enter with small Branches into the Cavity of the Liver From thence being carried to the Liver it self and split into very small fibres they are so long spred up and down into the flesh thereof every way til they are at length quite obliterated But into what part of the Liver either the Trunk or Branches are inserted I have not found by any as yet determined by reason of the sudden Efflux of the Humors I in the dissection of the fish cal'd Orbis by our Country-men Steenbud by Gâ—sâ—er Sea-Hare by Clusius the frog-mouth'd Orbis by the Islanders Roemaffue from the color of its Belly both Male and Female here at Hasnia frequently repeated in the presence of the most learned Wormius Sperlingerus Simon Pauli Fuerinus and others have found and demonstrated not only many daies after great plenty of milkie veins full of the white milkie humor but also the true place of their Insertion which was the third Lobe of the Liver that same little soft one described by Spigelius into which there entred a milkey branch sufficiently great from the large kernel seated not far off and swelling with the milkey humor unto which kernel the most of the milky veins out of the Mesentery and the appurtenances of the Stomach had their Course Nor is it to be doubted but that the same betides in men and other Creatures Nature so sharing the business that to each Lobe its Trunk may be assigned Now from this they go further with the branches of Vena portae inwardly to the rest of the Lobes and their Parenchyma And it is to be observed that about this third Lobe where the milkey veins are inserted the Gall-Bladder is placed either to assist Concoction which begins there or to receive the cholerick Excrement which in the Concoction of the Chylus is separated therefrom Now they are inserted into all the Guts vea even the Duodenum but especially into the smaller Guts not so many into thick ones nor are any of them carried to the Stomach or the Spleen And least the Chylus once received should slip back again into the Guts they are furnished with Valves which look from within outward which wil not admit the Chyle though driven back with Violence It s Substance is of a Vein which it resembles in structure and all things else excepting the milkie juyce Of which there are thâ—â—â— compounding parts Fibres a Membrane and Flesh They have but one single Membrane wherein they differ from Arteries neither are they here cloathed with so thick a coat no more than in other remote parts though in the Mesentery they receive from it another external coat Asellius doth attribute to them all kinds of fibres Right Transverse Oblique for Drawing Retaining and Expelling though Walaeus by Ligature do teach that the Chyle is rather thrust in them to the Liver by the Guts contracted and driving the same and others conceive that it is drawn by the Liver it self The Flesh which grows to the Membrane fils up the spaces between the fibres whose use besides is to prepare the Chyle before it comes to the Liver As for Quantity they grow continually one to another being all of one Trunk though their magnitude be not equal some being greater others lesser Now they are small least the thick and unprofitable parts of the Chyle should go into them together and least distribution should be made too suddenly and tumultuously which Frambesarius observes They are infinite in Number dispersed through the Liver Guts Mesentery and Pancreas and so much more in number than the vulgar Mesenterick Veins that their plenty may make amends for their smallness As to the first active Qualities they are colder than ordinary Veins because the Chyle which they carry is colder than Blood In respect of the passive qualities they are dry yet moister than the common Veins TABLE V The Explication of the FIGURE This TABLE Represents the milkie Veins or Venae Lacteae AA c. The Mesaraick branches of the Venae portae and the branches of the Arteria Coeliaca which accompany the same BB. c. The Venae Lacteae or milkie Veins which being bound in the lower parts do discocover the Valves CC. The Nerves running up and down through the Mesentery D. The Bottom of the Stomach E. The Pylorus F. The Gut Duodenum G. The Gut Iejunum H The Gut Ileum I. A Vein and Artery creeping through the bottom of the Stomach K. Pa t of the Call L. The great Kernel in the rise of the Mesentery which Asellius cals the Pancreas page 310 Their Action and proper Use is 1. To deliver up the Chylus to the Liver not by the Mesaraicks as hath been hitherto believed by which neither the Chylus ascends to the Liver nor the blood descends to the Guts as was said beâ—ore Nor let the abundance of the said Mesaraicks trouble us which the cold and bloodless Guts do not need because doubtless they need â—ore of Heat and much nourishment administred by the abundance of mesaraick Arteries and therefore plenty of Veins ought to answer the plenty of Arteries that they might carry back the superfluous blood to the Liver II To render the Chyle more fit to receive the form of Blood in the Liver But they are deceived who do assigne to them the blood-makeing faculty for the Chylus is not at all changed in colour till it come unto the Liver where it begins by little and little to grow reddish or paleish III They much conduce to facilitate the Art of Physick For 1 They discover a ready way for distribution of the Chylus which has hitherto bin very much controverted without any fear of a contrary motion or confuâ—â—on 2 They shew that the Blood is made in the Liver and its flesh and not in the veins 3 That the sucking of the Veins is no cause of Hunger because none are carried to the Stomach IV They declare the Causes of some Diseases of the Body which were before obscure viz. of the chylous flux of the Guts of pineing away of the Body for want of Nâ—… by reason of the kernels of the Mesentery 〈…〉 with â—…s swellings of intermitting Agues â—…d in the Mesarâ—um Hypocondriacal Melancholy c. V The learned Gassendus conceives that by the milkie Veins the white juyce contained in them is carried over the whole Body to breed Fat and that the true Chylus is brought the neerest way by the Porus biliarius out of the Stomach unto the Liver But neither of these may be granted Not the former because of the reasons brought before Book the 7 against Folius touching the matter of Fat which Riolanus approves and commends nor the latter because the Chyle would be infected by meeting with bitter Choler though
that renowned man allows in case of necessity the Jejunum being obstructed it may so be done And so much may suffice touching the History so the Venae Lacteae to which there is hardly any thing remainning to be added unless the cause of their sudden disappearing which is sufficiently controverted which is not to be imputed to the spiritual disposition of the Chylus which suddenly vanishes away as Asellius did at first beleive because the Chylus being drawn out of the Veins does keep its colour a very long time not vanishing away but becoming waterish But to that which did afterward seem probable to Asellius viz. the strong drawing of the Liver in so great Anxiety of the Ainmal all this may be attributed by which the spirits being consumed they need new Blood and Chyle speedily to be digested And hence a reason may be rendred why the Venae lacteae in a man hang'd at Amsterdam cut up by Dr. Tulpiuâ— remained visible many daies after such as have bin divers times sâ—en by Veslingius at Padua and Folius at Venice For by reason of the pains broke off by choaking there could be no drawing of the Liver For whereas in a Girle ten months old Veslingus found these Veins swelling I ascribe that to a like weakness of the Liver or the thickness of the milkie humor I also saw at Hafnia the last yeer the milkey veins in Sueno Olai of Vardberg who was immediately choak'd with a peice of neats-tongue having before eaten and drank plentifully visible in the Mesentery because respiration being hindred by the bit of tongue and his heart being suffocated there was no necessity for the Liver to draw any Chylus But P. Laurembergius as a man ignorant of this Anatomy does vainly imagine with himselfe that these veins do disappear because of the recourse of the Chylus to the Guts the Valves being loose and flaggie for 1 Do all you can you shall never bring the Chylus back in dead bodies into the Guts 2 If a vein be tied in the middle so that a passage is left open on both sides both towards the Liver and the Guts where it looks to the Liver it is emptie but it swells exceedingly towards the Guts and if it be left in that posture for some daies together the Chyle will not slip back into the Guts CHAP. IV. Of the Haemorrhoid Veins THe Haemorrhoidal Veins are those which are in the Fundament or Intestinum rectum and are also extrinsecally visible which in some men at set times do open of their own accord and void forth dreggie Blood which evacuation does much conduce to Health These Veins are not of one kind as the Ancients and many later writers have Imagined But some are termed internal which arise from the Vena portae others external from the Cava with which the haemorrhoidal Arteries are associated through which the Humors to be evacuated are carryed The Ancients knew only the Internal ones as being commended in melancholick and spleenetick diseases and they may be opened about the fundament or leeches may be applied to them whereas otherwise no branches of the Vena portae which lies concealed within do go out to the skin which can be opened The internal and external Haemorrhoid Veins differ one from another I In their Original For the Internal arises as was said before From the Vena portae and descends along the end of the Colon under the right gut the end whereof or Fundament it circularly embraces with certain smal twigs It arises sometimes from the Ramus splenicus from whence is the Vas breve But seldome which Casserius once observed from the Spleen it self Veslingus observed it twice or thrice and therefore Robert Flud is out who condemns the opening of the Haemorrhoid Veins because they void not from the Spleen but rather from the Mesenterie to the great dammage of the Guts and Stomach But the external Haemorrhoides arise from the Hypogastriâ—k branch of the Cava II By their Insertion For the internal is inserted into the substance of the Intestinum rectum which is membranous and required thick Blood made in the Spleen and communicated by the Arteria Coeliaca or Splenica The external are inserted into the Musculous Substance of the Fundament which required purer Blood elaborated in the Heart and brought hither by the branches of the Arteries III In Number the Internal is one in number the external is threefold IV In the Quality of the Blood contained The Blood of the inner is thick and black the Blood of the outer is thinner and redder V In their Use The internal empty the Vena portâ— successively but first the Spleenick Arteries and help the Obstructions of the Spleen the external empty the Vena Cava the Liver by accident but primarily the great Arterie and the Heart yea their evacuation cures diseases springing from Blood of the Head Chest c. Which Hippocrates hints in his Aphorismes and therefore the internal are said to cure the Cacochymia or badness of Humors the external the Pleâ—horia or fullness of good Blood VI In the plentiful profusion of Blood The flux of the internal ones is not so plentiful that of the external is sometimes so large that men die by the extremity thereof or fal into greivous diseases VII In the Evacuation of the external ones there is no Paine nor Gripeing of the Eelly and some times also no paine in the Fundament but in the flux of the inner Haemorrhoides there is greivous paine VIII The Internal do alone descend unaccompanyed with the Arteries howbeit either the Arteries are hidden or they depend of Arteries in the upper-more The external descend with the Arteries to the Muscles of the Fundament manifestly and therefore the external are more properly called Vasa Haemorrhoidalia to include the Arteries with the Veins Chap. V. Of the ascending Trunk of Vena Cava especially of the Vena sine pari VEna Cava called also Vena magna and maxima the great vein and the greatest vein by the Ancients because of its exceeding largness and by Aurelianus Venae crassa the thick Vein is the largest Vein in our whole Body and the Mother of all other Veins which do not proceed from the Vena Portae coming out of the bunching or convex side of the Liver and therefore by Hippocrates termed the Liver vein haveing spread many Veins through the upper part of the Liver which about the top are collected into one Trunk it is presently divided into the upper or ascendent and the lower and descendent Trunks The Ascendent Trunk peirces the Midrif is spread about through the Chest Neck Head and Arms. Now it is carried undivided as far as to the Jugulum Mean while four branches arise there from 1 Phreniâ—â—s or the Midrif vein on each side one whence also branches are sent to the Pericardium and Mediastinum That Quittor in such as have the Empyema is carried by this Vein to the Kidnies
and Bladder M. A. Severinus ingeniously proves because 1. The quittor must needs rest at the bottom of the Midriff 2. By the motion of the Septum it is easily made thin 3. By the same motion the mouths of the vessels are opened which may more truly be said of the Arteries which carry Blood to the Kidnies by their emulgent Branches and with the Blood sundry excrements as quittor Serum c. Afterwards the Vena cavae ascends by the Septum and boring its passage through the Pericardium it goes a little towards the left hand and infinuates it self into the right Ventricle of the Heart with a large hole where it is joyned on all sides to the left Ear-let and there is made 2 The Vena Coronaria which is somtimes double compassing the Basis of the Heart at the Rise whereof a little Valve is placed not suffering the Blood to return into the Trunk For it is joyned with a continued passage to the Artery that it may therefrom receive blood which is to return to the Cavae Afterwards the ascendent Trunk does at last bore its way through the Pericardium and taking the former shape it had under the Heart but smaller thorugh the middle division of the Lungs no more upon the Vertebra's of the Chest where now the Gullet and Wesand rest it ascends to the Jugulum Mean while there is bred 3. A remarkable Vein above the Heart called Ayzgos sine pari the Vein without a fellow because in a Man and a Dog it is commonly but one quartering on the one side without another on the other side But there are two in some Creatures which chew the cud as Goats and in Swine c. And in the Body of Man I have often seen two once I found none at all instead whereof on each side there descended a Branch from the Vena Subclavia It arises from the hinder part of the Cava but more towards the right hand and descends through the right Cavity of the Chest but in Sheep contrariwise it arises from the left side of the Cavae and descends through the left In a Man after its Beginning which is between the fourth and fist Vertebra of the Chest it bends a little back towards the right side and outwardly unto the eighth or ninth Vertebra of the Chest where it begins to possess the very middle space Howbeit I have observed it presently after its rise to descend right forward above the middle of the Back-bone and to send out branches on each side This Truncus sine pari for the space of eight lower Ribs sends out on each hand Intercostal branches which are somtimes here and there joyned by way of Anastomosis with the branches of the Thoracica inferior which arises from the Basilica and with the Intercostal Arteries And therefore a Vein is not alwaies to be opened in a Pleurisie of the right side as Vesalius would have it Neer the Eighth Rib it is divided into two Branches The one being somtimes the greater ascends under the Diaphragma to the left side and is inserted somtimes into the Cavae above or beneath the Emulgents somtimes into the Emulgent it self This way according to the vulgar Doctrine pleuritick persous are many times critically purged by Urine and void out that way abundance of Quittor which matter may more truly be said to be purged out by the emulgent Arteries by mediation of the Heart The other on the right hand goes to the Cavae and is joyned thereto seldom to the Emulgent somtimes bove the Emulgent Often times it is implanted into the last somtimes into the first lumbal Vessel for which cause in the beginning of a Pleurisie the ham-Ham-vein may be opened to draw away the Blood which would otherwise ascend out of the Arteries and small Veins into this Vein And whereas Hollerius and Amatus dream that this Vein hath Valves in its Beginning it is false and therefore false it is that the Cavae being evacuated the Vena sine pari is not evacuated because the Regurgitation is hindred by the Valves Fallopius denies them because he saw both Wind and Blood regurgitate from thence 4. The Intercostalis superior on each side one which is sent to the Intervals of the four upper Ribs when the Azygos hath not sent branches to all the Intervals of the Ribs Chap. 6. Of the Vena subclavia and its Branches and the Jugulars THe Branches aforesaid being constituted the Cavae ascends to the Claviculae underpropped with the Thymus where it is commonly thought to be divided and in many Anatomical Tables is so represented into four parts on either side into an upper part and a lower whence a common Error of Practitioners arises who scrupulously open the Basilica Vein in parts affected beneath the Neck the Cephalica in Diseases of the Head But at the Claviculae â— channel-bones the truncus vena cavae is divided not into four branches but two only on each side one the right and left which are termed Subclavij and by some Axillares Wherefore it matters not in Diseases below the Neck whether you open the Basilica or Cephalick Vein for the Trunk of Vena Cavae is alike emptied for the Cephalica and Basilica proceed from one root The Chyrurgeon ought to cut that which of the two is most apparent Howbeit in Diseases of the Head if the Circulation did not perswade the contrary the opening of the Cephalick Vein would help a little more because there is a branch inserted thereinto proceeding from the external jugular which I have observed more than once in divers Bodies But the Case is all one because the Carotick Arteries exclude all this Difference From the Subclavian Veins there arise both upper and lower Veins and the lower both before and after division before the division four 1. The Mammaria whose original doth notwithstanding many times vary on each side one somtimes without a fellow descending into the Duggs of which I have made frequent mention This by way of Anastomosis is somtimes joyned to the Epigastrica under the right Muscles of the Abdomen 2. The Mediastina which comes to the Mediastinum and the Thymus 3. Cervicalis for the Muscles which lie upon the Vertebra's and for the Marrow of the Neck 4. Muscula inferior for the lower Muscles of the Neck and the upper of the Breast and this also arises somtimes from the external Jugular The FIGURE Explained This TABLE propounds the chief distribution of Vena cavae through the whole Body A. The Trunk of Vena Cavae below the Heart B. Its Trunk above the Heart C. An hole whereby it gapes into the Heart DD. The Subclavian Branches ee The mammary Veins f. The Vena Mediastina gg The Venae cervicales hh The Venae Vertebrales iiii The Jugulares externae kkkk The Jugulares internae Lllll. The Vena Azygos or sine Pari. mm. The Intercostalis superior nn The Rami phrenici ooooo The Branches
of Cava through the Liver p. The Scapularis intern◠q. The Scapularis extern◠r. The Thoracica superior s. The Thoracica inferior T. The Cephalica V. It s external Branch X. It s internal branch which in part constitutes the Mediana ZZ The Basilica Vein 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Its first Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The external Branch of the second Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The internal branch of the second Bough 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The third Bough constituting the other part of the Mediana 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Salvatella These following Characters design the lower Veins AA The Emulgent Veins BBBB The Spermatick Veins ccc The Veins of the Kidney-kernels dddd The Lumbal Veins EE The Rami Iliaci ff The Muscula superior gg The Sacra HH The Ramus Iliacus externus II. The Ramus Iliacus Internus kk The Muscula media LL. The Venae Epigastricae mmmm The Hypogastricae Venae nn The Muscula inferior oo The Vena pudenda PP The Crural Branch Qqqq. The Venae Saphaena rr The Ischias minor ssss The Muscula ttt The Poplitaea uu The Suralis xx The Ischias major page 313 Basilica as shal be said in the following Chapter touching Veins of the Head From the Axillary after its division from the Trunk of the Basilica arise two Veins 1. Thoracica superior spent into the Muscles spred upon the Chest and into Womens Dugs 2. Inferior which somtimes grows out of the superior creeping all over the side of the Chest whose branches are joyned by way of Anastomosis with the Branches of Vena sine pari which proceed out of the Chest From the upper part of the subclavian trunk there first arises muscula superior spread out near the jugularis externa into the skin and muscles of the hinder-part of the Neck And afterwards The jugular Veins so called because they ascend in the Jugulum at the sides of the Neck and they are internal or external External which sometimes either in its original or in the middle of its passage is twofold creeping upwards under the Skin and provides for the external parts of the Head Face Neck and Fauces For under the root of the Ear it is divided into the internal and external branch The internal goes unto the muscles of the Mouth Fauces Hyoides c. The exterior being under the Ear propped with kernels is divided into two parts one part is caried into the fore-parts of the Face the Nose and Cheeks and in the middle of the Forehead being joyned with a Branch of the other side it makes the Vein of the Forehead which is usually opened The other is carried through the sides the Temples and the Occiput This the wise Severinus opens with very great successe in the Head-ach Hoarsness Shortness of Breath Pleurisie pain of the Spleen Tetters Squinzy and which I was present and saw in Varices of the Face Mean while these branches are variously mingled in the Head and the Crown of the Head The internal Jugular in men is the greater because of their abundance of Brains but in Beasts it is contrarywise T is called Apaplecta and does ascend to the side of the Trachea to which it sends branches Reaching to the Basis of the Skull in its hinder-part it is divided into two branches The one which is the greater is carryed backwards with the lesser branch of the Carotick Arterie through the hole of the Os Occipitis which is made for the sixt Pare of Nerves and enters into the cavity of the dura mater The other being lesser entring at the hole of the third and fourth pare is spent into the Dura Mater Chap. 7. Of the Veins of the Arms and Hands THe axillary Vein as we have observed in the foregoing Chapter is divided at the beginning of the Arm into two remarkeable Branches the upper and lesser or the Vena Cephalica and the lower and greater or Easilica The upper is called Vena humeraria Cubiti inferior Cephalica or Capitalis the Head-vein because it is wont to be opened in Diseases of the Head by the Ancients and by later Surgeons also either out of Ignorance or Superstition In Brutes it arises from the external Jugular in Men allwaies from the axillary yet so that from the external Jugular a short twig may be inserted into the Cephalica It is carried in the Surface of the Body between the fleshy Membrane and Coat of the Muscles It s external branch termed Funis Brachii at the middle of the wrist in the lower part is joyned to a branch of the Basilica and afterwards arising into the outer side of the wrist passing along between the ring finger and the little finger it is called Salvatella which is that which the Arabians term Siele who as others at this day commend the opening thereof in the left hand against melancholick diseases acute Fevers and tertian Agues but in vain and upon no ground at all As Joh. Bap◠Sylvaticus has proved in a distinct Treatise and Severinus lately whatever Spigelius may dispute touching Anastomoses of the Arteries in the extream parts wherewith the Spleen abounds For the Spleen is more remote and any other part may be as wel opened for there are Anastomoses in a manner every where They make that the inner branch of the Cephalica which constitutes the mediana Basilica by some call'd Cubiti interior Epatica Jecoraria c. the Liver vein because in diseases of the Liver it is usually opened but in the left side t is termed Lienaris the Spleen vein because the opening thereof is commended in Diseases of the Spleen upon no ground at all But let Surgeons take heed when they open this Vein least they wound a Nerve of the third and fourth pare which lies neer the same whence follows great pain a Feaver Convulsion and Death Also Arteries lie beneath the same which being hurt causes au Aueurisma and effusion of Blood This Vein is divided into more Boughes then the Head vein Under the tendon of the pectoral muscle it is divided into three Branches I The first goes along with that Nerve of the Arme which they cal the fourth II The next is termed Medius and Profundus beneath the Elboe Joynt divided into an external and an internal branch separated but a little way one from another The former provides for the Thumb Forefinger and Middlefinger as also for the external muscles of the Hand The latter being stretched along the middle bone of the Cubit servs the Middlefinger the Rinfinger and the little finger as also the internal Muscles of the Hand III The Subcutaneus is divided at the inner swelling of the Arm is divided into a foremore and hindermore Branch The latter descends under the Ulna by the little finger where it is joyned to a Branch of the Cephalica The former as it passes along the Cubit produces another remarkeable Vein which proceeds sometimes directly otherwhiles with various turnings unto the wrist And then
as it is carried along the Cubit with the inner Branch of the Cephalica it makes a common Vein which is called Mediana by Avicen nigra t is cald the mediana or middle Vein because of its Sitnation in the midst of the Arm. It is frequently opened without danger because there is no Nerve beneath it but only the Tendon of a Muscle From this or rather from that part of the Basilica whence this arises a branch is sent forth which being divided above the Radius produces an exteriour branch between the Thumb and the Forefinger which some cal Cephalica others Occularis and some again as Mundinus Salvatella and another more inward betwixt the middle finger and the Ring finger which some as Rhasis count the Sielc or rather Seilem of Avicenna But touching the Distribution of all these Veins it is to be observed that they differ in several Bodies and are seldome in one man as they are in another yea the right side of the same man does rarely agree with the lest and in like manner they varie in Magnitude in several persons CHAP. VIII Of the Trunk of Vena cava descending as far as to the Thighes THe lower Trunk of Vena Cava proceeding out of the Liver called the descendent Trunk is more narrow then the upper or ascendent which servs very many parts and proceeds undivided accompanied with with a great Arterie as far as to the fourth Vertebra of the Loyns Mean while it sends forth these folowing Boughes I The Vene adiposae which servs the Coat of the Kidneyes and their Fat the left of which is commonly higher then the right II The emulgent Veins descending to the Kidneyes by a short and crooked passage sometimes with a threefold Rise bringing back the wheyish Blood being purified from the Kidnyes into the Vena Cava 3. The Spermatick Veins of which in the first Book 4. The Lumbaces or Loyn-veins somtimes two somtimes three which are carried betwixt the four Vertebra's of the Loyns From these some write that they have observed two Veins ascending within the Vertebra's on each hand to the side of the spinal marrow in the Brain which makes them conjecture that a portion of the seminary matter is brought from the Brain These being thus constituted the Trunk going towards Os sacrum at the fourth Vertebra of the Loyns it goes under the Aorta which before was under it and is divided into two equal Branches termed Rami Ilij or Iliaci because they go over the Os Ilij and Os pubis unto the Thighes About the division it self there arise two Veins the Muscula superior serving the Peritonaeum and the Muscles of the Loyns and Belly and the Sacra somtimes single otherwhiles double for the Marrow of Os sacrum Afterward the Ramus Iliacus is forked out on each side into the external greater and the internal lesser From the inner two Veins sprout the Muscula media without serving the Muscles seated on the outside of the Hip and the skin of the Buttocks and the Hypogastrica which is remarkable somtimes double serving very many parts of the Hypogastrium as the Muscles of Intestinum rectum whence are the Haemorhoides externae the Bladder and its Neck the Yard the lower side and neck of the womb whence are those Veins by which menstrual Blood is many times thought to be purged in Virgins and Women with Child which nevertheless seldom happens when the Venae Hypogastricae do cumulate thick Blood and send it not back unto the Trunck then they may be opened but otherwise they are indeed suppressed but they ascend unto the Heart by the Vena Cavae and cause palpitations and other symptomes But when they are right the Courses are naturally voided by the Arteries which appears by their florid color and the common Office of the Arteries which is to carry unto the parts of body Walaeus proves this also by other tokens in his Epistles This branch when it is joyned with the crural branch internal doth cease From the outer three two before it goes out of the Peritoneum and one afterward the first is the Epigastricae which seldom arises from the crural to serve the Peritoneum and Muscles of the Belly the chief part ascends under the right Muscles to the Mammariae to which they are often joyned about the Navil 2. The Vena pudendae which serves the Privy Parts in Men and Women it goes athwart to the middle of Os pubis 3. Muscula inferior going over the side of the Hip-joynt to serve the Muscles and skin of that part Afterwards its Branches are termed Crurals Chap. 9. Of the Crural Veins THe Venae Crurales as also the Arteries and Nerves passing along are in the bending of the Thigh interwoven with frequent kernels for firmness sake Afterwards there arise from the crural Veâ—â— six branches 1. Saphaeda so cal'd because of its apparency more than other foot-Veins or Venae mâ—leoli the Anckle-vein is long and remarkable it is carried along in the Inside of the Thigh with a Nerve stretched by it between the Skin and Membranâ— Carnosa to the Knee and along the inner part of the Leg it goes to the inner Anckle And it is variously distributed into the upper parts of the Foot towards the Toes especially the great Toe This is opened about the Ankle in Diseases of the Womb especially when the Courses are stopt and in the Gonorrhaea to evacuate or revell the Blood which otherwise would ascend too plentifully unto the Womb and Genitals Now it must be opened where it is most apparent whether it be on the Back or side of the Foot 2. Ischias minor is opposite to the former for it is a short outer branch springing from the crural it is carried outwardly and athwart into the skin of the Hip and the Muscles of that place 3. Muscula arises from a Trunk which lies hid among the Muscles it is a double and remarkable Branch distributed among the Muscles seated in the Thigh 4. Poplitea the Ham-vein is made of a double Crural branch mingled together and runs streight along under the Skin behind through the midst of the bending of the Ham as far as to the Heel somtimes to the Skin of the Outer Ankle This Vein is commonly supposed to have been frequently open'd by the Ancients under the Knee and Paulus Magnus a Chyrurgeon of Rome did once open it But because it lies exceeding deep and cannot be seen we must suppose it cannot be opened and perhaps this is not the Venae poplitea of the Ancients especially seeing Galen is exceeding various in his description thereof and calls it somtimes the Vein in the Ham somtimes about the Ham somtimes at the Knee otherwhiles under the Knee peradventure he meant the Ankle-vein which descends to the inner bunching of the Leg and is indeed conspicuous enough under the Knee 5. Is cal'd Suralis which is a great Vein and is divided into the external and lesser and the internal
into the Veins from the Veins into the Heart is continual never cleasing nor once stopped or interrupted for a moment of time And the truth is seeing the said motion is made as we shall see anon because the Heart receives and transmits and seeing this motion lasts perpetually all the life long the said motion of the blood cannot but naturally be continuall Also the motion of the Blood is quick for an Artery or Vein being bound compressed it immediately swells and grows round and hard and when the ligature and compressure are taken away the blood is seen to be swiftly moved But how soon the blood performs its Circuit from the Heart and to the Heart again I cannot precisely determine We observe it is done sooner by an Anastomosis near the Heart than by one off nor will I be much against him that shall say the greatest Circuit from the remotest parts of the body is performed in less than a quarter of an hour for the blood passeth with exceeding celerity Howbeit it goeth not so swiftly as we see it leap out when a vein or Artery is opened because then it is moved in the free and open Air but within the body it is compressed to lift up its vessels and to thrust on the foregoing blood And therefore we see an Artery being cut open especially if near the heart is sooner emptied than the heart can supply it with new blood But if this be true why do Feavers return once in a quarter of an hour seeing the Fit seems then to happen when the corrupt matter comes to the heart whereas now some fits come every day others every third and some every fourth day Truly I will not deny that it may fall out that when the Corrupt matter comes to the heart the Fit may happen as Harvey hath an example thereof in the 16 chapter of his Book But I do not think it is necessary for some portion may slip out of the corrupt Seminary or some sooty stream may arise and go into the heart and so raise the Feaver as most Feavers are seen to arise from the Inflammation of the Parts which the Imposthume being opened and the Quittor removed do cease And as such kinde of symptomatick Feavers even so also may some intermitting Feavers and Agues happen by reason of â—ome matter shut up within or without the Vessels which by putrifying every day every third day or every fourth day regurgitating or fuming into the large Vessels may bring the Fit In continual Feavers I confess whose matter is to stick to the larger vessels it is harder to shew a reason why there should not be a Fit or Exacerbation at every Circuit of the blood But I conceive I may alledg the same cause which is vulgarly given why continual Feavers are not allwaies alike feirce because though the matter be sufficiently near the Heart yet it doth not cause a Paroxism till it have attained a certain degree of putrifaction and that the Fit lasts so long till that putrid matter be evacuated which touches the Heart or sends its Fumes thereto But I suppose no man because of the reason of the return of Ague-fits which is altogether abstruse and unknown will deny the motion of the blood to be very quick which is a very manifest thing Besides swiftness the blood hath vehemence in its motion which appears from what we have said touching the Hardnesse and Tension or stretching which the Veins and Arteries acquire when they are bound for nothing can be distended by a liquid Substance into an extream hardness especially upwards unless it be vehemently driven thereinto or retained therein But this vehemence of motion is chiefly near the Heart removed from which it grows by degrees lesser and lesser so that the little Arteries in the remote parts do not pulse unless some impulse of blood greater than ordinary do happen as we observe to happen in Feavers therefore it is that the Veins are not seen to pulse because the impulse of the Blood is less in them than it is in the smallest Arteries and because the Veins â—oyned to the Arteries by Anastomosis when they go from them divide themselves into more little branches and twigs than the Arteries do for when Rivers are divided into divers Arms the force of the waters motion is abated And therefore when some Arms of a Vein are shut either by something pressing them as in certain Tumors or somewhat which stops them as in the Varices the blood slipping back by its own weight the force of the bloods motion is then again observed and the Veins are seen to pulse for I have often observed in the Veins which are transparent through the Skin that most of those palpitations in the parts which are thought to proceed from Winds are nothing else but the pussations of the veins And because the motion is more vehement in the Arteries than in the Veins it seems at first sight to be swifter also in the Arteries than in the Veins just as Men Horses and other Animals which move themselves with great labour and through mistake judged many times to make the greater speed For the Blood forced through the Arteries cannot all pass through the Anastomoses because it comes out of a wide place into a narrow and therefore it is accumulated in the Arteries they are dilated in which dilation they persist a small time wherefore in the middle of the dilation and in the whole time of the rest that same force doth very little further the quickness of the bloods motion which motion is in the mean time more free in the veins because it comes out of a strait into a wide place and is performed by more wayes Now Reason doth teach us in this Case that in this motion of blood the swiftness hereof must be alike in the Arteries and the Veins for as much blood as the Liver sends to the heart made of new Chyle and as much nourishment as the Arteries give to the parts must be repayed or the Heart will at last be void of all moisture which thing also sense confirms for the Vena cava pulses so often in that whole Tract from the Liver to the Jugulum and therefore drives into the heart as the Artery is observed to pulse and therefore to receive from the heart But we shall hereof speak more anon Howbeit in the Arteries themselves the blood is moved more aimbly when the Heart drives it from which Quickness it departs by little and little when the Heart begins to rest and is afterwards dilated Yea and in the Veins themselves the motion of blood is more vehement and quick when the Heart pulses which as we have observed in live Anatomies so have we often noted the same when a Vein hath been opened in the Arm in which the Veins were not much distended with the Ligature Also the foresaid palpitations of the Veins seem to proceed from no other
of the milkie Veins do go DD. Two milkie Branches greater then the rest ascending by the Porta and inserted into the Liver by the Opinion of Asellius EE The Lobes of the Liver F. The Gall. GG The empty Gut called Jejunum HH The Ilium OO Glandulous Flesh in Dogs by the Duodenum and the Entrance of the Jejunum which may be called in Dogs the lower part of the Pancreas page â—â—â— Some also there are who suppose that the blood being carried out of the Heart does go back and return again by the Arteries into the Heart Which they are therefore moved to think that they may be able to give a mechanick cause why the Valves of the Heart in the Orifice of the Arteries do fall down and are closed up I truly have alwaies esteem that a rare design of Erasistratus to explain all things that happen in our Body mechanically but I account it a rash thing in him to measure the Wisdom of God by his own Wisdom And these are to be counted Engins which evident reason and especially Sense do shew to be such Here contrariwise our Senses observe that the blood goes through the Arteries from the Heart not to the Heart and in a rare and languishing Pulse that the Artery does not swell last where it is knit to the Heart as it should do if that Opinion were true but first of all Also that the Valves are not shut by the blood running back we have this sign that in case the Artery be bound two fingers from the Heart and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the Valves that the blood may freely pass forth and therefore go neither backwards nor forwards yet the Valves may be divers times well sastned the Heart ordinarily moved and so as not to sâ—ed forth the blood save in its constriction And therefore if I would here allow of any mechanical Motion I should admit the common Opinion which saies that the shutting as of the heart so of the Valves is performed by contraction of the Fibres For that same contraction of the fibres in the Heart is every where obvious to the Eye-sight But we have truly no sign or â—oken that the Blood is any other waies directly moved through the Veins from the Heart or through the Arteries to the Heart In Joy truly the Humors move outwards but this may be betide by the Arteries alone And in Sadness the Humors may be moved inwardly through the Veins alone and they must needs do so for seeing the Pulse does not cease in Sadness and by the Pulse there goes continually somwhat through the Arteries outwards hardly can any thing be moved through the Arteries inwards and to the Heart Howbeit praeternaturally the humors have another motion besides that which we have here described whilest by their lightness or other activity they mount upwards or by their weight descend downwards as is manifest in such as have the Varices so called Also that way being shut up by which they were wont to be moved they are compelled to seek another So in a Duck I have divers times seen in the Vessels of the Breast the blood parti-coloured some whiteish some reddish which the Artery being contracted was moved to and from the Heart in divers sides of the Artery but that motion lasted not long nor did the blood ever enter into the Heart by that motion And thus most worthy Friend Bartholine I conceive I have answered your Question touching the motion of the Blood Whereinto I did enquire more scrupulously that I might better know the Nature of the Humors and their Deflux from which Flux of Humors innumerable Diseases arise I did also believe that I might more exactly understand how good or bad blood was generated if I knew those Parts by which the Humor passing along might be changed Also I conceived that I should be better able to judg how very many Diseases ought to be cured if I knew which Vein being opened would evacuate such and such parts and through what parts the Remedy ought to pass before it can come to the part affected Also innumerable things came into my mind diffused through our whole Art as the Doctrine of Pulses of Feavers of Inflammations their Generation and Cure and other things which made me desire to be acquainted with this Motion of Blood And the Experiments whereby I was brought into this Opinion are so evident that I doubt not to affirm that learned and discreer Physitians will henceforwards allow of this Motion of the Chyle and Blood Howbeit in some Causes and in certain circumstances of this Motion I cannot promise the like Agreement for sundry men are Naturally inclined by a disparity of their Judgments to embrace different Opinions Touching the truth of these Experiments you cannot my Bartholine make Question who have your self seen many of them and there were frequently present most learned Doctors of Physick not unknown to you Franciscus Sylvius Johannes Van Horn Ahasuerus Schmitnerus most accurate Dissecters and those persons of solid Learning Franciscus vander Schagen and Antonius Vockestaert nor were they only present but they also afforded their Counsels and Handiwork to help make the said Experiments to whom in that respect I am very much obliged And so farewel most learned Bartholine and persist to love me Dated at Leyden the 10. of the Kalends of October Anno 1640. THE SECOND LETTER OF THE Motion of the Blood To the said BARTHOLINUS SUch is the Fate of Writers that they are comcompelled to write when they are unwilling that so they may answer their Adversaries unless they would rather be wanting to themselves or the cause which they defend A certain learned Man would needs extort this from me being busied about far other matters For those Theses which he had before objected against he hath endeavored now lately by a peculiar Writing to refute In which Writing there are many witty and learned Passages but I find that fault in the Author which the Ancients found in Albutius the Rhetoritian who made it his Business in every Cause he pleaded not to say all that should be said but all that he was able to say Also that Motion of the Blood which is evident in live Dissections he hath never labored to observe just as if the matter might better be conceived by the Mind then he could see it with his Eyes But these and other things concerning those Theses I leave to the Care of Roger Drak who is now a Doctor of Physick at London a Man of an acute Wit and solid Learning I shall only meddle with such things as shall seem to oppose the circular Motion of Blood And in the first place what it is that Blood-letting does teach us in this Case concerning which that learned Man hath observed things worthy of Consideration A Surgeon being to open a Vein makes a Ligature upon the Arm that the Vein may swell The Vein that swells
not on this fide the Ligature towards the heart but on that side the Ligature which is furthest from the Heart Now the Cause of that Tumor is not Pain caused by binding the part for oftentimes little and commonly no pain in the part bound And when the Arm is pinced or pained by Burning or otherwise it hath its Veins for the most part less swollen then upon a simple and bare Ligature Nor is it more likely that the Veins swell upon the Ligature because through the Veins which are straiter because they are bound greater pienty of Blood comes and with more swiftness from the Liver as about Bridges and in other places Rivers being straitned do run more swiftly For the Water of a River being gathered together in a narrow place is manifestly lifted up into a swelling from which when it falls it goes the faster but the arm being bound the contrary happens for they are not the Veins nighest the Liver from which blood should come but those farthest from the Liver which are most distended It remains therefore that the Veins swell beyond the Ligature because the motion of the blood running from the small veins into the Heart is stopped by the Ligature and being there gathered together distends the Vein But to the end I might be more certain hereof I bound the jugular and crural branch in living Creatures very strongly with a threed so that no blood might pass by and I opened that part of the Vein which was more remote from the Heart it bled plentifully swiftly vehemently soon after I loosed the band and cut the Vein asunder through the middle and the part thereof farthest from the Heart being drawn out of the body upwards presently and swiftly fell a bleeding whilst in the mean time the part of the Vein nearest the heart being somewhat elevated least the Creature strugling with pain should easily force out the Blood first it voided but little and afterwards no blood at all whence it seemed to me apparent that the blood came out of the veins far from the heart into those near the same and not out of the greater Veins into the lesser unless haply some neighbouring blood finding a way might slip away Any one may easily try as much in opening a vein in the Arm for if he force the blood above the Ligature upwards with his finger so that the vein appear empty yet shall he see the blood issue out as fast as ever below the Ligature which could not come through the upper branch being at present empty But if the Vein be thus distended with blood which is moved from the smaller veins to the Heart how can the artery be distended upon the ligature which divers excellent Physitians relate to have been so distended that it has been opened instead of a vein the truth is the Artery doth not swell upon the Ligatures being made unless where it is neer the Heart but farther off it falls in somewhat and is diminished as I have an hundred times and oftener experimented in the Dissections of living Anatomies But I do not think it was any of the authors meaning thar the remoter part of the Artery was distended by means of the Ligature but that their meaning only was where the Vein did not appear which was to be opened that there the place where it lay was to be sought by feeling and that by a pit by motion and swelling of the Blood it was to be found and when we feel a swelling or otherwise discover the same we should not presently conclude that there was the Vein for it might be an Artery which by reason of the hard binding had lost its pulse and which by reason of the thickness of the Coates not quite falling in might counterfeit a certain tumor and puffing-up as it were But moreover if the Vein swels by reason of the Blood returning to the Heart why does the vein also swel and if opened why void Blood when there is a Ligature made below as well as above the place phlebotomized which Blood cannot be thought possibly to come from the lower parts by reason of the Ligature made below the Orifice But this does not alwayes so happen but but sometimes only when the Arm is tied at a certain distance and then the greater Veins in the place between those two Ligatures do receive that blood from the smaller Veins which smaller Veins receive from the smaller Arteries which are joyned to the smal veins by way of Anastomosis And that indeed the blood which flows out betwixt the two Ligatures does come by way of Anastomosis out of the Arteries this is a sign and in that it flows more hotter and with more violence and more easie and sooner a Lipothymia or fainting fit follows the efflux hereof And this Ligature I am wont to make use of when I have signs that spirituous and hot blood is in fault and I bid the Chirurgeon seek out those Anastomoses by his Ligature for if the Ligature be made above the Anastomosis it stops the motion of the blood but beneath it does not stop it but the blood leaps out hotter to the feeling of the Patient When a Vein is opened and the blood runs out as soon as it begins to stop or come away sparingly or if it did so at first we loose the Ligature that the blood might run out faster Now the Ligature seems not therefore to be slacked to the intent the blood may come from the Liver through the Veins For though there be little or no blood above the Ligature yea only a pit appear in the Vein yet will the course of the Blood be increased by loosening the Ligature which cannot possibly come out of an empty Vein But by the loosening of the band the Blood may the better descend by the Arteries and pass out of them into the Veins because the Arteries being compressed by the Ligature by loosening the said Ligature become more free Now that the Arteries are not alwayes sufficiently at Liberty when the arm is bound the patient himself can witness who oft perceives the pulse of the Arterse at the Ligature which perception the compressed Arterie causes when it smites against the flesh And the Physitian if he examine the matter shall often find a less pulse in the bound aâ—m then in the free And I can testifie that I have divers times applyed my fingers to the Patients wrist when the band was to be loosed and observed that when by loosing the Ligature Blood came in more plentifully the Pulse became greater But if that Blood which flows out when a vein is opened comes out of the Arteries into the veins how can it be plentifully taken away for all the Arteries pulse equally and therefore they seem to afford blood to the Veins in one and the same measure and if so be therest of the arteries afford so much to their veins as the arteries of the Arms do to
theirs and is drawn out shall not the heart be soon destitute of all blood There is truly no danger at all For we have said the blood comes as fast unto the heart as it is driven thence Yet I cannot conceive the Blood enters all veins alike although the Arteries seem to pulse equally for all Liquors flow more easily and swiftly into an empty place in which there is nothing to drive and force them and moreover in this case the Blood is more forcibly drawn by the empty Veins then by the full ones Now more store of Blood issues from a vein opened in the cubit then in the Hand because all that blood which comes to the Veins through all the Anastomoses of the Cubit of the Hand must return through the Cubit Veins but less runs through the Veins of the Hand and that only which comes through the Anastomoses of the Hand Out of a wounded Arterie indeed the blood presently flowes although it be not bound But that happens because the Blood is carryed with greater vetiemence though the arteries then through the Veins by which vehemency it fills the Arterie lifts up and distends the Coat and if it be opened necessarily flies out Our of a Vein opened when Blood has flowed sufficiently we stop it by untieing the Ligature because the Blood may be carried again its old way now it is at Liberty and the way free But if it so happen that too much blood being gathered about the Ligature the Veins cannot give it a free passage or so large an orifice be made that the Blood may now go right out that way by which it went when it was shut in sometimes the Band being loosened the blood runs out in a full stream Which our Chyrurgeons at this very day that they may effectually stop they frequently compress the vein with their Thumbs a little below the Orifice and so they stop the blood least if they should compress it above the orifice the blood contained therein should presently curdle and hinder the healing up of the Vein And they that deny that the blood may thus be stopped I know not wherein we should credit them who would abuse us in a thing obvious to the Senses And seeing the Blood is stopped by compressing the lower part of the Vein it is truely manifest that the Blood ascends from the lower parts But in case it should happen not in Blood-letting but by some other mischance that a Vein should be so wounded that the Blood could not be stopped the Vein is cut asunder in the middest Whereupon the Vein being no longer strerched out as before the parts cut asunder are drawn upwards and downwards into the flesh by which flesh the mouths of the Veins are compressed and shut and that so much the more easily because the Blood can move its self so much the more easily through the neighboring veins which are extended and open the former being shut up and therefore for the very same cause a small Arterie being cut asunder athwart neither Bleeding nor Inflammation do follow Which things being so I conceive it is evident to all Men that such things as happen in Blood-letting do either prove the Circular motion of the Blood or at least are not against the same But seeing other Things are objected against us we must answer them also And first whereas they prove that the Blood comes through the Veins not out of the Arteries but from the Liver because some parts receive Blood and have Tumors arising from the Afflux of the Blood which parts have no Arteries amongst which they reckon the Pleura But it does not follow if the parts have not Arteries that their veins do not receive their blood from the Arteries but from the Liver for as we said the blood out of the Mesenterick and Celiack Arteries does not enter the Mesenterick and Splenick Veins through which it is carried to the Liver even so other veins may receive blood from the Arteries which they may carry into a part more remote from Arteries Howbeit there is no part of the Body of any bulk wherein the Anatomists do not rightly acknowledge Arteries to be And infinite Arteries do not as yet lie concealed from their knowledge because the smallest Arteries dispersed through the flesh have only one Coat as the Veins have Yea and in the Liver it self there are so many branches of the Arteria Celiaca as there are Branches of the Vena Porta and as many branches also there are of the Ductus Cholidocus all which have bin by Anatomists hitherto reckoned for Branches of Vena Porta because those three kinds of Vessels are in the Liver inclosed in a common Coat At least no man will ever deny the Arteries of the Pleura that has once seen the Chest of a living Creature opened for whilst the Chest is dissected Blood is wont to leap out of the Arteries of the Pleura Moreover they prove that Blood does not come out of the Arteries into the Veins because the Arm being so bound that the Arteries may still pulse the arm is not immeasurably swelled below the ligature whereas it ought to be so swollen and distended if by reason of the Ligature nothing can flow back into the greater Veins and at every pulse the Arteries drive somewhat into the lower veins at every contraction of which Contractions there are more then three thousand performed every hour Nevertheles it may come to pass that the Arm is not extended to such a bulk when it is bound because the veins are not totally shut up and the blood may by some creeping holes pass under the ligature and go into the greater veins as we see a part being closely bound to repel Humors for divers months or years is nevertheless nourished by the blood which flows through also it may come to pass that so little Blood is forced in through the Arteries of the bound Arm as that it cannot distend or Swell the same under a long time for that Blood only is forced in the veins being stretched with fullness which is in the Arteries from the Ligature unto the Hand for that which is above the Ligature can enter more easily into the veins by open Anastomoses Yea it may come to pass when the veins being distended do no longer permit the Blood to be forced into them by the Arteries that the pulse of the Arteries is stopped or that the Blood regurgitates upwards and enters the Veins above the Ligature through the Anastomoses the like whereto I saw in a Duck as I formerly related Unless one of these things happen the Arm would presently swel after it is bound and a suffocation of the innate Heat by the Abundance of Blood driven in would follow For I have often bound mine own and others Armes above the Wrist and I alwayes saw the veins distended and the Flesh to swell somewhat and grow red and oftentimes though not alwayes the arteries
abated by little and little of their pulse yea and sometimes intermitted and afterward the red colour of the bound Arm was changed into black and blew and therefore I presently undid the Ligature being frighted with this Example A certain Country-man being wounded in the inside of his Arm about the Cubit when the Village Chirurgeon could not stop the blood he bound the Arm extream close about the Wound whence followed an exceeding Inflammation of the lower part of his Arm and such a swelling that deep pits were seen in the place of his fingers joynts and within eighteen hours the lower part of his Arm was gangrenaâ—ed and sphacelated which Christianus Regius an expert Chirurgeon did cut off in the presence of my self and Eâ—aldus Screvelius an excellent Physitian Moreover they object if the venal Blood comes out of the Arteries how can the arterial Blood differ so much from the venal But we must know that it differs less from the venal Blood then most men imagine who from the violence wherewith the arterial Blood leaps forth do collect the great plenty of Spirits therein and the great rarity or thinness thereof whereas that Leaping proceeds from the Force wherewith the Heart drives the Blood through the arteries for an Arterie being opened below or beyond the ligature the Blood comes out only dropping And the difference between these two bloods is caused by the greater or less quantity of Heat and Spirits according as the Blood is more or less remote from the Heart the fountain of Heat For the Blood which is near the Heart differs much from that which is far off in the smallest arteries which you can hardly distinguish from that which is in the small veins And the smaller veins have more thin and hot Blood then the great ones which any one may easily try in opening veins of the Arm and Foot Yea and if the Vein be opened with a double Ligature on each side the orifice as I said before the Blood will come out hotter then with a single Ligature Now that the Blood does not go out of the smaller veins into the greater they endeavour to prove by womens monthly purgations which according to their judgment are gathered one whole month together in the Veins about the Womb and if they are carried from the Womb unto the Head they conceive that they do not pass through the Vena cava and the Heart Howbeit the common and true opinion is that about the time of the usual flux the blood begins to be moved to the Womb from which motion of the humors pains of the sides and loines are wont to arise about that time And I know by Experience that about the time of the menstrual Flux if the Pulse of the Heart and arteries can be made greater the Courses will flow the better because the Blood will through the arteries be driven more forcibly into the Womb. It may nevertheless fall out that the Courses may be collected and make an Obstruction in the Womb and that then the Blood may not return into the greater veins that motion being stopped but that is besides nature And when the menstrual blood is carried out of the Womb into the Head the way is not inconvenient through the Vena cava the Heart and the ascending branch of the Arteria Aorta and that they do indeed pass through the Heart those palpitations and light faintings do seem to argue which are wont to attend upon the Courses stopped But should we not conceive it to be a dangerous thing if all the ill humors in our bodies must pass into and through the Heart But we must know that our bodies are so framed as that they may be most convenient for us when we are in Health and not when we are sick Moreover the Humor which putrifies by reason of obstruction and is very bad comes not to the Heart because its way is stopped up Nor is the Heart so weak as to be corrupted by an evil Humor which stayes not long therein for those great Physitians Galen Hollerius Laurentius have observed that the Quittor of such as have an Empyema and other sharp and stinking Humors do critically and without any bad symptomes pass through the left ventricle of the Heart which many times makes for the good of the sick Persons in whom that bad Humor passing through the Heart is often vanquished by the Vigour and Vertue hereof The other Objections which they make do only respect the Causes of this motion or certain Circumstances wherein men are wont more freely to dissent yet let us breifly consider whether or no they have in them any weight wherewith to burthen our Opinion They say that at every contraction of the Heart the blood is not driven out by half ounces nor by drams nor by scruples out of the Heart of a Man for three Causes first because that blood is too spirituous but I have already shewed that it is not so spirituous as men imagine commonly secondly because those little Valves of the Heart do only gape a little and then are close shut again which also doth not agree with experience for an Arteric being cut off from the heart great streams of Blood do issue from the Heart Thirdly that the Arteries are too full then to be able to admit half an ounce a dram or a scruple of Blood But that is too inconsiderately avouched for when the Heart contracts it self all the arteries in the body are enlarged and that on all sides as I have divers times perceived with my hand holding the naked arterie betwixt my fingers And who will now say that all the Arteries of the Body being dilated cannot admit of a Scruple a Dram yea half an Ounce of blood more then they have Also they deny that in the child in the Womb the blood out of the Vena Cava does through the Vessels of the heart united enter into the Arteria Aorta and go from thence out of the umbilical Arteries into the umbilical Vein and return back by it into the Heart because they think this great absurdity will follow that one Vein should carry the mothers blood and withal so much blood as the two umbilical arteries do bring in As if Rivers did not frequently carry as much water in one Channel as many Brooks are able to bring in And here the umbilical Vein when it is but one is much greater then the Arterie There is often but one arterie or there are two veins that the arteries may as much as may be answer to the veins In brute Beasts sayes Fallopius a rare Anatomist there are allwayes two Veins and two Arteries which with the Vrachus or pis-pipe do reach as far as the Navil and the Veins do presently grow into one before they enter into the Abdomen which does reach to the Gates of the Liver as I have observed in all Sheep Goats and Cows whose young ones I have
But of Blood That blood is Aiery and oyly Fat is colder then Blood yet moderately hot The efficient cause of Fat. How Fat is bred T is proved that Fat is generated by cold How Fat is bred in thâ—… Call And about the Heart And the Kidneys An Opinion that Fat is caused by Heat An Opinion that it is made by compactness Refuted An Opinion that it is caused by Dryness It hath â—…ing whiâ—… thâ—r By a peculiar Form The form of Fat. Its Vessels It s Kernels It s Uses Whether it may turn to nourishment The fleshy Membrane its situation The difference between a membrane and a Coat and Meninx What a Membrane is It s Use The Difference of Membranes The fleshy Membrane what for a thing it is It s Use Connexion Original The Membrane of the Muscles what 〈…〉 Use What a Muscle is A Muscle is an Organical part The Connexion of the Muscles of the whole Body The Parts of a Muscle only two The tendinous Part how many fold What the Tendon of a Muscle is It s Beginning Why called Tendo The Beginning and Head of a Muscle Both the beginning and end of a Muscle may be called a Tendon Two things observable touching the beginning of a Muscle Galens Rule Disliked by Walaeus and why The Objection of Riolanus answered The middle of a Muscle The end of a Muscle how known by Galen and other Anatomists Whether the Head of a Muscle be void of sense If it have Motion Whether the end be thicker then the Head Whether the Nerves go into the Tendon The action of a Muscle is Motion And that Voluntary The use Which Muscles do move more strongly The Original of the oblique descending Muscle It s End What the white Line is The Error of Aquapendent and Laurentius touching the Original of the oblique-descending Muscle Their first Reason refuted Their second Reason answered T is proved that these Muscles arise from above not from beneath The Original of the obliquely ascendent Muscles Their double End The Original of the right Muscles That there are divers right Muscles The Veins The Arteries and Nerves The Pyramidal Muscles Their Original Their Use The transverse Muscles The Action of the muscles of the Belly Why there are divers muscles of the Belly A Praeoccupation A Secondary action of the muscles of the Belly Peritonaeum how so called What it is The Shape of the Peritonaeum It s Surface Original Connexion It is double The Error of Fernelius How many Holes there are Its Productions The Cause of a Rupture Its Vessels It s Use It is the mother of the Coats in the lower Belly The Etymologie of the Call It s Situation It s Connexion The cause of Barrenness It s situation in persons strangled In Infants It s Origina Its Parts Riolanus refuted It s Figure It s Magnitude Its Vessels â— It s use The Stomach why called Ventriculus It s Situation The Number of Stomachs in feathered Fowle In Beasts that chew the Cud. Its Orifices The Symptoms of the Stomachs Mouth and why like Heart-passions Whether the Soul be seated in the Orifice of the stomach The right Orifice called Pylorus It is opened in the Distribution of Chylus It is shut somtimes and opened in Vomiting It is somtimes exceedingly widened Whether the Pylorus have any Rube over the inferior Parts The Fibres of the Stomach and their use Their Number The Surface The Membranes The Crustiness in the stomach whence it proceeds It s Connexion Shape It s Magnitude Vessels Whether blood cast out of the Spleen help Appetite and Concoction Its Nerves The Stomachs Fermentation Three things requisite to Concoction Concoction is the Stomachs Act. How it is made The use of the Stomach The Guts Why called Intestina Their greatness The use of the turnings and windings of the Guts Theâ—r Situation Their Substance Their Coats Their Crust Their Fibres Their Vessels Difference of the Guts Whether the thin Guts may be right said to be uppermost The thick Guts Their Use The Gut Duodenum The Holes of the said Gut The Gut Jejunum The Gut Ileon Rupture of the Guts The Passio Iliaca The thick Guts The Gut caecum or the blind Gut The Intestinum caecum or blind Gut of the Ancients The Gut Colon. It s Situation and Progress A Valve in the Gut Colon. How it is found out The Intestinum rectum or the straight Gut Touching the Fundament The Sphincter Muscle The Muscles cald Ani Levatores or Arse-lifters Mesentery why so called It s Division It s Figure It s Magnitude It s Rise Its Vessels It s Kernels The Use of the Kernels The Use of the Mesenterie And of its Membranes The Substance of the Pancreas It s Situation Original Its Vessels It s Use The Use of the Pancreas Why the Liver is the Original of the Veins It s Number It s Situation It s Figure Its Magnitude It s Membrane It s Connexion It s Substance It s Color Its Vessels Their Anastomoses The Original of the Veins The Authors opinion how the blood is made See Fig. III. Table 17. The Shape of the Gal-bladder Division Bottom Neck Its Veins and Arteries It s Use Porus biliarius Ductus communis naturalis the common passage natural Preâ—ernatural Scituation of the Spleen See Table XV. It s Number Whether the Spleen may be taken out of the Body Why a man hath a large Spleen It s Shape It s Color Connexion It s Coat Substance Its Veins Its Arteries Its Anastomoses Whether the Spleen receive Melancholy from the Liver The argument of Rondeletius invalid Whether the Spleen make Blood For what Parts the Spleen makes Blood Whether any portion of Chyle be carried to the Spleen and what way What Creatures have no Spleen Whether the Spleen be an Organ of the sensitive Soul The Opinion of Walaeus touching the use of the Spleen How the Spleen may be said to be the seat of Laughter * T is called Lover in the North of England possibly that is the Etymology of the Word How its thick The threefold excrement of the Blood Their Situation Which Kidney is the highest Their Bigness Surface Their Colour Shape Connexion Membranes What it is to search the Reins Their Bellies The Caruncles The emulgent Veins and Arteries A Valve in the Vein Venae adiposae Their Nerves Why such as have a stone in their kidney are subject to vomit The structure of a Dogs kidney The Cribrum benedictum of the Ancients The Error of Vesalius Aristoles Error touching the use of the Kidneys How the Urin is made Whether the Kidneys prepare Seed This Opinion reconciled with the Doctrine of Circulation Whether the Kidneys make Blood Their first finder out Their Number Their Magnitude Their Cavity Their Shape and Substance Their Connexion Their Vessels The Ureters Their Number Their Situation The Original of the Ureters Their Middle Their Connexion Their End Why the Urin cannot go out into the Emulgents Their Magnitude Figure
Membranes Vessels Use The Error of Asclepiades and Paracelsus The Situation of the Piss-bladder It s Magnitude Its Connexion It s Substance Membranes The Crust of the Bladder The expulsive Muscle of the Bladder It s Holes It s Neck The Sphincter Muscle Its Vessels It s Use The Spermatick Vessels and their Original Their Magnitude Their Passage Their Use The Stones Their Number Why placed without in Men Their Greatness Their Figure Whether the left Stone be colder then the right The Error of Aristotle Whether Nature alwaies intends to beget Boys Their Coats Common The Cod. Why void of Fat Porper The Substance of the Stones Vessels Muscles The Efficiens cause of the Seed Without the Stones there is no Generation The Sympathy of the Stones with the whole Body The Parastatae Names Their Substance Their Rise Their Use See Fig. III. Tab. XXI Whether a Bull may ingender after he is guel Whether seed is contained in the Bladderkies Whether in the Prostatae See Tab. XXII Let. QQ Whether the Prostatae do make seed The seat of the Gonorrhaea The Prostatae do not help to make seed Its Names Situation Figure Magnitude Why the Yard is void of Fat the first Opinion Laurentius his Error It s Substance The four Parts of the Yard Urethra The Nut of the Yard â— The nervous Bodies Whence the hardness and Erection of the Yard proceeds The Muscles of the Yard Copulation Conception The Genitals in Women quite different from those in men The similitude of the Yard and of the Womb ridiculous The praeparatory Vessels in women How they differ from those in Men. How the Stones of Women differ from those of Men. Why Womens stones are placed within their Bodies Why the womb is placed in the Hypogastrium It s Magnitude The true Figure of the Womb. The Ligaments of the Womb. The upper Ligaments of the Womb. The falling down of the Womb. The Lower It s Substance Its Membranes Its Vessels Why the left Veins of the Womb are joyned to the right Anastomoses in the womb The Largeness of the Uterine Vessels A Child conceived in a womans Stomach The wombs motion Why sweet smelling things do hurt some women See Tab. XXVII The short Neck of the womb Some Cause of Barrenness The Bottom No Cavities or Cells in the womb of a woman Why Horns are said to be in the wombs of women The inner Orifice of the womb Some Causes of Barrenness The Use of the Orifice of the womb When the Mouth of the womb is opened See Tab. XXVII Wrinkles in the Neck of the womb The Orifice of the Bladder See Fig. IV. and V. of Taâ— XXVIII That there is some true sign of Virginity Why Virgins are pained in their first carnal Copulation An Exception What is the token of Virginity The I. Opinion of the Arabians The II. Opinion The III. Opinion The IV. Opinion The V. Opinion strengthned by many Authors The Confutation of such as deny it to be alwaies found in Virgins The VI. Opinion The hole in the middle of the Hymen is of several fashions A Question touching the shedding of blood in the first Copulation Whether Conception may be made without hurting the Hymen Parts of the Privitie See Fig. II. and III. of the XXVIII Tab. See Fig. IV. of Tab. XXVIII See Tab. XXVIII It s Substance Its Muscles Tentigo Its Vessels It s Use See FIG III. and IV. of the Tab. XXVIII The Lips and Venus Hillocks Wherâ—â—n the Child in the Womb differs from a grown person Whether the heat of the Womb only â—e the Efficient cause of the Membranes Sundry opinions concerning the matter of the said Membranes Their Number What the Secondine is and why so called Whence the Liquor proceeds that is in the Amnios What the Cotyledons are What the Navil is and of what parts it consists The Vena umbilicalis It s Insertion It s Use The Knots Arteries Anastomoses of the umbilical Vessels Their Twisting The length of the Rope It s thickness The binding of the Navil The Dignity of the Navil is not much Urachus The Urachus is not hollow in Mankind The Error of Laurentius The middle Venter what it is Hypocrates and Aristotle It s Figure Magnitude Substance It s Use Its Parts Common The Use of the hair under the arm-pits Why there is little Fat in the Chest The proper Parts See Tab. XXV Lib. I. Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast Number of the Dugs Magnitude The difference of the Dugs in men and women Their Shape Their Parts How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense The Dug The Venae Mammariae Why Milk is bred after the child is born Their Arteries The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds But arises from the Stomach the Chyle The said Opinion refuced And the Argument of Martianus and others are answered Their Nerves Their Pipes The use of the Dugs The Efficient cause of Milk Milk may breed in Virgins Men Women not with Child c. See the Figure of the following Chapter Their Number The Error of others Their use It s Situation It s Figure It s Number Magnitude An Head and Tail in the Midriff It s substance It s Membrane It s Holes Vessels Sardonian Laughter Use How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed What the Pleura is and its Original It s Thickness The place of the matter which causes a Pleurisie It s Holes It s substance Vessels The use of the Mediastinum The Pericardium See Tab. 3. of Book 2. It s Original It s Holes Situation It s Connexion It s Surface It s Substance Its Vessels It s Use Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags Why more plentiful in dead Bodies Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds The first Opinion It s Use Why the Heart â—â— in the middest of the Body A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side Who have the greatest Hearts Connexion Why the Substance of the Heart is so thick It s Coat Whether Fat is found about the Heart The Coronary Vein of the Heart An Error of Fallopius Whether the Heart be a Muscle The Error of Averroes An Hairy Breast what it signifies An Hairy Heart what it signifieâ— Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood What things are requisite to perfect the Blood In which Ventricle the Blood is perfected What the Pulse is Its Parts The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole The Quantity of blood in the Heart The form of the Heart in the Systole The shape of the Heart in the Diastole The next Efficient Cause of the motion of the Heart Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart The Earlets of the Heart why so called What pulses first in an Eg. Their Situation Number Substance Their Surface See Tab. IV. of Book II. Their Motion Their use The Ventricles of
Nose The parts of the Nose The Skin Muscles of the Nose The Gristles of the Nose Its Vessels The Coat of the Nostrils The cause of Sneezing The use of the Nose The Names of the outward parts about the Mouth The use of the Mouth Two pare of Muscles common to the Cheeks and Lips Spasmus Cynicus The Figure of the Muscle Buccinator The Lips Trembling of the Lip in such as are ready to cast how caused Four pare of muscles moving the upper Lip Muscles common to both Lips Muscles of the lower Lip Muscles of the lower Jaw Temporalis The use of the temporalâ— muscle Why t is dangerous to hurt the temporal muscle Mansorius primus Alaris Mansorius alter Graphyoides Gingiva Palatum The Uvula how seated Its Muscles The falling oâ— the Uvula Vulgar Error Names of the Os hyoides It s Construction Its Muscles The Use of Os hyoides The tongue It s Scituation Number Figure Magnitude It s Connexion A Pernitious Practice of midwives It s Coat Substance Whether the tongue be a muscle Its Vessels The line of the tongue Its muscles The use of the Tongue The Limbs what Why the muscles also of the Head Neck Back c. are handled in this Book The use of the Hand Manus what Why many Fingers on the Hand Why the right Hand is more active then the left The number of the Fingers Laying hold How the Hand is compounded Of the Nails Colour of the Nails and signs from thence Whence the sense of the nails proceeds The Muscles of the Humerus how many The place of an Issue in the Arm. It s Use The Error of other Anatomists An Order in Dissection Pes what What a Vein is 'T is proved against Aristotle that the Liver not the Heart is the Original of the Veins Blood is not made in the Heart The Vse of the Veins According to the Ancients According â—o later Authors the Primary Vse Their secondary Vse Figure Magnitude Connexion Anastomosis of Veins and Arteries Anastomoses of the Veins in the Liver Of sundry kinds Why the Veins are in some places invested with Coats in others not Whether the Veins have Fibres Who first observed the Valves in the Veins How the Valves of the Veins were found The Cause of the Varices The Valves of the Veins what Where they are not found at the original of the Veins Their Magnitude In what Persons there are most Valves It s Figure Substance Vse According to Harvey The Vena Portae why so called The Branches of the Portae in the Liver termed Roots The Spleen-Veins of the Stomach Call Pancreas Spleen Call Stomach Of the Stomach Call Guts Of the Mesentery The Meseraick Veins According â—o Harvey The History of the Milkie Veins The History of the Vena Lacteae Their Name Their Situation Their Insertion in the Liver It s Substance Their Quantity Number Their Use The Haemorrhoid Veins what The Error of other Anatomists The Differences between the internal and external Haemorrhoides The Vena Cava what It s division into great Trunks The ascendent Trunk what The Vein of the Midrif pericardium and mediastinum Anastomosis The Error of Vesalius How pleuritick persons are purged by Urine Why the Ham-vein is profitably opened in a Pleurisie The Error of Amatus Lusitanus and Hollerius touching Valves The Error of other Anatomists An Error of Practitioners in Blood-letting The most apparent Vein is to be opened Anastomosâ—s Jugular veins why so called A Caution in opening the Basilica or Liver vein The Variation of the Veins of the Arm. The name Artery What an Artery is The End of the Arteries Why the Arteries pulse The Pulse how caused Whether the Arteries are dilated together with the Heart or no. It s Magnitude Whether the Arteries do feel Their Substance How many Coats an Arterie hath Whether an Artery may be opened and how Whether the Blood of the Belly be circulated The significations of the term Nervus A Nerve what The Beginning of the Nerves The Error of Aristotle Whether the moving Nerves and the sensitive differ A new opinion of the Author touching the number of the Nerves The use of this Doctrine in Physick The Nervus sine pari Why the Nerves are not hollow Whether the Optick Nerves are hollow Nerves hard or soft Why the moving Nerves are hardest Whether there be any smelting Nerves A Praeocupation Processus Mammillares The Organ of Smelling The Error of others about the rise of the Optick Nerves The Union of the optick Nerves and the true Cause thereof The Error of others about the Rise of the Eye-movers Why one Eye being moved the other moves also Why somtimes when the temporal muscle is hurt the Eye is hurt likewise Whether the sixt pare be the same with the fift Why we cough when the Earpâ—cker goes far into our Ear. The Recurrent Nerves How Hoars-ness comes after the Cholick Why Vomiting in the stone of the Kidney The Nerves of the whole Arm. The Nerve Sine parâ— The reason of the Authors Method Why he treats last of the Bones Why he treats of the Gristles and Ligaments with the Bones Whether the Marrow be the Nutriment of the Bones Why creeping things cannot go Why many Bones in a living Creature The Periostium feels but not the Bones The Sense of the Teeth A Bonefire properly what The division of the Skeleton Depraved shapes of the Head eleven in number Other shapes of the Head observed by the Author The Error of Chirurgeons An Head without Sutures The Error of Aristotle The coronal Suture why so called The triangular Bones of the Skul Why some Sutures are like Scales A great number of Sutures See Tab. 4. Fig. 1. Why the wounds of the Sinciput are deadly The triangular bone in Dogs The Cavities in the Ossa petrosa How the Teeth do differ from other Bones Which part of the Tooth feels The Teeth are bred in the Womb. Why Children are sick of Teeth-breeding Why and when young ones loose their Teeth Whether new Teeth are bred out of the womb Many teeth argue long life The Diseases and Pains of the Teeth how caused Speech him Why Men have few dog teeth Why the upper Grinders have more roots then the lower A Transition What the Spina is Why the first Vertebra has no Spine An incurable Squinzie by Luxation of the Tooth The Os sacrum why so called Os sacrum properly hath no Vertebrae The Os coccygis may be loosned Why the Os Ilium is larger in Women The Share-bones are loosned in Child-birth Why there are great Holes in the Sharebones The Share-bones larger in women An Admonition for Chirurgeons The Gristles of the Ribs Why the Ribs are many is number How many Ribs Adam had How many true Ribs there are The bastard Ribs The Cartilago Ensiformis An â—â—llowâ—e â— about the channelâ—â—nt What the Scapula is A Memento for Chyrurgions Their shape Magnitude Situation To PARIS The occasion of this writing What Blood it is which
already answered part by part The Action verily of the Spleen is more noble then to receive superfluous Humors out of the stomach And through what Passages should it do that For the Office of the Veins is to carry back the blood in the parts out of the Arteries to the Trunk according to the Doctrine of the Circulation which Riolanus does here vainly oppose And Ligatures in living Anatomies do shew the same Franciscus Ulmus Carolus Piso and Aemilius Parisanus will needs have it that the Spleen makes Arterial blood for the left Ventricle of the Heart as the Liver doth for the right Ventricle Which Opinion is coufuted because 1. There is no way by which the blood here made can go into the left Ventricle of the Heart for it cannot go by the Aorta because of the Valves there placed at the mouth thereof 2. There would â—â— a mixture of perfect and imperfect Juyce if by the same way and at the same time the Heart should receive and return blood 3. Many Creatures live without a Spleen which generate Vital Spirits nevertheless Mr. De la Chambre in his Treatise of Digestion supposes that the Spleen makes Spirits for the use of the Belly But there is Spirit enough to nourish and vivifie the inferior Parts supplied from the Aorta But if he understand some qualification of the spirituous blood accommodated to the use of the belly he deserves to be excused Helmont a late Writer hath destined the Spleen for more noble Actions He gives it out to be the seat of his Archeus which being the immediate Organ of the sensitive Soul determines the Actions of the â—iâ—â—l Soul residing in the stomach He calls it the Seat 1. Of the Understanding wherein the Conceptions thereof are formed because it is of all the Bowels the fullest of Blood and enriched with very many Arteries and the Brain does only keep the Conceptions sent to it from the Spleen 2. Of Sleep and Dreaming 3. Of Venery because Pollutions are in the digâ—â— and there about the stomach the first motions of lust are perceived For they are said to proceed out of the Loins in which the Spleen is the principal Vital Member Finally persons troubled with the Quartan Ague are not subject to lust because their Spleen is diseased 4. Of sundry Diseases which are accounted to be Diseases of the Brain and Chest as the Tissick Pleurisie Apoplexy Falling-sickness Night-mare Swimming of the Head c. But 1. All these Conceits bottom upon a false Foundation 2. No sound Anatomist will grant that the stomach and not the brain is the seat of the Soul 3. The Spleen is full of blood for other uses that it may prepare acid blood for the fermentation of the whole blood and the Chylus 4. There are Living-Creatures that both sleep and are addicted to Venery without any Spleen or though they have a Spleen when the same is diseased 5. Nocturnal Pollutions spring from an hot Constirution of the Spermatick Vessels and wheyish sharp Blood as the Dissection of the said Parts does declare 6. That is rather to be affirmed touching the Kidneys in the Loins as shall hereafter appear 7. Other Parts in the Belly are diseased besides the Spleen in such as have Quartan Agues Yet it cannot be denied but that the Spleen does assist in some measure by administring acid blood 8. The Spleen is but the remote seat of the foresaid Diseases by reason of Vapors raised from thence but proper Diseases which spring not from Sympathy do primarily depend upon the Brain The last and truest Opinion is that of Walaeus my quondam most worthy Master founded upon ocular Inspection and most certain reason He finding in live Anatomies no motion of Humors through the Ramus splenicus of Vena portoe to the Spleen did certainly conclude that it was unlikely that either Melancholy or Chyle is carried out of the Liver into the Spleen by the Ramus splenicus and that therefore the Spleen receives no melancholick Excrement from the Liver not that any blood is made in the Spleen of Melancholy or Chylus But contrariwise he observed alwaies that all the blood was carried both swiftly and strongly enough perpetually out of the Spleen into the Liver as also the blood which comes out of the Haemorrhoidal Vein the Vas breve and other Veins which are joyned to the Ramus splenicus And that there is no motion of Humors to the Spleen unless by the Ramus splenicus of the Arteria Coeliaca And therefore the Spleen does not receive any matter to change and alter from any place save the Arteria Coeliaca And he conceives that it is most likely that the blood being further to be perfected is dissolved by the Heat of the Heart and that when it is forced from the Heart through the Coeliacal dâ—â—eries into the Spleen the whole mass of blood is not retained by the Spleen but as the Gall-bladder contains only Choler so the Spleen holds only the acid or sharp part of the Blood which you may call Melancholy just as we see the acid Spirit separated from things that are distilled And that the said acid Humor is perfected by the Spleen by means of which the Spleen appears black and acid And that this sharp humor is afterwards mingled with Blood in the Veins and with Chyle in the Stomach and makes them thin And that therefore the Spleen being obstructed gross Humors are multiplied in the Body not because thick Humors are not drawn by the Spleen which naturally are never found there but because the Spleen cannot communicate that attenuating acid Humor to the Blood or Chyle And that as much of this acid Humor as is unfit for Digestion is voided with the Serum by Urin for such acid Liquors as Vinegar Spirit of Sulphur c. are easily mingled with Water and the said acid Humor by Distillation may again be separated from the Urin. In as much therefore as the Spleen draws the sharp part of the blood out of the Heart and â—â—â—â—ds it prepared to the Mesentery that the rest thereof being to be wrought by the Liver may become more pure and clear the Opinion of the Ancients may be allowed which held the Spleen to be the seat of Laughter For the cheerfuller and livelier Animals or live Wights have great spleens the more lascivious have great livers the gentler have little galbladders the fearfuller have great hearts and the loudest have large lungs c. Whence that Verse had its Original Cor ardet pulmo loquitur fel commovet iras Splen ridere facit coget amare secur Heart fears Lungs speak the Gall moves ' anger fel Spleen makes us laugh Liver doth Love compel The Spleen therefore perpares blood to accommodate the Bowels of the lower Belly and of the whole Body after the manner aforesaid And the excrementitious part of the blood which cannot be separated by the Spleen if it be thin and watery it is
purged out 1. By the Arteries not only to the Guts but also to the Kidneys by the emulgent Veins Hence in Diseases of the Spleen Urins are many times black for which cause in such cases we administer Diureticks And splenerick and melancholick persons so called abound with wheyish Humors as is well known from Hippocrates and Galen for serum ought to be the vehicle or carrier of the grossest Humor Hence is it that persons troubled with the Quartan Ague do most plentifully sweat and piss Also when it is very plentiful by the Haemorrhoid Veins 2. By the stomach whence in the Sâ—urvey the Patients spit exceedingly as also in the Quartan Ague so that Galen places spitting and spawling among the signs of that Disease Hence also melancholick persons are wont to be extream spitters Now it comes from the Spleen to the stomach not only by the Vas breve but also by other near Vessels If the Excrement of the Spleen be thick and earthy it is voided directly by the Fundament and comes not at the stomach for 1. From Melancholy as Galen cells us comes the blackness of the Excrements 2. By reason of its weight and heaviness it setles downwards 3. The evacuation of Melancholy by the internal Haemorrhoid Veins does free men from melancholick Diseases present and preserves from future as the divine Hippocrates teaches in many places Chap. XVII Of the Kidneys A Threefold Excrement is purged from the Blood thin Choler into the Gall-bladder thick Choler into the Canalis bilarius and Whey into the Kidneys And because we have already spoken of the Receptacles of the two former Excrements we shall now also speak of the third This FIGURE shews the Urinary Instruments and Parts serving for Generation in Men in their Natural Situation The XVIII TABLE The Explication of the FIGURE AAA The hollow part of the Liver B. The Gall-bladder C. The Choler-passage or Ductus bilarius D. The Vena Cystica or Gall-bladder Vein E. An Artery distributed both into the Liver and the Gall-bladder F. The Navil-vein turned upwards GG The descendent Trunk of Vena cava HH The descending Trunk of the Arteteria magna II. The Emulgent Veins KK The Kidneys in their Natural Place LL. The Emulgent Arteries MM. The Capsulae atrabilariae with Branches distributed into them from the Emulgens Vein NN. Ureters descending from the Kidneys to the Bladder O. The bottom of the Piss-bladder PP Insertion of the Ureters into th sides of the Bladder QQ A Portion of the Urachus or Pisspipâ— R. A Portion of the right or straight Gut cut off SS The preparatorie Vessels of which that on the right hand is bred out of the Trunk that on the left out of the Emulgent Vein T. The Pyramidal Body arising from the Union of the Veins and Arteries preparatorie expressed on the left â—ide V. The Original of the preparatorie Arteries from the Trunk of Aorta XX. The Stones the left being laid open from its common Coat YY The Vasa deferentia which ascend from the Stones to the Belly Z. The Yard aa The Cod which covered the left Stone separated therefrom bb The Ilia or Flanks cc. The Share-bones dd The Loins page 44 They are situate under the Liver and Spleen where they rest upon the Muscles of the Loins between the two Coats of the Peritonaeum at the sides of the Vena cava and Arteria magna under which very great Nerves lie hid both of the Muscle Psoas and others which evidently pass this way unto the Thighs Whence it is that a stone being in the Kidney a numness is felt in the Thigh of the same side It is a rare case which Cabrolius hath observed for the Kidneys to rest upon the Back-bone of the Loins Nor are the Kidneys seated just one against another least there should be some impediment to attraction and least some part of the wheyish humor should slip aside But the right-side Kidney is lowest in Men to give way to the Liver under which it rests immediately reaching by its end the third Vertebra of the Loins It is seldom higher then the left and seldom are the two Kidneys seated one just against another The left Kidney for the most part lies partly under the spleen but is seldom higher then the spleen Contrariwise in Brutes the spleen goes more downwards and the right Kidney lies higher and therefore there is a Cavity in the Liver by means of the Kidney which does not Naturally happen in men Here some observe that the right Kidney is nearer to the Cava and the left more remote by reason of the left Emulgent Vein which is much longer then the right They are not alwaies both just of one bigness but for the most part they are They are commonly of the length of four Vertebra's their latitude for the most part three fingers their thickness that of a thumb yet the right Kidney is very many times larger then the left because by reason of the heat of the right part it draws the wheyish blood more vehemently unless it be fretted by some Disease for then it grows lean and thin Also such as are given to fleshy desires have larger Kidneys then ordinary But their Proportion is not alwaies alike convenient for the body The Surface of the Kidneys as in the liver is slippery and smooth It is seldom in Mankind uneven as if it were composed of many Kidneys or kernels which any man may frequently find in a Child yet in the Womb. But the Kidney is alwaies so made in an Ox and Bear in a Calf and most curiously of all in a Sturgeon in which the Kidneys are made up like bunches of Grapes of triangular and quadrangular dies or tiles as it were after an Artificial manner as I have demonstrated in the Anatomy of that Creature The Colour of the Kidneys is a dark red but seldom intensely red In diseased persons the Kidneys are variously coloured even as the Liver and Spleen are The Kidney is shaped like a kidney-bean so called also like an Asarum leaf if you respect the plane surface Externally in the Back or about the Flanks it is of a round bunching shape beneath towards the upper and lower part it is bossie but in the middle concave and hollow Helmont hath seen the left Kidney triangular and in the same person the right Kidney not so big as an Hazel-nut Hippocrates compares the kidneys to Apples Without doubt to the broader sort of red Apples unless by the word meloisin he intended the likeness of the kidneys in man to other Creatures They are knit by an external Membrane which is from the Peritonaeum to the Loins and Midriff and by the emulgent Vessels to the Cava and Aorta Vessels by the Ureters to the Bladder And the right kidney to the blind Gut somtimes also to the Liver the left to the Spleen and Colon. Hence pains of the kidneys are exasperated by plenty of
milk is not the Womb where milk was never observed nor do the Dugs breed milk by that vertue thereof which it self wants nor of the Veins or Arteries unless it be the nearest can the vertue be communicated from the Dugs For as for what Baronius relates of St. Paul how when he was beheaded not blood but milk ran from his Neck either it was a miracle if true or a serous humor flowed out which sometimes flows from the Arm when a Vein is opened and I have seen it very like to milk or finally the Liquor of Kernels being cut did resemble milk But the true efficient cause of the milk is that same kernelly flesh of the Dugs unto which there is none like in the whole body Now it works this moderate Concoction by the propriety of its substance and by reason of its proper temperament Aulus Gellius conceives the milk becomes white by Reason of plenty of heat and spirit Book 12. Chap. 1. But I am more enclined to believe that milk is white because it is assimilated to the Dugs that are of the same color Somtimes therefore though it happen seldom milk may be bred in Virgins and in Women not with Child according to the Observation of Bodinus in his Theatre of Nature of Joachinus Camerarius in Schenkius of Petrus Castellâ—s touching one Angela of Messina of A. Benedictus and Christopher a Vega concerning a Girle of Bridges and of others In Scania in our Country a maid was lately accused to have plaid the Whore because she had milk in her Dugs which nevertheless she proved to be a propriety of her Family by producing her young brother who likewise had milk in his Breasts Infants new born shed a wheyish milky liquor out of their Nipples These examples are confirmed by the Authority oâ— Hypocrates in the 39. Aphorism of his fifth Section where Women have milk though neither with Child nor lately delivered And this happens when the Dugs are filled with abundance of spirituous blood and suppression of Courses be joyned thereto for then the Glandulous substance digests more then is necessary to nourish the Woman Yea in men that are fleshy large-dug'd and cold of constitution a milky humor and as it were milk is frequently seen especially if their Nipples be frequently suck'r and their Dugs rubbed as the examples of many do testfie Aristotle writes of a certain Hee-goat in the I stand Leâ—…s who yeilded so much milk that Câ—rds were made thereof Matthiolus tels us that in sundry places of Bohemia three Goat-Bucks were found that gave milk by which persons that had the Falling-sickness were Cured Others have seen Men out of whose Dugs store of milk came Aben-sina saw so much milk milked from a Man that a Cheese was made thereof C. Schenkius relates that Laurentius Wolfius had store of milk in his Breasts from his youth till he was fifty years old Jo. Rhodius had such an Host in England and Santorellus knew a Calabrian who his Wife being dead and he unable to give wages to a Nurse did nourish his own Child with his own milk Walaeus saw a Flemming of like Nature who being even forty years of Age could milk abundance of milk out of huge Dugs which he had A. Benedictus relates the story of a Father that gave his Son suck And Nicolaus Gemma Vesalius M. Donatus Aqua-pendens H. Eugubius Baricellus do witness the same thing and I have allready told you as much of a Boy of Scania in our Countrey of Denmarke and Cardan saw a man thirty four years old out of whose Dugs so much milk did run as would have suffised to suckle a Child They relate how that in the new world all men well-near abound with milk Now that this was true milk which we have related did run from men is hence apparent because it was as fit to nourish children as that of Women III. The use of the Dugs in Women is to adorne them and render them the more delectable to Men. IV. They serve to receive Excrementious moisture Whereupon their Dugs being cut off Women incur sundry Diseases because the blood which ascends finding no Vessels to receive it runs hastily into the principal parts the Heart Lungs c Which danger I conceive the Amazones did study to avoid by their so vehement exercising themselves in warfare Some cut the Dug off when it is cancered but the operation is dangerous by reason of the bleeding which follows CHAP. II. Of the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles SUndry Muscles which we meet within the Chest shall be first of all explained in the fourth Book by reason of the Method of Section But the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles so called because they are interwoven between the Ribs must be explained in this place Now they are totally fleshy forty four in number on each side two and twenty eleven external and as many internal For evermore between two Ribs two Muscles rest one upon another and there are eleven Intervals or Spaces between the Ribs Others have done ill to make their Number sixty eight For in the Intervals of the true Ribs they have made divers Muscles lying hid between the boney parts of those Ribs differing from those which are found between the Gristley parts The External ones arise from the lower parts of the upper Ribs and descending obliquely towards the back-parts they are inserted into the upper parts of the lower Ribs The Internal contrary wiâ—e The External end at the Cartilages The Internal fil the spaces both of the Ribs and Gristles They have oblique Fibres and mutually cross one the other like this Leâ—â—â— X because the Muscles are otherwise short because of the smalness of the Intervals Hence in the opening such as have a suppuration in their Chest Section is to be made straight according to the Course of the Fibres nor overthwart They have received sundry Vessels Veins from the Azygos and upper Intercostal Arteries from both the Intercostals Nerves from the sixt pare joyned to them which proceed from the Marrow of the Back Their use is to Dilate and Contract the Chest the external imitate the drawing of the Subclavius By raising the Ribs and straitning the Chest and help towards Exspiration The internal draw away the Ribs and by enlarging the Chest help the Drawing in of the breath Galen contrarywise makes the external serve for drawing in and the internal for blowing out of the Air whose opinion is favored by Vestingius Others with Vesalius will have the external Muscles to thrust the lower Ribs upwards and the internal ones to draw the upper Muscles downwards that they might so mutually assist one another in straitning of the Chest But we should rather think that when the Internal ones are quiet the External do act by themselves Fallopius Arantius Riolanus do account them only to be fleshy Ligaments of the Ribs whereby they are knit one to another because the Ribs cannot be moved of