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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
cause_n	blood_n	body_n	spirit_n	1,496	5	4.9543	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42105	Experiments in consort of the luctation arising from the affusion of several menstruums upon all sorts of bodies to which is added the nature, causes, and power of mixture. Exhibited to the Royal Society. By Nehemiah Grew, M.D. and fellow of the Royal Society.	Grew, Nehemiah, 1641-1712.	1678 (1678)	Wing G1950A; ESTC R218700	34,479	270

difficulty and expence CHAP. III. I Now proceed to the several Parts of Animals as Hairs Hoofs Horns Shells and shelly Insects Bones Flesh and the several Viscera Silk Blood Eggs Musk Castor Gall Vrine Dungs Salts and Stones And first of all the Hair of a mans head with Oyl of Vitriol maketh no Bullition at all Nor yet with spirit of Nitre So that although it contains a good deal of volatile Salt yet it seemeth either not to be alkalizate or else is centred in so great a quantity of Oyl that the acid menstruum cannot reach it Hares Furr with spiri● of Nitre maketh although a short yet very plain Bullition and huff Hence the Hair an● therefore the Blood o● some Animals is fuller o● Salt at least of an alkalizate Salt than that o● some others And perhap● the Hair of some men a● of Blacks may be so ful● of Salt as to make a Bullition like Hares Furr The shavings of Nai●● stir not at all either wit● Oyl of Vitriol or spirit o● Nitre only with the latter they turn yellow Elks Claws with spirit of Nitre make a small and slow Bullition Horses Hoof with Oyl of Vitriol stirs not of many hours But with spirit of Nitre allowing it some time makes a very plain Bullition and huffs up very high Cows Horn neither with Oyl of Vitriol nor with spirit of Nitre maketh any Bullition only turneth to a yellow colour Rams Horn stirs no● with Oyl of Vitriol bu● with spirit of Nitre make● a small and slow Bullitio● Harts-Horn makes ● considerable Bullition a●● huff even with Oyl of Vitriol which the rest of th● Bodies above-said will n●● do But with spirit of Nitre it makes yet a greater From the foregoing Experiments and almost all that follow what wa● formerly asserted of the Salts of Vegetables and Minerals is here also evident concerning that of Animals scil That it is not made but only separated by the fire It likewise hence appears That the proportion of Salt in the fore-mentioned parts is very different and that therefore some of them are never and none of them but with good discretion to be substituted one for another in Medicine As also that there is a different proportion of Salt in the several Animals themselves to whic● the said Parts belong Next for shells as thos● of Lobsters Eggs Snail● and Oysters all whic● make an Effervescence both with Oyl of Vitriol and spirit of Nitre Bu● with spirit of Nitre th● greatest Lobster-shells make a considerable Bullition and huff but no noise nor steams Egg-shells make a Bullition and huff with some noise but no steams Snail-shells make an Effervescence with noise and steams Oyster-shells make one with the greatest noise and thickest steams Hence we may judge in what case to administer one more appositely than another As also in what proportion according to their different strength Some may be better for Children as being milder Or for a Body whose very sharp Blood or other Humors are very easily kindled into Ferments Or else may be safest to avoid a sudden precipitation of the Humors or for some other cause Oyster-shells and the rest above-said make a quicker Effervescence not only with spirit of Nitre but even with spirit of Salt tha● they do with Oyl of Sulphur or Oyl of Vitriol So that these Bodies as well as Metals have their proper Menstruums whereby they are best dissolved Egg-shells calcined make with Oyl of Sulphur or Oyl of Vitriol or spirit of Nitre a greater Effervescence than when uncalcined As also with steams which uncalcined they produce not The like is seen in calcined Oyster-shells The longer the Calcination is continued the quicker and stronger will be the Effervescence This I tryed at several terms from a quarter of an hour to five hours So that after so long a Calcination they make an Effervescence almost instantaneous The reason hereof is Because the Sulphur being for the greatest part driven away by the fire the remaining Salt lies now more open and naked to the attaque of the Menstruum so soon as ever they are mixed together From hence it is plain That Egg-shells and the others above-said being burnt are far stronger Medicines than when unburnt It is hereby likewise evident That a great portion of their Salt is not a volatile but a fixed Alkaly To these may be subjoyned all kinds of shelly Insects I will instance in three or four And first Bees with Oyl of Vitriol stir not in the least With spirit of Nitre they make an exceeding small Bullition without any elevation Cochinele makes some Bullition with Oyl of Vitriol but very small for the bubbles are not to be seen without a Glass But with spirit of Nitre the Bullition is more visible and joyned with some elevation Cantharides make no visible Bullition with Oyl of Vitriol But with spirit of Nitre they do and huff up rather more than Cochinele Yet is this done very slowly and comparatively with many other bodies is not much Hence it is not the quantity but the quality of their volatile Salt which makes them so strong an Epispastick For most of those bodies above and hereafter named make a greater Bullition and yet are neither Caustick nor Epispastick in the least It is hence also evident as hath been before suggested That there are divers kinds of volatile Salts eminently different some being highly alkalizate others very little and some scarce any thing so such as those of Scurvygrass Anemone Crowfoot and many the like Plants to whose Salts this of Cantharides seemeth to be very near of kin Millepedes make a Bullition and huff much greater and quicker than any of the Insects above-named and that both with spirit of Nitre and Oyl of Virtriol it self Yet is this Insect of a very temperate nature Whereby is further demonstrated That the being simply alkalizate is not enough to make a body to be Caustick Again although Millepedes make a Bullition greater than any of the Insects above-named yet is it much less than that of Oyster Snail or even Egg-shells and of divers other bodies above and hereafter mentioned Hence being given to the same intent as any of those bodies it is the mildest and gentlest in its operation of them all Millepedes likewise calcined make a stronger Effervescence than when uncalcined as do Oyster-shells c. So that it appears That all Testaceous Salts are at least in part fixed Salts I next proceed to Bones And first Whale-bone maketh no Bullition at all with any acid A Cartilage with spirit of Nitre makes some very small bubbles not to be seen without a Glass The Bone in the Throat of a Carp makes a little and slow Bullition with spirit of Nitre The Spina of a Fish that which I used was of a Cod-fish maketh a Bullition one degree higher All sorts of Teeth as of Dogs Boars the Sea-Horse Elephant make the like As also the Bone of an Oxes heart So that all these are very

both of opacous Stones and Metals into which the said Bolus's are transmuted by being concentred with divers kinds of Salts and Sulphurs which successively flow in upon them Aqua fortis and Oil of Vitr being poured severally upon another sealed Earth which was vended by the name of Terra Lemnia they both made a very considerable Effervescence herewith Whence it appears That there is no small difference in the nature and therefore the operation of Bolus Armena and Terra Lemnia As also betwixt the sealed Earths themselves one making a great Effervescence another none at all Whereto those that use them are to have regard Next for Stones And first Spir. of Nitre upon Tripoly stirreth it not in the least Irish Slate with Spirit of Harts-horn maketh a small yet visible Bullition and it presently ceaseth So that it seems to be nothing else but a Vitriolick Bole. As is also argued from its taste which is plainly acid and somewhat rough Whence also it is with good reason given upon any inward Bruises Because by coagulating the Blood it prohibits its too copious afflux into the affected part Yet being but gently astringent and so the Coagulations it makes not great they are likewise well enough carried off from the same part in the Circulation by both which means an Inflammation may be either prevented or the better over-ruled Lapis Haematites maketh no Effervescence at all either with Alkalies or A●●d● 〈◊〉 of the green part 〈…〉 Magnet with Oil of ●itriol maketh some few bubbles yet not visible without a Glass But the podwer of the black part of a Magnet which is the said stone fully perfect stirreth not with any acid Neither doth the calcined Magnet Hence there is some considerable difference betwixt Iron and the Magnet Lapis Lazuli with Oil of Vitriol and especially with Spirit of Nitre maketh a conspicuous Bullition Hence its Cathartick virtue lyeth in an Alkaly For which reason it is also appropriate in like manner as Steel to the cure of Hypochondriacal Affections originated from some kind of fermenting Acid. Osteocolla with Spirit of Nitre maketh yet a greater Effervescence How it comes to be so great a knitter of broken bones as it is reputed is obscure It seemeth that upon its solution by a Nitrous acid in the body it is precipitated upon the broken part and so becomes a kind of Cement thereto Lapis Tuthiae with Spirit of Nitre maketh an Effervescence much alike And with Oil of Vitriol very considerably But Lapis Calaminaris with Oil of Vitriol grows stark as the powder of Alabaster doth with water With spirit of Nitre it maketh a little Bullition and quickly But with Aq. fortis a great one beyond any of the stones above-named Hence both Tutty and Calamy are Ophthalmicks from their Alkaly Which is also confirmed from the efficacy of some Alkalies of the like use Hence also Calamy seemeth to partake somewhat of the nature of Silver as by tryal made upon that also will hereafter better appear Chalk and Oil of Sulphur or Vitriol make as strong an Effervescence as any of the rest Whence it is sometimes well used against a Cardialgia Whiting makes as great an Effervescence as Chalk So that it seems the saline parts are not washed away with the water wherein the Chalk for the making of Whiting is dissolved Talk will not stir in the least either with spirit of Nitre or Cil of Vitriol But that which is called the Lead-Spar maketh a considerable Effervescence with both of them severally Hence however this be called English Talk yet there is no small difference betwixt this and true Talk To these stones may be added petrified bodies As petrified wood which that upon which I made tryal no acid stirreth in the least Petrified shells upon four or five several sorts whereof Oil of Vitriol being poured produceth a great Effervescence The Root or rougher part of the Stone called Glossopetra with spirit of Nitre maketh a conspicuous Bullition Asteria the Stone so called and found in some places in England with Oil of Vitriol maketh an Effervescence at the same degree So doth the Belemnites or Thunder-stone both the larger and the lesser kinds So that none of these are acid or vitriolick but alkalizate Stones Coralline with Oil of Vitriol makes a conspicuous Bullition yet mild and gentle that is with very little if any heat and without any visible Fumes And red and white Coral do the like Hence they are all of a very gentle operation and fit for Children as the case requires Magistery of Coral prepared the ordinary way stirreth not in the least either with Alkalies or Acids Whence it is evident That its active Principles are in its preparation destroyed and washed away that is to say It is an elaborate Medicine good for nothing And thus far of Stones I next come to Metals and Ores And first for Lead upon which spirit of Salt spirit of Nitre or Aq. fortis being dropped it stirreth not in the least with any of them but with Oil of Sulphur and especially with Oyl of Vitrio● it maketh a slow Bullitio● and froth Hence it seemeth to b● the most alkalizate Meta● Which is also confirme● by a foregoing Experiment upon the Lea●● Spar which maketh considerable Effervescence with any sort o● acid And which likewise being calcined yieldeth a good quantity of Lixivial Salt Lead-Ore stirreth not at all with Aq. fortis or Oil of Vitriol But spirit of Salt makes it bubble and spirit of Nitre makes it boil Hence there is a considerable difference betwixt the perfect Metal and the Ore Burnt Lead and red Lead make a very small Bullition with Oil of Vitriol with spirit of Nitre a far greater Mercury with Oil of Vitriol will not stir nor with Oil of Sulphur But with spirit of Nitre presently boils up Hence Mercury is a subacid Metal spirit of Nitre being a subalkaliza● Acid. The filings of Iron o● Steel with Oil of Vitriol make a fair Bullition lik● that of Minium But spirit of Nitre makes them boi● with much celerity Hence Iron is likewise a subacid Metal Steel prepared with Sulphur maketh a far less Effervescence with the same spirit of Nitre than do the filings Hence there is a great difference in their strength So that ten grains of the filings unprepared will go as far as fifteen grains or more of those which are prepared as above-said Yet ●n some cases the weaker and milder may be the better There is one circumstance in the mixture of Steel and Aq. fortis which is surprizing and that is this That strong Aqua fortis dropped upon Steel will not of it self make th● least Bullition but if here to you only add a drop o● two of Water they presently boil up with very gre●● vehemency The cause is obscure yet it is well known tha● Water it self will dissolv● Iron so that it appears as well by this as by som● other Experiments tha● even in Water as mild a● it

is there is some kind o● corrosive Principle Antimony with spirit o● Nitre and Aq. fortis severally maketh an Effervescence somewhat lower than Iron With Oil of Vitriol the Bullition is so small as difficultly to be perceived with a Glass Hence it seemeth to be of a very compounded nature if I may so call it a subacido-alkalizate Metal Crocus Metallor with spirit of Nitre makes a very little Effervescence Whence the Metalline Salt is not wholly lost in the preparation but only diminished Antimonium Diaphoreticum with Spirit of Nitre and Oil of Vitriol severally makes a considerable Effervescence Wherefore it is not an useless Preparation as from the Calcination and Ablution used therein some have thought Bezoardicum Minerale that upon which I made tryal stirreth not at all either with Alkalies or Acids To which let those who make use of it have regard Tin with Spirit of Nitre makes so hot and vehement an Effervescence that it turns presently as it were into a Coal It makes also a fair Bullition with Oyl of Vitriol And a gentle one with Spirit of Salt Wherefore it hath something of the nature both of Iron Lead and Copper The like remarkable circumstance is seen in the mixture of Aq. fortis with Tin as with Iron For Tin and Aqua fortis of themselves will not stir but add a few drops of Water to them and they boil up with the greatest vehemency Copper with Spirit of Salt and Oyl of Vitriol severally stirs not at all Spirit of Nitre and Aqua fortis both boil it up vehemently Neither Spirit of Harts-horn nor Spirit of Salt Armoniac maketh any Bullition therewith But both of them by a gentle solution that is gently separating its Sulphur from its Salts turn it blue Hence Copper hath a greater proportion of acid than any of the forementioned Metals Silver neither with Spirit of Salt nor Oyl of Vitriol makes any Bullition With Spirit of Nitre it makes one but 't is soon over and then continues to dissolve slowly into white Coagulations It also maketh with Spirit of Harts-horn or of Salt Armoniac a full and deep blue Hence there is a greater proportion of acid in Silver than in Lead Mercury Iron Antimony Tin or Copper Litharge of Silver maketh the greatest Effervescence with Oyl of Vitriol Yet some with Spirit of Nitre And with Spirit of Salt Armoniac maketh some little huff or elevation And being mixed with Spirit of Nitre and Spirit of Salt Armoniac both together produceth a faint blue Hence although the far greater part of this Litharge be but Lead yet it seems it hath some small mixture of Silver But that of Gold seemeth for contrary reasons not to have any Gold Gold maketh no Effervescence with any single Salt I know of But it is commonly dissolved with Aqua Regis which is known to be a very alkalizate Liquor Whence it seemeth● That as Lead is the most alkalizate so Gold the most acid of Metals These things considered and other observations added hereunto may possibly give some directions not only for the ordering and using but even for the making imitating and transmuting of Metals Thus far of Metals I will next give one or two Instances of tryal upon Sulphurs And first Sulphur vive with Aq. fortis maketh an apparent Bullition but it is some time before it begins But the factitious or common Brimstone maketh scarce any if any at all So that there is no small difference betwixt them White and yellow Arsenick make no Bullition either with Alkalies or Acids Wherefore the strength of its operation on the Body lies more in a Sulphur than a Salt The ashes either of Pit-Coal or Sea-Coal make no Effervescence with Alkalies or Acids Whence the saline Principle is altogether volatile and sublimed away by the fire Lastly for Salts And first of all Borax maketh no Effervescence nor any Fumes with Oyl of Vitriol or Spirit of Nitre Hence it is of a very different nature from Salt Armoniac Oyl of Vitriol and Nitre make fumes or steams though no Effervescence Green Vitriol with Spirit of Harts-horn is scarcely moved White Vitriol with the same Spirit maketh a conspicuous huff And Roman Vitriol a vehement Effervescence Whence the former is the least acid and the latter the most of all Which also confirms what I said before of the like natures of the several Metals to which they belong Salt of Vitriol though a fixed Salt and made by Calcination yet maketh no Effervescence with the strongest acid but only with Alkalies as may be seen upon their mixture but much better heard by holding the mixture to ones ear Hence there are fixed Acids Which further confirms what I have above asserted concerning the nature of Gold scil That the predominant Salt thereof is a fixed Acid. Sal Martis with Spirit of Harts-horn maketh a considerable huff Hence it is much more acid than green Vitriol and is therefore a cooler body Alum and Sp. of Harts-horn make a plain Effervescence Saccharum Saturni with Oyl of Vitriol stirs not at all With Spirit of Salt huffs a little With Spirit of Nitre much more Hence the acid of the Vinegar and not the Alkaly of the Lead is the predominant Principle Common Salt stirs neither with Spirit of Salt nor with Spirit of Nitre nor with Aq. fortis But with Oyl of Vitriol it maketh a great Effervescence with noise and steams Hence even common Salt though it be not reckoned amongst alkalizate Salts yet is far nearer in nature to that than to an acid Hence also the Spirit of Salt is a subalkalizate Acid and of a very different nature from Oyl of Sulphur or Vitriol Salt Armoniac with spirit of Nitre stirreth not But with Oyl of Vitriol it maketh a great Effervescence Hence spirit of Nitre is a subalkalizate spirit Oyl of Vitriol and spirit of Nitre though both acids yet make a great smoak greater than that which the spirit maketh of it self Which confirms the last preceding Corollary Oyl of Vitriol and spirit of Salt though both acids yet make a strong Effervescence with noise and fumes Which further confirms what was noted before scil that Spirit of Salt is a subalkalizate Acid Spirit of Salt Armonia● with Oyl of Vitriol make an Effervescence so extraordinary quick and as i● were instantaneous tha● nothing seemeth quicker Whence it is probable That if Gun-powder wer● made of Salt Armoniac instead of Nitre or with both mixed together it would be far stronger than any kind now in use And thus far for Minerals I have only one Corollary to add from the whole which is That whoever doth undertake the Natural History of a Country such as that the Learned Dr. Plot hath excellently performed of Oxford-shire the foregoing Method seemeth so easie cheap and indeceitful for the finding out and well distinguishing the natures of all kinds of Metals Ores Salts Earths Stones or other subterraneal bodies as cannot I think be supply'd but by others of greater