Selected quad for the lemma: cause_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	blood_n	disease_n	part_n	2,042	5	4.6450	4	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A27452	Mikrokosmographia, or, A description of the body of man being a practical anatomy, shevving the manner of anatomizing from part to part, the like hath not been set forth in the English tongue : adorned with many demonstrative figures / long since composed in Latine by that famous J. Berengarius of Carpus, Dr. of A. & P., reader of chirurgery in the University of Bononia ; done into English by H. Jackson, chirurgeon, by whom is also added a fit Etymon to the names of the parts in their proper place.	Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo, ca. 1460-ca. 1530.	1664 (1664)	Wing B1959; ESTC R31584	129,008	407

the lower part of it is in the right side that it may give way to the Colon which is in the left taking up a great room but its lower part in the right side towards the Portanarium or gate is less than in the left side toward the Colon because in the right side the Liver taketh up a greater room than the Colon placed in the left also it s lower part is in the right side lest otherwise the Orifices should bee direct both that the meat might bee the better retained and that the Choler from the gall might the more easily enter into the Duodenum continued to the lower part of it It s substance is nervous by predomination its colour appears its shape is round arched after the manner of a * Or Morescan Mores Goard its quantity is apparent It hath Colligancy with the heart by Arteries with the Liver and Spleen by veins with the Brain by the descendent nerves it is fastned to the Anus by the Intestines and to the mouth by means of the Gula it is fastned to the Zirbus toward the former part it hath two Tunicles the innermost is more sinowy by reason of the appetite and more gross rugged and hard because it meeteth with hard meats it is harder in the upper part and also more sensible it hath an outward Tunicle more subtil enclining a little to the nature of flesh the innermost is some way nourished by the Chilus the outermost is nourished by Venaportae the innermost hath towards its inside long fibers serving for attraction and towards its outside it hath oblique fibers for retention the outermost hath broad fibers for expulsion The bottome of it serveth for the digestive faculty by means of the outermost Pannicle and by means of the heat of those parts which are about it yet it hath a proper hidden vertue of digestion as the Matrix of generating and the Liver of making blood the upper part of it serveth for the appetite by the help of melancholy milking it self into its mouth from the Spleen and for this cause it is often found black The Ventricle hath also a common Tunicle involving it and fastning it to the Back arising from the Peritoneon which is grosser than any other member contained in the lower belly except the Mesentereon in that part wherein it is doubled and it is so in the Ventricle because of the extension that it hath in victuals The body of it is fastned with its upper Orifice to the back to wit between the twelve and thirteenth of the Spondiles of the back which Orifice is properly called the Stomach and there are applied Medicines for the comforting of the appetite and this Orifice is in the very lower part of the Gula or Meri which by penetrating the Diafragma is continued upwards to the extream part of the mouth especially with its innermost pannicle and this Orifice is shu● up by the Diafragma lest in the inclination of the body the meat might easily return back it is also fastned to the back by its lower part that is by the Pyluron or otherwise Pyloron or Portanarium in that place where the Duodenum is fastned to the back by the Mesenterion but the rest of it is loose and is easily moved any way this Portanarium is higher than the bottom that contains the food lest the meat might too easily fall downward In number it is one member its complexion by the parts compounding it is cold and dry Its helps are to cause appetite to retain and to concoct the food and to give the gross part to the intestines but the good and digested to other members by means of the Liver It suffereth passions of all sorts and through the great sence of it the heart and brain doe suffer with it Of the Spleen Splen a suppleo dic quia vacuum locum ex contraria parte Jecoris supplet HAving left the Ventricle in its place for the seeing of the Venae portae wee must mind the anatomy of the Spleen or Milt and first you shall see it placed in the left Hypochondrion cleaving to the Ventricle with its little concave part and with its Gibbous part touching the ribs towards the back and sides it is covered with the Peritoneon But you may lift up the Corps as if it sate that you may the better see the situation of it which is under the Diafragma immediately in the Hypochondrion especially in a living body but in a dead body lying along it seemeth to bee under the ribs because its heavinesse doth easily drive the Diafragma to the upper parts for the Lungs are empty and loose easily yeelding you may also break up some of the false ribs that you may the better see the situation of the Spleen you may likewise doe so in the Anatomy of the Liver for the aforesaid cause this manner likewise would bee somewhat convenient in shewing the situation of the Stomach which also in a dead body lying along seemeth through the emptinesse of the Lungs to bee under the bones of the brest with some of its upper part more than it is naturally in a living body It s shape is square somewhat like a half Moon of a loose substance it hath colligancy with the Heart by great arteries which you must mark making thin the gross bloud which being made thin nourisheth the Spleen it is fastned to the Liver by a branch of the Porta to the braine by nerves to the Mesentereon and Omentum by veins and to Siphac by the pannicle covering it to the stomach by many veins some wherof doe nourish the left part of the Ventricle and one doth milk out melancholy unto the mouth thereof its quantity is known its complexion is ordained hot and moyst and is appointed opposite for that which is contained in it in number it is one member it is helpful to the whole body by purging the mass of bloud from the dreggs and for that cause it provoketh laughter sometimes it maketh bloud it stirreth up appetite it helpeth the digestion of the Stomack it suffereth every kind of Disease and there is sometimes in it a special impediment of its course and strong motion and it is held that that part being taken away by a wound Creatures doe sometimes live and there are some that think that through the greatnesse of it laughter hath been quite hindred and that it hath sometimes changed place with the Liver but very strangely Of the Liver HAving seen the aforesaid 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 id est operari sanguinem parts you must raise up the Corps as it is afore made plain ●hat the Liver may shew its situation which is immediately under the Diafragma in the right Hypochondrion it is great in a man because hee is a hot and moyst Creature it is of a Moon-like shape its concave part is toward the Ventricle but its gibbous part is touching the ribs

reason of their artificial composition and operation For the dignity of the Heart is of more value than other parts for of al the members it is the most principal and is called Sol Microcosmi the Sun of the little world for it illuminateth the other members by its Spirit for this hath a special heat it doth certainly pant and hath motion as a living creature therefore it is reported to bee the first thing formed in young ones in the womb after that the Brain and Liver the eies as it pleaseth some but very slowly but that these do dye first but the Heart last this member onely is not putrified by hurts neither is it free from the punishments of life but being notably hurt it presently bringeth death and the life remaineth in that though the other parts be corrupt and for this cause that creature liveth not in whose Heart there may be found a hurt as it is in other parts And creatures which have a little Heart are bold but they are fearful which have a great one as by the proportion to Mice to the Hare to the Asse to the Stagg and to all fearful creatures or through fear hurtfull but a great Heart endued with much Spirit doth make them more bold than others It is reported that some men have been born with a hairy Heart and these are more bold and stronger than others as for Example Aristomenes Messanius which slew three hundred Lacedemonians and hee when he was wounded and taken at length escaped getting away through a Cave of Foxes being taken the second time hee being adventurous escaped the third time being ensnared the Lacedemonians cut open his Breast for the cause of seeing his man-hood and his Heart was found hairy All creatures also have a Heart that have a Midriff and blood Witness Aristotle 2 de Histor cap. 15. but in some it cannot bee discerned by reason of its smalness The Situation of the Heart is in the middle of the Breast within the Lungs in man onely it declineth to the left Papp with its lower part lest it should meet with the bones of the Breast which are not carinated as in Beasts but compressed into breadth It hath the shape of a Pyramidis but the gibbous part is not chiefly such because it is hot following the form of fire but because it is a perfect mixt body having life it possesseth a shape competent to its work It s upper part wherewith it reacheth to the upper members and is fastned to the Back is broad and this part is the more noble of the parts of the Heart because the life of a living creature is conserved by the means of two Orifices of Arteries of the left side coming from that part but the bottom doth gather it self into a sharp figure and goeth out almost into a swords point and in the former part it is eminent Also its gibbous part is toward the upper parts of the Breast and it is of such a shape that its upper and lower building might bee good and that there might not be a superfluity in it apt to hinder its continual motion and that in the end of it it might be gathered into one point that that which is hurt with the touching of the bones might be the least of the parts of it that it might take the less hurt It s substance is of simple flesh every where solid but it hath part of its point and the left side of it of grosser flesh that it might conserve the Spirit placed there and that it might equal the weightiness of the blood contained in the right Ventricle with its weight whose walls are lighter than of the left Ventricle In its hollow places are very many white Ligaments there being many Caruncles and Pellicles or doors of the Vein Chilis and they are fastned to the Vena Arteriosa Also the Heart is involved in a subtile and firm membrane with some fatness which do keep and strengthen the substance and heat of it and being dried they hinder it In the top of it where it cleaveth to the Back are two tugged and hollow Pellicles called Auriculares which are united to the houses or Ventricles of it to wit to the right and left taking and keeping the superfluent Spirit and blood like a good S●eward and restoring it in necessities Nature hath ordained those Auriculae that they filling up places of the Hearts greatness might receive the Blood and Spirit sometimes over-flowing in the Heart by which it might have had filled up the places of other members near unto it Also by its greatness it had been heavy unfit for motion and likewise if it should bee very great it would often be empty by reason of the want of Spirit and Blood and consequently weak as ● fearful creatures having a great Heart to wit wanting Blood and Spirit in the proportion Its roots are fastned to the top of it which are solid and hard and as it were cartilagincous that its continual motion upon these might be nimble In the Heart also are Fibers of many shapes and placed after a diverse manner that it might sustain continual and strong motions which are natural and not voluntary and therefore there is not any lacert in it In the upper part of it about the outside is one Vein proceeding from Chilis obliquely branching it self to the least parts towards the Mucro which nourisheth it There also are two pulsant Veins proceeding from Aort● spreading abroad toward the outside one is in the same place wherein is the aforesaid Vein not pulsant which giveth life to i● another is spread in the right Ventricle and bringeth the vital virtue to it it also concocteth and giveth life to the blood continually entting in there and by means of that the Liver is vented by the Chilis in its gibbous part and conserveth its own vitality It hath a three-fold Sinus or hollow place or little house or V●●tricle the right is bigger than 〈◊〉 left and the left cometh unto the extreamity of its point but the right is ended a little below that place Between them is a wall gross and thick called of Galen Diafragma in which are many small holes going from the right Sinus into the left being broader from the right than to the left those holes are dilated whilest that the Heart is abbreviated and opened and they are shut up whilest it is lengthened and shut by this means the blood being rarified and prepared goeth from the right unto the left where it is compleatly turned into the vital Spirit These Orifices are counted of Physicians for the middle Sinus Galen witness Avicen calleth that Sinus a ditch and passage and not a Ventricle that it might be the Receptacle of the nutriment wherewith the Heart is nourished which nutriment is thick and strong like to the substance of it ●●d it is the mine of the Spirit begotten in it of subtile blood and it prevaileth that the more temperate blood is

Spondile of the Neck and some which say that Hippocrates did understand by the Veins the very Arteries because they are more fit for good Sperm than the Veins nevertheless Hippocrates saith in the same place that Sperm also cometh from the whole and Avicen 20 tertii cap. 3. saith that Galen knew not whether the incision of these Veins may cause barrenness to incurre or no nevertheless he said but it seemeth to mee that it doth not matter that the Sperm should bee of the Brain onely although the nourishing of it be of the Brain nevertheless it is gathered by the good Anatomy of the Spermatick vessels that the incision of these Veins behinde the Ears maketh not barren by reason of the Sperm descending by them nevertheless those Veins being cut may weaken the Brain so that it may not duly send the Animal spirit for conception and this the profound Guidez may rather do than the manifest and the Arteries may rather do this than the Veins because they are the carriers of the Spirit but either is possible But the profound Guidez on both sides neer to the Meri or Gula ascendeth below the aforesaid muscles which you cut and in its ascent sendeth forth branches nourishing the Gula and the muscles of the Faringa they also nourish the muscles remaining between the first and second Spondile of the Neck from which according to some the Spermatick Veins recited of Hippocrates do arise which are behinde the Ears of which there is yet a controversie They also nourish the Pericranium ascending by it from the bottom even unto the top of the Head and there by perforating the Cranium they descend to the Dura and Pia Mater carrying nourishment to them Also from the aforesaid profound Vein doth arise one branch on both sides piercing the bone Basilare in the direct of the commissure Lambda and being born up of the Dura Mater it ascendeth even unto the top of the Head and from that in the same place do go forth many branches through the pores of the Skull which also do nourish the Pericranium nevertheless the greater part of the aforesaid branches ascending within the Skull with the Dura Mater do pass into the Pia Mater with which also do pass some branches of the aforesaid manifest Guidez piercing the Skull on the top of the Head from the outward to the inward part and from hence they pass to the substance of the Brain and nourish that Also some of the aforesaid Branches in the direct of the Commissure Sagittalis and Lambda doe enter into the Dura mater being doubled in that place and this place is as it were a presse of which the bloud is pressed out from the aforesaid Veins into a certain large place being near there towards the outside which is called Platea Fovea Palmentum and Lacuna about which Platea are certain Veins sucking the bloud pressed out into it which out of the same doe nourish the center of the Brain and all those Veins within the skull together with the Arteries are those of which it is rightly called Secundina and otherwise it is called Pia Mater But the aforesaid Arteries called Carotides being in the Neck near to the Veins Guidez and the descendent Nerves ascending on the sides of the Neck on both sides doe reach with some Branches dispersing here and there before and also behind and to the Tongue and to the upper Mandibles and the lower and in the whole face and in the hinder part of the Head and some notable ones about the Ears in the Temples doe reach with their Branches to the top of the Head and some also reaching to the muscles about the common juncture are spread abroad to the Neck and to the Head where there is a great hole from which the spinal Marrow goeth forth it may bee from those branches Hippocrates said that Sperm descendeth from the Brain because the Ancients did call the Arteries also Veins and therefore Avicen said twenty tertii that these Veins were continued to the Nuke that they might not bee farre off from the Brain in which there is light milkey bloud which goeth first to the Reins forthwith after that to the Veins reaching to the Testicles and one notable Branch of these Arteries on both sides pierceth the bone Bafilare toward the former part and is united to the Pia Mater giving life to the Brain and carrying spirit to the Ventricles thereof From that Branch ascended on both sides immediately above this bone Basilare according to the Hinges of Physick is made the Retentirabile which is according to them of a notable magnitude which is before behind and on the sides And the aforesaid Veins nourishing the Brain in their ascent must bee sustained of some solid body as is the Pericranium and Dura Mater because they cannot ascend by themselves for their single and soft coat and the bloud in them is more apt to descend than to ascend because it is heavie But the Arteries are not joyned to any solid body but standing by themselves do ascend too within the Skull because they are double coated and hard And it was not necessary that they should ascend and afterwards turn their heads downward as the Veins because their bloud is light and more apt for ascending than descending Yet you shall better see the branches of those Veins and also of some Arteries in the Anatomy of the Members following The substance of Veins and Arteries hath been spoken of in another place their complexion is judged from the composition of them their shape is known they have Colligancy with the whole body their bigness is also known they are bigger in one body than in another But the situation of many of them is often varied in number they are unperceiveable because many of them are hidden their helps are to feed all the members they also suffer passions of all sorts but there often hapneth to them a streightned opilation caused from the fulness of bloud which if it bee made in the branches of the Veins Guidez there always followeth profundity of sleep the Apoplexie and extream suffocation That Vein Guidez is sometimes flebotomized yet seldome in our Region and Age its incision helpeth the Leprosie not confirmed and in a strong squinancy in a sharp Astma in straightness of breathing in hoarsness of voice caused by super-abounding of blood in an Apostume of the Lungs for evacuation and diversion sake for the antecedent cause in the beginning and augmentation nevertheless this incision of the Veins Guidez is to bee made by a learned hand with a Flebm or Lancet having some Obstacle neer the point lest all the sides of the Vein be opened for these Veins are slippery in the touching of them because they are not annexed to the flesh as many others as well also because of the soft and slippery glandules being under them as also lest the Flebm should prick a Nerve or other members placed there But the manner

in medio ossium because it is in the middle of the bones For Marrow witness Aristotle secundo de partibus animalium is a nourishment of Bloud and it is a concocted and contained excrement and Avicen prima primi saith that the bones are nourished of it and hence is Nature known artificial which since Shee hath not alwayes Veins fit for the Bones putteth their nourishment in their Pores and Concavities and also if it be a superfluity Shee likewise putteth the excrement in them since She hath not another place fit for the aforesaid things The lower extremity of the Adjutory Bone hath two eminences with which it is joyned with the two Fociles of the Arm making with strong Ligaments the juncture of the Cubite and in the hollowness which is between the aforesaid eminences doth enter the extremity of the lower Focile which is greater than the upper which is crooked that the Juncture might be the more firm for the continual as it were and strong motions of this Juncture which for this cause also is seldom dislocated and if it bee dislocated it is with difficulty reduced into its former degree the Fociles of the Arm are also hollow because all Bones are either hollow within or porous that they might bee light lest they should burthen the body And the extremities of those Fociles and of all Bones and of the Junctures of the Hand and Foot are grosser than in the middle because in the extremities there must be great Ligaments for the strength of the junctures and in the middle they are small that they might give place to the Bodies of the Muscles which must necessarily be many and great for their many shaped motion After the Bones of the Arm are the Bones Rasettae or Carpi which are eight for the multitude of motions also for other cause Afterward is the little Hand whose inner part without the Fingers is called Vota and Palma but its outward part is without a name witness Aristotle primo de Histor Its Bones are four correspondent to the other Fingers the Thumb excepted from which is compounded the Pecten of the hand and the Procarpum or Procarpium and Antecarpum and Metacarpum yet there are some that would that the first Bone of the Thumb should bee in the Raseta and as so the Thumb hath not but two bones some say that the first Bone of the Thumb is in the Pecten of the hand After the Pecten are the Fingers First is Pollex the Thumb which hath two bones out of the Vola after that is Index or the pointing Finger next unto it next to which is Medius the middle Finger longer than the rest afterward is the Finger called Medicus and Anularis the Physicians and Ring-finger after that is the least named Auricularis these four have three junctures and three Bones and also the Thumb in my opinion hath three junctures and three bones because I doe not place the first bone serving it neither in the Raseta nor in the Pecten In the inner part of the Fingers there is notable flesh which is a coverlet to the Bones lest they should bee hurt in their continual meetings of hard things which they necessarily touch in the operations of the hands but in the sides of them is less flesh and less in the outward part because in those parts they doe not meet with things hurting them in their operations as within the hand The Chords of those Fingers especially the outermost doe enter into their juncture above and every Finger hath a Chord of which speech is not made for the present because their Muscles cannot bee seen whereof some are deep placed in the arm and some Chords come to the Fingers from the Neck as wee have more largely spoke of the Ring-finger in our Commentaries upon Mundinus Therefore in the great Hand there are thirty one Bones the Bones Sisamiis excepted which fill up some junctures and first is the Bone Spatula afterwards the Bone Adjutorium after the two fociles of the arm and eight of the Raseta and four of the Pecten and fifteen of the Fingers In the end of the bones of the Fingers are the Nayls whose helps are for the comliness of the hand and for the defence of the end of the fingers and to take up small things and the Nayls are engendred of superfluities as also the Hairs therefore they doe continually encrease yea in a dead man From the aforesaid things ●●th appear the substance of the ●●●ds their situation number ●●●pe and Colligancy and their quantity lye open their complexion is such as are their parts their helps cannot bee described for they are the Organes of Organes they suffer passions of all sorts Of the Anatomy of the Feet THe Hands being seen see Pes Lati. a Grae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Quasi in ipso à toto corpore cessatum fit Aristotele likewise the Feet at least one which is enough in that diffection as also one hand the Foot therefore is divided into great and small as also the Hand witness Haly and Galen and the Foot witness Haly hath four parts the first part is called Ancha the Hip the second Coxa the Thigh the third Crus the Shank the fourth Pes parvus the little Foot And first the skin of it is to bee excoriated every where from the top to the bottom in the inward part of which under the skin is one notable branch of the Vein Chilis descending from the Inguen by the Thigh which 〈◊〉 it is under the Hamme as 〈◊〉 have said above is divided in●● three parts one doth descend directly by the inside unto the innermost hollowness of the Foot and this is called Saphena which is cut in divers diseases One other is obliquated toward the outside by the calf of the Leg and descendeth to the forein or outermost hollowness and this is called Sciatica or Scia which being cut availeth for the pain of the Hip and the bifurcation of this Mundinus knew not neither his followers and it may be that this branch doth avail for the pain of the Sciatica because some of its branches are united with the branches of the Veins nourishing the Muscles and the outward part of the Hip toward the juncture of the Sci● Place this Figure betweene 304 and 305 pages Between the aforesaid Saphena and also the Sciatica under the Hamme even unto the little Foot there doth descend one notable branch which keepeth the middle between these which may be cut in place of the deficiency of the other aforesaid in the Figures under written you shall see the aforesaid Veins at least the Saphena and the Sciatica Here followeth the Figures of the Veins of the Feet IN these three Figures you have all the Veins used to bee flebotomised in the Feet and in that Figure which is in the middle you see how one Vein bigge enough coming from the inner part of the Hippe goeth overthwart descending and under