The whole body is couered with filmes and skynnes Out the head springeth harde matter issuing from the places called y e pores to pourge vapors smoke from the braine which asceÌ„deth out of the stomake into the head and is clensed through Pia mater called the tender coueringe of the brayne or spirites animall And therfore as som partes of y e body being deuided in sonder be eche like vnto the other and yet called by the name of the whole as for example When the bones be broken in sonder or the fleshe cut in to diuers peces or y e bloude poured into sondrie vessels A peece of fleshe is styll called fleshe a fragmente of a bone is called a bone and a drop of bloud is called bloud Euen so an haÌ„de arme veyne or suche lyke vnseparate partes being deuided into peces or called by the name of peces not by the name of y e whole parte as is before But my frende Iohn to make a large discriptioÌ„ of Anatomie it were to longe for â—e but shortly I will saye some thing And first of the definition therof is whaÌ„ the body of a dead man or woman is cut opened the meÌ„bers deuided or for theÌ„ waÌ„t of dead bodies to reade good bokes as Galen Auicen c. And it behoueth theÌ„ that cutteth a dead corps to note foure things First the nutramentall members as the liuer with the vaines the seconde is the members spiritual as the harte with y e artiries the thirde is the animall members as the head braines sinewes The fourth last be exeremeÌ„tes of the bodye as armes legges skyn heere c. Of these sayd meÌ„bers with the boones is all the body compounded And like as euery tree and herbe haue their rootes in the earth their brauÌ„ches springeth vpwarde euen so the rootes of mankinde haue the beginning in the brayne and the senewe and braunches groweth downward in the which braine dwelleth the vertues of imagination fantasie memory c. And these animall vertues be placed as it were heauenly aboue al the members communicating their heauenly influences downe vnto the hart as to a prince or chefe reuler within the bodye whiche geueth lyfe to euery part therof Thou shalt coÌ„sider that the hart was the first y t receiued life from the spirites and shalbe the last y t shall die Note also that as there be noble sences geueÌ„ to the body as seyng hearing smellynge tastinge feling eueÌ„ so nature hath foure principall vertues First Attractiue the second ReteÌ„tiue the thirde Disgestiue the fourth Expulsiue Attractiue is that by the whiche euery part of the body draweth the fode of life and serueth the vertue disgestiue and y e Retentiue dooe holde the meate vntill it be ready to be altered chaunged Disgestiue do alter maketh the foode like vnto the thing y e it nourisheth as fleme bloud c. Expulsiue do separate them from the other the good froÌ„ y e bad Thou oughtest also moste chiefly to learne the knowledge of the vaynes and for what sicknesse they muste bee opened and what medicines either in sirops or pilles thou must vse And first marke this figure of the Anatomie here preseÌ„t before thee with the heauenly signes because I haue not painted at large the seuerall partes of the sayde Anatomie Against Leprosy deafnes Let bloud the two vaines behind the eartes and vse the sayde pilles or els pillule Aurea Nicholai or Arabice or confectio Hameth minor Against replexion or to much bloude or bloude in the eies flowyng in the head open the temple vaines called Artiers for they bee euer beatynge And vse too pourge with pillule Artritice Nicholai or puluis ad epithema Hepatis Against SquinaÌ„ce stopping the throte and stoppynge of the breath Let bloud the vaynes vnder the tounge And for this vse PhiloniuÌ„maiê° Necholai Gargarismes pillule Bechie and oximel Simplex Vaines called Originales open not without great couÌ„saile of a learned Physicion or cunnyng ChirurgioÌ„ They be in the necke and haue a great course of bloud that gouerneth the head the whole body Against short winde and euyl bloud aproching to the hart and spitting bloude Open the vayne called Cordiaca or harte vayne in the arme Vse thinges to extenuate as Aromaticum Chariophillatum Mesue serapium ex Absinâ—hii in colde time serapium Boraginis â—â—hote time and pillule stomochi Against palsy yellow Iaundies burning heats apostimations of y â— liuer OpeÌ„ y e liuer vain vpon the right arme Take Serapium ex endiue Diamargariton frigidâ— Auicenni Against dropsy open the vain betwene the belly the braunch the right side against the sayde dropsy And the left syde against the passions of the milte but bee not rashe onlesse ye haue the couÌ„sayle of one wel seen in the Annothomie Vse pillule Hiere cum Agarico Against the stoppinge the secrete termes or fluxions of wemen or helpinge the Emorodes and purging fores Open the vaine called Sophane vnder the ancle Theriaca Andromachi Pillule Mastichine Petri de Ebano Within .xx houres after one is infected w t the pestilence coÌ„ming sodenly Open the vain betwene the wrest of the foote the great to Vse Serapiâ—â— Cichorii and Pillule pestilentialis Ruffi Against stinking breath OpeÌ„ the vaine betwene the lippe and the chin Vse for this Catharicum imperialie Nicho. Alexandri Against the toothake Open the vaine in the rofe of y e mouth And first purge with pillule Choci Rasis or with pilles of Mastike Against quartens tercions paines of the leftside Open the splene vaine commonly called y e lowe vaine with a wide cutte not depe For ChirurgioÌ„s nisely pricking or opening vayns with litle Scarisfaâ—â—â—ons doth let out good pure bloud and still retain grosse cold and drie earthly matter to the great hurt of their pacientes And albeit many more vaines might heare be spokeÌ„ of and their vtilities yet this shall well suffice by Gods grace to kepe al people in health that vpoÌ„ iuste cause haue these vaines opened Except olde men wemen with childe and children vnder xiiii yeares of age or men after diuers agues For bloud letting will then engendre perillous palsies as very excellent phisicions haue well declared And after one be infected with the pestileÌ„ce xxiiii houres before he haue receiued medicine or blod letting miracle helpeth him but truely no medicine haue vertue to do it ¶ Iohn THis same figure although it apereth in many bokes Yet very fewe do vnderstand it in al pointes such be y â— secret workes of nature And where as thou hast wel spokeÌ„ of some vaines apte medicens for the body I wolde fayne se the trewe forme and shape of the bones ¶ Humfrey OH Iohn it were a long time to declare y e singuler meÌ„bers with the compoundes as Galen do in his boke of the partes and boones It requireth onlye one worke but I haue taken in haÌ„d to teach the
but a Gouerment of helth Not withstandinge at thy request I wyll showe vnto the a proportion of the boones no lesse trewe than newe which is the very timber or postes whervpon oure frayle fleshe is buyldyd beginninge in our mothers wombes and endinge in earth the mother of all thinges And as the noble Prince Auicen affirmith y e nomber of al y â— bones be CC.xliiii beside Sisamina Os Laude ¶ Iohn THou haste spoken of the opening of vaines and medicins conuenient to clense the bloude with the figure of boones but thou hast not spoken of coÌ„uenient tyme when to let bloude nor of the state or adge of theÌ„ whose vaines should be opened Therfore I wold be glad to learne not onely time of bloode lettinge but also of purging the belly vomites bathinges neâ—inges and rubbinge of the bodie c. ¶ Humfrey EVery thinge haithe his tyme conueniente must be donne with sobber discression and not with rashe ignoraÌ„cie which killethe an infinit noÌ„ber Therfore the cause muste be knowen and the time obserued as Gallen writeth in the coÌ„mentary of the Afforismes of Hippocrites many bodies be extinguished by sodeyn death in whome is extreme fulnes or aboundance For aboundance 〈◊〉 bloode or any other humer sayth Aâ—ristotle is the cause of manye sickenessis and those menne that vseth muche glottonie in winter shalbe apte to receaue manye diseases in the spring time Therfore when the body haue extreme heate fulnes of vaines flushing with sodaine redenes in the face grose and rede vryne and suche burninge heat in the nighte that lette the slepe c then it is time to euacuate the bodie with some purgation bloude letting or abstinence as the strengthe adge of the paciente will serue For many diseases he helped by discrete bloude lettinge as Pluriceâ— hoote feuers Frenyces repletion or surphytes taken w t ouermuche eatynge or drinkinge as Gallen sayth The letting of blode dryethe vppe the superfluous moister of the belly helpeth memorye purgeth the blader quieteth the braine warmeth the marie openeth the orgaÌ„s of hering helpeth disgestioÌ„ inducith slepe c. Vnto this agreeth Rasis saing it helpeth greatly against leprosies squinancis Appoplexis pestilencis c. But old men children or women with childe ought not to be lette bloode nor also those people that dwell in colde regions maye not be lette bloude because the bloode is the chiefe warmer of nature y e people that dwel in hoote regions if they be letten bloude it wyll drye there bodies for bloode is the cheife moister of nature Therfore is y e heate of somer and the coldnes of winter forbiddeÌ„ to opeÌ„ vains or let bloud exept for a stripe or sodain chaunce as Rasis sayth thâ— spring of y e yere is y e chief tyme tâ— let bloud in y e right arme or right fote in the vayne called Medianâ— Which vayne must be opened asâ— well at other times in the beginniÌ„g of sicknesses as hote feuers pleurices c. As basilica shold be opened in y e midle or towarde thende of a sicknes Purgations ought to be ministred with great discrecion and not rashely to be taken for euerye trifle as thou haste hard me speake of blood lettinge So obserue the selfe same rules in purgation as time person qualitie or quaÌ„titie For Hippocrates sayth withoute doubte it is nedefull to purge the superfluitie of y e bodie As if bloud do abouÌ„de to take thinges to purge bloud If steame be superfluous then take thinges to clense hys superfluitie If coller be to ardeÌ„t hote vse thinges to extinguishe If melaÌ„coly be to extreme then taste thinges to bringe him into a meane And not to purge one humer with the medicins of an other but to take them in dewe â—rder and aptenes For the sayde humers as Valarius cordus Mesue and Nicholas teacheth the maner of making of the moste excellent purgations with ther quaÌ„tities And as in bloode lettinge slepe muste be auoyded for viii or xii â—oures after them so when your â—urgations be taken ayre is to â—e auoyded and to be kepte close â—or ii or iii. dayes or more as the â—alice of the disease or power of he purgations be and the counâ—yll of Rasis muste be followed Whiche sayth oftentimes to take â—urgations or laxâ—tiue mediceÌ„s doth make the bodie weake and apt to the feuer ethicke and specialye in verye leane or weake persons they y t be very fat haue smal gutes and vaynes purgatioÌ„s be verye noysome vnto theÌ„ But strong bodies hauing large vesselles maye susteine purgatioÌ„s without any hurt but stroÌ„g purgations either in pilles or potioÌ„s if thei any thing do excede be very hurtful therfore y â— doces or quantities may not exceade And also they must bee made as pleasaunt as arte can dooe them onles they offende the stomake Hippocrates geueth counsaile that men should not mingle medicins with meate but to take them thre or foure houres before meate or els so long after Onles they be pilles called Antecibum whichâ— may be taken at the beginning oâ— supper or els Pilli chochi a litle before slepe two houres after supper The best tyme of purgacioÌ„s is in the spring tyme as the docters doth affirme the apt daies signes are commonly knowen in the Englishe Almanackes calculated into english As in the writinges of maister Leonarde Digges of William KeÌ„nyngham a learned student bothe in Astronomy and Phisicke with many moÌ„ good men that taketh paines to profite y e coÌ„mon welth There is another maner of purging of the body by vomet for it clenseth from y e midrife vpward if they haue large brestes and be collericke persones It is good against dropsies and leprosies better in sommer theÌ„ in winter as Hippocrates saith and holsomer one houre before supper then at any other time and not to be vsed as a custome for the custome of of vomittes hurteth greately the head and eies and make the stomacke so feble that it wil scant bere any meates or drinkes but estsones caste them vp agayne They which haue narrow throtes and brestes and loÌ„g neckes vomites be neither apt nor good for theim And Auicen sayeth that vomites ought to be twyse in the moneth for the conseruacion of health but that whiche is more doth hurte the bodye There is an other kinde of the clensing of the body by sweeting as with hoote drinkes warme clothes perfumes made of OlibaluÌ„ brimstone niter c. There is also bathes and sweetinge in hoote houses for the pockes scurffe scabbes hemerodes piles which hoote houses hathe the vertue of helping the sayd diseases But if any that be of an whole temperat complexion do sweete in drie hoote houses it doth them muche harme as hyndrynge their eie â—ightes decaying their tethe hurâ—ing memory The best bathing â—s in a great vessel or a litle close
nepeth the guttes is euil for the eies To them that be very flegmaticke ale is very grose but to temperat bodies it encreaseth bloude It is partely laxatiue and prouoketh vrine Cleane brewed Beare if it be not very strong brewed with good hoppes doeth clense the body frō corruption is very holsom for the liuer it is an vsual or cōmon drinke in moste places of Englande whiche in deade is hurt made worse with many rotten hoppes or hoppes dried like dust whiche commeth from beyonde the sea But although there commeth manye good hoppes from thence yet it is knowen that the goodly stilles fruteful groūds of englād do bring furth to mās vse as good hoppes as groweth in any place of this worlde as by profe I know in many places of the countrey of Suffolke Where as they brewe their beare with the hoppes that groweth vppon their owne groundes And thus to conclude of ale and beere they haue no suche vertue nor goodnes as wyne haue and the surphetes whiche be taken of them through dronkenes be worse thē the surphetes taken of wyne Knowe this that to drinke ale or beere of an empty stomacke moderatly hurteth not but dooeth good But if one be fasting hungry or empty and drinke muche wine it will hurte the synewes bringeth crāpe sharpe agues palseis as Auicen Auerois and Rasis saieth ¶ Iohn What is bread Humfrey THe beste Bread is made of cleane swete wheate whiche groweth in claie grounde and maketh but litle brēne when it is groūd light leuened meanelye salted and the bread to be baken in an ouen not extremely hoate for burning of the bread nor les then meane hoat for causyng the bread to be heauy and rawe the lyghter the bread is the more full of holes it is y ◠holsomer as Auerrois and Rasis saieth And also bread must neither be eaten new baken nor very staile or olde for thone causeth drienesse thirst smoking into y e head troubling the braines and eies through the heate thereof The other drieth the body and bringeth melācoly humers hurting memory The best bread is that whiche is of a daie olde and the loues or manchets may neither be great nor litle but meane for the fier in smal loues dryeth vp the moistnes or vertue of the bread and in great loues it leueth rawenes and grosenes Reade Galen in the properties of bread Sodden bread whiche be called symnels or cracknelles bee very vnholsome and hurteth many one Rie bread is wyndy and hurtefull to many therfore it shoulde be well salted bakē with Annis sedes and cōmonly crustes of bread be very dri burneth thei do engēder melancoly humers Therfor in great mens houses the bread is chipped and largeli pared and ordynarely is made in brewes and sosse for dogges whiche wyl helpe to feede a great nomber of poore people but that manye be more affectionat to dogges then men Barly bread do clense coole and make the body leane Iohn What is Rise Humfrey THere be many opiniōs in the vertue therof but I shal stay my selfe with the iudgement of Auicen Ryse saith he is hot dry hath vertue to stop the belly it doth nourrishe much if it be sodden with milke but it oughte to be steped in water a whole night before if blaunched Almondes be stamped and with Rose water streined into them and sodden with cowes milke it is very nutramentall Iohn What be Almondes Humfrey THe bitter Almondes be hoatter then the swete Almōdes Drie Almondes be hurtfull the milke of moiste Almondes wher in burning stele is quēched stoppeth the flix To eate Almondes before meate preserueth against drinkenes Walnuts be holsom when they be newe to bee eaten after fishe for they hinder engendring of fleume Simeon Sethi saith they are hote in the first and drie in the seconde degre not holsome before meate Plinii speakinge of Metridatis the greate kynge that Pompius founde of his own hand writinge that two nuttes two figges and twenty rewe leaues stāped together with a litle sail and eaten fasting doth defende a mam both from poyson and pestilence that daie Philberdes and haste nuttes be hard of disgestion ill before meate hurtefull to the head and lūges if they be rosted and eaten with a litle pepper they will helpe the running and distillation of rumes Chestnuttes if they bee rosted eaten with a litle hony fastynge they healpe the coughe if they be eaten rawe althoughe they greatelye nourryshe the boedy yet they be hurtful for the splene and filleth the bellyful of winde Nutmegges bee very good for colde persones comforteth the sight memory as Auicen saieth but without doubte Nutmegges doth combuste or burne sangwin men and drie their bloude and thus much haue I spoken shortly of Nuttes Iohn VVhat be Cloues Galangell and Pepper Humfrey THey be hoate and drie and as Rasis saieth doth comforte cold stomakes and make sweate breth and is good in the meates of them that hath ill disgestion ▪ Black pepper is hoater then lōg pepper doth mightely warme the body the grosser it is eaten with fisshe or frute the better it prouoketh vrine it is hoate and drie in the fourth degre therfore they do erre that saie pepper is hoate in the mouthe and colde in the stomacke Although pepper be good to them that vse it well yet vnto artificiall women that haue more beastlines then beuty and cannot be content with their natural complexions but would fayne be fayre they eate peper dried corne and drinke vineger with suche like bagage to drye vp their bloude and this is the very cause that a great nomber though not all fal into weakenes greene sickenes stinkinge brethes and oftentimes sodaine death Ihon. What is swete Callamus odoratus Humfrey AN excellent sweete roote and profitable for men if the poticaries keepe it not vntill it bee rotten it is hote and drie in the beginning to the middes of the second degre it hath poore to clēse to drie to waste all windes with in the body without hurte Galen doth greatly cōmend the sauoure of it They y t drinke of this roote sodden in wyne shal haue remedy of the white morphew and recouer good collers And this haue I proued it helpeth crampes sickenessis in the senewes beinge dronke in wyne sodden with sage it helpeth the splene y e liuer and raynes and will clense the secrete termes of womē and agmenteth naturall seede Ihon. What is Ginger Humfrey IT is hoote in the thirde degre and moiste in thende of the first if it be vncollered White and not rotten it is very good most chiefly if it be conserued And grene as Mesua saith it maketh warme a colde stomacke and consumeth windes helpeth euill disgestion and maketh meate gooe easelye downe into the stomacke Iohn What is Setwall Humfrey HOate and drie in the seconde degree and is
drink of this and to annoynt the wound If it be geuen in drinke to any sicke body a litle before the accesse or cominge of the colde fyttes of cotidians tercians or quartens so that it be dronke with wyne teÌ„peratly warmed this MethridatuÌ„ is a medicine of no small pryce Democrates hath a godlie composition of it an other excellent coÌ„position is of Cleopatre as Galen wryteth An other and the most excellent is the dyscryption of Andromachus phisicion vnto king Nero but the cheife father of this acte was kinge Methridatus the noble king of PoÌ„thus after whose name it is called Ihon. In dede this is an excellent medicin but I pray thee where shall I buye it â–ª Humfrey THe blinde felowe Iohn doe eate many afâ—ye the plaine meanynge man is oft disceiued There is no trust in some of the Poticaries for althoughe the vsurpacion of quid pro quo is tollerable for their Succidanes yet to abuse their simples or compouÌ„des it is not onely theft to robbe simple men but also murther to kyll the hurtlesse Iohn OF late time we haue bene so afflicted with sondrye sickenesses and straung diseases that in many places we could get no phisicions to help vs and when men be sodainly sicke CC. miles from London Cambridge or Oxforde it is to late for the paciente to send for helpe being infected with the pestilence I pray the tel me some good regiment for me and my family if it please God that it may take place Humfrey I Shalbe glad forasmuche as thou hast takeÌ„ paynes to heare me al this while to teache thee a prety regiment for the pestileÌ„ce Iohn REade it faire and softly and I will take my yenne and write it ¶ Humfrey CErtainly the occasion of this moste fearefull sickenes commeth many waies as the chauÌ„ge of the aire from a good vnto an euill qualitie taking his venemous effect of the vitall spirites whiche incontinent with al speede corrupteth the spirituall bloud And sodeÌ„ly as it were an vnmerciful fire it quickely coÌ„sumeth the whole body euen to death vnlesse the holsome medicine do preuent and come to the heart before the pestilent humour And because it is a very strong sickenes it is requisite to haue a strong curing medicine For weake thinges wyll not preuayle against so strong a matter Therfore I pray you note these six saiyngs as aire diet slepe or watche quietnes or trouble and finally medicine First walke not in stinking mistes nor by corrupte marris ground nor in extreme hoate wether but in faire cleare aire vppon high ground in swete fields or gardeÌ„s hauing fire in your chaÌ„ber with swete perfumes of y t smoke of Olibanium or Beniamen Frankensence beinge colde wether And in hoate wether Roses willowe braunches sprinkled with vineger and often shiftinge the chamber is holsome fleing the South wynde Secondly diat moderate eating meate of good disgestioÌ„ as all that haue pure white flesh bothe of beastes foules good bread of wheate partly leuened Eate no raw herbes Pursten Lettis yong Lettis or sorrell except with vineger Drinke of cleare thine wine not chaunged and vse oft times vineiger with your meates and myngle not fish and fleshe together in your stomacke to drinke a tisant of barley water rose water sorrell water betwene meales is good eighte sponefulles at ones Thirdly beware you slepe not at none it bringeth many sicknesses geueth place to the pestilence and abateth memorye For as y â— marigold is spred by the daye and closed by the nighte euen so is man of nature disposed although through custom otherwyse altered vnto great domage and hurte of body Eight hours slepe suffyseth wel to nature but euery complexion hath his proper qualities to slepe vpon the right side is best euell vpon the lefte and worse vpoÌ„ the back Fourthly vse moderat exercise and labor for the euacuation of the excrementes as swyfte going vp hilles stretching forth armes and legges lifting wayghtes not verye ponderous forby labour the first and second digestion is made perfit and the bodye strengthened this is a mighty defence agaynst the pestileÌ„ce and many mo infirmities whereas through idlenes bee engendred all diseases bothe of the soule and bodie where of maÌ„ is compounded made Fifthlye aboue all earthlye thinges mirth is moste excellent and the beste companion of lyfe putter awaye of all diseases the contrary in plage tyme bringeth on the pestilence through painful melaÌ„colike which maketh the body heauy and earthlye Companye Musike honest gaming or any other vertues exercise doth helpe agaynste heauines of minde Sixtly medicine the partie beyng chaunged in nature and condicion trimbling or burning vomiting wyth extreme payne in the daye colde in the night and straunge imaginacions c. Apte to slepe when these signes do appeare geue him medicine before .xii. houres or else it will be his death Take therfore withall spede Sorel one handful staÌ„ped with Rewe Enulacampana Oringe rindes Sitron seedes the great thistle rotes Geneper beries walnuttes cleane piked of eche one ounce stampe them all together then take pure sharpe vineger a quarter of a pinte as muche â—uglosse water as much whyte wine and temper your sayd receites wyth these licoures Then put in two ounces of pure Methridatum andromachi which is an excellent triacle and two drams waight of the powder of pure Bole armein mingle them al together in a verye close vessell and geue the pacient a sponefull or more nexte hys heart and eftsones asmuch more let them that take this slepe not durynge tweÌ„ty hours or else take pure Triacle and set wel mingled in possit ale made with white wine wherin sorrel haue boyled a good draught and let an expert Chirurgion let the pacient bloud vpon the midle vayne called Mediana or the hart vayne Basilica a good quaÌ„tity according to the strength and age of the paciente excepte women with childe and children For the retaining the sayde bloud would all turne to venym and incurable poyson And note this that bloud be letten vpoÌ„ the same side that y t sore doth appere If any appere for many causes slepe not .viii. hours after vse this most exceleÌ„t pilleÌ„ often times Take pure aloes epatik myrre wel washed in cleane water or Rosewater of eche two drammes and one dramme of the powder of SaffroÌ„ mingled with litle of swete wine and tempered in a very smal vessel vppon y t coles vntil it be partly thicke or els incorporat al together in a morter theÌ„ rol them vp in smal round pils vse to swalowe half a dram of these pilles two times a weke in y t pestilence time a morninges .iii. houres before meate An other medicen tormentil gentian setwell of eche one dram spicenarde drams .ii. nastick drammes three bole armen drams viii geue two drames to y t patieÌ„t or any that feare the plage in the water of Skabeas